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Phytoplankton are key primary producers in marine ecosystems, and their community composition is influenced not only by environmental factors but also by biological factors such as parasitic organisms. However, the relationships between parasitic eukaryotes and phytoplankton in coastal bays remain poorly understood. Objective To investigate the community composition, seasonal succession, and interactions of dominant phytoplankton, including diatoms, dinoflagellates, and their parasitic eukaryotes, Syndiniales, in Sanmen Bay, Zhejiang Province during summer and autumn. Methods Surface water samples were collected from Sanmen Bay in September (summer) and November (autumn) 2019. High-throughput sequencing was performed for the V4 region of the 18S rRNA gene of eukaryotic microbes. Principal coordinate analysis, co-occurrence network analysis, and bipartite network analysis were employed to explore the succession and interactions of diatom, dinoflagellate, and Syndiniales communities. Results Diatom communities exhibited pronounced seasonal variations, with the relative abundance of 36.9% in summer and 5.5% in autumn, being dominated by Cyclotella, Skeletonema, and Thalassiosira. Dinoflagellates showed similar relative abundance in summer (28.0%) and autumn (28.5%), being dominated by Gyrodinium, Heterocapsa, and Gymnodinium. Four Syndiniales groups (group I-IV) were detected in Sanmen Bay, with higher relative abundance in autumn (10.5%) than in summer (7.6%). Among Syndiniales, group I dominated in summer (49.1%), while group Ⅱ dominated in autumn (75.2%). Salinity, nitrate, nitrite, N:P ratio, and Si:N ratio were identified as the main drivers of the dominant phytoplankton and Syndiniales communities. Network analysis indicated that Syndiniales mainly interacted with diatoms and dinoflagellates, with higher interaction frequency in autumn than in summer. Syndiniales were identified as keystone taxa in the interaction network. Conclusion Seasonal succession of diatoms in Sanmen Bay was more pronounced than that of dinoflagellates. Syndiniales groups I and Ⅱ exhibited significant seasonal succession and maintained close interactions with diatoms and dinoflagellates, serving as key taxa in the interaction network. High-throughput sequencing overcame the limitations of microscopy in detecting Syndiniales, providing systematic insights into the community features and potential interactions of dominant phytoplankton and Syndiniales in Sanmen Bay. This study offers important insights into phytoplankton adaptation and interspecies interactions in eutrophic coastal bays.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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