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Low-randomness first-order threshold implementation for SM4 based on the glitch-extended probing model
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Hanpeng Zhu, Xiaoting Hu*, Lulu Zhang
Journal of Cybersecurity | 2026, 4(3) : 80 - 91
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Journal of Cybersecurity | 2026, 4(3): 80-91
• Academic Research •
Low-randomness first-order threshold implementation for SM4 based on the glitch-extended probing model
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Hanpeng Zhu, Xiaoting Hu*, Lulu Zhang
Affiliations
  • School of Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221000, China
Published: 2026-06-30 doi: 10.20172/j.issn.2097-3136.260602
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Threshold implementation (TI), as a countermeasure against side-channel attacks with provable security, has been widely applied in cryptographic algorithms. Although various side-channel attack protection schemes for the SM4 algorithm have been proposed, existing schemes still exhibit security vulnerabilities when facing novel attack models such as the glitch-extended probing model. To this end, this paper proposes an improved first-order threshold implementation scheme for the S-box of the SM4 algorithm. This scheme designs the S-box based on the tower field GF((22)2)2 structure, reconstructs a multiplier that satisfies threshold properties, and introduces COTG (changing of the guards) technique to optimize the randomness addition strategy, reducing the randomness consumption of a single S-box to 10 bits. Furthermore, the theoretical security of the proposed scheme under the glitch-extended probing model is proven by utilizing the formal verification tool SILVER, and the actual protection capability of the overall physical circuit is validated through test vector leakage assessment (TVLA). The results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can effectively resist first-order side-channel attacks.

SM4 algorithm  /  countermeasure against side-channel attack  /  glitch-extended probing model  /  low-randomness  /  first-order threshold implementation
Hanpeng Zhu, Xiaoting Hu, Lulu Zhang. Low-randomness first-order threshold implementation for SM4 based on the glitch-extended probing model[J]. Journal of Cybersecurity, 2026 , 4 (3) : 80 -91 . DOI: 10.20172/j.issn.2097-3136.260602
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doi: 10.20172/j.issn.2097-3136.260602
  • Online Date：2026-08-27
  • Published：2026-06-30
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    School of Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221000, China
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