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Simulation of Solidification Structure Evolution of Cu-2.0Fe-0.03P-0.11Zn Alloy Continuous Casting Billets Based on CAFE Method
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Boyu Dang1, Huiyun Wu1, Mengfei Zhang1, Qingyang Duan2, Zeqiang Feng2, Geng Zhao2, Jie Jing2
Copper Engineering | 2026, (3) : 77 - 85
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Copper Engineering | 2026, (3): 77-85
• Material Preparation and Process Engineering •
Simulation of Solidification Structure Evolution of Cu-2.0Fe-0.03P-0.11Zn Alloy Continuous Casting Billets Based on CAFE Method
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Boyu Dang1, Huiyun Wu1, Mengfei Zhang1, Qingyang Duan2, Zeqiang Feng2, Geng Zhao2, Jie Jing2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Materials Science and Engineering，North University of China，Taiyuan 030051，China
  • 2.Taiyuan Jinxi Chunlei Copper Co.，Ltd.，Taiyuan 030008，China
Published: 2026-06-28 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-3842.2026.03.009
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Cu-2.0Fe-0.03P-0.11Zn alloy is a promising candidate material for electrical connectors owing to the low cost and excellent castability. Continuous casting serves as a key process in strip and plate production, where the solidification microstructure strongly influences subsequent processing and final product properties. In this study, a cellular automaton-finite element (CAFE) model was developed to simulate the solidification microstructure evolution of the Cu-2.0Fe-0.03P-0.11Zn alloy under continuous casting conditions. Simulated fractions of columnar and equiaxed grains were 87.4% and 12.6%, respectively, which were in close agreement with those of experimentally measured macrostructures (88.6% and 11.4%), confirming reliability and accuracy of the established model. Further investigations were conducted on effects of nucleation undercooling and nucleation density on solidification microstructure. Results indicated that increasing nucleation undercooling reduced the proportion of equiaxed grains: as undercooling increased from 1 K to 6 K, equiaxed grain fraction decreased from 17.1% to 9.2%, respectively. In contrast, increasing nucleation density promoted equiaxed grain formation, with equiaxed grain fraction increasing from 10.4% to 18.5% as the nucleation density increased from 0.5×109 m–3 to 40×109 m–3, respectively.

CAFE method  /  Cu-2.0Fe-0.03P-0.11Zn alloy  /  continuous casting  /  solidification microstructure  /  nucleation parameter
Boyu Dang, Huiyun Wu, Mengfei Zhang, Qingyang Duan, Zeqiang Feng, Geng Zhao, Jie Jing. Simulation of Solidification Structure Evolution of Cu-2.0Fe-0.03P-0.11Zn Alloy Continuous Casting Billets Based on CAFE Method[J]. Copper Engineering, 2026 , (3) : 77 -85 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-3842.2026.03.009
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Year 2026 volume Issue 3
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Article Info
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-3842.2026.03.009
  • Receive Date：2025-08-31
  • Online Date：2026-09-08
  • Published：2026-06-28
Article Data
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  • Received：2025-08-31
  • Revised：2026-03-28
Funding
Affiliations
    1.School of Materials Science and Engineering，North University of China，Taiyuan 030051，China
    2.Taiyuan Jinxi Chunlei Copper Co.，Ltd.，Taiyuan 030008，China
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/tygc/EN/10.3969/j.issn.1009-3842.2026.03.009
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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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