Article(id=1157033149910884354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, issueId=1157016315505500417, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753787799564, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1704643200000, pubDateStr=2024-01-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753787799564, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753787799564, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753787799564, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1157016315505500417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, year='2024', volume='2', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=0, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753783785940, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753783966923, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157017074661941313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, issueId=1157016315505500417, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157017074661941314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, issueId=1157016315505500417, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=52, endPage=57, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1157033151756378116, articleId=1157033149910884354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, language=EN, title=Isolation and identification of microorganisms causing rancidity in vacuum packed rice dumplings, columnId=1156641065621906129, journalTitle=Laboratory Testing, columnName=Innovative Applications, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective Isolate and identify microorganisms that cause rancidity in vacuum packed rice dumplings, thereby helping enterprises to improve product quality and control of food safety. Methods Bromocresol purple dextrose broth and cooked meat medium base were used to cultivate the acescent rice dumplings; the microorganisms were isolated and purified by scribing in Rose bengal agar, Nutrient agar, the isolated strains were identified by colony morphology observation, cell morphology observation, 16S rRNA sequence analysis, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The isolated strains were inoculated into commercial sterilized rice dumplings respectively to verify that two strains caused rancidity of rice dumplings. Results Two isolated strains, namely Lelliottia amnigena and Wickerhamomyces anomalus, caused rancidity of rice dumplings. Conclusion Lelliottia amnigena and Wickerhamomyces anomalus in vacuum-packed rice dumplings can cause rancidity.

, correspAuthors=Jiong CAI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*CAI Jiong,deputy chief technician, Chengdu Institute of Food Inspection, Irradiation Preservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611135, China
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hong-Lin ZHU, Hong-Hu SUN, Hao ZHOU, Man-Di ZHANG, Jun-Xia LI, Wen-Bin ZHU, Jia-Lin JIN, Qian ZHANG, Jiong CAI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1157033171696099726, articleId=1157033149910884354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, language=CN, title=真空包装粽子中致酸败微生物的分离与鉴定, columnId=1151957373175820401, journalTitle=实验室检测, columnName=创新应用, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 分离和鉴定引起真空包装粽子酸败的微生物,帮助企业提高产品质量,为食品安全做好把关。方法 使用溴甲酚紫葡萄糖肉汤、庖肉培养基对酸败粽子进行培养;使用孟加拉红琼脂、营养琼脂,以划线纯化法进行分离、纯化。根据菌落形态观察、细胞形态观察、16S rRNA序列分析,基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱对分离的菌株进行鉴定,将分离菌株分别接种到符合商业无菌的粽子中,验证菌株是否使产品酸败。结果 共分离出2株菌,分别为河生莱略特氏菌(Lelliottia amnigena)和异常威克汉姆酵母(Wickerhamomyces anomalus),经反证试验确认可导致粽子酸败。结论 河生莱略特氏菌、异常威克汉姆酵母可导致真空包装粽子产生酸败。

, correspAuthors=蔡炯, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*蔡炯,副主任技师,主要研究方向为食品微生物. E-mail:
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朱虹霖,本科,工程师,主要研究方向为食品微生物检验。

蔡炯,副主任技师,主要研究方向为食品微生物。

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菌株编号 培养时间/d
3 5 7
F1 + ++ +++
B1 - + ++
空白对照 - - -
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菌株编号 培养时间/d
3 5 7
F1 + ++ +++
B1 - + ++
空白对照 - - -
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真空包装粽子中致酸败微生物的分离与鉴定
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朱虹霖 , 孙宏虎 , 周浩 , 张熳迪 , 李俊霞 , 朱文斌 , 晋佳琳 , 张倩 , 蔡炯 *
实验室检测 | 创新应用 2024,2(1): 52-57
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实验室检测 | 创新应用 2024, 2(1): 52-57
真空包装粽子中致酸败微生物的分离与鉴定
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朱虹霖 , 孙宏虎, 周浩, 张熳迪, 李俊霞, 朱文斌, 晋佳琳, 张倩, 蔡炯*
作者信息
  • 成都市食品检验研究院 辐照保藏四川省重点实验室 成都 611135
  • 朱虹霖,本科,工程师,主要研究方向为食品微生物检验。

    蔡炯,副主任技师,主要研究方向为食品微生物。

通讯作者:

*蔡炯,副主任技师,主要研究方向为食品微生物. E-mail:
Isolation and identification of microorganisms causing rancidity in vacuum packed rice dumplings
Hong-Lin ZHU , Hong-Hu SUN, Hao ZHOU, Man-Di ZHANG, Jun-Xia LI, Wen-Bin ZHU, Jia-Lin JIN, Qian ZHANG, Jiong CAI*
Affiliations
  • Irradiation Preservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Chengdu Institute of Food Inspection Chengdu 611135 China
出版时间: 2024-01-08
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目的 分离和鉴定引起真空包装粽子酸败的微生物,帮助企业提高产品质量,为食品安全做好把关。方法 使用溴甲酚紫葡萄糖肉汤、庖肉培养基对酸败粽子进行培养;使用孟加拉红琼脂、营养琼脂,以划线纯化法进行分离、纯化。根据菌落形态观察、细胞形态观察、16S rRNA序列分析,基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱对分离的菌株进行鉴定,将分离菌株分别接种到符合商业无菌的粽子中,验证菌株是否使产品酸败。结果 共分离出2株菌,分别为河生莱略特氏菌(Lelliottia amnigena)和异常威克汉姆酵母(Wickerhamomyces anomalus),经反证试验确认可导致粽子酸败。结论 河生莱略特氏菌、异常威克汉姆酵母可导致真空包装粽子产生酸败。

真空包装粽子  /  分离  /  鉴定  /  河生莱略特氏菌  /  异常威克汉姆酵母菌

Objective Isolate and identify microorganisms that cause rancidity in vacuum packed rice dumplings, thereby helping enterprises to improve product quality and control of food safety. Methods Bromocresol purple dextrose broth and cooked meat medium base were used to cultivate the acescent rice dumplings; the microorganisms were isolated and purified by scribing in Rose bengal agar, Nutrient agar, the isolated strains were identified by colony morphology observation, cell morphology observation, 16S rRNA sequence analysis, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The isolated strains were inoculated into commercial sterilized rice dumplings respectively to verify that two strains caused rancidity of rice dumplings. Results Two isolated strains, namely Lelliottia amnigena and Wickerhamomyces anomalus, caused rancidity of rice dumplings. Conclusion Lelliottia amnigena and Wickerhamomyces anomalus in vacuum-packed rice dumplings can cause rancidity.

vacuum-packed rice dumplings  /  isolation  /  identification  /  Lelliottia amnigena  /  Wickerhamomyces anomalus
朱虹霖, 孙宏虎, 周浩, 张熳迪, 李俊霞, 朱文斌, 晋佳琳, 张倩, 蔡炯. 真空包装粽子中致酸败微生物的分离与鉴定. 实验室检测, 2024 , 2 (1) : 52 -57 .
Hong-Lin ZHU, Hong-Hu SUN, Hao ZHOU, Man-Di ZHANG, Jun-Xia LI, Wen-Bin ZHU, Jia-Lin JIN, Qian ZHANG, Jiong CAI. Isolation and identification of microorganisms causing rancidity in vacuum packed rice dumplings[J]. Laboratory Testing, 2024 , 2 (1) : 52 -57 .
粽子是我国历史文化积淀深厚的传统食品。如今粽子的生产中除少数大型企业使用自动化生产线, 大多企业仍采用手工生产 [ 1 - 2 ] 。粽子生产所涉及的原辅料种类繁多,若原辅料质量控制不严,杀菌不彻底,或生产环境卫生差,监管不严格[ 3 ],残留微生物极易大量繁殖, 引起产品胀袋、酸败变质等质量问题。
研究表明, 微生物是影响食品品质的重要因素 [ 4 ] ,微生物污染容易使产品出现感官改变、风味异常、保质期缩短、胀气等问题, 甚至造成食品安全问题[ 5 ]。例如, 李慧等从土豆烧牛肉方便菜肴中分离出枯草芽孢杆菌、表皮葡萄球菌和地衣芽孢杆菌[ 6 ]。李新楠等从真空包装鲜切藕片中分离鉴定出阴沟肠杆菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌和酵母菌[ 7 ]。张园园等从胀袋红烧肉中分离出蜡样芽胞杆菌、 枝状葡萄球菌、弗氏柠檬酸杆菌等 [ 8 ] 。但是国内关于粽子酸败的关键微生物分离和鉴定尚未见报道。
基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱 (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry, MALDI-TOF MS)用于微生物鉴定具有操作简便、检测时间短、通量高等优点, 在临床病原微生物、环境微生物鉴定等领域已有许多应用和研究 [ 9 - 10 ] ,但在食源性微生物鉴定中的应用研究相对较少 [ 11 ]
本研究以酸败的真空包装粽子为研究对象, 分离纯化得到菌株, 通过菌落形态观察、镜检显微形态观察、分子生物学鉴定方法和MALDI-TOF MS技术相结合, 鉴定分离的菌株。将已分离的菌株再接种到产品中进行验证, 确认其是否导致粽子酸败。本研究可为粽子生产企业的产品质量安全控制提供理论和技术支持。
样品为酸败的常温真空包装红豆蜜枣粽。
其他材料与试剂: 溴甲酚紫葡萄糖肉汤;庖肉培养基;营养琼脂培养基;孟加拉红琼脂培养基(北京陆桥技术有限公司); Wizard®基因组DNA 纯化试剂盒(美国 Promega 公司); 酵母引物(成都生物工程有限公司); 酵母 MIX(北京天根生化科技有限公司);16S rDNA 细菌鉴定 PCR 试剂盒(日本 TaKaRa 公司);细菌革兰氏染液(北京陆桥技术有限公司)。
真空包装机(美厨公司);AC2-4S1 生物安全柜(新加坡 ESCO 公司);MIR-254-PC 低温培养箱(日本松下公司);BX5SF 显微镜(日本 Olympus 公司); autoflex maX TOF 质谱仪 (德国 Bruker 公司); HVA-85 高压灭菌锅(日本 Hirayama 公司); CFX-96 实时荧光 PCR 仪(美国 Bio-Rad 公司); Universal Hood II 凝胶成像系统(美国 Bio-Rad 公司);Centrifuge 5424 R离心机(德国 Eppendorf 公司)。
按照GB 4789.26-2013《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 商业无菌检验》附录B,使用溴甲酚紫葡萄糖肉汤、预热到 ${100}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 并迅速冷却至室温的庖肉培养基各四管,每管接种 $1\mathrm{\;g}$ 酸败粽子,两种培养基各取两管36 °C培养4~5 d,余下两管溴甲酚紫葡萄糖肉汤 ${55}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 培养 $1 \sim 2\mathrm{\;d}$ ,两管庖肉培养基 ${55}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 培养 $1 \sim 3\mathrm{\;d}$ ,培养结束后,每管分别划线接种至孟加拉红琼脂和营养琼脂,孟加拉红琼脂28°C培养3~5d,营养琼脂36°C培养 2d。根据菌落生长形态的不同,挑选单菌落接种于相应的固体培养基中进一步纯化, 直至得到形态一致的单菌落。
观察孟加拉红琼脂、营养琼脂上已纯化的菌落, 记录菌落的形态、大小及颜色, 并分别革兰氏染色,观察菌体特征。
取已纯化的菌落, 接种于TSB肉汤, 于 28°C和36°C过夜培养。分别取培养后的菌悬液1 mL,12000 r/min离心3 min后,弃去上清液, 按照DNA提取试剂盒说明书操作, 提取DNA后,进行序列扩增。
真菌通用引物ITS1(5’-TCCGTAGGTGAAC CTGCGG-3’)和ITS4(5’-TCCTCCGCTTATTGAT ATGC-3′)[ 12 ]。PCR扩增体系为 ${20\mu }\mathrm{L}$ ,引物各0. ${5\mu }\mathrm{L}$ , Mix ${10\mu }\mathrm{L}$ ,模板 ${2\mu }\mathrm{L}$ ,无菌蒸馏水7 $\mu$ L,扩增条件: ${94}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 预变性 $3\mathrm{\;{min}}$ ,进入循环程序, ${94}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 变性 ${30}\mathrm{\;s},{56}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 退火 ${30}^{\circ },{72}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 延伸 ${60}\mathrm{\;s},{35}$ 个循环,再 ${72}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 延伸 ${10}\mathrm{\;{min}},- {20}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 下保存备用。
细菌16S rRNA序列扩增按照TaKaRa试剂盒说明书进行。PCR扩增体系为 ${50\mu }\mathrm{L}$ ,引物各 ${0.5\mu }\mathrm{L}$ , Mix ${25\mu }\mathrm{L}$ ,模板 ${1\mu }\mathrm{L}$ ,无菌蒸馏水 ${23\mu }\mathrm{L}$ ;扩增条件: ${94}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 预变性 $5\mathrm{\;{min}}$ , 进入循环程序, ${94}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 变性 $1\mathrm{\;{min}},{55}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 退火1 $\min ,{72}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 延伸 ${1.5}\mathrm{\;{min}},{30}$ 个循环,再 ${72}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 延伸5 min,-20 ℃下保存备用。
扩增完成后经琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测, 送至成都生物工程公司测序,获得16SrRNA、ITS 基因序列, 使用NCBI数据库完成BLAST分析比对,导出同源性≥99%的基因序列,采用 MEGA11软件中的邻接法(neighbor-joining, NJ [ 13 - 14 ] 构建系统发育树。
菌种鉴定采用 Bruker 公司推荐方法, 取单菌落、质控菌株 ATCC 25922 纯培养物 [ 15 ] 均匀涂抹至靶板,自然晾干。再滴加 ${1\mu }\mathrm{L}$ IVD HCCA 基质溶液(若为难破壁的菌类,须先加 1 $\mu \mathrm{L}{70}\%$ 的甲酸,晾干后再加基质溶液),自然晾干后放入质谱仪中检测。Flex Control 软件控制仪器和数据采集, MBT Compass Explorer 软件完成数据库检索比对, 查看每个样本的分类结果报告分值。
挑取孟加拉红培养基平板上的菌落接种于TSB肉汤培养基中,28℃过夜培养。取营养琼脂平板上的菌落接种于TSB肉汤培养基中, ${36}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 过夜培养。分别取菌悬液约 $2\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 加入到粽子中,真空包装后, ${37}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 培养,并在3 $\mathrm{d}\text{、}5\mathrm{\;d}$$7\mathrm{\;d}$ 时观察是否酸败。另取无菌生理盐水 $2\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 接种于粽子作为对照。
从孟加拉红琼脂和营养琼脂上共分离优势菌2株,分别命名为 $\mathrm{F}1$$\mathrm{B}1$ ,其中 $\mathrm{F}1$ 边缘不规则、淡粉色,中间凸起,表面干燥, 镜检呈椭圆形,单边芽殖。B1边缘半透明、 整齐, 中间乳白色, 光滑湿润, 镜检为革兰氏阴性杆菌。菌落形态以及细胞形态见 图1
A 为菌落形态; B 为显微镜下菌体形态
将 F1 的 ITS 序列和 B1 的 16S rRNA 序列与 GenBank 内序列进行同源性比对分析, 构建系统发育进化树, 亲缘关系见 图 2 。菌株 F1 与异常威克汉姆酵母(Wickerhamomyce s anomalus)(OK626702.1)在同一进化分枝上, Bootstrap 验证表明支持度达到 82%的置信度, F1 鉴定为异常威克汉姆酵母。B1 与河生莱略特氏菌(Lelliottia amnigena)(OP26 3206.1)在同一进化分支上, Bootstrap 验证表明支持度达到 93%的置信度, B1 鉴定为河生莱略特氏菌。
质控菌株 ATCC 25922 鉴定为 Escherichia coli (大肠埃希氏菌), 得分 2.44, 属于完全可靠地鉴定到种的水平。 $\mathrm{F}1$ 鉴定为异常威克汉姆酵母, 得分 1.81, 属于鉴定到属的水平; B1 鉴定为河生莱略特氏菌, 得分 2.36 ,属于鉴定到种的水平。 MALDI-TOF-MS 鉴定结果与分子生物学鉴定结果吻合。 图 3 为相应质谱图。
$\mathrm{a}$$\mathrm{b}$$\mathrm{c}$ 分别为菌株 ATCC 25922、F1、B1 的 MALDI-TOF MS 谱图
将 F1、B1 分别接种到粽子并真空包装, ${37}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 培养,接种 $\mathrm{F}1$ 的粽子在 $3\mathrm{\;d}$ 时酸败,接种 B1 的粽子在 $5\mathrm{\;d}$ 时酸败,空白对照在实验中未见异常, 可确证 F1 和 B1 均能导致真空包装粽子酸败, 且前者致酸败能力更强, 反证结果见 表 1
食品被微生物污染会造成腐败变质,人食用后严重时甚至会危害健康, 同时对食品生产加工企业的口碑以及市场销售造成负面影响。 不同微生物的致腐能力不同, 近年来, 对河生莱略特氏菌的研究较少。Liu [ 16 ] 等首次报导了 Lelliottia amnigena 能使洋葱头腐烂, 而 Richard Osei [ 17 ] 等发现 Lelliottia amnigena 使马铃薯软腐,且能分解 D-葡萄糖, D-乳糖, D-半乳糖 [ 16 ] , 粽子中的淀粉、糖类等营养物质可为其生长提供营养。河生莱略特氏菌是革兰氏阴性杆菌, 无芽孢,不耐高温,在高温蒸煮环节可被杀灭。 但粽子的生产流程较长 [ 2 ] ,在高温熟制后还需冷却才能真空包装,冷却方式一般为真空冷却、 传统冷却、冷风冷却[ 18 ],不同的冷却方式对粽子中微生物的繁殖有显著影响。
酵母菌多以芽殖或裂殖方式繁殖, 环境耐受性强 [ 19 ] ,异常威克汉姆酵母 (W. anomalus) 属毕赤酵母属, 是食品生产环节中普遍存在的酵母菌。周婀在饮料中分离鉴定出 $W$ . anomalus,是引起饮料变质的主要因素 [ 20 ] ; 陆文俊等从食品中分离出了 $W$ . anomalus,并证明了对食品的腐败能力 [ 21 ] ; 郭冬琴等从灭菌后污染的橙汁中分离出 $W$ . anomalus,证明其为橙汁腐败菌 [ 22 ] 。以上研究皆证明了 $W$ . anomalus 的致腐能力。另有研究表明, 部分酵母为条件致病菌, 热带假丝酵母、异常汉逊酵母等为橙汁中的条件致病菌 [ 23 ] 。本文在变质粽子中发现 $W$ . anomalus,为研究粽子类产品打下了基础。鉴于酵母菌在 ${66}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 加热 $1\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 即可致死, 其污染途径可能与 Lelliottia amnigena 一致,即高温熟制后环节。
综上所述,粽子被 Lelliottia amnigena 和 $W$ . anomalus 污染的途径可能为冷却和包装环节。 针对粽子产品质量的改善,需要从原料选择到产品出厂的各环节建立完整的质量管理体系, 例如: 产品灭菌条件优化的同时须监测灭菌效果, 调整温度和时间以达到最优的产品质量。郭天文对胀袋酱油研究分析, 发现胀袋酱油的污染来源为生产环境空气中芽孢杆菌[ 24 ],而车间即使封闭仍不能完全避免外界微生物污染, 所以粽子的生产环境: 例如冷却工序、包装工序的洁净程度应定期监测, 以确认是否符合要求。只有控制好每个生产环节,才能将粽子的微生物污染风险降到最低。
从变质粽子中分离微生物的研究见诸报道较少,本研究以真空包装变质粽子为研究对象, 利用传统微生物分离技术分离出 2 株菌,利用形态学鉴定、分子生物学和 MALDI-TOF MS 进行鉴定, 分别为异常威克汉姆酵母(W. anomalus)、 河生莱略特氏菌(Lelliottia amnigena)。通过反证实验, 发现两株菌皆能使粽子酸败变质。对粽子酸败关键微生物的分离与鉴定, 有助粽子生产厂家对生产过程中的关键控制点进行有效把控, 同时为产品质量和安全提供理论支持, 避免因微生物污染给企业造成损失,同时帮助企业提高产品质量。
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  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
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    成都市食品检验研究院 辐照保藏四川省重点实验室 成都 611135

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*蔡炯,副主任技师,主要研究方向为食品微生物. E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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