Article(id=1157016317837533449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, issueId=1157016315505500417, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753783786495, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1704643200000, pubDateStr=2024-01-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753783786495, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753783786495, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753783786495, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1157016315505500417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, year='2024', volume='2', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=0, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753783785940, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753783966923, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157017074661941313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, issueId=1157016315505500417, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157017074661941314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, issueId=1157016315505500417, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=123, endPage=128, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1157016318416347405, articleId=1157016317837533449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, language=EN, title=Isolation and identification of miscellaneous bacteria in lactic acid bacteria beverage, columnId=1156641066674676444, journalTitle=Laboratory Testing, columnName=Evaluation and Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To separate and identify the miscellaneous bacteria in sterilized lactic acid bacteria beverages provided by an enterprise. Methods The miscellaneous bacteria of lactic acid bacteria beverages were isolated and purified using a variety of medias. The isolated strains were identified at the genus and species levels by analysis of ${16}\mathrm{\;S}$ rRNA sequence and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. Results A total of 16 strains were isolated, Among them, 5 strains of Acetobacter, 2 strains of Gluconobacter japonicus, 1 strain of Gluconacetobacter liquefaciens, 1 strain of Kocuria palustris, 1 strain of Streptomyces hydrogenans, 1 strain of Staphylocaccus saprophyticus, 1 strain of Bacillus sp, 1 strain of Novosphingobium aromaticivorans, 1 strain of Brevundimonas vesicularis, 2 strains of Yeast, most of which (n=8, 50%)were identified as Acetobacteraceae. Conclusion Acetobacter, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Brevundimonas vesicularis, mold, Yeast and other microorganisms were isolated from the bactericidal lactobacillus beverage, most of which belongs to Acetobacteraceae.

, correspAuthors=Xiu-Mei LING, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*Xiu-Mei LING,Master, Senior Engineer, Chengdu Food Inspection and Research Institute, Chengdu 610000, China. E-mail:
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目的 分离和鉴定某企业提供的杀菌型乳酸菌饮料中存在的杂菌。方法 用多种培养基对乳酸菌饮料中的杂菌进行分离和纯化,分离纯化后采用基质辅助激光解析/电离飞行时间质谱和 ${16}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{{rRNA}}$ 基因序列分析鉴定到属和种。结果 共分离出 16 株菌株,其中醋酸杆菌(Acetobacter) 5 株, 葡萄糖酸杆菌(Gluconobacter japonicus)2株, 葡糖醋杆菌(Gluconacetobacter liquefaciens)1 株, 沼泽库克菌(Kocuria palustris)1 株, 链霉菌 (Streptomyces hydrogenans) 1 株,葡萄球菌(Staphylocaccus saprophyticus) 1 株, 芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.) 1株, 新鞘氨醇杆菌(Novosphingobium aromaticivorans)1 株,短波单胞菌(Brevundimonas vesicularis)1 株, 酵母菌(Yeast)2株,经鉴定大部分 $\left({n =8,{50}\%}\right)$ 为醋杆菌科。结论 从杀菌型乳酸菌饮料中存在的杂菌分离到了醋酸杆菌、芽胞杆菌、葡萄球菌、短波单胞菌、霉菌、酵母菌等微生物,大部分为醋杆菌科。

, correspAuthors=凌秀梅, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*凌秀梅, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品微生物。E-mail:
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陈礼玲,高级工程师,主要研究方向为食品检验。

凌秀梅,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为食品微生物检验。

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陈礼玲,高级工程师,主要研究方向为食品检验。

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陈礼玲,高级工程师,主要研究方向为食品检验。

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凌秀梅,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为食品微生物检验。

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Sci Rep , 2018 . 8 . 1532 ., articleTitle=Bacterial community in naturally fermented milk products of Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim of India analysed by high-throughput amplicon sequencing, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1157033183217853076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1157016317837533449, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=40, issue=2, pageStart=30, pageEnd=33, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=12, authorNames=唐心怡, 刘波, 张涛, journalName=乳业科学与技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=唐心怡 , 刘波 , 张涛 , 等 . 酸乳中葡糖醋杆菌赖解旋酶恒温基因扩增检测方法的建立 [J]. 乳业科学与技术 , 2017 . 40 ( 2 ): 30 - 33 ., articleTitle=酸乳中葡糖醋杆菌赖解旋酶恒温基因扩增检测方法的建立, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1157033183276573333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1157016317837533449, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=null, issue=154, pageStart=52, pageEnd=54, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=13, authorNames=国珺, journalName=中国乳业, refType=null, unstructuredReference=国珺 . 褐色乳酸菌饮料加工工艺及质量控制 [J]. 中国乳业 , 2014 . 154 ): 52 - 54 ., articleTitle=褐色乳酸菌饮料加工工艺及质量控制, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1157033183347876502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1157016317837533449, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=12, issue=14, pageStart=5600, pageEnd=5605, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=14, authorNames=卢玉, 李慧, 钟鸣, journalName=食品安全质量检测学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=卢玉 , 李慧 , 钟鸣 , 等 . 小米乳酸菌发酵饮料胀罐微生物的分离及鉴定 [J]. 食品安全质量检测学报 , 2021 . 12 ( 14 ): 5600 - 5605 ., articleTitle=小米乳酸菌发酵饮料胀罐微生物的分离及鉴定, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1157033175747797495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1157016317837533449, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1157033175756186105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1157016317837533449, companyId=1157033175747797495, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Chengdu Food Inspection and Research Institute Chengdu 610000 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1157033176821539337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1157016317837533449, companyId=1157033175747797495, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=成都市食品检验研究院 成都 610000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1157033181397525108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1157016317837533449, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Results of Gram microscopic examination, figureFileSmall=5EpvO/YpmxMdZjVOiR/xZg==, figureFileBig=ejK0dMfdqaOGM2LwzG7z8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1157033181464633974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1157016317837533449, language=CN, label=图 1, caption=革兰氏镜检结果。, figureFileSmall=5EpvO/YpmxMdZjVOiR/xZg==, figureFileBig=ejK0dMfdqaOGM2LwzG7z8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1157033181594657402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1157016317837533449, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Figure 2 Cluster analysis diagram, figureFileSmall=rcAmIjNTpckucgDrhqnNxg==, figureFileBig=/zUkFruvT2thZflC2UGtcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1157033181674349180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1157016317837533449, language=CN, label=图 2, caption=聚类分析图, figureFileSmall=rcAmIjNTpckucgDrhqnNxg==, figureFileBig=/zUkFruvT2thZflC2UGtcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1157033181745652351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1157016317837533449, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Primers used for the PCR, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因 引物名称 序列
16S rDNA Seq forward 5'-GAGCGGATAACAATTTCAC ACAGG-3′,
Seq reverse 5'-CGCCAGGGTTTTCCCAGTC ACGAC-3′
Seq internal 5'-CAGCAGCCGCGGTAATAC-3'
), ArticleFig(id=1157033181808566913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1157016317837533449, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=PCR 所用引物, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因 引物名称 序列
16S rDNA Seq forward 5'-GAGCGGATAACAATTTCAC ACAGG-3′,
Seq reverse 5'-CGCCAGGGTTTTCCCAGTC ACGAC-3′
Seq internal 5'-CAGCAGCCGCGGTAATAC-3'
), ArticleFig(id=1157033181896647298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1157016317837533449, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=The PCR reaction systems and conditions, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因 反应体系 PCR 反应条件
16S rDNA DNA50~100 ng, PCR Premix 25μL, Forward Primer ${0.5\mu }\mathrm{L}$, Reverse Primer2 ${0.5\mu }\mathrm{L}$, ${16}\mathrm{\;S}$-free ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ up to ${50\mu }\mathrm{L}$. 94°C、5min;(94°C、1min,; 50~55°C、1min,72°C、 1.5 min)$\times {30};{72}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$$5\mathrm{\;{min}}$
), ArticleFig(id=1157033181972144771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1157016317837533449, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=PCR 反应体系和条件, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因 反应体系 PCR 反应条件
16S rDNA DNA50~100 ng, PCR Premix 25μL, Forward Primer ${0.5\mu }\mathrm{L}$, Reverse Primer2 ${0.5\mu }\mathrm{L}$, ${16}\mathrm{\;S}$-free ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ up to ${50\mu }\mathrm{L}$. 94°C、5min;(94°C、1min,; 50~55°C、1min,72°C、 1.5 min)$\times {30};{72}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$$5\mathrm{\;{min}}$
), ArticleFig(id=1157033182035059332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1157016317837533449, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Microscopic examination and identification of colonies isolated on different media, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 菌株编号 镜检情况 鉴定菌株名称
A M2# 革兰氏阴性杆菌 葡糖醋杆菌
B P2# 革兰氏阳性球菌 沼泽库克菌
C P5# 疑似放线菌 氢化链霉菌
D P3# 革兰氏阳性球菌 腐生葡萄球菌
E P4# 革兰氏阳性杆 菌,含芽孢 蜡样芽胞杆菌
F P1# 革兰氏阴性杆菌 新鞘氨醇杆菌属
G P6#, M1# 酵母菌 酵母菌
H P7# 革兰氏阴性杆菌 泡囊短波单胞菌
I MC4#, MR2# 革兰氏阴性杆菌 醋酸杆菌属
J MC5#, MR3# 革兰氏阴性杆菌 日本葡萄糖酸杆菌
K MC2#, MC3#, MR4# 革兰氏阴性杆菌 印度尼西亚醋酸 杆菌
), ArticleFig(id=1157033182114751109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1157016317837533449, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=不同培养基上分离出的菌落镜检及鉴定情况, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 菌株编号 镜检情况 鉴定菌株名称
A M2# 革兰氏阴性杆菌 葡糖醋杆菌
B P2# 革兰氏阳性球菌 沼泽库克菌
C P5# 疑似放线菌 氢化链霉菌
D P3# 革兰氏阳性球菌 腐生葡萄球菌
E P4# 革兰氏阳性杆 菌,含芽孢 蜡样芽胞杆菌
F P1# 革兰氏阴性杆菌 新鞘氨醇杆菌属
G P6#, M1# 酵母菌 酵母菌
H P7# 革兰氏阴性杆菌 泡囊短波单胞菌
I MC4#, MR2# 革兰氏阴性杆菌 醋酸杆菌属
J MC5#, MR3# 革兰氏阴性杆菌 日本葡萄糖酸杆菌
K MC2#, MC3#, MR4# 革兰氏阴性杆菌 印度尼西亚醋酸 杆菌
), ArticleFig(id=1157033182190248582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1157016317837533449, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Sequencing results of MALDI-TOF MS identification and 16S rRNA gene, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 质谱鉴定结果 16S 测序结果
鉴定名称 得分 鉴定名称 符合率
M2# 液化葡糖醋杆菌(Gluconacetobacter liquefaciens) 1.77 液化葡糖醋杆菌(Gluconacetobacter liquefaciens)或者 甜蜜葡糖醋杆菌(Gluconacetobacter dulcium) >99%
P2# 沼泽库克菌(Kocuria palustris) 2.00 沼泽库克菌(Kocuria palustris) >99%
P5# / / 氢化链霉菌(Streptomyces hydrogenans) >99%
P3# 腐生葡萄球菌(Staphylocaccus saprophyticus) 1.79 腐生葡萄球菌(Staphylocaccus saprophyticus), 或者阿 尔莱葡萄球菌 (Staphylocaccus arlettae) >99%
P4# 蜡样芽胞杆菌(Bacillus cereus) 2.11 芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus sp.) >99%, 无法鉴定到种
P1# 去芳香新鞘氨醇杆菌(Novosphingobium aromaticivorans) 1.75 鞘氨醇单胞菌属或者新鞘氨醇杆菌属 (Novosphingobium sp.) >99%, 无法鉴定到种
P6#, M1# 酵母菌(yeast) / / /
P7# 泡囊短波单胞菌(Brevundimonas vesicularis) 2.02 短波单胞菌属(Brevundimonas sp.) >99%, 无法鉴定到种
MC4#, MR2# / / 不可培养的醋酸杆菌属(uncultured Acetobacter sp.) >99%, 无法鉴定到种
MC5#, MR3# / / 日本葡萄糖酸杆菌(Gluconobacter japonicus),或者 弗氏葡萄糖酸杆菌(Gluconobacter frateurii) >99%
MC2#, MC3#, MR4# 印度尼西亚醋酸杆菌(Acetobacter indonesiensis) 2.02 印度尼西亚醋酸杆菌(Acetobacter indonesiensis) >99%
), ArticleFig(id=1157033182253163143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1157016317837533449, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=MALDI-TOF MS 鉴定及 16S rRNA 基因测序结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 质谱鉴定结果 16S 测序结果
鉴定名称 得分 鉴定名称 符合率
M2# 液化葡糖醋杆菌(Gluconacetobacter liquefaciens) 1.77 液化葡糖醋杆菌(Gluconacetobacter liquefaciens)或者 甜蜜葡糖醋杆菌(Gluconacetobacter dulcium) >99%
P2# 沼泽库克菌(Kocuria palustris) 2.00 沼泽库克菌(Kocuria palustris) >99%
P5# / / 氢化链霉菌(Streptomyces hydrogenans) >99%
P3# 腐生葡萄球菌(Staphylocaccus saprophyticus) 1.79 腐生葡萄球菌(Staphylocaccus saprophyticus), 或者阿 尔莱葡萄球菌 (Staphylocaccus arlettae) >99%
P4# 蜡样芽胞杆菌(Bacillus cereus) 2.11 芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus sp.) >99%, 无法鉴定到种
P1# 去芳香新鞘氨醇杆菌(Novosphingobium aromaticivorans) 1.75 鞘氨醇单胞菌属或者新鞘氨醇杆菌属 (Novosphingobium sp.) >99%, 无法鉴定到种
P6#, M1# 酵母菌(yeast) / / /
P7# 泡囊短波单胞菌(Brevundimonas vesicularis) 2.02 短波单胞菌属(Brevundimonas sp.) >99%, 无法鉴定到种
MC4#, MR2# / / 不可培养的醋酸杆菌属(uncultured Acetobacter sp.) >99%, 无法鉴定到种
MC5#, MR3# / / 日本葡萄糖酸杆菌(Gluconobacter japonicus),或者 弗氏葡萄糖酸杆菌(Gluconobacter frateurii) >99%
MC2#, MC3#, MR4# 印度尼西亚醋酸杆菌(Acetobacter indonesiensis) 2.02 印度尼西亚醋酸杆菌(Acetobacter indonesiensis) >99%
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杀菌型乳酸菌饮料中杂菌的分离及鉴定
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陈礼玲 , 孙宏虎 , 李俊霞 , 朱虹霖 , 郑漫江 , 凌秀梅 *
实验室检测 | 评价与分析 2024,2(1): 123-128
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实验室检测 | 评价与分析 2024, 2(1): 123-128
杀菌型乳酸菌饮料中杂菌的分离及鉴定
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陈礼玲 , 孙宏虎, 李俊霞, 朱虹霖, 郑漫江, 凌秀梅*
作者信息
  • 成都市食品检验研究院 成都 610000
  • 陈礼玲,高级工程师,主要研究方向为食品检验。

    凌秀梅,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为食品微生物检验。

通讯作者:

*凌秀梅, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品微生物。E-mail:
Isolation and identification of miscellaneous bacteria in lactic acid bacteria beverage
Li-Ling CHEN , Hong-Hu SUN, Jun-Xia LI, Hong-Lin ZHU, Man-Jiang ZHENG, Xiu-Mei LING*
Affiliations
  • Chengdu Food Inspection and Research Institute Chengdu 610000 China
出版时间: 2024-01-08
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目的 分离和鉴定某企业提供的杀菌型乳酸菌饮料中存在的杂菌。方法 用多种培养基对乳酸菌饮料中的杂菌进行分离和纯化,分离纯化后采用基质辅助激光解析/电离飞行时间质谱和 ${16}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{{rRNA}}$ 基因序列分析鉴定到属和种。结果 共分离出 16 株菌株,其中醋酸杆菌(Acetobacter) 5 株, 葡萄糖酸杆菌(Gluconobacter japonicus)2株, 葡糖醋杆菌(Gluconacetobacter liquefaciens)1 株, 沼泽库克菌(Kocuria palustris)1 株, 链霉菌 (Streptomyces hydrogenans) 1 株,葡萄球菌(Staphylocaccus saprophyticus) 1 株, 芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.) 1株, 新鞘氨醇杆菌(Novosphingobium aromaticivorans)1 株,短波单胞菌(Brevundimonas vesicularis)1 株, 酵母菌(Yeast)2株,经鉴定大部分 $\left({n =8,{50}\%}\right)$ 为醋杆菌科。结论 从杀菌型乳酸菌饮料中存在的杂菌分离到了醋酸杆菌、芽胞杆菌、葡萄球菌、短波单胞菌、霉菌、酵母菌等微生物,大部分为醋杆菌科。

乳酸菌饮料  /  分离  /  鉴定  /  醋杆菌科

Objective To separate and identify the miscellaneous bacteria in sterilized lactic acid bacteria beverages provided by an enterprise. Methods The miscellaneous bacteria of lactic acid bacteria beverages were isolated and purified using a variety of medias. The isolated strains were identified at the genus and species levels by analysis of ${16}\mathrm{\;S}$ rRNA sequence and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. Results A total of 16 strains were isolated, Among them, 5 strains of Acetobacter, 2 strains of Gluconobacter japonicus, 1 strain of Gluconacetobacter liquefaciens, 1 strain of Kocuria palustris, 1 strain of Streptomyces hydrogenans, 1 strain of Staphylocaccus saprophyticus, 1 strain of Bacillus sp, 1 strain of Novosphingobium aromaticivorans, 1 strain of Brevundimonas vesicularis, 2 strains of Yeast, most of which (n=8, 50%)were identified as Acetobacteraceae. Conclusion Acetobacter, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Brevundimonas vesicularis, mold, Yeast and other microorganisms were isolated from the bactericidal lactobacillus beverage, most of which belongs to Acetobacteraceae.

lactic acid bacteria beverages  /  isolation  /  identification  /  Acetobacteraceae
陈礼玲, 孙宏虎, 李俊霞, 朱虹霖, 郑漫江, 凌秀梅. 杀菌型乳酸菌饮料中杂菌的分离及鉴定. 实验室检测, 2024 , 2 (1) : 123 -128 .
Li-Ling CHEN, Hong-Hu SUN, Jun-Xia LI, Hong-Lin ZHU, Man-Jiang ZHENG, Xiu-Mei LING. Isolation and identification of miscellaneous bacteria in lactic acid bacteria beverage[J]. Laboratory Testing, 2024 , 2 (1) : 123 -128 .
乳酸菌饮料(杀菌型)是在脱脂乳或鲜乳中接入乳酸菌进行乳酸菌发酵,使一部分乳糖转变为乳酸, 蛋白质发生部分降解, 不溶性钙盐变成可溶性钙盐, 并产生多种呈味成分, 再添加蔗糖、稳定剂、有机酸等物质, 经稀释、调香、均质等工序制成的色、香、 味俱佳的功能性饮料。这样的饮料不仅富含各种营养成分, 而且由于乳酸菌和有机酸的存在能有效地抑制肠道内有害微生物的繁殖[ 1 ]。但是乳酸菌饮料(杀菌型)生产流程比较复杂,由于生产链条较长,任何一个生产链条出现问题, 均有可能导致产品出现如口感不稳定、分层沉淀、褐变以及坏包、胀包、酸包、 霉包和黏条包等质量问题 [ 2 ] 。近几年,国家监督抽检数据信息公告显示,乳酸菌饮料不合格时有发生,不合格的项目主要涉及标签、蛋白质、菌落总数、大肠菌群及霉菌计数等项目,其中由微生物污染引起的不合格占多数 [ 3 - 5 ] ,这可能与乳酸菌的杀菌工艺有关, 乳酸菌饮料的杀菌工艺一般为高温瞬时杀菌,温度为 ${90}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,杀菌 $1 \sim 2\mathrm{\;{min}}$ ,经过杀菌,虽然样品中的各种微生物数量大幅下降,但是因为不同种类的微生物对热的抵抗力不一样, 总有一些耐热微生物被检出。例如郝天婷等 [ 6 ] 在果汁中分离出费希新萨托菌(Neosartorya fischeri)和出芽短梗霉菌 (Aureobasidium pullulans), 费希新萨托菌株能耐受 ${85}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$${30}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 的热处理。
但是目前对乳酸菌饮料(杀菌型)中腐败微生物分离鉴定的文献报道较少, 许多企业在遇到微生物污染问题时, 因检验技术薄弱无法了解到产品容易被哪些微生物污染, 应该如何制定相应的防控措施。为了解杀菌型乳酸菌饮料中可能存在的微生物污染情况, 本研究针对某企业发生污染的的乳酸菌饮料(杀菌型) 采取选择性分离方法得到纯化的微生物菌种, 再利用微生物形态学鉴定、基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization time of flight mass spectrometry, MALDI-TOF MS)技术和 ${16}\mathrm{S}$ rRNA 基因序列分析相结合的方法,鉴定所纯化的微生物菌种, 通过对该菌株形态学、生理生化特征及系统发育分析, 为乳酸菌饮料质量的控制提供科学依据。
原味乳酸菌饮料(某食品生产企业提供);平板计数琼脂(plate count ager, PCA)培养基、结晶紫中性红胆盐琼脂(violet red bile agar, VRBA)、孟加拉红琼脂培养基、MC 培养基、MRS 培养基(北京陆桥技术有限责任公司);Wizard®基因组 DNA 纯化试剂盒(美国 Promega 公司); 16S rDNA 细菌鉴定 PCR 试剂盒 [TaKaRa 宝日医生物技术(北京)有限公司]。
ZEISS Axioskop40 显微镜(德国 Carl Zeiss 公司); CFX96 Real-Time System PCR 仪[伯乐生命医学产品 (上海)有限公司]; Autoflex max TOF 基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱仪[布鲁克(北京)科技有限公司]。
参考 GB 4789.2-2022《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 菌落总数测定》、GB 4789.3-2016 《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 大肠菌群计数》、GB 4789.15-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 霉菌和酵母计数》、GB 4789.35-2016 《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 乳酸菌检验》, 将待检样品进行 10 倍梯度稀释至适宜的稀释度后,每个稀释度吸取 $1\mathrm{{mL}}$ 样品匀液于无菌平皿内, 每个稀释度做两个平皿。然后倾注相应的 PCA 培养基、VRBA 琼脂、孟加拉红琼脂培养基、改良 MRS 琼脂培养基、MC 培养基,并放入对应温度的培养箱进行培养。根据菌落生长形态、大小及颜色的不同, 挑选不同的单菌落接种于相应的固体培养基中进一步纯化。
将纯化得到的菌落划线至对应的分离固体培养基进行培养, 观察菌落形态并革兰氏染色镜检。
MALDI-TOF MS 鉴定使用布鲁克质谱仪及配套试剂进行, 用无菌枪头挑取待测单菌落, 均匀涂抹加样到金属靶板小圈内,每个靶点滴加 ${1\mu }\mathrm{L}\alpha$ -氰基-4- 羟基肉桂酸( $\alpha$ -cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, HCCA) 基质液, 室温干燥后将金属靶板放入仪器中对菌株种属进行鉴定检测,同时用 ${1\mu }\mathrm{L}$ 标准品如上述同样步骤操作, 作为质量控制。
挑取培养平板上的单菌落按照 TaKaRa 16S rDNA Bacterial 扩增细菌试剂盒的说明书操作, 提取细菌 DNA。测序用引物序列如 表 1 所示, PCR 扩增反应体系如 表 2 所示, PCR 完成后将 PCR 产物进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测, 将电泳检测后的 PCR 产物送至生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司进行测序。
获得 16S rRNA 基因序列。测序结果在美国国家生物技术信息中心(National Center of Biotechnology Information, NCBI)的序列比对搜索工具(basic local alignment search tool, BLAST)分析比对, 并进行同源序列搜索, 根据同源序列搜索结果, 导出同源性≥ 99%菌株的 16S rRNA 基因序列区,基于 16s rRNA 测序结果, 使用 Phylogeny 在线平台建立聚类进化树[ 7 ]。 微生物属及种判断标准为: 0.95~1.0 为种水平置信, 可能的亚种; 0.90~0.95 为种水平置信; 0.60~0.90 为属水平置信;0.00~0.60 为不可置信。
表 3 所示, 样品除了在 VRBA 培养基上无菌落生长外, 在 PCA、MRS、MC 及孟加拉红平板上均有些许菌落生长。将菌落划线在相对应的分离固体培养基上进行培养, 得到纯化的 16 株菌, 编号为 P1#~P7#的菌株分离自 PCA 平板, MC2#~MC5#分离自 MC 平板, MR2#~MR4# 分离自 MRS 平板, M1#~M2#分离自孟加拉红平板。革兰氏染色镜检结果显示 $\mathrm{P}2\# ,\mathrm{p}3\#$ 是革兰氏阳性球菌 $,\mathrm{P}5\#$ 疑似放线菌, P4#是革兰氏阳性芽孢杆菌, P6#, M1#是酵母菌, 其他均为革兰氏阴性杆菌。镜检结果如 图 1 所示。
将纯化的菌落采用 MALDI-TOF MS 鉴定, 同时将纯化的菌落提取 DNA,采用 ${16}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{{rRNA}}$ 基因测序鉴定菌种,结果见 表 2 。除了 P5#、P6#、M1#、MC4#、 MR2#、MC5#、MR3#七株菌落无法得到有效的鉴定外,其余菌株质谱鉴定分数在 ${1.75}\sim {2.11},{16}\mathrm{\;S}\mathrm{{rRNA}}$ 基因测序结果符合率均>99%。
对某企业生产的原味杀菌型乳酸菌饮料中的微生物进行分离和纯化,共获得了 16 株菌。均使用了 ${16}\mathrm{\;s}$ rRNA 基因测序进行种属鉴定, 其中的 9 株同时通过 MALDI-TOF MS 质谱获得有效的鉴定结果。鉴定的 16 株菌中, 醋酸杆菌 5 株(MC4#, MR2#, MC2#, MC3#, MR4#), 葡萄糖酸杆菌 2 株(MC5#, MR3#), 葡糖醋杆菌 1 株(M2#), 沼泽库克菌 1 株(P2#), 链霉菌 1 株(P5#), 葡萄球菌 1 株(P3#), 芽孢杆菌 1 株(P4#), 新鞘氨醇杆菌 1 株(P1#),短波单胞菌 1 株(P7#)。除了细菌外,还分离鉴定出酵母(P6#, M1#),未做进一步的种属鉴定。基于 16s rRNA 基因测序结果, 使用 Phylogeny 在线平台建立聚类进化树,如下 图 2 。MR2#、MR3#、MR4#、MC2#、 MC3#、MC4#、MC5#、M2#均处于同一“科”水平,属于醋杆菌科(Acetobacteraceae), 其中 MR3#、MC5#为相同菌种, MC4#、MR2#为相同菌种, MC3#、MC2#、MR4# 为相同菌种。
饮料营养丰富, 是一些酵母菌、霉菌、芽孢类细菌、乳酸菌和醋酸菌等微生物生长繁殖的良好基物, 所以容易受到某些酵母、真菌和少数耐酸细菌的污染, 尤其是其中耐热、耐酸、耐化学防腐剂的酵母和霉菌及耐热耐酸的芽孢杆菌 [ 8 ] 。杀菌性乳酸菌饮料的生产经过原料处理、调配、均质、灌装、杀菌等过程,生产链条较长, 一旦某一环节出现问题, 极有可能出现微生物污染,从而给企业造成经济损失。
本研究采用 MALDI-TOF MS 并结合 ${16}\mathrm{S}$ rRNA 测序技术对某企业生产的原味杀菌型乳酸菌饮料中微生物种类进行分离鉴定, 并且进行了聚类分析, 从该样品中分离到了醋酸杆菌、芽胞杆菌、葡萄球菌、 短波单胞菌、霉菌、酵母菌等微生物。这些微生物中, 有些可能是耐热的菌株,如芽孢杆菌、耐热霉菌等。 郭伟鹏等[ 9 ]在果汁饮料中检出费氏新萨托菌、黄色篮状菌、宛氏拟青霉 3 株耐热霉菌。有文献也表明上述 3 株耐热霉菌均能产生子囊孢子,且能够耐受 90°C以上的高温达几分钟至几十分钟之久 [ 10 ] 。有些微生物则是更容易广泛分布在酸乳这种酸性环境中, 比如醋杆菌, 有文献报道[ 11 - 12 ]自然发酵的牛奶含有此类细菌。酸乳的生产过程容易受到葡糖醋杆菌的污染, 初期不易被发现, 后期由于葡糖醋杆菌的大量繁殖, 影响了酸乳的品质, 导致酸乳产生酸涩、浑浊、胀包、 黏着度增加等现象[ 13 ]
造成乳酸菌饮料中微生物污染的原因可能有: 生产管路消毒有死角、清洗消毒不彻底、或者罐体密闭不严;灌装、包装过程二次染菌,灌装操作工、维修工的无菌意识较差, 个人卫生不好 [ 14 ]; 企业现有的杀菌工艺无法杀灭某些耐热微生物。 因此,为从根本上控制乳酸菌饮料生产过程的微生物污染, 需要从以下几方面进行管控: 首先生产过程中保持环境的清洁卫生,注意原料和用水等的质量控制;其次注意对生产原辅料、包材、生产设备等环节的管理 [ 15 ] ; 最后通过微生物耐热实验, 发现部分耐热微生物, 如果通过普通的杀菌手段无法杀灭的情况, 可以更换其他杀菌方式进行杀菌, 同时加强对杀菌温度、杀菌时间的设置和杀菌过程监控, 从根本上保障产品质量与安全, 避免微生物污染带来的生产和经济损失。
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  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2024-01-08
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    成都市食品检验研究院 成都 610000

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*凌秀梅, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品微生物。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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