Article(id=1157016317392933117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, issueId=1157016315505500417, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753783786390, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1704643200000, pubDateStr=2024-01-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753783786390, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753783786390, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753783786390, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1157016315505500417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, year='2024', volume='2', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=0, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753783785940, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753783966923, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157017074661941313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, issueId=1157016315505500417, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157017074661941314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, issueId=1157016315505500417, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=46, endPage=51, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1157016318919659783, articleId=1157016317392933117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, language=EN, title=Determination of naturally occurring vanillin in rice and paddy rice by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, columnId=1156641065621906129, journalTitle=Laboratory Testing, columnName=Innovative Applications, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To study the content level of vanillin in rice and the changes of vanillin in paddy rice processing. Methods Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was used to determine the contents of vanillin, methyl vanillin and ethyl vanillin in 209 batches of rice from different origins; at the same time, 16 batches of rice were hulled, milled or finished, and the rice and its processed products (brown rice, standard rice or polished rice) were tested. Results Methyl vanillin and ethyl vanillin were not detected in all rice, paddy and their processed products; vanillin was all detected in 209 batches of rice, and the content values were close to the normal distribution, mainly concentrated in ${100}\sim {222\mu}\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ ; vanillin was detected in rice and its processed products (brown rice, standard rice or polished rice), and the content decreases with the processing accuracy. Conclusion The possibility of naturally occurring vanillin in rice, and the source is probably rice hull; the detection of vanillin in rice is not always illegal addition, the content level of vanillin in rice and paddy rice should be continuously studied and scientifically analyzed to provide scientific evidence for the market supervision department formulating reasonably the risk reference value of rice.

, correspAuthors=Zheng-Shuang WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*WU Zheng-Shuang, Master, Senior Engineer, Foshan Centre for Food and Drug Control, Foshan 528000, China. E-mail:
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目的 研究大米中香兰素含量水平以及香兰素在稻谷加工过程中的变化情况。方法 采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)对209批次不同产地的大米进行香兰素、甲基香兰素和乙基香兰素含量的测定;同时对16批次的稻谷分别进行砻谷、碾米或精加工,并对稻谷及其加工产品(糙米、标米或精米)进行检测。结果 所有大米、稻谷及其加工产品中均未检出甲基香兰素和乙基香兰素;209批次的大米全部检出香兰素,含量值接近正态分布,主要集中在100~222μg/kg ;稻谷及其加工产品(糙米、标米或精米)均检出香兰素,且含量随着加工精度依次递减。结论 大米中可能存在天然香兰素, 并来源于稻壳;大米中检出香兰素不能作为非法添加的判定依据,可持续研究稻谷及大米中香兰素的含量水平并科学分析,为监管部门制定合理的风险参考值提供科学依据。

, correspAuthors=吴正双, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*吴正双,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:
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吴正双,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向为食品安全检测。

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figs=[ArticleFig(id=1157033190302032618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1157016317392933117, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Total ion chromatography of mixed standard solution, figureFileSmall=t5Crjme/2adGoPqaClhR3A==, figureFileBig=huCCyWW669iKWRVA4LoyAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1157033190364947179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1157016317392933117, language=CN, label=图 1, caption=混合标准溶液总离子流图, figureFileSmall=t5Crjme/2adGoPqaClhR3A==, figureFileBig=huCCyWW669iKWRVA4LoyAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1157033190432056044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1157016317392933117, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Total ion chromatography of paddy rice, brown rice, not refined rice and refined rice, figureFileSmall=Q4vjwrj3jCkW+4YhCOXWvw==, figureFileBig=rOvQKuG+SuQrZeOP+xrEBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1157033190528525037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1157016317392933117, language=CN, label=图 2, caption=混合标准溶液、大米和稻谷样品总离子流图, figureFileSmall=Q4vjwrj3jCkW+4YhCOXWvw==, figureFileBig=rOvQKuG+SuQrZeOP+xrEBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1157033190591439598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1157016317392933117, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Distribution of vanillin content in rice, figureFileSmall=ucIbTKvYDFJc/G9N6NzV/A==, figureFileBig=eY1AuDLZ7njSsnbrBEfdpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1157033190675325679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1157016317392933117, language=CN, label=图 3, caption=大米中香兰素含量分布图, figureFileSmall=ucIbTKvYDFJc/G9N6NzV/A==, figureFileBig=eY1AuDLZ7njSsnbrBEfdpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1157033190738240240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1157016317392933117, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Distribution of vanillin content in paddy rice, brown rice and not refined rice $\left({n = 3}\right)$, figureFileSmall=CKOlurdBs6ACJuYEjJmPyg==, figureFileBig=NxbgqyfFAhVG0zB25L5Hyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1157033190805349105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1157016317392933117, language=CN, label=图 4, caption=12批次稻谷及其加工产品中香兰素含量分( $n = 3$ ), figureFileSmall=CKOlurdBs6ACJuYEjJmPyg==, figureFileBig=NxbgqyfFAhVG0zB25L5Hyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1157033190876652274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1157016317392933117, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Distribution of vanillin content in paddy rice, brown rice, not refined rice and refined rice $\left({n = 3}\right)$, figureFileSmall=6tZtiaVuGYm10Mo2sVHstA==, figureFileBig=ducItWMr3hkMwMZK7EMnuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1157033190926983923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1157016317392933117, language=CN, label=图 5, caption=4批次稻谷及其加工产品中香兰素含量分布图(n=3), figureFileSmall=6tZtiaVuGYm10Mo2sVHstA==, figureFileBig=ducItWMr3hkMwMZK7EMnuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1157033191010870004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1157016317392933117, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Vanillin content of rice from different place of origin, figureFileSmall=rDOkkWmRgWaEjzpp3DuiEQ==, figureFileBig=iTnhAr55DMu1nG8AO5EMUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1157033191073784565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1157016317392933117, language=CN, label=图 6, caption=不同产地大米的香兰素含量, figureFileSmall=rDOkkWmRgWaEjzpp3DuiEQ==, figureFileBig=iTnhAr55DMu1nG8AO5EMUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1157033191119921910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1157016317392933117, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Distribution of vanillin content in paddy rice, and not refined rice, figureFileSmall=11/IUPkVGiBgtTjK/ce5zQ==, figureFileBig=6hliyMq/cJiN33RaFNS+3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1157033191174447863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1157016317392933117, language=CN, label=图 7, caption=不同品种水稻及其加工产品标米中香兰素含量分布图, figureFileSmall=11/IUPkVGiBgtTjK/ce5zQ==, figureFileBig=6hliyMq/cJiN33RaFNS+3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1157033191237362424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1157016317392933117, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Gradient elution procedures, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间 /min 0.1%甲酸-水溶液 (A) 甲醇 (B) 流速/(mL/min)
0.00 75 25 0.25
1.00 75 25 0.25
4.00 10 90 0.25
5.00 10 90 0.25
5.01 75 75 0.25
6.00 75 75 0.25
), ArticleFig(id=1157033191308665593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1157016317392933117, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=梯度洗脱程序, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间 /min 0.1%甲酸-水溶液 (A) 甲醇 (B) 流速/(mL/min)
0.00 75 25 0.25
1.00 75 25 0.25
4.00 10 90 0.25
5.00 10 90 0.25
5.01 75 75 0.25
6.00 75 75 0.25
), ArticleFig(id=1157033191384163066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1157016317392933117, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Main MS analysis parameters of the 3 compounds, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物 离子对 $\left({m/z}\right)$ 去簇电 压/V 碰撞能量 /eV
香兰素 153.1/93.1*, 153.1/125.0 90 19,14
甲基香 兰素 167.2/139.0*, 167.2/124.0 100 17, 22
乙基香 兰素 167.2/111.0*, 167.2/93.0 100 17, 23
), ArticleFig(id=1157033191442883323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1157016317392933117, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=3种分析物的主要质谱分析参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物 离子对 $\left({m/z}\right)$ 去簇电 压/V 碰撞能量 /eV
香兰素 153.1/93.1*, 153.1/125.0 90 19,14
甲基香 兰素 167.2/139.0*, 167.2/124.0 100 17, 22
乙基香 兰素 167.2/111.0*, 167.2/93.0 100 17, 23
), ArticleFig(id=1157033191518380796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1157016317392933117, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Results of recovery of the method for 3 compound, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物名称 添加水平/(μg/kg) 回收率/% RSD $/\%\left({n = 6}\right)$
香兰素 50 102.3 4.0
100 89.8 3.3
200 91.7 3.4
50 84.7 4.8
甲基香兰素 100 90.6 3.6
200 92.9 4.0
乙基香兰素 50 87.8 4.3
100 98.3 3.1
200 92.4 5.0
), ArticleFig(id=1157033191585489661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1157016317392933117, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=大米中3 种化合物加标回收率测定结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物名称 添加水平/(μg/kg) 回收率/% RSD $/\%\left({n = 6}\right)$
香兰素 50 102.3 4.0
100 89.8 3.3
200 91.7 3.4
50 84.7 4.8
甲基香兰素 100 90.6 3.6
200 92.9 4.0
乙基香兰素 50 87.8 4.3
100 98.3 3.1
200 92.4 5.0
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超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定大米及稻谷中天然香兰素含量
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吴正双 * , 梁炽琼 , 罗瑞涟 , 王志 , 陈瑞莲
实验室检测 | 创新应用 2024,2(1): 46-51
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实验室检测 | 创新应用 2024, 2(1): 46-51
超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定大米及稻谷中天然香兰素含量
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吴正双* , 梁炽琼, 罗瑞涟, 王志, 陈瑞莲
作者信息
  • 佛山市食品药品检验检测中心 佛山 528000
  • 吴正双,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向为食品安全检测。

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*吴正双,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:
Determination of naturally occurring vanillin in rice and paddy rice by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
Zheng-Shuang WU* , Chi-Qiong LIANG, Rui-Lian Luo, Zhi Wang, Rui-Lian Chen
Affiliations
  • Foshan Centre for Food and Drug Control Foshan 528000 China
出版时间: 2024-01-08
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目的 研究大米中香兰素含量水平以及香兰素在稻谷加工过程中的变化情况。方法 采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)对209批次不同产地的大米进行香兰素、甲基香兰素和乙基香兰素含量的测定;同时对16批次的稻谷分别进行砻谷、碾米或精加工,并对稻谷及其加工产品(糙米、标米或精米)进行检测。结果 所有大米、稻谷及其加工产品中均未检出甲基香兰素和乙基香兰素;209批次的大米全部检出香兰素,含量值接近正态分布,主要集中在100~222μg/kg ;稻谷及其加工产品(糙米、标米或精米)均检出香兰素,且含量随着加工精度依次递减。结论 大米中可能存在天然香兰素, 并来源于稻壳;大米中检出香兰素不能作为非法添加的判定依据,可持续研究稻谷及大米中香兰素的含量水平并科学分析,为监管部门制定合理的风险参考值提供科学依据。

大米  /  稻谷  /  香兰素  /  超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法

Objective To study the content level of vanillin in rice and the changes of vanillin in paddy rice processing. Methods Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was used to determine the contents of vanillin, methyl vanillin and ethyl vanillin in 209 batches of rice from different origins; at the same time, 16 batches of rice were hulled, milled or finished, and the rice and its processed products (brown rice, standard rice or polished rice) were tested. Results Methyl vanillin and ethyl vanillin were not detected in all rice, paddy and their processed products; vanillin was all detected in 209 batches of rice, and the content values were close to the normal distribution, mainly concentrated in ${100}\sim {222\mu}\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ ; vanillin was detected in rice and its processed products (brown rice, standard rice or polished rice), and the content decreases with the processing accuracy. Conclusion The possibility of naturally occurring vanillin in rice, and the source is probably rice hull; the detection of vanillin in rice is not always illegal addition, the content level of vanillin in rice and paddy rice should be continuously studied and scientifically analyzed to provide scientific evidence for the market supervision department formulating reasonably the risk reference value of rice.

rice  /  paddy rice  /  vanillin  /  ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
吴正双, 梁炽琼, 罗瑞涟, 王志, 陈瑞莲. 超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定大米及稻谷中天然香兰素含量. 实验室检测, 2024 , 2 (1) : 46 -51 .
Zheng-Shuang WU, Chi-Qiong LIANG, Rui-Lian Luo, Zhi Wang, Rui-Lian Chen. Determination of naturally occurring vanillin in rice and paddy rice by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry[J]. Laboratory Testing, 2024 , 2 (1) : 46 -51 .
香兰素是 (vanillin) 是一种自然界天然存在的植物香料, 学名为3-甲氧基-4-羟基苯甲醛, 又名香草醛, 主要存在于香荚兰豆中, 具有浓郁的奶香 。因其独特的芳香气味而被广泛应用在食品、 化妆品和制药等行业 。根据其来源,分为天然香兰素和人工合成香兰素。过量摄入香兰素会对人体带来健康风险, 可以导致头晕、恶心、呕吐、呼吸困难,损伤肝肾功能等[8-10]。按照我国现行《食品安全国家标准 食品添加剂使用标准》(GB2760- 2014 )中的规定,香兰素、香荚兰豆浸膏 (提取物) 可作为食品用香料在各类食品中按生产需要适量使用, GB 2760-2014中表B. 1所列食品没有加香的必要, 不得添加食品用香精香料, 如灭菌乳、发酵乳、植物油脂、大米、小麦粉、蜂蜜等[ 11 ]
大米是中国老百姓饭桌上必不可少的主食, 淡淡的米香能增进食欲。有研究表明, 香米中的特征香气成分为2-乙酰基-1-吡咯啉,它是一种高度不稳定的化合物, 不适于长期保存, 一般以天然形式存在 [ 12 - 14 ] 。为了给大米增香,一些生产企业非法添加 “大米香精”、香兰素等食用香精香料,制售假香米, 以牟取暴利。2023年央视“3·15”晚会曝光的“香精大米”事件又一次打击了民众对我国食品安全的信心。有文献显示, 部分植物性原料如芝麻、稻谷中天然存在一定浓度的香兰素 [ 15 - 16 ] 。近几年市场监管总局发布的《食品安全风险监测参考值》,大米中的香兰素和乙基香兰素参考值也一直是“数据积累”。因此,不排除大米中含有天然香兰素。明确大米中香兰素的来源、含量及其影响因素, 对于监管部门、消费者和大米的生产经营者都十分必要。
大米一般是由稻谷经筛选除杂、砻谷、碾米、 抛光、色选等工艺加工而成的产品。国内外暂无对稻谷加工过程中香兰素含量变化情况的研究报道。 本文首次在实验室模拟大米加工工艺, 并采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法对稻谷及其加工产品糙米 (稻谷经砻谷机砻谷脱壳后的产品)、标米(糙米经碾米脱去外表皮的产品)、精米(标米经抛光、 色选等精加工后的产品)、市售大米产品进行香兰素的测定。通过对不同产地的大米及稻谷在不同加工阶段的产品中香兰素的含量进行分析, 证明了大米中可能含有天然香兰素, 并计算了其本底浓度, 为市场监管工作提供一定的理论和技术支撑。
大米: 共209批次, 产地包括广东、广西、江西、江苏、安徽、黑龙江6省。样品均为市场采购和调研过程中大米生产企业免费提供。
稻谷:共16批次,产地包括广东和江西,样品均为其他机构和调研过程中的大米生产企业免费提供, 其中4批次稻谷经大米生产企业进行了砻谷、 碾米、抛光和色选加工, 并同时提供了糙米、标米、 精米。
香兰素标准物质 (CAS 121-33-5, 纯度99.3%, 德国Dr Ehrenstorfer公司);甲基香兰素标准物质 (CAS 120-14-9,纯度97.6%,上海安谱璀世标准技术服务有限公司);乙基香兰素标准物质 (CAS 121-32-4, 纯度99.9%, 上海安谱璀世标准技术服务有限公司);甲醇、乙腈(色谱纯,上海安谱实验科技股份有限公司);甲酸(色谱纯,德国默克公司)。
Triple Quad 5500+超高效液相色谱-三重四级杆串联质谱仪(UPLC-MS/MS,美国SCIEX公司); Milli-Q 超纯水机(德国Merck公司);IKA MS3 漩涡混合器(德国IKA公司);ME204 电子天平(感量 ${0.01}\mathrm{{mg}}$ ,瑞士梅特勒-托利多公司); $3 -{18}\mathrm{\;K}$ 离心机(德国Sigma公司);JLG-II砻谷机, JNM-III 碾米机(杭州大吉光电仪器有限公司)。
稻谷样品经实验室砻谷机脱壳制成糙米样品; 糙米经实验室碾米机脱去外表皮得到标米样品。
按照国家市场监管总局发布的补充检验方法《食品中香兰素、甲基香兰素和乙基香兰素的测定》(BJS 2017 05)进行样品前处理 。称取 样品(精确至0.01 g),置于50 mL聚丙烯离心管中,加入 水,涡旋振荡 ,加入 乙腈, 涡旋振荡 ,超声处理 离心 后,取上层清液过0.22μm滤膜,待分析。
分别称取香兰素、甲基香兰素、乙基兰素标准品 ${10}\mathrm{{mg}}$ ,用甲醇溶解并定容至 ${10}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ ,摇匀。避光于 $-{18}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 下保存,保存期为 6 个月。分别准确吸取适量标准储备液于容量瓶中,用甲醇稀释成浓度分别为 $5\text{、}{10}\text{、}{20}\text{、}{50}\text{、}{100}\text{、}{200}\mathrm{{ng}}/\mathrm{{mL}}$ 的系列混合标准工作液。
液相色谱条件: 色谱柱: Omega C18 (1.6μm, ${100}\mathrm{\;{mm}}\times {2.1}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,美国phenomenex公司); 柱温: ${30}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ;进样体积: ${2\mu }\mathrm{L}$ ;流动相: $\mathrm{A}$${0.1}\%$ 的甲酸 -水溶液, B为甲醇; 流速: ${0.25}\mathrm{\;{mL}}/\mathrm{{min}}$ ,梯度洗脱, 洗脱程序见 表1
质谱条件:电离方式为电喷雾正离子(ESI+); 离子化电压 ${5.5}\mathrm{{kV}}$ ;雾化温度 ${550}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ;气帘气压力: 40 psi; 雾化气 (GS1): 50 psi,辅助气 (GS2): ${50}\mathrm{{psi}}$ ; 碰撞气入口电压(EP)为 $9\mathrm{\;V}$ ,碰撞气出口电压 (CXP) 为 ${12}\mathrm{\;V}$ ,多反应监测(MRM)。香兰素、甲基香兰素和乙基香兰素的定性离子、定量离子、去簇电压和碰撞能量见 表 2 ;三种分析物的总离子流 (TIC) 图如 图 1 所示。
基于大米及稻谷样品中香兰素、甲基香兰素、 乙基香兰素的测定, 配制了系列浓度的标准工作液。结果表明,在5~200 ng/mL浓度范围内,三种分析物线性关系良好,相关系数均 > 0.99 。
本实验在阴性大米样品中添加低浓度混合标准溶液,使其浓度水平均为 ${30\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ ,按照1.3中的方法平行测定 10 次, 分别计算出 10 次测定结果的标准偏差, 以标准偏差的3倍作检出限、10倍作定量限(置信水平P=95%)[ 18 ] ,得到香兰素、甲基香兰素、 乙基香兰素的检出限分别为13.2、14.1、14.7 μg/kg, 定量限分别为43.6、46.5、48.5 μg/kg。按照1.3中的方法验证, 结果显示, 香兰素、甲基香兰素、乙基香兰素添加浓度均为 ${14\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ 时,各化合物的特征色谱峰的信噪比 $\left({S/N}\right)> 3$ ; 添加浓度均为 ${50\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ 时,各化合物的特征色谱峰的信噪比 $\left({S/N}\right)> {10}$ , 故确定本方法各化合物的检出限和定量限分别均为14μg/kg和50μg/kg。
在50、100、500μg/kg三个加标水平下对阴性大米进行加标试验, 每个加标水平平行测定 6 次, 结果见 表3 。本方法中3种化合物的平均回收率为 84.7~102.3%,相对标准偏差均小于5%,精密度和准确度能够满足标准中的检测要求。
按照2.1的检测方法, 分别对稻谷及其加工产品(糙米、标米和精米)进行检测,结果如 图2 所示, 各样品中均未检出甲基香兰素和乙基香兰素, 样品中香兰素的保留时间与标准溶液图谱 ( 图1 ) 的一致, 香兰素定性离子与定量离子的比值在标准允许的偏差范围内, 证明样品中含有香兰素, 且稻谷中香兰素含量最高。
按照1.3的实验方法对209批次大米样品进行检测, 并对其香兰素含量进行统计分析, 发现其含量近似呈正态分布,主要集中在 ${100}\sim {222\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ ,占比为80.9%,如 图2 所示。说明大米中的天然香兰素含量可能存在一个合理水平,超出该范围才有可能是人为添加。
12批稻谷分别经实验室小型砻谷机、碾米机加工后, 得到糙米、标米产品, 并对其进行检测, 结果未检出甲基香兰素和乙基香兰素,但全部检出香兰素,且稻谷、糙米、标米中香兰素含量依次呈递减趋势, 如 图3 所示。另外对大米生产企业提供的4 组样品进行了检测,每组样品均包括稻谷、糙米、 标米、精米四种, 香兰素含量依次呈递减趋势, 检测结果见 图4
图3图4 可知,稻谷中的香兰素含量最高, 在1555~7030 μg/kg之间;经砻谷后,糙米中香兰素含量均显著下降,下降幅度达78%~96%,初步判断稻谷中的香兰素主要集中在稻壳中。大米生产企业提供的糙米样品中香兰素含量一般是稻谷的 1/10左右,而实验室加工所得的糙米中香兰素含量一般是稻谷的1/30~1/10,造成这种大范围差距的原因可能是部分稻谷中带有较多的稻壳, 在称量样品前未对稻谷进行筛选和除杂。实验室用小型砻谷机加工出来的糙米保留了较多的稻壳, 如果称量稻谷和糙米时, 取了较多的稻壳也会导致稻谷和糙米中香兰素的测定值明显偏高。
标米中香兰素含量较糙米也有不同程度的下降,一般是下降10%~50%,相对糙米与稻谷之间的变化, 其下降幅度明显放缓。可能实验室碾米机脱去糙米外表皮的程度相对不够均匀,如果糙米经碾米后还保留了较多的外表皮, 标米中的香兰素测定值也会偏高。精米与标米相比, 香兰素含量也略有下降。
整体来看, 香兰素含量最高的稻谷 ( 7030 $\mu \mathrm{g}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ )经砻谷和碾米后,香兰素含量降为143 $\mu \mathrm{g}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ ,见 图3 中第7组数据;香兰素含量最低的稻谷 (1555μg/kg) 经砻谷和碾米后,香兰素含量降为147 $\mu \mathrm{g}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ ,见 图4 中第 1 组数据。由此可见,香兰素可能主要集中在稻壳中; 在稻谷加工过程中香兰素含量会逐渐减少,加工方式和加工程度都可能影响大米中香兰素的含量水平。稻谷中香兰素含量高,其加工成的大米产品中香兰素含量不一定高。
由于 209 批次产品大米多数来自市场采购, 无法准确地知晓其原料产地, 故不能客观的分析不同产地大米中香兰素的含量。仅从中选取大众比较感兴趣的五常大米、泰国香米、柬埔寨香米、越南香米共 20 批次进行分析, 其香兰素含量的分布如 图 5 所示。 6 批次五常大米、 5 批次泰国香米、 4 批次柬埔寨香米、5 批次越南香米中香兰素含量波动均较大, 每种大米的香兰素含量都有高低之分, 但总体来看, 4 种不同产地大米的香兰素含量也都分布在 ${100}\sim {200\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ 之间。可见,大米中香兰素含量与产地并无直接关系。
本实验室采集到的16个稻谷样品包括粳稻和籼稻两个品种; 其中粳稻2个, 籼稻14个。16个稻谷及其加工产品标米中香兰素含量分布如 图6 所示,香兰素含量在粳稻、籼稻品种内部和品种之间, 均存在较大差异, 故稻谷中香兰素含量与水稻品种并无直接关系。
粳稻和籼稻的加工产品标米中香兰素含量范围在 ${81}\sim {365\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ ,造成个别标米样品中香兰素含量波动较大的原因可能是实验室砻谷机和碾米机加工程度不够均匀, 有的标米还保留了较多的外表皮。但整体来看,16个标米样品中香兰素含量主要集中在134~154μg/kg,故大米中香兰素含量与稻谷品种也无直接关系。
本文对采集的 209 批次大米和 16 批次稻谷及其加工产品中香兰素的含量进行了测定和分析研究,证明稻谷及大米中可能存在天然香兰素。大米中香兰素本底含量近似呈正态分布, 主要集中在 ${100}\sim {222\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ ; 稻谷及其加工产品糙米、标米中的香兰素含量呈依次递减趋势, 且稻谷的第一道加工产品-糙米中香兰素的含量跟稻谷相比,下降了 78~96%。大米中的香兰素含量受原料的产地、品种影响不大,但受加工方式和加工程度影响显著, 故对于日常监督抽检大米中检出香兰素的情况, 不能简单地将其判定为非法添加。
大米中香兰素的含量存在较大差异, 加工程度也存在不确定性因素, 评估大米中香兰素的本底值含量范围还存在一定的困难。建议相关部门持续监测大米中香兰素的含量水平, 进一步研究以确定大米中香兰素的合理本底值。同时在水稻种植与加工过程中, 采集不同水稻在生长和加工各个阶段的样本, 并监测香兰素的含量变化, 探索水稻加工过程中香兰素含量的变化规律。
本文的研究结果为证实大米中存在天然香兰素提供了科学参考依据, 在一定程度上消除了大众对大米中检出香兰素的恐慌,而水稻中天然香兰素的生成机制还有待进一步研究。
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  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
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    佛山市食品药品检验检测中心 佛山 528000

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*吴正双,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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