Article(id=1156987912819663581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, issueId=1156888345994420815, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753777014211, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753777014211, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753777014211, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753777014211, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156888345994420815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, year='2024', volume='2', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753753275630, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753785212113, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157022297358951363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, issueId=1156888345994420815, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157022297358951364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, issueId=1156888345994420815, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=4, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156987914329613043, articleId=1156987912819663581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, language=EN, title=The release law of heavy metal in the ceramic sheet sealing nozzle and the impact of the lead removal process, columnId=1156641065621906129, journalTitle=Laboratory Testing, columnName=Innovative Applications, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective At present, the systematic study of heavy metals releasing law from ceramic disc sealed water faucet is lack in domestic. At the same time, nozzle production enterprises also lack relevant knowledge, so it is necessary to study this to provide a scientific basis for the green and sustainable development of the nozzle industry. Methods Through the laboratory simulation method, the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer was used to analyze and test the precipitation of heavy metal pollutants in the nozzle, and systematically studied the precipitation law of heavy metal pollutants in the ceramic sheet sealed nozzle. Results Through testing and analysis, the material of the surface nozzle material also determines the precipitation type of heavy metal pollutants. The immersion time and the concentration of inorganic salt in water quality are directly proportional to the precipitation of heavy metals. The lead brass nozzle effectively reduces the precipitation of lead and chromium heavy metals through the lead removal process; the precipitation of lead is reduced by 81% to 86%, and the precipitation of chromium is reduced by 52% to 56%. Conclusion Enterprises can choose suitable materials and processes to produce nozzles according to their own conditions. Consumers should avoid exposure to excessive heavy metals according to their use.

, correspAuthors=Qing-Tang WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*WU Qing-Tang, Intermediate Engineer, Inspector, No. 48, Jianshe Third Road, Jiangmen 529000, China. E-mail:
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目的 目前国内缺乏陶瓷片密封水嘴的重金属析放规律的系统研究,同时水嘴生产企业也缺乏相关知识,因此有必要对此进行研究,为水嘴产业的绿色可持续发展提供科学依据。方法 本研究通过实验室模拟方法,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪对水嘴重金属污染物析出量进行分析试验,系统地研究了陶瓷片密封水嘴中重金属污染物的析出规律。结果 通过测试分析表面水嘴材料的材质也决定重金属污染物析出种类,浸泡时间和水质无机盐浓度与重金属析出量成正比。铅黄铜水嘴通过除铅工艺,有效降低铅、铬重金属析出量;铅析出量降低81%~86%, 铬析出量降低52%~56%。结论 企业可根据自身情况选择合适的材质及工艺生产水嘴。消费者应根据使用情况避免接触到过量重金属。

, correspAuthors=吴庆棠, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*吴庆棠,中级工程师,检验员,研究方向为产品质量分析。E-mail:
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吴庆棠,中级工程师,检验员,研究方向为产品质量分析。

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吴庆棠,中级工程师,检验员,研究方向为产品质量分析。

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Australian/New Zealand Standard (AS/NZS), 2018., articleTitle=AS/NZS 4020-2018 Testing of products for use in contact with drinking water, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1156987939965198392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156987912819663581, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=04, pageStart=77, pageEnd=78, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=11, authorNames=戚春元, journalName=绿色建筑, refType=null, unstructuredReference=戚春元. 水嘴产品铅析出量与含量的关系及风险评估[J]. 绿色建筑, 2016, (04): 77-78., articleTitle=水嘴产品铅析出量与含量的关系及风险评估, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1156987940023918648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156987912819663581, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=02, pageStart=16, pageEnd=17, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=12, authorNames=温永汉, 何祖幸, 吴庆棠, journalName=中国检验检测, refType=null, unstructuredReference=温永汉, 何祖幸, 吴庆棠. 电镀装饰铬对铜合金陶瓷片密封水嘴六价铬析出量的影响[J]. 中国检验检测, 2021, (02): 16-17., articleTitle=电镀装饰铬对铜合金陶瓷片密封水嘴六价铬析出量的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1156987940091027514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156987912819663581, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=29, issue=null, pageStart=234, pageEnd=236, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=13, authorNames=张芳玲, journalName=中国化工贸易, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张芳玲. 水中铜离子对人体影响及监测[J]. 中国化工贸易, 2020, 29: 234-236., articleTitle=水中铜离子对人体影响及监测, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1156987940141359164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156987912819663581, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=14, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GB/T 5750.6-2023 生活饮用水标准检验方法第6部分:金属和类金属指标[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2023., articleTitle=GB/T 5750.6-2023 生活饮用水标准检验方法第6部分:金属和类金属指标, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1156987940191690814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156987912819663581, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=15, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GB 5749-2022 生活饮用水卫生标准[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2022., articleTitle=GB 5749-2022 生活饮用水卫生标准, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1156987939025674260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156987912819663581, awardId=2021030100660004836, language=EN, fundingSource=Jiangmen Basic and Theoretical Scientific Research Science and Technology Project(2021030100660004836), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1156987939122143255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156987912819663581, awardId=2021030100660004836, language=CN, fundingSource=江门市基础与理论科学研究类科技计划项目(2021030100660004836), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1156987933149455245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156987912819663581, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1156987933153649550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156987912819663581, companyId=1156987933149455245, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Guangdong Jiangmen Supervision Testing Institute of Quality & Metrology Jiangmen 529000 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1156987934269334430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156987912819663581, companyId=1156987933149455245, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=广东省江门市质量计量监督检测所 江门 529000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1156987937972904934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156987912819663581, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Precipitation of heavy metals in nozzles of different materials, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 测试结果 $\left({\mu \mathrm{g}/\mathrm{L}}\right)$
${\mathrm{X}}_{\mathrm{{Pb}}}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{{Pb}}}$ -${\mathrm{X}}_{\mathrm{{Cr}}}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{{Cr}}}$ -${\mathrm{X}}_{\mathrm{{Cu}}}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{{Cu}}}$
不锈钢水嘴 0.3 0.1 61.6 2.5 1.4 0.2
铅黄铜水嘴 63.7 2.0 21.7 2.0 322.5 7.1
低铅铜水嘴 6.1 0.3 21.8 1.9 403.3 8.6
), ArticleFig(id=1156987938073568234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156987912819663581, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=不同材质的水嘴重金属析出量, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 测试结果 $\left({\mu \mathrm{g}/\mathrm{L}}\right)$
${\mathrm{X}}_{\mathrm{{Pb}}}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{{Pb}}}$ -${\mathrm{X}}_{\mathrm{{Cr}}}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{{Cr}}}$ -${\mathrm{X}}_{\mathrm{{Cu}}}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{{Cu}}}$
不锈钢水嘴 0.3 0.1 61.6 2.5 1.4 0.2
铅黄铜水嘴 63.7 2.0 21.7 2.0 322.5 7.1
低铅铜水嘴 6.1 0.3 21.8 1.9 403.3 8.6
), ArticleFig(id=1156987938123899884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156987912819663581, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=The precipitation of heavy metals at different temperatures, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 测试 温度 测试结果 $\left({\mu \mathrm{g}/\mathrm{L}}\right)$
${\mathrm{X}}_{\mathrm{{Pb}}}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{{Pb}}}$ ${\mathrm{X}}_{\mathrm{{Cr}}}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{{Cr}}}$ ${\mathrm{X}}_{\mathrm{{Cu}}}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{{Cu}}}$
${10}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 33.7 2.3 22.9 1.3 333.6 8.7
${25}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 35.0 1.8 24.0 1.0 347.0 7.6
A ${40}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 37.1 1.6 25.1 1.0 363.3 7.6
${10}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 50.6 1.5 16.3 1.5 283.6 10.4
${25}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 53.2 1.7 17.8 1.3 296.8 11.8
B ${40}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 55.8 1.9 18.9 1.1 308.9 11.9
), ArticleFig(id=1156987938186814447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156987912819663581, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=不同温度的重金属析出量, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 测试 温度 测试结果 $\left({\mu \mathrm{g}/\mathrm{L}}\right)$
${\mathrm{X}}_{\mathrm{{Pb}}}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{{Pb}}}$ ${\mathrm{X}}_{\mathrm{{Cr}}}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{{Cr}}}$ ${\mathrm{X}}_{\mathrm{{Cu}}}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{{Cu}}}$
${10}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 33.7 2.3 22.9 1.3 333.6 8.7
${25}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 35.0 1.8 24.0 1.0 347.0 7.6
A ${40}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 37.1 1.6 25.1 1.0 363.3 7.6
${10}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 50.6 1.5 16.3 1.5 283.6 10.4
${25}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 53.2 1.7 17.8 1.3 296.8 11.8
B ${40}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 55.8 1.9 18.9 1.1 308.9 11.9
), ArticleFig(id=1156987938291672049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156987912819663581, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=The precipitation of heavy metals at different soaking times, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 测试温度 测试结果 $\left({\mu \mathrm{g}/\mathrm{L}}\right)$
${\mathrm{X}}_{\mathrm{{Pb}}}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{{Pb}}}$ ${\mathrm{X}}_{\mathrm{{Cr}}}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{{Cr}}}$ ${\mathrm{X}}_{\mathrm{{Cu}}}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{{Cu}}}$
样 A $8\mathrm{\;h}$ 13.9 0.3 9.3 0.4 141.9 5.3
16 h 24.6 1.3 17.5 0.7 246.0 8.1
48 h 67.4 2.0 35.3 0.8 621.3 10.8
72 h 112.3 3.3 41.4 0.7 1148.0 12.9
试样B $8\mathrm{\;h}$ 21.0 1.1 8.6 0.3 121.9 5.8
16 h 38.5 1.3 15.4 0.6 213.4 8.5
48 h 88.6 1.3 27.2 0.7 572.9 11.9
72 h 165.6 2.6 33.9 0.9 916.7 15.0
), ArticleFig(id=1156987938358780915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156987912819663581, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=不同浸泡时间的重金属析出量, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 测试温度 测试结果 $\left({\mu \mathrm{g}/\mathrm{L}}\right)$
${\mathrm{X}}_{\mathrm{{Pb}}}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{{Pb}}}$ ${\mathrm{X}}_{\mathrm{{Cr}}}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{{Cr}}}$ ${\mathrm{X}}_{\mathrm{{Cu}}}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{{Cu}}}$
样 A $8\mathrm{\;h}$ 13.9 0.3 9.3 0.4 141.9 5.3
16 h 24.6 1.3 17.5 0.7 246.0 8.1
48 h 67.4 2.0 35.3 0.8 621.3 10.8
72 h 112.3 3.3 41.4 0.7 1148.0 12.9
试样B $8\mathrm{\;h}$ 21.0 1.1 8.6 0.3 121.9 5.8
16 h 38.5 1.3 15.4 0.6 213.4 8.5
48 h 88.6 1.3 27.2 0.7 572.9 11.9
72 h 165.6 2.6 33.9 0.9 916.7 15.0
), ArticleFig(id=1156987938409112565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156987912819663581, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=The precipitation of heavy metals with different residual chlorine concentrations, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 余氯 (mg/L) 测试结果 $\left({\mu \mathrm{g}/\mathrm{L}}\right)$
${\mathrm{X}}_{\mathrm{{Pb}}}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{{Pb}}}$ ${\mathrm{X}}_{\mathrm{{Cr}}}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{{Cr}}}$ ${\mathrm{X}}_{\mathrm{{Cu}}}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{{Cu}}}$
0 35.1 1.3 3.0 0.2 337.2 8.3
1 35.3 1.8 10.5 0.6 345.0 9.6
A 4 36.1 1.9 38.3 0.9 369.0 13.9
0 53.1 1.4 2.5 0.1 282.0 9.8
1 53.7 1.8 8.7 0.7 288.5 11.5
B 4 54.1 1.6 28.7 0.2 303.8 10.4
), ArticleFig(id=1156987938513970171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156987912819663581, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=不同余氯浓度的重金属析出量, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 余氯 (mg/L) 测试结果 $\left({\mu \mathrm{g}/\mathrm{L}}\right)$
${\mathrm{X}}_{\mathrm{{Pb}}}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{{Pb}}}$ ${\mathrm{X}}_{\mathrm{{Cr}}}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{{Cr}}}$ ${\mathrm{X}}_{\mathrm{{Cu}}}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{{Cu}}}$
0 35.1 1.3 3.0 0.2 337.2 8.3
1 35.3 1.8 10.5 0.6 345.0 9.6
A 4 36.1 1.9 38.3 0.9 369.0 13.9
0 53.1 1.4 2.5 0.1 282.0 9.8
1 53.7 1.8 8.7 0.7 288.5 11.5
B 4 54.1 1.6 28.7 0.2 303.8 10.4
), ArticleFig(id=1156987938581078018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156987912819663581, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=The precipitation of heavy metals with different concentrations of sodium bicarbonate, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 ${\mathrm{{NaHCO}}}_{3}$(mol/L) 测试结果 $\left({\mu \mathrm{g}/\mathrm{L}}\right)$
${\mathrm{X}}_{\mathrm{{Pb}}}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{{Pb}}}$ ${\mathrm{X}}_{\mathrm{{Cr}}}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{{Cr}}}$ ${\mathrm{X}}_{\mathrm{{Cu}}}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{{Cu}}}$
0 11.6 1.2 5.4 0.2 32.0 2.7
0.005 21.1 1.4 11.8 0.4 203.6 8.5
A 0.02 51.5 0.7 41.7 1.2 540.2 11.9
0 15.3 0.7 4.5 0.2 24.6 3.1
0.005 37.5 1.0 8.7 0.7 167.7 10.7
B 0.02 87.3 0.7 33.5 1.6 507.3 14.3
), ArticleFig(id=1156987938669158409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156987912819663581, language=CN, label=表 5, caption=不同碳酸氢钠浓度的重金属析出量, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 ${\mathrm{{NaHCO}}}_{3}$(mol/L) 测试结果 $\left({\mu \mathrm{g}/\mathrm{L}}\right)$
${\mathrm{X}}_{\mathrm{{Pb}}}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{{Pb}}}$ ${\mathrm{X}}_{\mathrm{{Cr}}}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{{Cr}}}$ ${\mathrm{X}}_{\mathrm{{Cu}}}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{{Cu}}}$
0 11.6 1.2 5.4 0.2 32.0 2.7
0.005 21.1 1.4 11.8 0.4 203.6 8.5
A 0.02 51.5 0.7 41.7 1.2 540.2 11.9
0 15.3 0.7 4.5 0.2 24.6 3.1
0.005 37.5 1.0 8.7 0.7 167.7 10.7
B 0.02 87.3 0.7 33.5 1.6 507.3 14.3
), ArticleFig(id=1156987938740461584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156987912819663581, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=The precipitation of heavy metals in the nozzle treated by the lead removal process, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 测试结果 $\left({\mu \mathrm{g}/\mathrm{L}}\right)$
${\mathrm{X}}_{\mathrm{{Pb}}}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{{Pb}}}$ ${\mathrm{X}}_{\mathrm{{Cr}}}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{{Cr}}}$ ${\mathrm{X}}_{\mathrm{{Cu}}}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{{Cu}}}$
试样 A ( 除铅 ) 6.0 0.5 10.5 1.7 350.6 7.3
试样 B ( 除铅 ) 7.6 0.3 8.6 0.6 297.4 9.9
), ArticleFig(id=1156987938820153361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156987912819663581, language=CN, label=表 6, caption=经过除铅工艺处理的水嘴重金属析出量, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 测试结果 $\left({\mu \mathrm{g}/\mathrm{L}}\right)$
${\mathrm{X}}_{\mathrm{{Pb}}}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{{Pb}}}$ ${\mathrm{X}}_{\mathrm{{Cr}}}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{{Cr}}}$ ${\mathrm{X}}_{\mathrm{{Cu}}}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{{Cu}}}$
试样 A ( 除铅 ) 6.0 0.5 10.5 1.7 350.6 7.3
试样 B ( 除铅 ) 7.6 0.3 8.6 0.6 297.4 9.9
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陶瓷片密封水嘴重金属释出规律及除铅工艺影响
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吴庆棠 * , 何祖幸 , 阮锦汉
实验室检测 | 创新应用 2024,2(5): 1-4
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实验室检测 | 创新应用 2024, 2(5): 1-4
陶瓷片密封水嘴重金属释出规律及除铅工艺影响
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吴庆棠* , 何祖幸, 阮锦汉
作者信息
  • 广东省江门市质量计量监督检测所 江门 529000
  • 吴庆棠,中级工程师,检验员,研究方向为产品质量分析。

通讯作者:

*吴庆棠,中级工程师,检验员,研究方向为产品质量分析。E-mail:
The release law of heavy metal in the ceramic sheet sealing nozzle and the impact of the lead removal process
Qing-Tang WU* , Zu-Xing HE, Jin-Han RUAN
Affiliations
  • Guangdong Jiangmen Supervision Testing Institute of Quality & Metrology Jiangmen 529000 China
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目的 目前国内缺乏陶瓷片密封水嘴的重金属析放规律的系统研究,同时水嘴生产企业也缺乏相关知识,因此有必要对此进行研究,为水嘴产业的绿色可持续发展提供科学依据。方法 本研究通过实验室模拟方法,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪对水嘴重金属污染物析出量进行分析试验,系统地研究了陶瓷片密封水嘴中重金属污染物的析出规律。结果 通过测试分析表面水嘴材料的材质也决定重金属污染物析出种类,浸泡时间和水质无机盐浓度与重金属析出量成正比。铅黄铜水嘴通过除铅工艺,有效降低铅、铬重金属析出量;铅析出量降低81%~86%, 铬析出量降低52%~56%。结论 企业可根据自身情况选择合适的材质及工艺生产水嘴。消费者应根据使用情况避免接触到过量重金属。

陶瓷片密封水嘴  /  重金属污染物析出  /  除铅工艺

Objective At present, the systematic study of heavy metals releasing law from ceramic disc sealed water faucet is lack in domestic. At the same time, nozzle production enterprises also lack relevant knowledge, so it is necessary to study this to provide a scientific basis for the green and sustainable development of the nozzle industry. Methods Through the laboratory simulation method, the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer was used to analyze and test the precipitation of heavy metal pollutants in the nozzle, and systematically studied the precipitation law of heavy metal pollutants in the ceramic sheet sealed nozzle. Results Through testing and analysis, the material of the surface nozzle material also determines the precipitation type of heavy metal pollutants. The immersion time and the concentration of inorganic salt in water quality are directly proportional to the precipitation of heavy metals. The lead brass nozzle effectively reduces the precipitation of lead and chromium heavy metals through the lead removal process; the precipitation of lead is reduced by 81% to 86%, and the precipitation of chromium is reduced by 52% to 56%. Conclusion Enterprises can choose suitable materials and processes to produce nozzles according to their own conditions. Consumers should avoid exposure to excessive heavy metals according to their use.

ceramic sheet sealing nozzle  /  heavy metal pollutant precipitation  /  lead removal process
吴庆棠, 何祖幸, 阮锦汉. 陶瓷片密封水嘴重金属释出规律及除铅工艺影响. 实验室检测, 2024 , 2 (5) : 1 -4 .
Qing-Tang WU, Zu-Xing HE, Jin-Han RUAN. The release law of heavy metal in the ceramic sheet sealing nozzle and the impact of the lead removal process[J]. Laboratory Testing, 2024 , 2 (5) : 1 -4 .
陶瓷片密封水嘴作为一个常见的卫浴产品, 已成为装修卫生间和厨房的标配之一。目前水嘴生产主要集中在广东、福建、 浙江等地, 在广东江门地区形成产业聚集效应, 有产业链比较完整的产业群,配套成熟,中小型企业数量较多 [ 1 ] 。近年来我市监管部门对陶瓷片密封水嘴抽检数据表明, 重金属污染物依然出现不及格的情况,主要不及格的项目为铅 [ 2 - 3 ] 。陶瓷片密封水嘴重金属污染物研究的背景深远且意义重大。
目前我国针对陶瓷片密封水嘴检测标准包括:GB 18145-2014《陶瓷片密封水嘴》 [ 4 ] 、HJ/T 411-2007《环境标志产品技术要求 水嘴》 [ 5 ] 、JC/T 1043-2007《水嘴铅析出限量》 [ 6 ] 、GB/T 17219-1998《生活饮用水输配水设备及防护材料卫生安全评价规范》 [ 7 ] 。国外相关标准有:美国 NSF/ANSI 61-2017《饮用水系统部件 - 健康影响》 [ 8 ] 、英国 BS 6920-1-2014《与水质的影响有关的人类消费用触水非金属产品的适用性规范》 [ 9 ] 、日本 JIS B 2061-2017《龙头、球形旋塞和冲洗阀》 [ 10 ] 、澳大利亚、新西兰 AS/NZS 4020-2018《与饮用水接触的产品的检验》[ 11 ]。国内外标准在需要检测元素、标准要求、浸泡条件等方面存在差异。 目前国内还没有针对陶瓷片密封水嘴的重金属析放规律的系统研究的项目, 包括涉及水嘴材料的重金属含量和溶出特性相关的研究也很少, 有必要对重金属污染物析出规律进行研究, 为制定相关检测方法提供科学依据。
目前大部分企业使用 HPb59-1 铅黄铜作为原材料铸造水嘴的主体, 由于铅黄铜中铅含量比较高, 在浸泡过程中很容易析出。使用该材质制造陶瓷片密封水嘴其铅含量析出会比较高, 也就是为什么抽检容易出现铅不及格的原因。针对水嘴铅析出量对健康影响的研究表明: 以美国环境保护署 (Environmental Protection Agency, EPA) 吸入风险评估模型分析, 发现暴露在每日饮用水嘴浸泡液铅析出量的情况下,有部分水嘴样品对成人及儿童存在健康影响的风险 [ 12 ] 。因此我们有必要对铅含量析出进行监控。铜合金陶瓷片密封水嘴使用的原材料铅黄铜的铬含量非常低, 通过检测分析未电镀的铜合金水嘴铬析出量几乎没有。当铜合金水嘴经过电镀处理后,会大幅提高铬、镍的析出量; 而且有部分铬是六价铬的形式析出, 会增加人们致癌的风险 [ 13 ] 。另外《环境标志产品技术要求 水嘴》编制说明中提及铬含量超过一定限度, 会给人体健康带来危害, 其指标主要是参考国外标准 NSF/ANSI 61 中指标值而确定的。故此, 铬也是我们本次试验监控对象之一。铜析出是陶瓷片密封水嘴检测中主要析出元素之一, 这是因为大部分水嘴使用铜合金作为原材料, 铜含量一般在 58%~60%,因此在浸泡过程中铜是非常容易析出的。根据实验数据表明铜合金水嘴的铜析出量占重金属析出总量的 70% 以上, 远高于其他重金属析出量。若水中铜离子浓度超过了人体适用标准,同样会对人体造成很大负面作用,甚至会威胁到生命安全 [ 14 ] 。铜析出量也是本次试验监控对象之一。
本次试验使用到的主要试剂包括: 碳酸氢钠(优级纯,天津市科密欧化学试剂有限公司)、10% 次氯酸钠溶液(分析纯, 广州化学试剂厂)。试验中使用的仪器包括: NexION 300 电感耦合等离子体质谱仪 ( 珀金埃尔默公司 )、Synergy 超纯水机 ( 默克密理博公司)、DGB-402F 余氯计(上海仪电科学仪器股份有限公司)、GPL-2 高低温湿热试验箱(埃斯佩克试验仪器(广东) 有限公司)。
测试方法主要参照 GB 18145-2014 附录 B 进行,根据实验要求调整测试条件 (温度、浸泡时间、浸泡液浓度), 研究出不同条件对陶瓷片密封水嘴重金属污染物析出规律的影响。所有重金属元素测试按照 GB/T 5750.6-2023《生活饮用水标准检验方法 第 6 部分:金属和类金属指标 [ 15 ] ICP-MS 检测方法进行检测;主要监控铅、铬、铜析出量。测试只针对陶瓷片密封水嘴主体部分, 不包含软管以及其他配件。为了使检测数据能够直观对比, 所有测试结果不经过标准化处理。所有测试每组样品均取 3 个样品进行检测, 计算出各检测元素的平均数以及标准差。
在市面上随机购买三种材质 ( 304 不锈钢、HPb59-1 铅黄铜、 HBi62-1 低铅铜)的陶瓷片密封水嘴样品共 3 套,每套各 3 件, 测试浸泡 24 小时后重金属析出量, 测试结果详见 表 1
实验结果表明不锈钢水嘴主要析出重金属是铬;铅黄铜水嘴的铅、铬、铜析出量均较高;低铅铜水嘴铜元素析出量比铅黄铜的略为高。
该测试样品由卫浴生产企业提供, 一共 2 套陶瓷片密封水嘴 (分别为 $\mathrm{A}$$\mathrm{\;B}$ 两个样品主体材质均为 $\mathrm{{HPb}}{59}-1$ 铅黄铜),每套样品各 3 件, 以上样品完成浸泡温度、时间、浸泡液浓度 (余氯、碳酸氢钠)、除铅工艺的测试。将样品放置于恒温箱内, 测试三种温度 $\left({{10}\text{、}{25}\text{、}{40}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$ 状态下浸泡 24 小时后重金属析出量, 测试结果详见 表 2
一般来说, 随着水温的升高, 水分子的热运动加剧, 这有助于促进重金属离子从固相进入液相,从而加速重金属的析出。 这一过程中, 水温的微小变化都可能对重金属的析出速率产生影响。从测试结果来看温度提升会提高水嘴重金属析出量, 但是提高浓度不明显。
测试浸泡 8、16、48、72 h 后重金属析出量,测试结果详见 表 3
浸泡时间越长重金属污染物析出浓度越高, 析出浓度跟时间成正比。
根据 $\mathrm{{GB}}{18145}- {2014}$ 附录 $\mathrm{B}$ 的要求,浸泡液余氯 $2\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}$ , 碳酸氢钠浓度 ${0.01}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}$ 。碳酸氢钠浓度不变的情况,调整余氯浓度为 $\left({0\text{、}1\text{、}4\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}}\right)$ 浸泡 24 小时后重金属析出量,测试结果详见 表 4
实验结果表明水中余氯浓度越高, 铬析出量越大; 对铅、 铜析出影响比较小。
测试余氯浓度不变,调整碳酸氢钠浓度为 $(0\text{、}{0.005}\text{、}{0.02}$ mol/L)浸泡 24 小时后重金属析出量,测试结果详见 表 5
除铅工艺其实就是水嘴主体内部表面除铅, 这是利用铅在常温下的化学性质, 铅在常温下可以与有机酸反应, 形成可溶性盐类物质, 然后再溶解到中和液进而达到产品的表面除铅。 除铅工艺最开始是使用于出口水嘴产品。国产的黄铜水龙头要想出口美国, 必须达到 NSF-61 的要求, 绝大多数企业都是使用除铅工艺对水嘴进行处理, 使其铅析出指标符合 NSF-61 的要求。后来随着 GB 18145-2014 标准的实施, 有部分内销水嘴产品也使用除铅工艺除铅。水嘴样品的提供企业有除铅工艺, 完成其他测试项目后, 将原样品交由该企业完成除铅工序, 完成工序后再转交我所继续完成检测, 测试结果详见 表 6 ; 并且将除铅前的检测数据作对比。
实验结果表明铅黄铜水嘴通过除铅工艺, 有效降低了铅、 铬重金属析出量; 对比除铅前的样品测试数据 (测试条件室温 ${25}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 、余氯 $2\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}$ 、碳酸氢钠浓度 ${0.01}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}$ 、浸泡 ${24}\mathrm{\;h}$ ): 铅析出量降低 81%~86%,铬析出量降低 52%~56%,铜析出量变化很小。
测试结果表明不同材质的水嘴主要析出的重金属元素各不相同,铜合金水嘴主要析出铅、铜,不锈钢水嘴主要析出铬。 目前市场上主要销售的陶瓷片密封水嘴主要还是用铅黄铜, 从江门地区抽检情况来看, 有部分铅黄铜水嘴出现铅不及格的情况。如果使用低铅铜或无铅铜作为原材料生产的水嘴, 其重金属污染物检测项目均能符合 GB 18145 国家标准要求;但是由于成本原因以及生产工艺问题, 该材料未能大范围推广。近年来我市越来越多卫浴生产企业选用不锈钢材质生产水嘴, 该类水龙头的卖点就是无铅以及耐用;但是从抽检结果来看还是会存在少部分样品出现六价铬不及格的情况。故此建议企业根据生产的实际情况选择合适的材质, 生产出符合标准要求的陶瓷片密封水嘴。
浸泡时间和水质无机盐浓度与重金属析出量成正比。从实验结果可以看出经过 ${72}\mathrm{\;h}$ 的浸泡时间,水嘴内溶液的重金属铅浓度已经远远超出 GB 5749-2022《生活饮用水卫生标准》 [ 16 ] 的要求。如果水嘴是长时间不使用,水嘴主体内部的溶液必须排出不得饮用,否则对健康有一定的危害。浸泡溶液对重金属析出的影响同样非常显著。自来水中的余氯以及无机盐会直接影响水嘴的重金属析出, 如果有条件的消费者可以选择安装净水器以降低水嘴中重金属的析出。
除铅工艺能够有效降低铅、铬的析出量。查阅我所与合作企业共同研究的检测数据, 除铅处理的水嘴重金属污染物检测项目能够满足国家标准要求, 在检验周期内铅、铬析出能维持比较低的浓度, 不会出现明显提升的情况。因此我建议有条件的企业可引进除铅工艺提高产品质量。
最后我们建议: 政府和相关部门应加强陶瓷片密封水嘴产品的质量监管; 促进企业优化产品设计和生产工艺; 增强消费者的安全意识。同时,政府部门应鼓励相关企业和科研机构加强合作, 共同推动陶瓷片密封水嘴产业的绿色可持续发展。水暖卫浴生产企业也能根据研究结果选用合适的材料或者通过改良工艺生产出符合国家标准要求的陶瓷片密封水嘴。消费者应根据水嘴重金属析出的特性,合理使用,避免接触到过量重金属。
  • 江门市基础与理论科学研究类科技计划项目(2021030100660004836)
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  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
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Jiangmen Basic and Theoretical Scientific Research Science and Technology Project(2021030100660004836)
江门市基础与理论科学研究类科技计划项目(2021030100660004836)
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    广东省江门市质量计量监督检测所 江门 529000

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*吴庆棠,中级工程师,检验员,研究方向为产品质量分析。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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