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The current national standard employs the phenol-sulfuric acid method for quantifying the curdlan content. However, due to inadequate dispersion of some curdlan particles in the solvent caused by agglomeration during dissolution in a 0.1mol/L sodium hydroxide solution, the results of content detection were found to be unstable. The samples were treated by magnetic stirring, homogenizer dispersion and ethanol dispersion. It was found that: The ethanol effectively disperses the curdlan sample in the sodium hydroxide solution, preventing it from agglomerating. The ethanol method effectively and efficiently addresses the pain point in determining the content of curdlan, offering valuable insights for enhancing the detection methodology.

, correspAuthors=Yan-Yun DAI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*DAI Yan-Yun, Master, Senior Engineer, Deputy Director of Physical and Chemical Department 2, 381 Cangwu Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200233, China. E-mail:
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可得然胶含量的检测,国标目前采用苯酚硫酸法,但是由于部分可得然胶在${0.1}\mathrm{{mol}}/\mathrm{L}$氢氧化钠溶液中溶解会产生结块而不能很好地在溶剂中分散,导致含量检测结果不稳定。采用磁力搅拌、匀浆机分散和乙醇分散的方法对样品进行处理后发现:乙醇能够很好地分散可得然胶样品,使其在氢氧化钠溶液中不会产生结块。这一前处理快速、高效地解决了可得然胶含量测定时的痛点,为检测方法的改进提供了一定的思路。

, correspAuthors=戴彦韵, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*戴彦韵,硕士,高级工程师,理化二室副主任,研究领域为食品添加剂检测技术、化妆品质量检测技术。E-mail:
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徐斌,硕士,研究方向为食品添加剂检测技术、分子微生物学。

戴彦韵,硕士,高级工程师,理化二室副主任,研究领域为食品添加剂检测技术、化妆品质量检测技术。

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戴彦韵,硕士,高级工程师,理化二室副主任,研究领域为食品添加剂检测技术、化妆品质量检测技术。

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基于国标GB 28304-2012对可得然胶含量检测优化的研究
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徐斌 , 屠瀚超 , 戴彦韵 *
实验室检测 | 创新应用 2024,2(5): 5-9
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实验室检测 | 创新应用 2024, 2(5): 5-9
基于国标GB 28304-2012对可得然胶含量检测优化的研究
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徐斌, 屠瀚超, 戴彦韵*
作者信息
  • 上海市质量监督检验技术研究院 上海 200233
  • 徐斌,硕士,研究方向为食品添加剂检测技术、分子微生物学。

    戴彦韵,硕士,高级工程师,理化二室副主任,研究领域为食品添加剂检测技术、化妆品质量检测技术。

通讯作者:

*戴彦韵,硕士,高级工程师,理化二室副主任,研究领域为食品添加剂检测技术、化妆品质量检测技术。E-mail:
The study focuses on the optimization of curdlan content detection based on GB 28304–2012
Bin XU, Han-Chao TU, Yan-Yun DAI*
Affiliations
  • Shanghai Institute of Quality Inspection and Technical Research Shanghai 200233 China
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可得然胶含量的检测,国标目前采用苯酚硫酸法,但是由于部分可得然胶在${0.1}\mathrm{{mol}}/\mathrm{L}$氢氧化钠溶液中溶解会产生结块而不能很好地在溶剂中分散,导致含量检测结果不稳定。采用磁力搅拌、匀浆机分散和乙醇分散的方法对样品进行处理后发现:乙醇能够很好地分散可得然胶样品,使其在氢氧化钠溶液中不会产生结块。这一前处理快速、高效地解决了可得然胶含量测定时的痛点,为检测方法的改进提供了一定的思路。

可得然胶  /  含量检测  /  国标  /  方法改进

The current national standard employs the phenol-sulfuric acid method for quantifying the curdlan content. However, due to inadequate dispersion of some curdlan particles in the solvent caused by agglomeration during dissolution in a 0.1mol/L sodium hydroxide solution, the results of content detection were found to be unstable. The samples were treated by magnetic stirring, homogenizer dispersion and ethanol dispersion. It was found that: The ethanol effectively disperses the curdlan sample in the sodium hydroxide solution, preventing it from agglomerating. The ethanol method effectively and efficiently addresses the pain point in determining the content of curdlan, offering valuable insights for enhancing the detection methodology.

curdlan  /  content detection  /  national standard  /  method improvement
徐斌, 屠瀚超, 戴彦韵. 基于国标GB 28304-2012对可得然胶含量检测优化的研究. 实验室检测, 2024 , 2 (5) : 5 -9 .
Bin XU, Han-Chao TU, Yan-Yun DAI. The study focuses on the optimization of curdlan content detection based on GB 28304–2012[J]. Laboratory Testing, 2024 , 2 (5) : 5 -9 .
可得然胶 (curdlan) 是一种微生物胞外多糖, 由日本教授原田笃于 1966 年通过微生物发酵获得 [ 1 ] ,其分子是由 D- 葡萄糖通过 $\beta - 1,3$ - 葡萄糖苷键构成的直链葡聚糖 [ 2 ] 。其安全性被美国食品药品监督管理局 (Food and Drug Administration, FDA) 证实并批准用于食品加工中 [ 3 ] 。可得然胶具有良好的凝胶性、持水性、增稠性及冻融稳定等特性 [ 4 ] ,同时具有免疫调节 ${}^{\left\lbrack 5\text{-}6\right\rbrack }$ 、抗炎 [ 7 ] 、 抗病毒 [ 8 ] 等生物活性,被广泛应用于生物医药 [ 9 ] 、食品抗菌包装膜 [ 10 ] 、食品加工、化工领域,甚至医药行业 [ 11 ]
作为一种食品添加剂, 可得然胶现行的国家标准为 GB 28304-2012, 其含量是将可得然胶用氢氧化钠溶液溶解后采用苯酚硫酸法测定。然而,部分产品在制备溶液时,因为溶解困难、 分散不匀, 往往得到的数值差异较大, 使得部分可得然胶在含量检测时不能满足标准值的要求。
目前, 我们收到了部分肉制品生产企业对来料检测环节中,含量检测数据不稳定、检测数值达不到标准要求等困难。 因此细化和改进方法, 达到高效、简便、准确检测的需求刻不容缓。
可得然胶试验样品(宁夏上方生物科技有限公司);95% 乙醇(国药集团);实验室三级水(实验室自制);氢氧化钠(AR, 国药集团);硫酸(AR,国药集团);苯酚(AR,国药集团); 葡萄糖 (SIGMA, 含量 99.9%)
紫外分光光度计(日立 U3900);匀浆机(IKA T18 digital ULTRA TURRAX);电子天平(梅特勒 MS304TS);磁力搅拌(IKA C-MAG HS7)。
(1) 国标方法
称取 ${0.1}\mathrm{\;g}$ 试样 (精确至 ${0.0001}\mathrm{\;g}$ ) 于烧杯中,加入 ${0.1}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}$ 氢氧化钠溶解定容至 ${100}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$
(2) 磁力搅拌分散法
称取 ${0.1}\mathrm{\;g}$ 试样 (精确至 ${0.0001}\mathrm{\;g}$ ) 于烧杯中,加入约 ${50}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ ${0.1}\mathrm{{mol}}/\mathrm{L}$ 氢氧化钠溶液,用磁力搅拌以 ${500}\mathrm{{rpm}}$ 搅拌 $2\mathrm{\;h}$ ,然后用 ${0.1}\mathrm{{mol}}/\mathrm{L}$ 氢氧化钠溶液定容至 ${100}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$
(3) 匀浆机分散法
称取 ${0.1}\mathrm{\;g}$ 试样 (精确至 ${0.0001}\mathrm{\;g}$ ) 于烧杯中,加入约 ${40}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ ${0.1}\mathrm{{mol}}/\mathrm{L}$ 氢氧化钠溶解样品,用匀浆机以 ${5000}\mathrm{{rpm}}$ 的转速匀浆 3 分钟,然后用约 ${10}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 氢氧化钠溶液润洗匀浆机数次,将匀浆后的溶液和洗液合并定容至 ${100}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$
(4) 乙醇分散法
称取 ${0.1}\mathrm{\;g}$ 试样 (精确至 ${0.0001}\mathrm{\;g}$ ) 于烧杯中,加入 $5\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 95% 乙醇,轻轻摇动分散试样,加入 ${0.1}\mathrm{{mol}}/\mathrm{L}$ 氢氧化钠溶液定容至 ${100}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$
(5) 标准溶液的制备
称取约 ${0.1}\mathrm{\;g}$ 葡萄糖标准品代替样品 (精确至 ${0.0001}\mathrm{\;g}$ ),加 0.1 mol/L 氢氧化钠定容至 ${100}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$
(6) 空白溶液的制备
${0.1}\mathrm{{mL}}$ 水代替样品,用 ${0.1}\mathrm{{mol}}/\mathrm{L}$ 氢氧化钠定容至 ${100}\mathrm{{mL}}$ , 做空白溶液。
分别量取 $5\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 处理定容后的溶液、标准溶液和空白溶液, 用去离子水稀释定容至 ${100}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 。取 ${1.0}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 稀释液,依次加入 ${1.0}\mathrm{\;{mL}}5\%$ 苯酚溶液, ${5.0}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 浓硫酸,混匀后放置于冷水中冷却待测。用 $1\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ 石英比色皿,空白溶液为参比,于 ${490}\mathrm{\;{nm}}$ 处测定各个处理溶液及标准溶液的吸光值。
每个处理做 7 个平行, 每个平行做 7 次检测, 以 7 次检测的平均值作为每个平行的结果。
\[\mathrm{X}= \frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{T}}}{{\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{S}}}\times \frac{{0.9}\times {\mathrm{m}}_{\mathrm{S}}}{{\mathrm{m}}_{\mathrm{T}}}\times {100}\%\]
式中:
${\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{T}}$ ——样品溶液的吸光度值;
${\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{S}}$ ——标准溶液的吸光度值;
0.9- 无水葡萄糖分子质量与葡萄糖分子质量的比值;
${\mathrm{m}}_{\mathrm{s}}$ ——标准溶液制备过程中葡萄糖称样量的数值,单位为毫克(mg);
${\mathrm{m}}_{\mathrm{T}}$ ——样品质量的数值,单位为毫克 (mg)。
根据 图 1-4所示,按照国标的方法,可得然胶在 ${0.1}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}$ 的氢氧化钠溶液中会形成肉眼可见的结块, 难以完全分散在氢氧化钠溶液中。而在磁力搅拌 $2\mathrm{\;h}$ 之后,溶液并没有完全均匀分散, 仍然有可见的块状物积聚。用匀浆机处理后, 样品可以达到较为细腻的分散效果, 但是肉眼仍然可以看到一些细小的颗粒。而用乙醇分散处理后,得到的样品溶液细腻且没有颗粒感。
按照标准方法不做额外前处理时, 可以看到 2 个样品的 7 个平行的平均值之间的变化不大。但是其标准偏差浮动较大 ( 图 5), 结合 图 9和 10 中 49 次检测的数据来看, 无前处理组数据之间的差异略大,部分数据出现了极高或者极低的情况。 数据极高的情况可能是没有完全分散的可得然胶分子在第二次稀释的时候, 未被分散的样品被转移进入检测环节, 造成极高的数值。而数据极低的情况, 可能是第二次稀释吸取到的样品浓度过低, 进而造成检测含量偏低。总而言之, 样品的结块和不均匀分散, 可能是造成含量数据不稳定、极端数据出现的主要原因之一。
磁力搅拌是将溶质溶解于溶剂中的一种较为常见的方法。 一般难以溶解的多糖经过磁力搅拌后,多数可以得到较为均匀的溶液 ( 如 GB。检测结果如 可知, 磁力搅拌后的含量, 平均值相较无前处理组的数据有所提升, 标准偏差也有所减小。结合 和 10 中 49 次检测结果也可以观察到相同的趋势。说明, 磁力搅拌可以在一定程度上将一些细小的结块分散, 得到相对均匀的溶液。但是结果仍然有较大的偏差, 并且不能满足标准的要求。
匀浆机广泛用于动物组织、生物样品、食品的粉碎, 能够有效地将小块样品进一步打散、均质到更小颗粒, 是一种较为剧烈的物理手段。根据 图 7 ,9 和 10的含量检测结果来看, 匀浆处理可以满足标准对于检测指标的要求。与无前处理组和磁力搅拌组相比,无论含量数值和标准偏差都有极大的改善,比较极端的数据也明显减少,基本上可以满足检测的需要。
根据 图 8 -10 所示, 可得然胶因其不溶于乙醇的特性, 在加入 $5\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 乙醇溶液并摇动分散后,胶体可以均匀地分散于 ${0.1}\mathrm{{mol}}/\mathrm{L}$ 氢氧化钠溶液中, 并没有出现结块现象。含量数据显示, 经过乙醇处理的样品, 各含量数据之间, 绝对差较小, 组间的差异较小, 标准偏差也极小, 说明该处理方法能有效改善可得然胶在氢氧化钠溶液中的分散程度。
对比了没有前处理的方法和三种前处理的含量数据后我们发现, 磁力搅拌对于可得然胶来说, 手段过于温和, 不足以打散结块得到匀质的溶液。部分肉制品生产企业在反馈中提到, 在生产前的来料检测环节普遍采用磁力搅拌法, 检测值波动大且不能满足要求。而较为剧烈的匀浆处理就可以很好地分散样品。但是在含量数据来说,匀浆处理的数据略低于乙醇处理。 分析后认为, 可能是由于匀浆机的结构、运行原理和多糖的性质, 导致部分样品会黏连于仪器上, 后续氢氧化钠溶液不能有效洗下样品, 因此结果普遍低于乙醇处理组, 在实际操作中有一定的局限性。
乙醇前处理在本次试验中得到了最好的数据表现, 但是乙醇作为分散剂在一般多糖的检测中并不常见。目前可以找到应用乙醇的标准是 GB/T 15683-2008 大米直链淀粉的检测中。该方法用乙醇溶液作为粉碎过筛后大米的分散剂,用 1mol/L 氢氧化钠溶液于沸水浴中溶解大米粉末, 能够很好地得到溶解分散的直链淀粉检测液。但是由于可得然胶在高温条件 $\left({{80}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}}\right.$ 以上) 会形成不可逆的胶体 ${}^{\left\lbrack {12}\text{-}{13}\right\rbrack }$ ,影响后续的检测。因此部分借鉴了该方法并加以改进, 并且得到了良好的效果。
对于可得然胶在氢氧化钠溶液中会形成结块的原因, 目前没有特别的研究来阐明。推测可能的原因是, 可得然胶长链分子在固体时, 以氢键呈现稳定的三螺旋结构, 氢氧化钠溶液中带的OH ${}^{- }$ 离子在直接加入后,会迅速打破氢键形成的稳定结构, 导致长链分子迅速展开, 包裹住还没来得及与氢氧化钠溶液接触的其他分子, 形成了难以分散的结块。加入乙醇并分散可得然胶分子后, 各个分子与氢氧化钠溶液接触的机会增加, 并且分子间有相对足够的空间, 避免被彼此包裹住。因此得到了较好的试验数据。这需要我们进一步的研究来验证。
乙醇作为一种较为常见的试剂, 获取简单, 毒性较低, 广泛地应用于各个领域中。并且相较于其他处理, 没有仪器的限制, 操作简单、方便,检测过程中没有损失, 能够较为真实地反映样品的实际含量。
目前, 可得然胶的应用研究也在不断进行中, 出现了拥有抗病毒活性的硫酸酯衍生物、拥有抗凝血活性的硫酸化衍生物 [ 14 ] 、 作为药物载体的甲基化衍生物等。还有与多糖、蛋白质、金属离子等复合的可得然胶 [ 15 ] 。由于其衍生物或者复合物可能有着与可得然胶不一样的性质, 对于其衍生物及复合物含量的检测也需要进一步的研究, 并且制定新的标准予以规范。同时, 我们也需要探索其他高效、简便、准确的检测方法, 以满足日后的检测需求。
  • 上海市质量监督检验技术研究院青年科技启明星项目(QMX-2023-3-SP)
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2024年第2卷第5期
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Youth Technology Rising Star Project supported by Shanghai Institute of Quality Inspection and Technical Research(QMX-2023-3-SP)
上海市质量监督检验技术研究院青年科技启明星项目(QMX-2023-3-SP)
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    上海市质量监督检验技术研究院 上海 200233

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*戴彦韵,硕士,高级工程师,理化二室副主任,研究领域为食品添加剂检测技术、化妆品质量检测技术。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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