Article(id=1156967542142096349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, issueId=1156967523842347919, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753772157463, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753772157463, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753772157463, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753772157463, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156967523842347919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, year='2024', volume='2', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=0, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753772153100, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753777984529, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156991982682854377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, issueId=1156967523842347919, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156991982682854378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, issueId=1156967523842347919, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=30, endPage=33, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156967544465739782, articleId=1156967542142096349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, language=EN, title=Research progress on the application of rapid detection technology in the detection of water environmental pollutants, columnId=1156641065621906129, journalTitle=Laboratory Testing, columnName=Innovative Applications, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Water is a necessary substance for all living things on the earth, so it is very important to monitor pollutants in the water environment. At present, many analytical methods have been proposed for the detection of water pollutants. Portable sensor detector is of special importance because of its simple operation, low cost and portability. This paper first introduces the application of portable rapid detection technology, and further reviews the research progress of rapid detection technology for biological and non-biological pollutants in water bodies. Finally, the current research progress is summarized, which provides a reference for the further development of rapid detection technology.

, correspAuthors=Jiang HOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*HOU Jiang, Senior Engineer, Vice President, Jinan Zhangqiu District Water Supply Co., Ltd., Jinan 250200, China, E-mail:
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水是地球上所有生物生存所必需的物质,对水环境中污染物进行监测至关重要。目前已有多种分析方法被提出用于水体污染物的检测。便携式传感检测仪因其操作简单、低成本和便携性而具有特殊的重要性。本文首先介绍了便携式快速检测技术的应用,进一步综述了水体中生物及非生物污染物快速检测技术的研究进展,最后针对目前的研究进展做出总结,为快速检测技术的进一步发展提供了参考。

, correspAuthors=侯将, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*侯将,高级工程师,副总经理,研究方向为净水技术应用及水厂运营管理。E-mail:
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侯将,高级工程师,副总经理,研究方向为净水技术应用及水厂运营管理。

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快速检测技术在水环境污染物检测中的应用研究进展
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侯将 1, * , 肖传晶 2 , 姚阔为 2
实验室检测 | 创新应用 2024,2(7): 30-33
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实验室检测 | 创新应用 2024, 2(7): 30-33
快速检测技术在水环境污染物检测中的应用研究进展
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侯将1, * , 肖传晶2, 姚阔为2
作者信息
  • 1 济南市章丘区自来水有限公司 济南 250200
  • 2 济南市市政工程设计研究院(集团)有限责任公司 济南 250000
  • 侯将,高级工程师,副总经理,研究方向为净水技术应用及水厂运营管理。

通讯作者:

*侯将,高级工程师,副总经理,研究方向为净水技术应用及水厂运营管理。E-mail:
Research progress on the application of rapid detection technology in the detection of water environmental pollutants
Jiang HOU1, * , Chuan-Jing XIAO2, Kuo-Wei YAO2
Affiliations
  • 1 Jinan Zhangqiu District Water Supply Co., Ltd. Jinan 250200 China
  • 2 Jinan Municipal Engineering Design and Research Institute (Group) Co., Ltd. Jinan 250000 China
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水是地球上所有生物生存所必需的物质,对水环境中污染物进行监测至关重要。目前已有多种分析方法被提出用于水体污染物的检测。便携式传感检测仪因其操作简单、低成本和便携性而具有特殊的重要性。本文首先介绍了便携式快速检测技术的应用,进一步综述了水体中生物及非生物污染物快速检测技术的研究进展,最后针对目前的研究进展做出总结,为快速检测技术的进一步发展提供了参考。

便携式传感器  /  污染物  /  快速检测

Water is a necessary substance for all living things on the earth, so it is very important to monitor pollutants in the water environment. At present, many analytical methods have been proposed for the detection of water pollutants. Portable sensor detector is of special importance because of its simple operation, low cost and portability. This paper first introduces the application of portable rapid detection technology, and further reviews the research progress of rapid detection technology for biological and non-biological pollutants in water bodies. Finally, the current research progress is summarized, which provides a reference for the further development of rapid detection technology.

portable sensor  /  pollutant  /  rapid test
侯将, 肖传晶, 姚阔为. 快速检测技术在水环境污染物检测中的应用研究进展. 实验室检测, 2024 , 2 (7) : 30 -33 .
Jiang HOU, Chuan-Jing XIAO, Kuo-Wei YAO. Research progress on the application of rapid detection technology in the detection of water environmental pollutants[J]. Laboratory Testing, 2024 , 2 (7) : 30 -33 .
水是地球上所有生物生存所必需的物质, 人类活动可能会导致水环境污染, 危害人类健康。因此水源中污染物的监测逐渐被环境领域所重点关注。
水源中对人体健康影响较大的污染物主要包括化学和生物污染物, 为保障水资源安全, 需监测并识别该类污染物在水体中的痕迹和浓度。目前, 多数实验室构建的监测方法成本高、 时间效率低,不能大规模普及推广。
基于此, 有研究提出新的方法, 如使用生物传感测定技术进行高灵敏和高精准的环境污染物监测, 通过将样品中的污染物转化为电信号, 由微生物传感器测量活体细胞的代谢活性从而快速监测水体环境中污染物的浓度及种类 ${}^{\left( 1\right)}$ 。目前,已生产出基于该方法的商业化、便携化和小型化的生物传感器。然而, 小型化的同时会导致测量精确度明显下降。因此如何提升便携式传感器的精度成为当下的研究热点。
本文简要说明了不同便携式生物传感测定技术在生物、非生物水环境污染中的应用, 介绍了生物/非生物污染物快速检测技术的最新研究进展, 并在最后给出总结, 期望为快速检测技术的进一步发展提供参考。
开发一种低成本、高便携的污染物监测系统有助于更加快速准确地保护生态系统。当今智能手机是使用最广泛的便携式系统之一。由于智能手机具有高便携性和可操作性, 因此它们可以用作现场水环境污染物的监测平台。这类监测系统由于具有快速和便捷的检测方式而被市场大量采购。基于移动设备中具有性能优异的传感器, 将移动设备联合生物传感器便可以快速检测水质污染物。例如,国内研究团队 Xin 等人 [ 2 ] 提出了一种手持双照明彩色比色管的检测平台, 其利用智能手机的摄像头结合图像处理应用来监测水样中的汞 $\left({\mathrm{{Hg}}}^{2 +}\right)$ 污染。在另一项研究中, Jiawei 等人 [ 3 ] 引入了基于智能手机相关图像处理应用和摄像头的荧光比色定量检测平台, 用于检测水体样本中的前列腺特异性抗原 (Prostate-Specific Antigen, PSA)。Song 等 [ 4 ] 通过合成氮掺杂碳的纳米点, 并利用智能手机传感器的分析结果, 用于检测水体中的汞 $\left({\mathrm{{Hg}}}^{2 +}\right)$ 污染。在后续工作中,两种检测方法使用了智能手机的环境光传感器和用于检测汞污染的测光表 [ 3 ] 。 与传统的生物传感器相比, 基于智能手机的生物传感器更有效、 简单、易于使用的特点,其只需要非常少量的样本即可进行评估。 这种评估的成本较低, 因此, 可以简单地用于实验室以外实地环境进行水质污染物检测。
许多研究代表了便携式快速传感测定的一种原理, 这种测定能够检测水样中的生物和化学污染物。然而将这些便携式传感器应用到复杂的真实水体样本中进行现场和实时检测还有如下难题需要攻克: 在实际的样本中, 生物和化学污染物对检测器的感应信号有严重的干扰, 会导致传感器故障, 从而降低监测精度及运行效率。此外, 很多快速检测系统只能针对单一污染源进行检测,无法做到复杂、多种污染物的共同检测。
入侵微生物物种和非土著微生物物种是水体环境中主要的生物污染物。生物污染物在几个生物层面会对生态环境造成不利影响:生态系统(通过改变有机质和能量的循环流动)、栖息地 (通过化学 - 物理条件的改变)、微生物群落 (通过结构变化, 即优势的外来物种、消除或替代本地物种)、种群(通过遗传进化, 即外来物种与本地物种杂交)以及单个生物体(内部病原体污染) 等。此外, 生物污染还可能造成其他影响, 包括: 生态环境破坏、人类健康问题和自然保护区的生态功能下降等。国外研究团队 Elliott 提出了 “生物污染物” 的概念和入侵生物学中的专业术语“生物污染”。它被用于评估水体微生物生态污染的程度。 其中生物污染中不同类型的细菌、藻类和相关毒素均被描述为生物制剂。
为了检测水体环境中入侵微生物物种的存在及组成, 发明了以下几种快速便携式系统。阻抗微生物学(Impedance Microbiology, IM) 是测量细菌浓度的重要方法之一, 它通过测定生长介质中的电导率来有效地评估其环境中的细胞浓度。使用 IM 方法需要将待测样品 (Sample Under Test, SUT) 在培养环境中稀释后, 在合适的温度下保持热平衡。然后用一对电极定期与 SUT 直接接触, 并对电流参数进行分析, 从而换算出环境中的微生物细胞浓度。国外研究团队 Grossi 等人发明了一种新的便携式仪器用于检测水体中的细菌浓度。与标准方法相比, 该系统的反应速度较快,此外可用于室外现场直接检测。该仪器可用于检测各类水环境样品 (包括地下水、工业废水和河流湖泊等),且可将检测数据同步上传, 并与数据库中的微生物菌群生长速率进行比对, 从而对环境中的细菌种类及丰度进行定性和定量检测。
在以往的研究中, 光纤被用作工业、生物医学和制药行业中生物传感器技术中的传感元件。光纤具有良好光传导性, 且价格低廉, 它们能够激发目标生物分子的光谱并捕获所反射的光信号。因此,光纤生物传感器可用于检测水体中的微生物。A. PK 等人 [ 5 ] 提出了一种基于光纤的便携式生物传感器系统,该系统可以利用适配子检测大肠杆菌 O157:H7 菌株。其原理是将一定量的被荧光标记的适配子与大肠杆菌混合,并在一定时间后过滤。将剩余的游离适配子注入系统中, 利用游离适配子与 DNA 探针在光纤表面杂交的原理,通过检测荧光信号的强弱来反映环境中大肠杆菌的数量。
为了检测水体环境中神经毒素物质的存在, 乙酰胆碱酯酶 (Acetylcholinesterase, AChE) 生物传感器是一种便携式、高灵敏的生物传感器系统。该生物传感器可通过评估被测水体中 AChE 的抑制情况来帮助检测水环境中总神经毒性药物的浓度。 基于 $\mathrm{{AChE}}$ 的生物传感器具有许多优势,例如能够高精度地区分阴性和阳性样品, 这将有助于减少样品的数量, 以更加快速地确定准确的神经毒性药物浓度及组成。该生物传感器系统具有很多结构, 其中包括:(a) 在电极上带有 AChE 固定的丝印电极;(b) 使用串联接口和模数 (a/D) 转换器将数据传输到便携式 PC 机的便携式电位器中;(c) 使用实验室先进软件 (Windows CVI )处理和记录测量结果。根据生物传感器所取得的结果表明, 该系统能够实现高精度的浓度测量, 且环境噪声和漂移呈较低水平。该 $\mathrm{{AChE}}$ 生物传感器的检测原理是通过检测水体中所抑制 $\mathrm{{AChE}}$ 的比例,其与样品中神经毒性药物的含量成正向比例, 因此可以通过抑制系数测得毒素的含量。
为了保障水资源的可持续开发及利用, 需要对水体中的有机污染物和无机污染物以及重金属等进行持续监测。近年来, 通过结合生物学、物理学、化学和纳米技术等多学科手段,开发了各种超灵敏的检测系统和成像方法, 可用于对水体环境中污染物进行快速检测。
Liang 等人 [ 6 ] 提出了用于测定自来水中Cd ${}^{2 +}$ 离子的便携式生物传感器,该传感器利用了一种基于带有Cd ${}^{2 +}$ 离子特异性配体的聚合物微谐振器的光流传感器进行检测。这种传感器基于微谐振器波导模式流向分析物溶液的光之间的相互作用, 从而将化学分析物的浓度转变为可量化计算的光信号。在 Kim 等人 [ 7 ] 报道的研究中, 引入了一种新的免疫测定法, 该方法能够在Cd ${}^{2 +}$ 浓度仅为 $7 -{500}\mathrm{{ppb}}$ 的水体样品中进行测量 [ 4 ] 。该方法的原理是使用一种单克隆抗体,该抗体仅能够与Cd ${}^{2 +}$ - 乙二胺四乙酸复合物紧密结合,从而测得水体中的Cd ${}^{2 +}$ 浓度。该技术具有便携性强、成本低的技术特点。
近年来, 便携式快速荧光计已成为检测水体环境中目标溶解有机物 (Dissolved Organic Matter, DOM) 实时荧光定量、高频率计算的重要设备 [ 8 - 10 ] 。Visarute 等人 [ 11 ] 开发了一种基于深紫外 LED 的便携式荧光仪, 可同时测量天然水中的两种 DOM 荧光团:色氨酸(Tryptophan, Trp)和菲(Phenanthrene, PT)类化合物。Fridrich 等人 [ 12 ] 开发了一种便携式光纤传感器系统,用于监测工业或地下水样本中的极性碳氢化合物。这种传感器系统可以分析有机污染物,如燃料、芳香烃或氯化烃的浓度及类别。 该便携式传感器的原理是基于在石英玻璃光纤的疏水硅包层中富集可逆分析物分子, 并通过倏逝波直接分光光度法计算聚合物中的萃取物质, 从而转换为碳氢化合物的浓度。
Shitao 等人 [ 13 ] 提出基于与氰基苯丙氨酸 (Cyanophenylalanine, CNF) 荧光基团相关的有机磷水解酶 (Organophosphorus Hydrolase, OPH) 直接检测有机磷酸酯类 (Organophosphates, OPs) 神经毒素的方法。由于 CNF 的设计合理和 $\mathrm{{OPH}}$ 分子的识别系统,仅 ${0.05}\mathrm{\;M}$$\mathrm{{OP}}$ 样品即可被定性识别,其中定量检测的范围为 $1 \sim {800}\mathrm{M}$ 。为了测定天然水体样品中的有机污染物, Marc 等人 [ 14 ] 提出了一种基于 SPR 的便携式光学生物传感器装置, 作为一种高灵敏度的现场便携式分析方法 [ 15 ] 。该免疫传感器可根据欧盟法规规定的浓度水平完成氨基甲酸酯、有机磷和有机氯化合物的监测。
硝酸盐是水体环境中的重要污染物之一, 因此对其进行快速监测对水体环境治理至关重要 [ 16 - 19 ] 。国外研究团队 Pan 等人 [ 20 ] 报道了一种基于染色体 - 离子载体原位测定水样中硝酸盐的简化方法。该方法设计了一套一次性生物传感器, 采用氢氧化钠进行预处理, 并通过测量吸光度来评判硝酸盐污染程度。本研究为了简化水体硝酸盐的分析方法, 缩短分析时间, 取消了一些校准溶液 $\left({\mathrm{{NaOH}},{\mathrm{{HNO}}}_{3}}\right)$ ,并采用 $A/{A}_{\mathrm{{NaOH}}}$ 作为分析参数。对所开发的测量仪器中的 $\mathrm{S}$ 型函数进行重编程,生成了测量范围广泛的新系统。通过使用固态辐射计测量透射强度后, 在传感膜中使用颜色标记。该套系统中所采用的微控制器作为处理终端和控制终端, 具有低能耗且操作简便等特点。采用了主导波长为 ${660}\mathrm{\;{nm}}$ 的 LED 作为系统的照明光源,此外采用热校正和 LED 偏倚负反馈等技术提高了系统的稳定性。整套系统所采用的传感分析器可以在不预先设置的条件下对水样中的硝酸盐浓度进行吸光度测量。在不同环境中测试了该系统中的光学传感器性能, 结果表明, 该系统方法适用于检测各类天然水体中的硝酸盐含量 (例如海水、地下水、河流湖泊以及城市生活用水等), 且其灵敏度可以达到 ${0.002}\sim {1000}\mathrm{{mM}}$
(1)综述了用于监测水样中生物和化学污染物的便携快速传感器的研究进展。为了改进便携式快速传感器, 人们做了以下尝试: 探索各种信号转导方法, 提供不同的电化学和光学传感器; 利用或开发各种分子识别探针, 如金属、细菌、蛋白质、 适配子和 DNA 等; 将纳米结构和纳米材料纳入便携式传感器中,从而增强传感器的检测灵敏度。
(2)讨论了不同的便携式生物传感测定技术在生物、非生物污染物水环境污染的监测应用。
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2024年第2卷第7期
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    1 济南市章丘区自来水有限公司 济南 250200
    2 济南市市政工程设计研究院(集团)有限责任公司 济南 250000

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*侯将,高级工程师,副总经理,研究方向为净水技术应用及水厂运营管理。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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