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Objective To establish a method for benzo[α]pyrenedetermination in prepared Radix Rehmanniae by molecularly imprintedsolid phase extraction coupled with ratio fluorescence detection. Methods The molecularly imprinted polymers (BaP-MMIPs) were prepared bysol-gel method using dendritic-grafting magnetic nanoparticle as thesupporting material and benzo $\left\lbrack \alpha \right\rbrack$ pyreneas the template. Benzo[ $\alpha$ ]pyrene in the prepared sample wasseparated and enriched by BaP-MMIPs as dispersive SPE materials, and wasdetected by ratio fluorescence determination. The calibration curve wasobtained by measuring the fluorescence intensity ratios $\left({{\mathrm{I}}_{436}/{\mathrm{I}}_{604}}\right)$ of benzo $\left\lbrack \alpha\right\rbrack$ pyrene in different concentrations. ResultsBaP-MMIPs showed remarkable selectivity, high efficiency and stable,which were successful applied as solid phase extraction materials forthe trace benzo[a]pyrene determination in prepared Radix Rehmanniae.Good linearity was achieved in range of 0.14~3.0 $\mu \mathrm{g}/\mathrm{{mL}}$ . The LOD was ${80}\mathrm{{ng}}/\mathrm{{mL}}\left({\mathrm{S}/\mathrm{N}=3}\right)$ and LOQ was ${112.5}\mathrm{{ng}}/\mathrm{{mL}}\left({\mathrm{S}/\mathrm{N}={10}}\right)$ . The average recoveries of benzo $\left\lbrack \alpha \right\rbrack$ pyrenewere 89.5%-106.8% with the RSD≤3.6%. Conclusion The method is accurate,selective, high sensitive, reproducible, economical, simple and fast.The research has profound significance for the benzo[a]pyrene monitoringin Traditional Chinese Medicine.

, correspAuthors=Jun-Li HONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*HONG Jun-Li, Ph.D, Associate Professor, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China. E-mail:
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目的 建立分子印迹固相萃取 - 比率荧光法,测定中药材熟地黄中苯并 $\left\lbrack \alpha \right\rbrack$ 芘(BaP)的含量。方法 以表面树状功能化接枝的磁性硅胶纳米粒( ${\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ @ ${\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}$ @PAMAM )为载体, BaP为模板分子,采用溶胶 - 凝胶法制备 BaP分子印迹聚合物(BaP-MMIPs)。通过选择性识别吸附,比率荧光法检测,以浓度(C)为横坐标,荧光信号比值 $\left({{\mathrm{I}}_{436}/{\mathrm{I}}_{604}}\right)$ 为纵坐标,计算回归方程。结果 成功合成具有特异识别性能的 $\mathrm{{BaP}}$ - $\mathrm{{MMIPs}}$ ,应用于熟地黄样品中 $\mathrm{{BaP}}$ 的高灵敏检测。BaP 在 ${0.14}\sim {3.0}\mathrm{{\mug}}/\mathrm{{mL}}$ 范围内线性关系良好。检测限为 ${80}\mathrm{{ng}}/\mathrm{{mL}}$ ,定量限为 ${112.5}\mathrm{{ng}}/\mathrm{{mL}}$ 。回收率为89.5%~106.8%, RSD 不大于 3.6%。结论 所建立分析方法结果准确,选择性高,灵敏度与重现性好,检测成本低, 简便快速,可为中药 BaP 的限量控制提供参考。

, correspAuthors=洪俊丽, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*洪俊丽,博士,副教授,研究方向为药物分析。E-mail:
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文心懿,研究方向为药物分析。

洪俊丽,博士,副教授,研究方向为药物分析。

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SEM images:(C) ${\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}@{\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}$ ,(D) BaP-MMIPs, figureFileSmall=H8bFFHM1Qv3yLmeklP36aw==, figureFileBig=g+D9FAHnjpXnNCc25UazmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156967496415793818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156967451360580585, language=CN, label=图 1, caption=TEM 表征:(A) ${\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}@{\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}$ ,(B) BaP-MMIPs; SEM 表征:(C) ${\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ @ ${\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}$ ,(D) BaP-MMIPs, figureFileSmall=H8bFFHM1Qv3yLmeklP36aw==, figureFileBig=g+D9FAHnjpXnNCc25UazmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156967496466125469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156967451360580585, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=(A) XRD patterns of ${\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ and ${\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}@{\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}@$ MIPs;(B) FTIR spectrum of BaP-MMIPs, figureFileSmall=rZYYk5DMXA9xvy+58xCD0A==, figureFileBig=xkH0xbiJZC+uFsPryk3QXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156967496520651424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156967451360580585, language=CN, label=图 2, caption=(A) X 射线衍射分析;(B) BaP-MMIPs 红外光谱分析, figureFileSmall=rZYYk5DMXA9xvy+58xCD0A==, figureFileBig=xkH0xbiJZC+uFsPryk3QXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156967496604537509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156967451360580585, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=(A) EDS spectrum of BaP-MMIPs;(B) The elemental mapping of C, N, O, Si and Fe elements, figureFileSmall=0OiUlnmZ1rPpCCyZK9ZZ1w==, figureFileBig=RsEubAJJSzwC+AvGgMWTbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156967496671646376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156967451360580585, language=CN, label=图 3, caption=(A) BaP-MMIPs 的 EDS 分析;(B) BaP-MMIPs 的 Mapping 分析, figureFileSmall=0OiUlnmZ1rPpCCyZK9ZZ1w==, figureFileBig=RsEubAJJSzwC+AvGgMWTbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156967496721978027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156967451360580585, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=(A) The fuorescence responses of the system with diverse contents of BaP;(B) The linear relationship between the ${\mathrm{I}}_{436}/{\mathrm{I}}_{604}$ and diverse contents of BaP, figureFileSmall=tFg8Q/84rnAOrBXjrQlNnw==, figureFileBig=1fClxgG5bYMViAGMAfLa+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156967496793281197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156967451360580585, language=CN, label=图 4, caption=(A) 不同浓度 BaP 荧光光谱图;(B) BaP 浓度与荧光强度的线性关系曲线, figureFileSmall=tFg8Q/84rnAOrBXjrQlNnw==, figureFileBig=1fClxgG5bYMViAGMAfLa+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156967496843612847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156967451360580585, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=(A) The selective recognition property of each compound by BaP-MMIPs;(B) The anti-interference experiment of BaP with each compound from prepared Radix Rehmanniae by BaP-MMIPs, figureFileSmall=xKcBmAn+9a9ozHKHvpCiqg==, figureFileBig=yBf1mWAbur8ysT4BSqwm1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156967496944276145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156967451360580585, language=CN, label=图 5, caption=(A) BaP-MMIPs 选择性吸附试验;(B) BaP-MMIPs 抗干扰吸附试验, figureFileSmall=xKcBmAn+9a9ozHKHvpCiqg==, figureFileBig=yBf1mWAbur8ysT4BSqwm1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156967497040745139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156967451360580585, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Determination of benzo $\left\lbrack \alpha \right\rbrack$ pyrene in prepared Radix Rehmanniae by BaP-MMIPs coupled with ratio fluorescence detection $\left({\mathrm{n}= 3}\right)$, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号 含量 $\left({\mu \mathrm{g}/\mathrm{{kg}}}\right)$ 加入量 $\left({\mu \mathrm{g}/\mathrm{{kg}}}\right)$ 测得量 $\left({\mu \mathrm{g}/\mathrm{{kg}}}\right)$ 回收率 (%) RSD (%)
1 Nd* 1.80 1.91 106.1 3.6
2.20 2.03 92.3 1.9
2.80 2.69 96.1 2.7
2 Nd 1.80 1.74 96.7 3.4
2.20 2.35 106.8 2.8
2.80 2.62 93.6 2.0
3 Nd 1.80 1.86 103.3 3.5
2.20 1.97 89.5 2.3
2.80 2.54 90.7 3.2
4 Nd 1.80 1.84 102.2 3.3
2.20 2.10 95.4 2.6
2.80 2.93 104.6 1.9
5 2.19 1.80 3.82 95.7 2.5
2.20 4.31 98.2 1.6
2.80 5.05 101.2 2.1
), ArticleFig(id=1156967497112048311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156967451360580585, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=分子印迹固相萃取 - 比率荧光法测定熟地黄中苯并 $\left\lbrack \alpha \right\rbrack$ 芘的含量 $\left({\mathrm{n}= 3}\right)$, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号 含量 $\left({\mu \mathrm{g}/\mathrm{{kg}}}\right)$ 加入量 $\left({\mu \mathrm{g}/\mathrm{{kg}}}\right)$ 测得量 $\left({\mu \mathrm{g}/\mathrm{{kg}}}\right)$ 回收率 (%) RSD (%)
1 Nd* 1.80 1.91 106.1 3.6
2.20 2.03 92.3 1.9
2.80 2.69 96.1 2.7
2 Nd 1.80 1.74 96.7 3.4
2.20 2.35 106.8 2.8
2.80 2.62 93.6 2.0
3 Nd 1.80 1.86 103.3 3.5
2.20 1.97 89.5 2.3
2.80 2.54 90.7 3.2
4 Nd 1.80 1.84 102.2 3.3
2.20 2.10 95.4 2.6
2.80 2.93 104.6 1.9
5 2.19 1.80 3.82 95.7 2.5
2.20 4.31 98.2 1.6
2.80 5.05 101.2 2.1
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分子印迹固相萃取-比率荧光法测定熟地黄中苯并[a]芘的含量
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文心懿 1 , 戴寅 2 , 范卉竹 2 , 戴岭 3 , 洪俊丽 2, *
实验室检测 | 创新应用 2024,2(6): 47-52
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实验室检测 | 创新应用 2024, 2(6): 47-52
分子印迹固相萃取-比率荧光法测定熟地黄中苯并[a]芘的含量
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文心懿1, 戴寅2, 范卉竹2, 戴岭3, 洪俊丽2, *
作者信息
  • 1 南京医科大学 第一临床医学院 南京 211166
  • 2 南京医科大学 药学院 南京 211166
  • 3 南京师范大学附属中学 江宁分校 南京 211102
  • 文心懿,研究方向为药物分析。

    洪俊丽,博士,副教授,研究方向为药物分析。

通讯作者:

*洪俊丽,博士,副教授,研究方向为药物分析。E-mail:
Determination of benzo[a]pyrene in prepared Radix Rehmanniae by molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction coupled with ratio fluorescence detection
Xin-Yi WEN1, Yin DAI2, Hui-Zhu FAN2, Ling DAI3, Jun-Li HONG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 The First Clinical Medical School Nanjing Medical University Nanjing 211166 China
  • 2 School of Pharmacy Nanjing Medical University Nanjing 211166 China
  • 3 Jiangning Campus High School affiliated to Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 211102 China
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目的 建立分子印迹固相萃取 - 比率荧光法,测定中药材熟地黄中苯并 $\left\lbrack \alpha \right\rbrack$ 芘(BaP)的含量。方法 以表面树状功能化接枝的磁性硅胶纳米粒( ${\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ @ ${\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}$ @PAMAM )为载体, BaP为模板分子,采用溶胶 - 凝胶法制备 BaP分子印迹聚合物(BaP-MMIPs)。通过选择性识别吸附,比率荧光法检测,以浓度(C)为横坐标,荧光信号比值 $\left({{\mathrm{I}}_{436}/{\mathrm{I}}_{604}}\right)$ 为纵坐标,计算回归方程。结果 成功合成具有特异识别性能的 $\mathrm{{BaP}}$ - $\mathrm{{MMIPs}}$ ,应用于熟地黄样品中 $\mathrm{{BaP}}$ 的高灵敏检测。BaP 在 ${0.14}\sim {3.0}\mathrm{{\mug}}/\mathrm{{mL}}$ 范围内线性关系良好。检测限为 ${80}\mathrm{{ng}}/\mathrm{{mL}}$ ,定量限为 ${112.5}\mathrm{{ng}}/\mathrm{{mL}}$ 。回收率为89.5%~106.8%, RSD 不大于 3.6%。结论 所建立分析方法结果准确,选择性高,灵敏度与重现性好,检测成本低, 简便快速,可为中药 BaP 的限量控制提供参考。

熟地黄  /  苯并 [a] 芘  /  比率荧光  /  分子印迹

Objective To establish a method for benzo[α]pyrenedetermination in prepared Radix Rehmanniae by molecularly imprintedsolid phase extraction coupled with ratio fluorescence detection. Methods The molecularly imprinted polymers (BaP-MMIPs) were prepared bysol-gel method using dendritic-grafting magnetic nanoparticle as thesupporting material and benzo $\left\lbrack \alpha \right\rbrack$ pyreneas the template. Benzo[ $\alpha$ ]pyrene in the prepared sample wasseparated and enriched by BaP-MMIPs as dispersive SPE materials, and wasdetected by ratio fluorescence determination. The calibration curve wasobtained by measuring the fluorescence intensity ratios $\left({{\mathrm{I}}_{436}/{\mathrm{I}}_{604}}\right)$ of benzo $\left\lbrack \alpha\right\rbrack$ pyrene in different concentrations. ResultsBaP-MMIPs showed remarkable selectivity, high efficiency and stable,which were successful applied as solid phase extraction materials forthe trace benzo[a]pyrene determination in prepared Radix Rehmanniae.Good linearity was achieved in range of 0.14~3.0 $\mu \mathrm{g}/\mathrm{{mL}}$ . The LOD was ${80}\mathrm{{ng}}/\mathrm{{mL}}\left({\mathrm{S}/\mathrm{N}=3}\right)$ and LOQ was ${112.5}\mathrm{{ng}}/\mathrm{{mL}}\left({\mathrm{S}/\mathrm{N}={10}}\right)$ . The average recoveries of benzo $\left\lbrack \alpha \right\rbrack$ pyrenewere 89.5%-106.8% with the RSD≤3.6%. Conclusion The method is accurate,selective, high sensitive, reproducible, economical, simple and fast.The research has profound significance for the benzo[a]pyrene monitoringin Traditional Chinese Medicine.

prepared Radix Rehmanniae  /  benzo[a]pyrene  /  ratio fluorescence  /  molecularly imprinted polymers
文心懿, 戴寅, 范卉竹, 戴岭, 洪俊丽. 分子印迹固相萃取-比率荧光法测定熟地黄中苯并[a]芘的含量. 实验室检测, 2024 , 2 (6) : 47 -52 .
Xin-Yi WEN, Yin DAI, Hui-Zhu FAN, Ling DAI, Jun-Li HONG. Determination of benzo[a]pyrene in prepared Radix Rehmanniae by molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction coupled with ratio fluorescence detection[J]. Laboratory Testing, 2024 , 2 (6) : 47 -52 .
熟地黄为玄参科植物地黄 (Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch.) 通过酒炖法或蒸法泡制而成的加工品, 其味甘, 微温, 具有补血滋阴,益精填髓的功效 。现代药理学研究表明熟地黄具有抗骨质疏松、抗肿瘤、降血糖、调节免疫和抗氧化等多种药理活性 。熟地黄为六味地黄丸、知柏地黄丸等多种中药成方制剂中的重要组成部分,国内和国际市场需求量巨大 。地黄在经九蒸九晒或烘干炒制等炮制过程中,易产生以苯并 芘 (Benzo[α]pyrene, BaP) 为代表的多环芳烃类 (Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs)有害物质 。PAHs 是一类持久性有机污染物, 是诱导肺癌、鼻癌、皮肤癌和膀胱癌等的癌症的重要因素 。该类物质大多在 ppt~ppb 或更低水平就会对人体产生极大的影响,并且易蓄积,更具隐蔽性和危害性。BaP 为 PAHs 中致癌性最强的污染物之一, 已被国际癌症研究机构列为 I 级致癌物。近年来, 欧盟、日本、韩国等对出口药材和食品中的 限量提出新的要求。例如韩国规定药材中 限量为 ,欧盟对不同食品中 限量要求为 , 我国在《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》(GB 2762-2017)中规定部分食品的 BaP 最大限量为 。因此, 针对 建立简便快速地分析检测方法,对我国中药材的质量控制和国际贸易具有重要意义。
目前, BaP 检测分析方法主要有气相色谱 - 质谱联用法、 液相色谱 - 质谱联用法、液相色谱 - 荧光检测法、酶联免疫吸附法等 [ 8 - 9 ] ,但中药材成分复杂,低丰度有害物质与复杂基质成分共存, 常造成目标物淹没在复杂的基质信号中, 测定缺乏选择性; 而采用的多级质谱等昂贵仪器, 前处理烦琐, 操作复杂; 常规液液萃取、固相萃取等难以满足实际低丰度目标物分离富集检测需求。因此,迫切需要针对中药中 $\mathrm{{BaP}}$ 污染物开发更为有效的高灵敏度、高专属性的快速分析检测技术。
近年来, 分子印迹技术 (Molecularly Imprinting Techonlogy, MIT)在环境分析、生物传感、药物杂质富集中应用发展迅速 [ 10 - 11 ] 。 其对特定目标化合物空间结构的 “记忆” 效应和对作用位点的 “识别” 作用, 能够高选择性分离富集复杂体系中的目标分子, 在中药中微痕量目标物的高选择性分离研究中具有广阔应用前景 [ 12 - 13 ] 。本研究根据 $\mathrm{{BaP}}$ 的结构特点,制备苯 BaP 分子印迹聚合物 ( BaP-MMIPs ), 建立分子印迹固相萃取 - 比率荧光分析测定方法,并应用于熟地黄中微痕量 $\mathrm{{BaP}}$ 的选择性识别富集和分析测定。建立的方法灵敏度高、专属性强、操作简便、成本低廉, 有望用于中药材等复杂体系中微痕量污染物的限量控制。
F-4700 荧光分光光度计, 日本 HITACHI 公司; HS7 控温磁力搅拌机,德国 IKA 公司;TENSOR27 红外光谱仪,德国 BRUKER 公司;JEM1010 透射电镜,日本 JEOL 公司; JEM1400 扫描电镜, 日本 JEOL 公司; 7407 振动样品磁强计, 美国 Lake Shore 公司; X- 射线衍射仪, 日本 Rigaku 公司。
苯并 [α] 芘、苯并 [α] 蒽、二苯并 [a, h] 蒽, Sigma-aldrich 公司; $\beta$ - 雌二醇、白藜芦醇、尿酸、地黄苷 D、梓醇、毛蕊花糖苷、 益母草苷、5-羟甲基糠醛、正硅酸四乙酯(TEOS)、3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷 (APTES), 阿拉丁试剂有限公司; 树状大分子 PAMAM, 威海晨源分子新材料有限公司; 正己烷、二氯甲烷、 甲醇、乙醇、戊二醛、乙酸,国药集团化学试剂有限公司。
参照本实验室前期研究制备 ${\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ @ ${\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}{}^{\left\lbrack 6\right\rbrack }$ 。将 ${\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ @ ${\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}$ 分散于水中并加入少量 ${20}\mathrm{{wt}}\%$ 戊二醛,缓慢振摇 $6\mathrm{\;h}$ 。PBS 洗涤后加入 0.1wt% 的 3 代聚酰胺 - 胺树枝, ${37}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 孵育机上振摇接枝。磁分并干燥,即得表面树状功能化接枝的磁性硅胶纳米粒 ( ${\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ @ ${\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}$ @PAMAM )。
采用溶胶 - 凝胶法制备 BaP-MMIPs。将 ${250}\mathrm{{mg}}{\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ @ ${\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}$ @PAMAM 分散在 ${250}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 甲醇 : 水 (9:1) 溶剂中,超声均匀, 加入功能单体 APTES ${0.3}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 和模板分子 $\mathrm{{BaP}}{15.23}\mathrm{{mg}}$ ,避光在氮气保护下搅拌预聚合 $1\mathrm{\;h}$ 。取 TEOS 乙醇溶液 $3\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 并缓慢滴入上述预聚合溶液中。室温反应过夜,然后甲醇 - 乙酸的混合溶剂洗脱数次,磁性分离并干燥,得到以 $\mathrm{{BaP}}$ 为模板的分子印迹聚合物 BaP-MMIPs。磁性非印记聚合物 (BaP-MNIPs) 除不加模板分子外, 其余制备过程与上述一致。
(1) 对照品储备液
精密量取 $\mathrm{{BaP}}$ 标准物质适量,置于 ${10}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 棕色容量瓶中, 正己烷定容,制成 ${50\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{{mL}}$ 的标准储备液, ${4}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 避光保存。
(2) 供试品溶液
取熟地黄样品,切成约 $5\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的小块,混匀。取约 ${70}\mathrm{\;g}$ , 精密称定,置于 ${250}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 锥形瓶中。加入 ${50}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 正己烷和 ${25}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 二氯甲烷,涡旋混合 $2\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 。超声处理 (功率 ${400}\mathrm{\;W}$ ,频率 ${50}\mathrm{{kHz}}$ ) ${30}\mathrm{\;{min}},{6000}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 离心 ${10}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 。取上清液于 ${40}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 旋转蒸发至干, ${10}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 正己烷复溶, ${4}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 保存备用。
取上述 ${10}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 正己烷复溶的提取液,加入 ${20}\mathrm{{mg}}$ 的 BaP-MMIPs,室温振摇 30 min,外磁场下分离弃去上清液,加入二氯甲烷洗脱液 ${10}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 室温下超声 ${30}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ ,外磁场分离上清液,氮气吹干,1 mL 正己烷复溶,过滤后供荧光分析。
分别精密量取标准储备液,定量稀释,制成 ${1.0}- {20\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{{mL}}$ 不同浓度的系列标准溶液。荧光分析法测定荧光强度, 激发波长为 ${380}\mathrm{\;{nm}}$ 。以浓度(C)为横坐标,荧光信号比值 $\left({{\mathrm{I}}_{436}/{\mathrm{I}}_{604}}\right)$ 为纵坐标, 计算回归方程。平行空白试验, 以 3 倍信噪比计算检测限, 以 10 倍信噪比计算定量限。
${1.5\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{{mL}}$ 浓度的 $\mathrm{{BaP}}$ 标准溶液,按照 “1.2.2” 项下 $\mathrm{{BaP}}- \mathrm{{MMIPs}}$ 萃取方法处理,平行测定 6 次,计算相对标准偏差 ( RSD,% )。
制备 1 份 BaP-MMIPs,置 ${4}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 冰箱中保存 60 天,每隔 10 天取样,选择性吸附 ${1.5\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{{mL}}$ 浓度的 $\mathrm{{BaP}}$ 标准溶液,按照 “1.2.2” 项下 BaP-MMIPs 萃取方法处理。考察荧光响应值的变化。
平行制备 5 份 BaP-MMIPs,选择性吸附 ${1.5\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{{mL}}$ 浓度的 BaP 标准溶液,按照 “1.2.2” 项下 BaP-MMIPs 萃取方法处理。 考察荧光响应值的变化。
分别量取低、中、高 3 个浓度 BaP 标准溶液,加入已知 $\mathrm{{BaP}}$ 含量的熟地黄样品,按照 “1.2.2” 项下方法处理,测定荧光响应值, 计算回收率。
采用透射电镜 (TEM) 和扫描电镜 (SEM) 对 BaP-MMIPs 进行表征。TEM 结果表明 BaP-MMIPs 为大小均匀、分散较好的规则球形 ( 图 1A-B ), SEM 结果表明, 分子印迹层引入后的磁性硅胶球表面粗糙且有明显的絮状物, 印证了树枝状分子的成功接枝 ( 图 1C-D )。
图 2 A 为 ${\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ 和 BaP-MMIPs 的 XRD 图 谱。在20为 ${30.2}^{\circ }\text{、}{35.6}^{\circ }\text{、}{43.2}^{\circ }\text{、}{53.9}^{\circ }\text{、}{57.2}^{\circ }$${62.8}^{\circ }$ 处出现了特征衍射峰, 与 ${\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ 的标准衍射峰一致。BaP-MMIPs 在 ${20}^{\circ }- {25}^{\circ }$ 之间出现一个较宽峰,为 ${\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}$ 衍射峰,证明了在 ${\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}$ 包覆和印迹合成过程中, ${\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ 纳米颗粒的晶体结构保持稳定。
图 2 B 为 $\mathrm{{BaP}}- \mathrm{{MMIPs}}$ 的红外光谱图。 ${440}{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{-1}$ 对应于 $\mathrm{{Si}}- \mathrm{O}$ 的特征吸收峰, ${1039}{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{-1}$ 处的强吸收峰为 $\mathrm{{Si}}- \mathrm{O}- \mathrm{{Si}}$ 反对称伸缩振动吸收峰,说明 ${\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}$ 的成功包覆。加硅烷偶联剂 APTES 后,在 ${3119}{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{-1}$ 处出现 $-{\mathrm{{NH}}}_{2}$ 特征吸收峰。在 ${1638}{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{-1}$ 出现了酰胺键中 $\mathrm{C}= \mathrm{O}$ 的吸收峰,以及在 ${1546}{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{-1}$ 出现了酰胺键的仲胺吸收峰。上述结果证明了表面分子印迹层的成功制备。
能量色散光谱 (EDS) 中 $\mathrm{{Si}}$ 的存在进一步证实了 ${\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}$ 层的形成 ( 图 3 A)。元素映射分析 (Mapping) 展现了 $\mathrm{C}\text{、}\mathrm{\;N}\text{、}\mathrm{O}$$\mathrm{{Fe}}$$\mathrm{{Si}}$ 的分布,与 $\mathrm{{EDS}}$ 结果一致 ( 图3 $\mathrm{\;B}$ )。结果 表明 ${\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}$ 层和分子印迹聚合物的成功制备。
图 4 所示, BaP 在 ${0.14}- {3.0\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{{mL}}$ 浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系。回归方程为 $\mathrm{y}= {2.3308}\mathrm{C}+ {0.3872}\left({{\mathrm{R}}^{2}= {0.9919}}\right)$ ,检测限为 ${80.0}\mathrm{{ng}}/\mathrm{{mL}}$ ,定量限为 ${112.5}\mathrm{{ng}}/\mathrm{{mL}}$ 。与文献报道 $\mathrm{{BaP}}$ 其他检测方法相比较 [ 14 - 15 ] ,本研究采用 BaP-MMIPs 结合比率荧光策略, 具有较好的检测限和灵敏度。
精密度的 RSD 为 0.32%,表明该分析方法精密度良好。
稳定性试验放置 30 天后测得荧光响应下降约 4.3%,60 天后下降约 8.9%,表明 BaP-MMIPs 稳定性较好。重现性试验中, 平行 5 份 BaP-MMIPs 荧光响应值的 RSD 为 5.1%。同 1 份 BaP-MMIPs 重复测定 10 次的 RSD 为 2.9%, 表明测定重现性和重复性良好。
为考察 BaP-MMIPs 的选择性, 本研究选择 BaP 结构类似物苯并 $\left\lbrack \alpha \right\rbrack$ 蒽和二苯并 $\left\lbrack {\mathrm{a},\mathrm{h}}\right\rbrack$ 蒽,以及结构非类似物白藜芦醇、 $\beta$ - 雌二醇和尿酸,在相同浓度 $\left({{1.5\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{{mL}}}\right)$ 下进行选择性吸附考察。 如 图 5 A 所示, BaP-MMIPs 对目标物 BaP 有显著的选择性吸附能力,对结构类似物和非类似物均无明显吸附特性。
为评价 BaP-MMIPs 吸附的抗干扰能力, 本研究考察 BaP $\left({{1.5\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{{mL}}}\right)$ 在与中药熟地黄主要成分地黄苷 $\mathrm{D}$ 、梓醇、毛蕊花糖苷、益母草苷和 5- 羟甲基糠醛(浓度均为 ${30\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{{mL}}$ )共存时荧光响应值变化。结果 表明,共存物质为 $\mathrm{{BaP}}$ 浓度 20 倍时, BaP 荧光响应值仍保持稳定 (96.3%-105.7%), 表明本研究建立的分析方法能够有效地避免中药其他共存物的干扰。
表 2 所示, BaP 平均回收率在 89.5%~106.8% 之间, $\mathrm{{RSD}}\leq {3.6}\%$ ,表明该方法具有较好的准确度,可以用于实际样品中 BaP 的分析检测。
采用上述建立的分析方法,测定市售中药熟地黄中 $\mathrm{{BaP}}$ 的含量, 结果如 表 1 所示。 5 批熟地黄样品中有 4 批样品均未检出 $\mathrm{{BaP}},1$ 批样品检测出 $\mathrm{{BaP}}$ ,含量为 ${2.19\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ ,符合限量要求。
本研究采用 PAMAM 树枝状分子材料, 获得载体表面可控、有序和致密分子印迹核壳层,提高表面分子印迹富集效率。 BaP-MMIPs 含有对目标物 BaP 特定识别位点和三维空间匹配的 “空穴”, 可与目标物的稳定结合且限制非目标物质群的竞争性结合,达到特异性识别与富集的目的。
传统的荧光分析法检测 BaP 时,常为单信号输出,易受溶液 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值、环境、仪器和复杂基质等内部或外部因素的干扰, 存在稳定性和重现性差等问题。本研究实现了荧光双信号输出, 通过引入内部参考信号, 提供内置的校正因子, 有效消除了与目标物无关的内部或外部因素的影响, 从而显著提高了分析测定的重现性、准确性和灵敏度。
综上所述, 本研究结合了分子印迹技术与荧光检测的优点, 制备了 BaP-MMIPs, 可特异性识别和富集复杂样品中 BaP, 有效排除基质背景干扰。建立分子印迹固相萃取 - 比率荧光法, 成功应用于中药材熟地黄中 $\mathrm{{BaP}}$ 的高灵敏检测,方法灵敏度高, 重现性好。磁性材料的引入, 可在外加磁场的定向控制下, 一步从复杂体系中直接分离出目标分子, 省去离心、过滤等繁杂操作, 使固液相分离简单快速, 经济便捷, 无需昂贵仪器与复杂操作。本研究建立的分析方法, 在中药种植、采收、炮制等全过程质量监控和药材质量安全提升等方面展现了广阔的应用前景。
  • 江苏省卫生健康委科研项目(Z2020009)
  • 南京医科大学大学生创新创业训练计划项目(202410312057Z)
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2024年第2卷第6期
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Medical Research Foundation of Jiangsu Commission of Health(Z2020009)
江苏省卫生健康委科研项目(Z2020009)
The Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program of Nanjing Medical University(202410312057Z)
南京医科大学大学生创新创业训练计划项目(202410312057Z)
作者信息
    1 南京医科大学 第一临床医学院 南京 211166
    2 南京医科大学 药学院 南京 211166
    3 南京师范大学附属中学 江宁分校 南京 211102

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*洪俊丽,博士,副教授,研究方向为药物分析。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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