Article(id=1156967362164515797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, issueId=1156967360193192910, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753772114554, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753772114554, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753772114554, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753772114554, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156967360193192910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, year='2024', volume='2', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=0, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753772114084, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753778008087, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156992081479689064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, issueId=1156967360193192910, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156992081479689065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, issueId=1156967360193192910, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=125, endPage=128, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156967362802050008, articleId=1156967362164515797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, language=EN, title=Analysis on the distribution characteristics and drug resistance of Escherichia coli in marketed fruits in Hainan, columnId=1156641066674676444, journalTitle=Laboratory Testing, columnName=Evaluation and Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the distribution of Escherichia coli (E. coli) contamination in fruits sold in some cities and counties of Hainan Province, and to analyze the isolates for drug resistance, aiming at identifying the risk of foodborne E. coli and evaluating its potential impact on food safety. Methods Isolation and identification of E. coli in samples and detection of drug resistance of E. coli isolates by VITEK 2 method. Results A total of 51 strains of E. coli were isolated from 240 fruit samples, with a detection rate of 21.3%. 19 strains of E. coli were drug-resistant, with a resistance rate of 37.3%, including 7 single-resistant and 12 multi-resistant strains. Comparative analysis of the distribution of E. coli in different regions and fruits showed that fruit species and sampling locations had a significant effect on the distribution of Escherichia coli. Conclusion The distribution of E. coli in commercially available fruits is widespread and drug-resistant, the detection of pathogenic bacteria distribution and drug resistance in fruits should be strengthened, and this study also provides an important reference basis for food safety management and monitoring.

, correspAuthors=Chen-Yun Feng, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*FENG Chen-Yun, Engineer, Hainan Academy of Inspection and Testing, Haikou 570203, China. E-mail:
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目的 调查海南省部分市县市售水果中大肠埃希菌(Escherichia coli)的污染分布情况,并对分离菌株进行耐药性分析,旨在识别食源性大肠埃希菌的风险并评估其对食品安全的潜在影响。方法 对样品中的大肠埃希菌进行分离鉴定,采用VITEK 2 法检测大肠埃希菌分离株的耐药性。结果 在240 份水果样品中共分离出大肠埃希菌51 株,检出率为21.3%,其中19 株大肠埃希菌具有耐药性,耐药率为37.3%,包括7 株单重耐药和12 株菌多重耐药。通过比较分析不同地区和不同水果中大肠埃希菌的分布情况,发现水果种类和采样地点对大肠埃希菌的分布有显著影响。结论 在市售水果中大肠埃希菌的分布比较广泛,且存在耐药情况,应加强对水果中病原菌分布和耐药性的检测,同时这项研究也为食品安全管理和监测提供了重要参考依据。

, correspAuthors=冯晨韵, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*冯晨韵,工程师,研究方向为药品、食品、化妆品微生物检验。E-mail:
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袁维道,硕士,研究方向:药品、食品、化妆品微生物检验

冯晨韵,工程师,研究方向为药品、食品、化妆品微生物检验。

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水果名称 样品数量 检出数量 检出率(%)
龙眼 30 12 40.0
芒果 30 2 6.7
沃柑 30 5 16.7
苹果 30 1 3.3
火龙果 30 7 23.3
香蕉 30 13 43.3
黑葡萄 30 9 30.0
百香果 30 2 6.7
总计 240 51 21.3
), ArticleFig(id=1156967389788201294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156967362164515797, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=不同水果中大肠埃希菌的检出情况, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水果名称 样品数量 检出数量 检出率(%)
龙眼 30 12 40.0
芒果 30 2 6.7
沃柑 30 5 16.7
苹果 30 1 3.3
火龙果 30 7 23.3
香蕉 30 13 43.3
黑葡萄 30 9 30.0
百香果 30 2 6.7
总计 240 51 21.3
), ArticleFig(id=1156967389863698768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156967362164515797, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Analysis of antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli $\left({n ={51}}\right)$, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗生素 大肠埃希菌($n ={51}$)
R(%) I (%) S(%)
氨苄西林(AM) 17(33.3) 0(0.0) 34(66.7)
氨苄西林/舒巴坦(SAM) 7(13.7) 7(13.7) 37(72.5)
哌拉西林 - 他唑巴坦(TZP) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 51(100.0)
头孢唑啉(CZ) 3(5.9) 0(0.0) ${48}\left({94.1}\right)$
头孢替坦(CTT) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 51(100.0)
头孢他啶(CAZ) 3(5.9) 0(0.0) 48(94.1)
头孢曲松(CRO) 3(5.9) 0(0.0) 48(94.1)
头孢吡肟(FEP) 4(7.8) 0(0.0) 47(92.2)
氨曲南(ATM) 3(5.9) 0(0.0) 48(94.1)
厄他培南(ETP) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 51(100.0)
亚胺培南(ETP) 0 (0.0) 0(0.0) 51(100.0)
阿米卡星(AN) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 51(100.0)
庆大霉素(GM) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 51(100.0)
妥布霉素(TM) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 51(100.0)
环丙沙星(CIP) 4(7.8) 0(0.0) 47(92.2)
左旋氧氟沙星(LEV) 4(7.8) 0(0.0) 47(92.2)
呋喃妥因(FT) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 51(100.0)
复方新诺明(SXT) 3(5.9) 0 (0.0) 48(94.1)
), ArticleFig(id=1156967389989527891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156967362164515797, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=大肠埃希菌耐药性分析 (n=51), figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗生素 大肠埃希菌($n ={51}$)
R(%) I (%) S(%)
氨苄西林(AM) 17(33.3) 0(0.0) 34(66.7)
氨苄西林/舒巴坦(SAM) 7(13.7) 7(13.7) 37(72.5)
哌拉西林 - 他唑巴坦(TZP) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 51(100.0)
头孢唑啉(CZ) 3(5.9) 0(0.0) ${48}\left({94.1}\right)$
头孢替坦(CTT) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 51(100.0)
头孢他啶(CAZ) 3(5.9) 0(0.0) 48(94.1)
头孢曲松(CRO) 3(5.9) 0(0.0) 48(94.1)
头孢吡肟(FEP) 4(7.8) 0(0.0) 47(92.2)
氨曲南(ATM) 3(5.9) 0(0.0) 48(94.1)
厄他培南(ETP) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 51(100.0)
亚胺培南(ETP) 0 (0.0) 0(0.0) 51(100.0)
阿米卡星(AN) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 51(100.0)
庆大霉素(GM) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 51(100.0)
妥布霉素(TM) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 51(100.0)
环丙沙星(CIP) 4(7.8) 0(0.0) 47(92.2)
左旋氧氟沙星(LEV) 4(7.8) 0(0.0) 47(92.2)
呋喃妥因(FT) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 51(100.0)
复方新诺明(SXT) 3(5.9) 0 (0.0) 48(94.1)
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海南市售水果中大肠埃希菌的分布特征及其耐药性分析
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袁维道 , 冯春艳 , 陈彩霞 , 王雪吟 , 冯晨韵 *
实验室检测 | 评价与分析 2024,2(8): 125-128
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实验室检测 | 评价与分析 2024, 2(8): 125-128
海南市售水果中大肠埃希菌的分布特征及其耐药性分析
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袁维道, 冯春艳, 陈彩霞, 王雪吟, 冯晨韵*
作者信息
  • 海南省检验检测研究院 海口 570203
  • 袁维道,硕士,研究方向:药品、食品、化妆品微生物检验

    冯晨韵,工程师,研究方向为药品、食品、化妆品微生物检验。

通讯作者:

*冯晨韵,工程师,研究方向为药品、食品、化妆品微生物检验。E-mail:
Analysis on the distribution characteristics and drug resistance of Escherichia coli in marketed fruits in Hainan
Wei-Dao Yuan, Chun-Yan Feng, Cai-Xia Chen, Xue-Yin Wang, Chen-Yun Feng*
Affiliations
  • Hainan Academy of Inspection and Testing Haikou 570203 China
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目的 调查海南省部分市县市售水果中大肠埃希菌(Escherichia coli)的污染分布情况,并对分离菌株进行耐药性分析,旨在识别食源性大肠埃希菌的风险并评估其对食品安全的潜在影响。方法 对样品中的大肠埃希菌进行分离鉴定,采用VITEK 2 法检测大肠埃希菌分离株的耐药性。结果 在240 份水果样品中共分离出大肠埃希菌51 株,检出率为21.3%,其中19 株大肠埃希菌具有耐药性,耐药率为37.3%,包括7 株单重耐药和12 株菌多重耐药。通过比较分析不同地区和不同水果中大肠埃希菌的分布情况,发现水果种类和采样地点对大肠埃希菌的分布有显著影响。结论 在市售水果中大肠埃希菌的分布比较广泛,且存在耐药情况,应加强对水果中病原菌分布和耐药性的检测,同时这项研究也为食品安全管理和监测提供了重要参考依据。

大肠埃希菌  /  耐药性  /  分布特征  /  水果

Objective To investigate the distribution of Escherichia coli (E. coli) contamination in fruits sold in some cities and counties of Hainan Province, and to analyze the isolates for drug resistance, aiming at identifying the risk of foodborne E. coli and evaluating its potential impact on food safety. Methods Isolation and identification of E. coli in samples and detection of drug resistance of E. coli isolates by VITEK 2 method. Results A total of 51 strains of E. coli were isolated from 240 fruit samples, with a detection rate of 21.3%. 19 strains of E. coli were drug-resistant, with a resistance rate of 37.3%, including 7 single-resistant and 12 multi-resistant strains. Comparative analysis of the distribution of E. coli in different regions and fruits showed that fruit species and sampling locations had a significant effect on the distribution of Escherichia coli. Conclusion The distribution of E. coli in commercially available fruits is widespread and drug-resistant, the detection of pathogenic bacteria distribution and drug resistance in fruits should be strengthened, and this study also provides an important reference basis for food safety management and monitoring.

Escherichia coli  /  drug resistance  /  distribution characteristics  /  fruits
袁维道, 冯春艳, 陈彩霞, 王雪吟, 冯晨韵. 海南市售水果中大肠埃希菌的分布特征及其耐药性分析. 实验室检测, 2024 , 2 (8) : 125 -128 .
Wei-Dao Yuan, Chun-Yan Feng, Cai-Xia Chen, Xue-Yin Wang, Chen-Yun Feng. Analysis on the distribution characteristics and drug resistance of Escherichia coli in marketed fruits in Hainan[J]. Laboratory Testing, 2024 , 2 (8) : 125 -128 .
随着全球食品安全问题日益成为公众关注的焦点, 研究食
品中微生物, 尤其是病原菌的耐药性, 已成为确保公共卫生安
全的重要一环 [ 1 ] 。大肠埃希菌(Escherichia coli)作为一种致病性微生物, 可以引起食物中毒、腹泻和尿路感染等疾病。它通常存在于动物的肠道中, 通过食物或水传播给人类。大肠埃希菌作为一种常见的肠道菌群, 通常被视为食品卫生和安全评估的指标微生物。大肠埃希菌对多种抗生素的耐药性增加, 已成为全球公共卫生问题, 不仅使临床治疗变得复杂, 还可能通过食品链传播给人类,造成更广泛的健康风险 [ 2 ]
近年来,抗菌药物滥用导致产超广谱 $\beta$ - 内酰胺酶 (Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases, ESBLs) 的大肠埃希菌耐药菌株数量持续增加 [ 3 ] 。这些耐药菌株表现出多重耐药性,给临床用药带来严峻挑战 [ 4 ] 。热带水果因其生长环境、储存及运输方式等特点, 易受大肠埃希菌等食源性病原菌污染。因此,通过对海南市售水果中大肠埃希菌的分布特点及耐药性进行分析, 不仅可以了解海南部分市县食品安全的现状, 还可为相关食品安全政策的制定提供科学依据 [ 5 - 6 ] 。本研究采集了海南 5 个市县地区 240 份市售水果样品, 对菌株进行分离鉴定和耐药分析, 以期全面了解我省市售中大肠埃希菌的污染状况和耐药特征,为大肠埃希菌的风险评估和食源性疾病的防控提供数据参考。
2023 年 10 月在海南省的 5 个市县 (海口、三亚、儋州、琼海、 五指山)开展大肠埃希菌污染情况调查,每个市县分别选择三家农贸市场和三家超市, 共采集到 240 份市售水果样品, 种类包括龙眼、芒果、沃柑、苹果、火龙果、香蕉、黑葡萄、百香果。 所有样品在购买后立即放入无菌采样袋中并在低温冷藏条件下运输至实验室,24 h内进行检测 [ 7 ]
营养肉汤(批号:1107291)、肠道菌增菌液(批号: 1110052)、伊红美蓝琼脂(批号:1106221)、麦康凯琼脂(批号:1101191)、营养琼脂 (批号:1110011),均购自广东环凯生物科技有限公司。BSC-1600 II A2 生物安全柜 (苏净安泰公司); DENSICHEK 比浊仪、VTTEK 2 Compact 全自动细菌鉴定仪(法国 bioMérieux 公司)、LRH-150 生化培养箱 (上海一恒公司)。
依据 GB 4789.6-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 致泻大肠埃希氏菌检验》规定的方法对大肠埃希菌进行分离培养。将制备好的样品匀液接种于 ${30}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 肠道菌增菌肉汤中 ${42}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 培养 ${18}\mathrm{\;h}$ ,进行增菌培养。增菌后,划线接种麦康凯琼脂和伊红美蓝琼脂显色平板, ${36}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 培养 ${24}\mathrm{\;h}$ ,进行初筛。选择 VITEK 2 Compact 全自动细菌鉴定仪对分离的菌株进行生化鉴定, 筛选出大肠埃希菌并对结果进行统计分析。
使用 VITEK 2 Compact 全自动细菌鉴定仪和 GN-13 药敏鉴定卡 (法国 BioMérieux 公司) 进行药敏测试 [ 8 ] ,共涉及 18 种抗生素, 有氨苄西林(AM)、氨苄西林/舒巴坦(SAM)、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦(TZP)、头孢唑啉(CZ)、头孢替坦(CTT)、头孢他啶(CAZ)、头孢曲松(CRO)、头孢吡肟(FEP)、氨曲南(ATM)、 厄他培南 (ETP)、亚胺培南 (ITP)、阿米卡星 (AN)、庆大霉素 (GM)、妥布霉素(TM)、环丙沙星(CIP)、左旋氧氟沙星(LEV)、 呋喃妥因 (FT)、复方新诺明 (SXT)。质控菌株为大肠埃希氏菌 ATCC 25922 (广东食品微生物安全工程技术研究开发中心)。
采用 SPSSAU 在线数据分析软件进行数据分析, 比较不同地区、不同水果中大肠埃希菌的污染情况是否存在显著差异。 计数资料以 $n\left(\%\right)$ 表示,采用 ${\chi }^{2}$ 检验进行差异分析, $P <{0.05}$ 表示有统计学意义 [ 9 ]
表 1 中的数据展示了不同水果中大肠埃希菌的检出情况。 对 240 份水果样品进行细菌的分离培养、生化鉴定, 共分离出 51 株大肠埃希菌,平均检出率为 21.3%(51/240)。在所有测试水果中均检出了大肠埃希菌, 但检出率有所不同。其中香蕉和龙眼和黑葡萄的检出率均达到了 30.0% 及以上, 分别为 43.3% $\left({{13}/{30}}\right)\text{、}{40.0}\%\left({{12}/{30}}\right)$${30.0}\left({9/{30}}\right)\%$ ,苹果中大肠埃希菌的检出率最低,为 3.3%(1/30)。通过卡方检验分析,确认了不同水果中大肠埃希菌的检出率差异具有统计学意义( ${\chi }^{2}= {30.252}$ , $P <{0.05})$ 。导致这个差异的原因可能是多方面的,如种植环境, 采后处理等因素, 这个需要进一步的研究。
不同地区之间大肠埃希菌的检出率差异无统计学意义 $\left({{\chi }^{2}= {7.071}, P >{0.05}}\right)$ 。如 图 1 所示,在 5 个采样市县中,海口的检出率最高,为 33.3%(16/48),儋州的检出率最低,为 14.6%(7/48)。 从采样地点来看, 从农贸市场和超市分离出大肠埃希菌 34 株和 17 株, 检出率分别为 28.33% 和 14.17%。通过分析, 不同采样地点样本对于大肠埃希菌的检验结果呈现出显著性差异( ${\chi }^{2}= {7.196}$ , $P <{0.05})$ 。农贸市场中大肠埃希氏菌的检出率略高于超市,可能与农贸市场中水果的储存,包装和环境卫生状况有关。
在水果中分离的 51 株大肠埃希菌有 19 株(占 37.3%, 19/51) 对抗生素存在不同程度的耐药性, 其中对氨苄西林的耐药率最高,达到了 33.9%(17/51),对氨苄西林/舒巴坦耐药率为 13.7%。除这两种抗生素外,对其他抗生素的耐药率均低于 10%。 表 2 不仅展示了大肠埃希菌对不同抗生素的耐药情况, 还为临床治疗, 公共卫生管理提供重要的参考信息。此外, 还发现了抗生素耐药性谱的多样性, 有 8 株菌具有多重耐药, 其中 4 株菌对 4 种抗生素产生耐药, 3 株菌对 6 种抗生素产生耐药。
本研究于 2023 年 10 月对海南省五个代表性城市的市售水果中大肠埃希菌的污染状况进行了调查。共分离出 51 株大肠埃希菌,整体污染率达到 21.3%,这一数值与罗小菊等人 [ 10 ] 在黄瓜样品中发现的大肠埃希氏菌检出率结果(22.55%)相近,但高于 Priyanka 等人 [ 11 ] 对印度农村与城市果蔬的报道结果 (14.1%)。 在所有水果中, 香蕉和龙眼中大肠埃希菌检出率均为 40%, 显著高于其他水果, 这可能与这两种水果的采摘、运输和储存方式等密切相关。在地点分布方面, 农贸市场的检出率高于超市, 这一差异可能由于农贸市场较差的卫生条件、潮湿的环境及频繁的人员流动, 增加了细菌污染的风险。因此, 为预防大肠埃希菌的污染, 应严格控制水果的保存与运输环节, 制定有效的消毒和清洁措施, 切断传播途径, 减少大肠埃希菌的污染机会, 以保护消费者健康。
在抗生素耐药方面, 从海南市售水果中分离的大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林的耐药率最高,耐药率为 33.9%,这一耐药率略低于国内外的研究报道。如 Babak Pakbin 等人 [ 12 ] 对在伊朗的原料奶、蔬菜沙拉和碎肉样品中分离的大肠杆菌进行药敏分析,结果显示大肠杆菌对氨苄西林的耐药率为 45.8%。Loandi Richter 等人 [ 13 ] 在新鲜蔬菜中分离的大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林的耐药率为 41.79%。Etinosa 等人 [ 14 ] 在尼日利亚埃多州农产品中分离出 64 株大肠埃希菌, 其对氨苄西林的耐药率为 48.4%。在分离的 19 株耐药大肠埃希菌中,有 8 株菌表现为多重耐药性(对不少于 3 类抗生素耐药), 占耐药菌株的 42.1%。这一比例与 Loandi Richter 等人的研究结果接近 (多重耐药性率为 40.3%)。赵晓娟等人 [ 15 ] 在自北京口岸进出口食品中分离的大肠埃希氏菌多重耐药率为 34.2%。Yessica 等人 [ 16 ] 在墨西哥蜜瓜中分离出了 32 株大肠埃希菌,47% 的菌株被归类为多重耐药菌株。农产品中大肠埃希菌耐药性日益严峻,多重耐药现象更令人担忧。深入研究其耐药机制, 并采取针对性防控措施, 以有效遏制细菌耐药性的传播扩散,确保食品安全和公共健康 [ 17 - 18 ]
近些年,与新鲜农产品相关的食源性疾病数量一直在增加, 其中大肠埃希菌是最常见的病原体之一 [ 19 ] 。这一现象深刻反映出当前在农业和临床治疗领域存在的抗生素过度使用问题, 这种过度使用不仅促使细菌产生耐药性, 进而降低了抗生素的治疗效果, 而且可能通过食品链进行传播, 对公共卫生安全构成潜在威胁。因此, 为确保抗生素的有效性和安全性, 规范使用抗生素、坚决杜绝滥用和过量使用的现象显得尤为重要,这不仅对于减少耐药菌株的产生具有至关重要的作用,也有助于维护公共卫生安全 [ 20 ]
本研究调查了我省 5 个代表性城市市售水果中大肠埃希菌的污染状况和耐药情况, 为食源性大肠埃希菌的风险识别提供了基础数据。然而, 本研究也存在一些局限性。例如, 本研究样本量较少, 研究结果可能缺乏代表性。未来的研究可以扩大样本范围, 包括更多地区和更多类型的水果。尽管本研究存在一些局限性, 但现有的发现仍然提供了宝贵的科学依据, 有助于理解水果来源的抗生素耐药性问题, 为食品安全政策的制定提供参考 [ 21 ] 。总的来说,本研究为理解水果来源的抗生素耐药性问题, 为相关食品安全政策的制定提供了科学依据。希望这一研究能引起政策制定者和公众的广泛关注, 共同采取有效措施, 切实保障公众饮食健康与安全。
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2024年第2卷第8期
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    海南省检验检测研究院 海口 570203

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*冯晨韵,工程师,研究方向为药品、食品、化妆品微生物检验。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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