Article(id=1156918084859679257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, issueId=1156918076408160985, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753760365929, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753760365929, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753760365929, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753760365929, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156918076408160985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, year='2024', volume='2', issue='10', pageStart='2', pageEnd='170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753760363913, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753785172282, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157022130291434434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, issueId=1156918076408160985, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157022130291434435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, issueId=1156918076408160985, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=15, endPage=20, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156918086256382515, articleId=1156918084859679257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, language=EN, title=Research status and prospects of food contamination detection methods, columnId=1156918077641281985, journalTitle=Laboratory Testing, columnName=Special Topic: Research Papers on International Trade Food Science Research Institute, COFCO Group, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Food contaminants pose a serious challenge to public health and the food industry, and there is an urgent need to develop more advanced detection techniques and updated prevention strategies. Although the traditional culture technology has played an important role in the detection of food contaminants, there are obvious limitations in the detection speed, sensitivity and specificity. With the increasing expansion of global food trade, the growing production scale of food enterprises, and the increasing attention of the public to food safety, food safety has become a hot topic around the world. Food contaminants are mainly divided into chemical and biological categories, including but not limited to pesticide and veterinary drug residues, heavy metal ions, abused food additives, foodborne pathogens and mycotoxins. In recent years, with the rapid development of cutting-edge technologies such as molecular biology technology, biosensors, nanotechnology and advanced imaging technology, these innovative methods are gradually overcoming the limitations of traditional detection methods. This paper discussed the principles, advantages and limitations of these innovative detection technologies in depth, and reviewed the latest research progress in the field of food detection. By comparing different detection methods, this paper aims to provide guidance for selecting suitable detection technology to achieve rapid and accurate detection and analysis of food contaminants.

, correspAuthors=Zhi-Chao WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*WU Zhi-Chao, Master, Engineer, National Non-Staple Food Quality Inspection and Testing Center, International Trade Food Science Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 102209, China. E-mail:
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食品污染物对公共健康和食品工业构成了严峻的挑战,迫切需要开发更为先进的检测技术和更新预防策略。传统的培养技术虽然在食品污染物检测中发挥了重要作用,但在检测速度、灵敏度和特异性方面存在明显的局限性。随着全球食品贸易的日益扩大,食品企业生产规模的不断增长,以及公众对食品安全的日益关注,食品安全问题已成为全球范围内的热点议题。食品污染物主要分为化学性和生物性两大类,包括但不限于农药和兽药残留、重金属离子、滥用食品添加剂、食源性病原体和真菌毒素等。近年来,分子生物学技术、生物传感器、纳米技术和先进成像技术等前沿科技快速发展,正在逐步克服传统检测方法的局限。本文将深入探讨创新检测技术的原理、优势及其局限性,并综述食品检测领域的最新研究进展。通过比较各种检测方法,为选择适合的检测技术提供指导,以实现食品污染物的快速、准确检测分析。

, correspAuthors=武志超, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*武志超,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向:食品质量与安全检测。E-mail:
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杜壮,硕士,主要研究方向:食品质量与安全检测。

武志超,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向:食品质量与安全检测。

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食品污染物检测技术研究现状与展望
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杜壮 1, 2 , 马骏远 1, 2 , 曹高峰 3 , 陈万达 1, 2 , 刘睿璇 1, 2 , 谢雨希 1, 2 , 武志超 1, 2, *
实验室检测 | 中粮集团国贸食品科学研究院专题 2024,2(10): 15-20
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实验室检测 | 中粮集团国贸食品科学研究院专题 2024, 2(10): 15-20
食品污染物检测技术研究现状与展望
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杜壮1, 2, 马骏远1, 2, 曹高峰3, 陈万达1, 2, 刘睿璇1, 2, 谢雨希1, 2, 武志超1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 国家副食品质量检验检测中心,国贸食品科学研究院有限公司 北京 102209
  • 2 营养健康与食品安全北京市重点实验室,中粮营养健康研究院有限公司 北京 102209
  • 3 中粮集团有限公司 质量安全管理部 北京 100020
  • 杜壮,硕士,主要研究方向:食品质量与安全检测。

    武志超,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向:食品质量与安全检测。

通讯作者:

*武志超,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向:食品质量与安全检测。E-mail:
Research status and prospects of food contamination detection methods
Zhuang DU1, 2, Jun-Yuan MA1, 2, Gao-Feng CAO3, Wan-Da GHEN1, 2, Rui-Xuan LIU1, 2, Yu-Xi XIE1, 2, Zhi-Chao WU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 National Non-Staple Food Quality Inspection and Testing Center, International Trade Food Science Research Institute Co., Ltd. Beijing 102209 China
  • 2 Beijing Key Laboratory of Nutrition Health and Food Safety, Nutrition & Health Research Institute, COFCO Corporation Beijing 102209 China
  • 3 Quality and Safety Management Department COFCO Group Co., Ltd. Beijing 100020 China
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食品污染物对公共健康和食品工业构成了严峻的挑战,迫切需要开发更为先进的检测技术和更新预防策略。传统的培养技术虽然在食品污染物检测中发挥了重要作用,但在检测速度、灵敏度和特异性方面存在明显的局限性。随着全球食品贸易的日益扩大,食品企业生产规模的不断增长,以及公众对食品安全的日益关注,食品安全问题已成为全球范围内的热点议题。食品污染物主要分为化学性和生物性两大类,包括但不限于农药和兽药残留、重金属离子、滥用食品添加剂、食源性病原体和真菌毒素等。近年来,分子生物学技术、生物传感器、纳米技术和先进成像技术等前沿科技快速发展,正在逐步克服传统检测方法的局限。本文将深入探讨创新检测技术的原理、优势及其局限性,并综述食品检测领域的最新研究进展。通过比较各种检测方法,为选择适合的检测技术提供指导,以实现食品污染物的快速、准确检测分析。

微生物  /  食品检测  /  快速检测  /  分子生物学

Food contaminants pose a serious challenge to public health and the food industry, and there is an urgent need to develop more advanced detection techniques and updated prevention strategies. Although the traditional culture technology has played an important role in the detection of food contaminants, there are obvious limitations in the detection speed, sensitivity and specificity. With the increasing expansion of global food trade, the growing production scale of food enterprises, and the increasing attention of the public to food safety, food safety has become a hot topic around the world. Food contaminants are mainly divided into chemical and biological categories, including but not limited to pesticide and veterinary drug residues, heavy metal ions, abused food additives, foodborne pathogens and mycotoxins. In recent years, with the rapid development of cutting-edge technologies such as molecular biology technology, biosensors, nanotechnology and advanced imaging technology, these innovative methods are gradually overcoming the limitations of traditional detection methods. This paper discussed the principles, advantages and limitations of these innovative detection technologies in depth, and reviewed the latest research progress in the field of food detection. By comparing different detection methods, this paper aims to provide guidance for selecting suitable detection technology to achieve rapid and accurate detection and analysis of food contaminants.

microorganism  /  food testing  /  quick check  /  molecular biology
杜壮, 马骏远, 曹高峰, 陈万达, 刘睿璇, 谢雨希, 武志超. 食品污染物检测技术研究现状与展望. 实验室检测, 2024 , 2 (10) : 15 -20 .
Zhuang DU, Jun-Yuan MA, Gao-Feng CAO, Wan-Da GHEN, Rui-Xuan LIU, Yu-Xi XIE, Zhi-Chao WU. Research status and prospects of food contamination detection methods[J]. Laboratory Testing, 2024 , 2 (10) : 15 -20 .
随着全球食品贸易的扩展和食品工业生产规模的增长, 加之公众安全意识的提高, 食品安全已成为全球性重大议题, 不仅发达国家,发展中国家同样对此高度关注 [ 1 ] 。食品污染物是引发食品安全问题的主要原因之一, 例如, 某些杀虫剂, 特别是有机氯类, 如二氯二苯基三氯乙烷 (dichlorodiphenyltrichloro ethane, DDT) 及其代谢物 [ 2 ] ,以及重金属离子,它们在超过安全限度时对人类健康构成严重威胁。重金属不仅无法降解,而且能够通过食物链在生物体内累积, 甚至在体内转化为毒性更强的形态,干扰正常的代谢过程 [ 3 ] 。真菌和食源性致病菌代谢产生的毒素对食品安全构成了显著的威胁,在众多真菌毒素中, 脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、玉米赤霉烯酮、 T-2 毒素和伏马菌素 ${\mathrm{B}}_{1}$ 等毒素因潜在的健康风险而备受关注 [ 4 ] 。 Bongkrek 酸 (Bongkrek acid, BA) 是一种由剑兰伯克霍尔德菌 (Burkholderia gladioli pathovar cocovenenans) 产生的毒素, 与椰子和玉米产品紧密相关, 其致命性已在多起食源性疾病爆发中得到证实。尽管在中国、印度尼西亚和莫桑比克等国家和地区, 食源性 BA 中毒事件并不常见,但 2024 年 3 月末,台北一家餐厅突发与 BA 相关的严重食物中毒事件导致多人丧生 [ 5 ] ,这一事件凸显了对食品安全监管的迫切需求。
尽管食品安全检测领域已有多种方法被应用, 但仍面临众多挑战。当前研究正从单一目标检测转向多组分同步测定, 检测方法的发展对于缩短检测时间、简化分析流程、提高检测准确性具有至关重要的作用。因此, 必须加强对食品污染物检测分析的重视, 并根据具体情况开发相应的检测方法。这不仅能够保障食品安全, 还能促进经济发展。针对不同场景选择合适的分析方法具有重要的现实意义。本文将从食品污染物检测的角度出发,分析讨论该领域出现的新技术和新方法, 指出存在的不足, 并提出可深入研究的重点方向, 旨在为食品污染物检测技术的创新提供参考。
食源性疾病的全球流行情况令人瞩目,据估计每年约有 6 亿例病例,导致约 42 万人死亡,占全球年死亡人数的 7.5%。 这一数据凸显了食品污染物对人类健康的严重威胁。因此, 开发出简单、高效、快速且成本低廉的食品污染物检测方法, 对于应对食品安全挑战和维护人类健康至关重要。迄今为止,多种检测技术已被应用于食品污染物的筛选与检测。传统方法, 如原子吸收光谱法、原子发射光谱法、气相色谱法、液相色谱法、 气相色谱 - 质谱法、液相色谱 - 质谱法和高分辨质谱法等,依赖于大型精密仪器。这些方法具有测量结果准确和灵敏度高的特点, 但在实际应用中也存在一些限制, 包括昂贵的设备和耗材成本、严格的操作环境要求, 以及高度依赖操作者的专业技能。 此外, 大型设备的非便携性限制其在现场快速检测分析中的应用。目前, 基于免疫化学的分析方法, 例如酶联免疫吸附测定 (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)、侧流免疫测定和免疫生物传感器, 因其能在非实验室条件下分析大量样品, 被日益广泛地应用于食品污染物检测。然而,与精密仪器方法相比, 此类技术也存在不足之处, 例如 ELISA 操作过程较为烦琐, 而侧流免疫测定的特异性有待提高。因此, 迫切需要开发出既快速又简便、既方便又灵敏的食品污染物检测方法, 并将其应用于不同领域的实际检测中, 以满足食品安全检测的多样化需求。
食源性病原体通过移动遗传元件, 如可自我转移的质粒和接合转座子,获得耐药性,使其对抗生素具有高度抵抗力 [ 7 ] 。 耐药病原体因其强大的耐药性、高感染率和广泛的分布,对人类健康和公共卫生构成了重大威胁。根据世界卫生组织的数据, 耐药微生物的发病率在过去 10 年中已达到高峰 [ 8 ] , 其在食品生产链的各个环节均有发现, 对食品安全监管构成了严峻挑战。为了有效控制耐药食源性病原体的传播并确保食品安全, 开发快速、灵敏且易于解读的诊断技术至关重要。目前,多种方法已被用于快速检测食源性病原体 [ 9 ] 。传统的菌落计数和基于生化识别的培养平板方法是公认的检测金标准 [ 10 ] 。尽管培养平板方法广泛有效,但通常需要 $2 \sim 4\mathrm{\;d}$ 才能得出最终结果,且对不同细菌病原体的敏感性有限。为克服传统方法不足, 一系列食源性病原体快速检测方法应运而生, 包括环介导等温扩增法 (loop-mediated isothermal amplification, LAMP)、逆转录聚合酶链反应(reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, RT-PCR)、酶联荧光法和侧向流动试纸法 [ 11 ] ,基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱法 (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, MALDI-TOF MS) 能够根据其光谱特性区分耐药株和敏感分离株 [ 12 ] 。然而,这类创新技术需要熟练的操作人员和先进的仪器设备, 样品预处理过程复杂, 且 MALDI-TOF MS 对离子化基质有特殊要求, 容易受到交叉污染的影响。尽管新兴技术对于检测食源性病原体至关重要, 但较高的技术要求和硬件配置很大程度限制了其在资源匮乏地区的应用。
当前, 生物传感技术, 包括电化学、比色和荧光传感器, 已成为细菌检测领域的一项创新技术 [ 13 ] 。与传统诊断方法相比, 这类技术以其卓越的灵敏度、准确性、成本效益、低检出限(limit of detection, LOD)、以及操作便捷而脱颖而出 [ 14 ] 。近期,具有自校正和自验证功能的双模式生物传感系统为快速、准确地分析耐药食源性病原体提供了一项新颖的解决方案 [ 15 ] 。这种系统能够同时对生物和化学刺激做出响应, 并产生两个可测量的信号 [ 16 ] 。特别引人注目的是,双模式生物传感系统利用两种不同物理化学信号的检测器,实现对目标物的同步定量测定 [ 17 ] 。双信号工作机制不仅避免了单信号分析中的相互干扰, 而且能够在复杂样本矩阵中减少数据分析波动, 并通过相互验证提高了传感系统的适应性、可靠性和准确性 [ 18 ] 。例如,有研究利用基于铈的配位聚合物纳米颗粒, 将比色和荧光的双重输出信号集成于单一传感器中,显著增强了分析物的诊断功能,并在实际样品基质中展现出卓越的可靠性和抗干扰能力 [ 19 ] 。尽管目前多项研究集中在开发各种传感底物以应用于食源性病原体的检测, 但多模式生物传感系统作为一种新兴技术, 在食源性病原体检测方面的应用尚未得到充分研究。随着对提高细菌检测准确性和灵敏度需求的不断增长, 预计多模式检测技术将迅速发展成为研究领域的热点。
双模式生物传感系统通过 3 种主要的比色/荧光双重响应策略,为细菌检测提供了创新的解决方案 [ 20 - 22 ] 。第一种策略是利用纳米酶和酶为中心的催化反应, 如芬顿反应, 构建比色/ 荧光生物传感器。该方法通过催化显色底物的氧化过程, 实现对目标物的可视化检测。第二种策略结合了荧光材料与等离子体贵金属纳米颗粒,主要是银(Ag)和金(Au),通过与局部表面等离子体共振(localized surface plasmon resonance, LSPR)耦合, 开发出无需标记或具有双模式标记的检测系统 [ 21 ] 。该方法利用了金属纳米颗粒的光学特性, 增强了信号的检测灵敏度。第三种技术侧重于使用荧光探针构建生物传感器, 在此过程中, 酶催化显色底物从无色转变为有色产物,采用ELISA [ 22 ] 。当氧化产物同时具备发光性质时, 可通过两个独立的读出信号识别目标,例如,金属离子在芬顿反应中催化 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ 转化为羟基自由基,进而氧化有机显色化合物,如邻苯二胺(o-phenylenediamine, OPD) [ 23 ] ,从而产生荧光和比色双重信号。2020 年, ZHAO 等人 [ 24 ] 研究发现大肠杆菌能有效将Cu ${}^{2 +}$ 还原为Cu ${}^{+ }$ ,阻断了Cu ${}^{2 +}$ 对 OPD 的氧化过程,导致 OPD 形成 OPDox, 这一变化可通过紫外 - 可见吸收光和荧光强度的减弱来反映大肠杆菌的含量。 此外, 将酶催化反应与内过滤效应相结合, 可制备能够同时产生比色和荧光信号的传感器。在实际应用中, 通过免疫识别, 酶修饰的适体或抗体触发分析物, 经催化显色平台显色, 导致探针荧光信号降低,同时视觉颜色增强,从而建立比色/荧光变化与分析物浓度之间的相关性。2021 年, SUN 等人 [ 25 ] 开发了一种 cDNA 激活的 HRP -上转换纳米颗粒 (upconversion nanoparticle, UCNP) 纳米探针, 该探针结合了荧光团和磁性分离技术, 用于肉类中金黄色葡萄球菌的实时和超灵敏鉴定。
酶衍生的双模式方法通过增强生物信号, 显著提升了研究的可靠性与准确性, 并提高了特异性。然而, 天然酶在食品检测中的应用面临诸多挑战, 包括制备过程复杂、稳定性差、回收困难以及成本较高。随着纳米技术的进步, 具有类酶功能的纳米材料一纳米酶,因其高催化活性、稳定性、成本效益及独特性能而受到广泛关注 [ 26 ] 。纳米酶能够模拟天然酶的催化位点, 催化发光和显色反应, 为食品安全诊断提供了新的策略。如含铂(Pt)、银(Ag)和金(Au)的贵金属纳米颗粒是一类重要的纳米酶。纳米粒子不仅展现出酶活性和 LSPR 等多功能特性,而且能够与生物分子进行简单的相互作用。纳米酶通过载体锚定, 不仅增强了目标物的视觉识别, 而且便于存储和使用。2020 年, OUYANG 等人 [ 27 ] 开发了一种名为 man-PB(甘露糖工程普鲁士蓝)的功能性纳米酶,作为大肠杆菌检测的信号指示剂和识别元件,应用于检测试纸,使其具有超强选择和超快响应的特性。 在比色/荧光系统中, 选择荧光探针至关重要。荧光探针包括有机小分子荧光探针、UCNP、量子点 (quantum dot, QD) 和碳量子点 (carbon quantum dots, CQD)。有机荧光探针由间隔区、 受体和荧光团组成, 通过光诱导电子转移靶向结合产生直接的比色和荧光变化。在双模式系统中, 荧光猝灭是一种常用的机制,通过静态猝灭、动态猝灭或两者结合来实现 [ 28 ] 。此外,荧光增强由于其极小的光学干扰、良好的视觉特性和更高的信噪比,相比荧光猝灭,提供了更高的灵敏度 [ 29 ] ,具有独特吸引力。
猪肉的 DNA 定量检测技术, 因其对分子大小和连接状态的精确识别, 已成为快速、准确获取结果的重要手段。DNA 作为生物遗传信息和特征的存储库, 其特性已被广泛应用于多种 DNA 检测方法, 包括 PCR、生物传感器以及 CRISPR 技术。 CRISPR 技术, 作为一项突破性的基因编辑工具, 以其高度的可编程性和序列特异性, 能够精确地修改 DNA 或 RNA 序列。 CRISPR-Cas 系统, 特别是 CRISPR-Cas12, 已被开发用于猪 DNA 的荧光检测, 无需扩增即可快速识别复杂样品中的靶基因, 展现出在清真食品认证和加工肉制品检测中的高选择性能。所有检测过程均可在 ${37}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的单一试管中完成,大大简化了操作流 [ 30 ] 。CRISPR 系统的高度特异性识别能力,被证实可作为快速、高灵敏度的核酸分析工具 [ 31 ] 。特别是 CRISPR II 型相关的蛋白质, 如 Cas12a 和 Cas13a, 显示出在单链 DNA 中无差别切割的活性, 这不仅快速放大了检测信号, 还显著提高了检测效率 [ 32 ] 。恒温扩增技术的发展进一步证明了核酸检测的高特异性, 确保了检测结果的准确性,并使得检测更为便捷 [ 33 ] 。初步研究已经验证了 CRISPR 技术在肉类认证领域的应用潜力 [ 34 ] 。然而, 目前对于 CRISPR 技术在肉类检测中的完整流程尚未有详尽的说明, 同时在食品掺假鉴别方面的实证研究和应用探索也相对不足。
CRISPR 技术在检测猪 DNA 方面展现出显著优势, 特别是对加工肉制品的识别, 例如香肠和干猪肉片。CRISPR-Cas12a 的核酸检测策略因其快速和高灵敏, 有望被应用于快餐行业的认证过程。通过结合简单的生物传感器技术,可以在 $1\mathrm{\;h}$ 内准确鉴定肉制品中的猪肉成分, 为食品安全监管提供了强有力的工具。此外, CRISPR-Cas12a 检测方法可以与十六烷基三甲基溴化铵技术相结合,以实现高纯度 DNA 样品提取,这对于降低检测的检出限至关重要。该方法不仅满足肉制品检测的高标准要求, 而且结果能够在便携式迷你蓝光透照仪下直接评估, 进一步提高了检测的便捷性和实用性。应用 CRISPR 技术, 不仅提高了食品检测的效率和准确性, 也为食品溯源和质量控制提供了新的解决方案。随着技术的不断进步和优化, 预计 CRISPR 将在食品安全领域扮演越来越重要的角色。
集中检测可能导致时间延迟, 增加消费者和生产企业的成本负担。为提高食品检测效率, 在家庭、包装中心、生产场所等场景中应用一次性传感器显得尤为重要 [ 35 ] 。DNA 检测技术以其简易、快速和精确, 为含猪肉食品的检测提供了有效的解决方案。DNA 的热稳定性和普遍存在于靶生物体所有细胞, 进一步拓宽了其在食品检测中的应用范围。尽管 DNA 类型繁多, 线粒体基因,尤其是细胞色素 $\mathrm{b}\left({\mathrm{{Cyt}}B}\right)$ 基因,因其在系统发育研究中的重要性以及与蛋白质产物功能和结构的相关性, 成为检测猪肉的首选 [ 36 ] 。CytB基因具有在线粒体中多次复制的特性, 即使在 DNA 遭受严重损伤的苛刻加工条件下, 也能提供足够检测所需的DNA [ 37 ] 。不同的检测方法,如 PCR、DNA 条形码、 LAMP、生物传感器和 CRISPR,各有其优缺点。在选择检测工具时, 应综合考虑工具的性能和可用材料。至关重要的是, 所采用的检测方法必须确保结果的准确性, 并能在现场实施, 从而让消费者根据个人饮食习惯做出更安全的消费选择。
CRISPR/Cas9 技术结合核酸扩增,为基因编辑领域带来了革命性进步。Cas9 蛋白作为一种单周转活性的核酸内切酶,在构建高灵敏度生物传感系统中扮演着关键角色。PCR 作为核酸检测的金标准, 以其高灵敏度成为 CRISPR/Cas9 生物传感技术的重要补充。CRISPR/Cas9 的高特异性与 PCR 的高灵敏度相结合, 为开发新型核酸检测方法提供了可能的方向, 该方法有望克服 PCR 技术在特异性方面的限制, 特别是对引物设计的依赖性问题。DEGLI 等人 [ 38 ] 对 CRISPR 分型 PCR (ctPCR) 方法进行了创新升级, 开发了 ctPCR 4.0 版本, 实现了更为高效的一锅法 DNA 检测。在该均相反应系统中, 使用一对 Cas9/sgRNA 复合体切割目标双链 DNA, 释放出具有游离 3 ’末端的单链 DNA, 单链 DNA 随后与特定的寡核苷酸退火, 为下一步 DNA 聚合提供模板。在进行 PCR 扩增时, 使用通用引物能够高效地检测目标 DNA,整个检测过程一步完成。
长期以来, 试纸条作为现场快速检测的理想载体, 已被广泛应用于不同生物样本的检测 [ 39 ] 。纸基侧流检测技术以其操作简便、便携性强、成本低廉, 以及能在几分钟内提供快速检测结果的特点,成为提高 CRISPR/Cas 生物传感器便携性和实用性的关键, 是实现现场快速检测 (point-of-care testing, POCT) 的重要工具之一。传统的侧流试纸条, 通过金纳米粒子和荧光染料的标记, 不仅便于肉眼直接观察检测结果, 还能通过便携式试纸阅读器进行精确分析。QIAN 等人 [ 40 ] 开发了一种基于 CRISPR/Cas 12a 和等温扩增技术的纸基侧流测量平台, 能够对金黄色葡萄球菌进行高度敏感的检测。随着纳米荧光材料的快速发展,量子点在纸基侧流测量中的应用展现出巨大的潜力。 QIAN 等人 [ 41 ] 通过合成量子点修饰的链霉亲和素,构建了一种与 CRISPR/Cas12a 技术结合的荧光增强侧流生物传感器, 该传感器在检测金黄色葡萄球菌时表现出极高的灵敏度和较低的背景干扰。为了进一步提升基于侧流分析 (lateralflowassay, LFA) 的核酸检测的灵敏度和特异性, PANG 等人 [ 42 ] 将超灵敏的表面增强拉曼散射 (surface-enhanced Raman scattering, SERS) 标记与 CRISPR/Cas 12a 的靶特异性信号放大能力相结合,开发了 CRISPR/Cas 12a 介导的 SERS LFA 技术。该技术用于 dsDNA 和单碱基突变的灵敏和直接检测, 其检出限比传统的比色 LFA 方法低近 4 个数量级 [ 43 ] 。该项技术的工作原理是:合成的超灵敏 SERS 标记物被分散在捕获垫上。当样本中缺乏目标分子时, Cas12a 酶保持非活性状态,无法切割结合有生物素 -DNA- 地高辛的探针,探针携带 SERS 标签,在通过结合垫时,会被 T 线处的链霉亲和素捕获;一旦样本中存在目标分子, Cas12a 酶将被激活, 通过反式切割作用, 使生物素 -DNA- 地高辛探针断裂, 从而阻止 SERS 标签与 T 线的链霉亲和素结合, 导致 SERS 信号减弱和比色信号褪色。
结合 CRISPR/Cas 系统与纸张基质的侧向流动检测技术, 不仅易于操作, 成本低廉, 而且具备检测核酸和非核酸污染物的能力, 尤其适用于资源受限或缺少实验室设施的环境, 展现出其独特的应用优势。
自问世以来, CRISPR 技术在探索其机制和应用方面取得了显著成就, 已经成为新一代的代表性生物技术。与传统检测方法相比, CRISPR 技术在灵敏度和准确性上达到了优异的平衡, 表现出卓越的检测性能。通过将 CRISPR 的简便组装特性与微流控系统集成, 不仅能有效应对 CRISPR 技术所面临的挑战, 而且促进了快速、集成化、多通道和高通量核酸检测技术的发展。展望未来, 随着对 tracrRNA 和 Cas 蛋白工程化改造的不断进步, 开发灵敏度更高、特异性更强、功能更全面的生物传感器变得更加可行。尽管检测非核酸分析物一直是 CRISPR 传感分析的主要难题, 但探索新的信号转换策略有望成为该领域的新兴研究焦点。CRISPR 技术的检测手段与现有仪器的结合, 如自动 PCR 或 LAMP 的商业化设备, 预示着自动化和商业化的重大突破。此外, 将 CRISPR 技术与便携式微流控设备相结合, 有望大幅提升 POCT 检测的可靠性和便捷性。在未来的发展中, 预计 CRISPR 驱动的生物传感器将通过跨学科合作和多技术融合的创新途径, 不断提升性能, 以满足公共卫生、疾病预防、食品安全以及环境监测等领域的需求。新型 CRISPR 生物传感器正受到越来越多的关注, 其潜在的应用场景和可扩展空间亟待进一步的探索。
在基于 CRISPR/Cas 的生物传感领域, 已经开发出多种创新方法, 包括高灵敏度的特异性酶报告子技术 un-LOCKing [SHERIDAR] [ 44 ] 、靶向 DNA 内切酶的 CRISPR 反式报告子技术 [DETECTR] [ 45 ] 、快速低成本的多用途系统 ${\left\lbrack \text{HOLMES}\right\rbrack }$[46] ,以及 Cas 14-DETECTR [ 47 ] ,展示了CRISPR/Cas 系统在生物传感应用中的创新性和多样性。作为分子生物学的关键技术之一, 核酸扩增技术在分子诊断中占据着经典地位。将 CRISPR/Cas 系统与核酸扩增技术相结合,不仅显著提高了检测的灵敏度、特异性和速度,还实现了对 RNA 或 DNA 靶标的单分子水平检测 [ 48 ] 。 此外, 通过整合功能性核酸适体、结构性转录因子和其他生物识别元件, CRISPR/Cas 系统能够将非核酸分子信号转化为核酸信号,从而极大地扩展了其应用范围 [ 49 ] 。目前,基于 CRISPR/ Cas 的生物传感方法能够检测包括核酸 [ 50 ] 、生物标志物 [ 51 ] 、细菌 [ 52 ] 、小分子 [ 53 ] 和金属离子 [ 54 ] 在内的多种靶标。这些技术的持续发展和完善, 预示着 CRISPR/Cas 系统在生物传感领域具有广阔的应用前景和巨大的潜力。
食品污染物的检测分析是确保食品安全的关键环节, 它能够揭示食品生产和流通过程中的潜在问题 [ 55 ] 。选择适合不同场景的分析方法, 不仅具有实际应用价值, 更是食品安全监管的现实需求。本文综述了近年来在食品污染物传感分析领域的研究进展, 依据测试原理和输出信号的差异, 将现有方法分为 5 大类别:比色法、荧光法、电化学法、核酸扩增法以及其他创新分析技术。本文深入探讨了方法的工作原理,并重点评价了在食品污染物检测策略和最新研究中的应用情况。报道的方法能够覆盖从水果、牛奶到海鲜等多种食品样本的污染物检测, 为食品安全分析提供了有力的技术支持。尽管现有的检测技术在食品安全领域已有广泛应用, 但仍面临诸多挑战。食品中存在的多种干扰物质可能影响识别分子与目标分子之间的特异性相互作用, 甚至导致假阳性结果的发生。
展望未来, 开发针对复杂食品样本的新型前处理方法, 对于提高检测技术的适用性和准确性至关重要。核酸扩增技术, 尤其是等温扩增技术, 在病原微生物的快速检测中显示出其独特的优势, 不仅能够实现简单、快速的高通量和多重检测, 而且在灵敏度和特异性方面超越了传统方法 [ 56 ] 。尽管 PCR 技术在病原微生物检测中仍占有一席之地, 但等温扩增技术有望在设备依赖性和检测时间上提供更优的解决方案。因此, 探索等温核酸扩增技术在快速现场检测和全自动化集成检测中的应用, 将是未来研究的重要方向。材料的性能是决定检测方法灵敏度和稳定性的关键因素。开发具有高稳定性、强信号输出和多功能性的新型材料, 尤其是在绿色合成方法中, 对于提高检测技术的性能至关重要。此外, 现代食品污染物检测技术正从单一目标检测向多组分分析转变。发展高通量检测技术对于缩短检测周期、简化分析流程具有显著意义。将机器学习技术整合到检测策略中, 利用数据驱动的人工智能模型, 预示着食品污染检测技术未来发展的新趋势 [ 57 ]
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    1 国家副食品质量检验检测中心,国贸食品科学研究院有限公司 北京 102209
    2 营养健康与食品安全北京市重点实验室,中粮营养健康研究院有限公司 北京 102209
    3 中粮集团有限公司 质量安全管理部 北京 100020

通讯作者:

*武志超,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向:食品质量与安全检测。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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