Article(id=1156911430248260386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, issueId=1156911423029863120, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753758779345, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753758779345, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753758779345, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753758779345, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156911423029863120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, year='2024', volume='2', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='168', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753758777625, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753785186254, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157022188915216503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, issueId=1156911423029863120, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157022188915216504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, issueId=1156911423029863120, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=147, endPage=152, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156911431204561713, articleId=1156911430248260386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, language=EN, title=Effects of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin residues in shrimp subjected to heat processes, columnId=1156641066674676444, journalTitle=Laboratory Testing, columnName=Evaluation and Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the effects of enrofloxacin andciprofloxacin residues in hot processed shrimp and to provide referencefor dietary risk assessment. Methods The shrimp (Penaeus indicus) afterdrug administration was selected as raw material, and a detection methodbased on RP-HPLC-FLD was established. The shrimp was processed by twohot processing methods: boiling and drying. The effects of water-shrimpratio (proportion of water to shrimp), boil holding time, dryingtemperature and drying time on residual concentrations of enrofloxacinand ciprofloxacin in shrimp were evaluated. Results During the boilingprocess, the residual concentrations of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacinin shrimp decreased with the increase of water-to-shrimp ratio andboiling retention time, and the residual concentrations reached theminimum when the water-to-shrimp ratio was 5 . Under this condition, theeffect on the residual concentrations was significantly reduced afterthe boiling retention time reached ${20}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ . During the dryingprocess, the residual concentrations of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacinincreased with increasing drying temperature and remained basicallyunchanged between 150 and ${180}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ . When thedrying temperature was set at ${150}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ , the residualconcentration increased with the increase of drying time and remainedbasically unchanged between 5 and 8 min. Studies have shown that boilingcan significantly reduce the residual concentrations of enrofloxacin andciprofloxacin in shrimp, while drying can cause the residualconcentrations to increase on the basis of boiling. The overallprocessing factor of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin was less than 1 ,indicating that the residual concentrations of enrofloxacin andciprofloxacin in dried shrimp were lower than those in raw shrimp. Conclusion The study in this paper can help processing enterprises orquality supervision departments to effectively evaluate the impact ofantibiotic residues in hot processing shrimp, and put forward relevantsuggestions on food safety.

, correspAuthors=Tao TANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*TANG Tao, Ph.D, Associate Researcher, Institute of Agricultural Product Quality, Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China. E-mail:
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目的 探究热加工对虾中恩诺沙星和环丙沙星残留的影响,为膳食风险评估提供参考。方法 实验选取了给药后的虾(印度对虾)为原料,建立一种基于反相-高效液相色谱和荧光检测器(Reverse-phase High-performance LiquidChromatography with Fluorescence Detector, RP-HPLC-FLD)的检测方法,虾经水煮、烘干 2 种热加工方式处理,评估水虾比(水与虾的比重)、煮沸保持时间、烘干温度和烘干时间等因素对虾中恩诺沙星和环丙沙星残留浓度的影响。结果水煮过程中,水虾比、煮沸保持时间升高均会使虾中恩诺沙星和环丙沙星的残留浓度降低,当水虾比为 5 时可使残留浓度达到最小,在此条件下,煮沸保持时间在达到 ${20}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 之后,对残留浓度的影响明显降低。烘干过程中,恩诺沙星和环丙沙星的残留浓度随着烘干温度升高而升高,并在150~180 ${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 之间基本保持不变。当烘干温度设定为 ${150}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,残留浓度随着烘干时间的增加而增加,并在 $5\sim 8\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 之间基本保持不变。研究表明,水煮可显著降低虾中恩诺沙星和环丙沙星残留浓度,而烘干则会导致残留浓度在水煮的基础上增加。从整个热加工处理过程看,恩诺沙星和环丙沙星的总体加工因子小于 1 ,说明干虾中恩诺沙星和环丙沙星的残留浓度低于生虾。结论本文的研究可以帮助加工企业或质量监督部门有效评估热加工处理对虾中抗生素残留的影响,并以此提出食品安全相关建议。

, correspAuthors=汤涛, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*汤涛,博士,副研究员,主要研究方向:农产品质量安全研究。E-mail:
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陈凯,硕士,兽医师,主要研究方向:兽药、饲料和畜产品质量安全研究。

汤涛,博士,副研究员,主要研究方向:农产品质量安全研究。

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J Food Process Preserv , 2016 . 40 ( 01 ): 76 - 82 ., articleTitle=Impact of various processing techniques on dissipation behavior of antibiotic residues in poultry meat, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1156911472388432519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156911430248260386, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=64, issue=Supplement 2, pageStart=S225, pageEnd=S231, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=13, authorNames=HUSSEIN M A, AHMED M M, MORSHEDY A M, journalName=Jpn J Vet Res, refType=null, unstructuredReference= HUSSEIN M A , AHMED M M , MORSHEDY A M . Effect of cooking methods on some antibiotic residues in chicken meat [J]. Jpn J Vet Res , 2016 . 64 ( Supplement 2 ): S225 - S231 ., articleTitle=Effect of cooking methods on some antibiotic residues in chicken meat, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1156911472438764168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156911430248260386, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=24, issue=09, pageStart=935, pageEnd=942, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=14, authorNames=COOPER K M, KENNEDY D G, journalName=Food Addi Contam, refType=null, unstructuredReference= COOPER K M , KENNEDY D G . Stability studies of the metabolites of nitrofuran antibiotics during storage and cooking [J]. Food Addi Contam , 2007 . 24 ( 09 ): 935 - 942 ., articleTitle=Stability studies of the metabolites of nitrofuran antibiotics during storage and cooking, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1156911465404916194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156911430248260386, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1156911465413304803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156911430248260386, companyId=1156911465404916194, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Zhejiang Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Feed Supervision Zhejiang Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention Hangzhou 311199 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1156911465421693412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156911430248260386, companyId=1156911465404916194, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 浙江省动物疫病预防控制中心 浙江省兽药饲料监察所 杭州 311199)]), AuthorCompany(id=1156911465501385191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156911430248260386, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1156911465509773800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156911430248260386, companyId=1156911465501385191, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Institute of Agricultural Product Quality, Safety and Nutrition Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Hangzhou 310021 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1156911465518162409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156911430248260386, companyId=1156911465501385191, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 浙江省农业科学院 农产品质量安全与营养研究所 杭州 310021)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1156911470270308958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156911430248260386, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=The picture of heat processes of shrimp, figureFileSmall=KEfivIkUiw2VUVEXPiTCkw==, figureFileBig=o2Z179FrAOYPYixg9tczzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156911470329029216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156911430248260386, language=CN, label=图 1, caption=虾的热加工过程, figureFileSmall=KEfivIkUiw2VUVEXPiTCkw==, figureFileBig=o2Z179FrAOYPYixg9tczzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156911470387749474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156911430248260386, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=A shrimp; B shrimp spiked with ${0.5\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{g}$ of standard ciprofloxacin; $\mathrm{C}$ shrimp spiked with ${0.5\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{g}$ of standard enrofloxacin, figureFileSmall=0RKwAgl5eC+HPjD55P68EQ==, figureFileBig=BfSYgZM+vWaLbGmYJoT/TA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156911470450664036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156911430248260386, language=CN, label=图 2, caption=A 空白虾样品;B 加入 ${0.5\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{g}$ 环丙沙星标准品;C 加入 ${0.5\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{g}$ 恩诺沙星标准品, figureFileSmall=0RKwAgl5eC+HPjD55P68EQ==, figureFileBig=BfSYgZM+vWaLbGmYJoT/TA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156911470505189990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156911430248260386, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Effects of different ratios of water on enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin residues in shrimp, figureFileSmall=JV+3HxKc29iVFUl1xKCT7Q==, figureFileBig=mTawieRWkuohv9sy2pu1pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156911470580687464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156911430248260386, language=CN, label=图 3, caption=不同水虾比对恩诺沙星和环丙沙星残留量的影响, figureFileSmall=JV+3HxKc29iVFUl1xKCT7Q==, figureFileBig=mTawieRWkuohv9sy2pu1pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156911470635213418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156911430248260386, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Effects of different boiled time on enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin residues in shrimp, figureFileSmall=E2tODwd0o1+Zn1A7hiROug==, figureFileBig=RFpVhLy1P/hKWhjuM3iB3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156911470702322284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156911430248260386, language=CN, label=图 4, caption=不同煮沸保持时间对恩诺沙星和环丙沙星残留量的影响, figureFileSmall=E2tODwd0o1+Zn1A7hiROug==, figureFileBig=RFpVhLy1P/hKWhjuM3iB3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156911470782014062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156911430248260386, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Linear calibration ranges, regression equations, limits of detection, limits of quantification of the analytes, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化学名 保留时间(min) 线性范围 $\left({\mu \mathrm{g}/\mathrm{{mL}}}\right)$ 回归方程式 相关系数 ${r}^{2}$ 检测限(μg/g) 定量限 $\left({\mu \mathrm{g}/\mathrm{g}}\right)$
恩诺沙星 12.78 ${0.02}\sim {10.00}$ $Y ={22424X}- {20611}$ 0.9992 0.005 0.05
环丙沙星 9.24 ${0.02}\sim {10.00}$ $Y ={16240X}- {18701}$ 0.9998 0.001 0.05
), ArticleFig(id=1156911470874288752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156911430248260386, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=线性范围、回归方程式、检测限和定量限, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化学名 保留时间(min) 线性范围 $\left({\mu \mathrm{g}/\mathrm{{mL}}}\right)$ 回归方程式 相关系数 ${r}^{2}$ 检测限(μg/g) 定量限 $\left({\mu \mathrm{g}/\mathrm{g}}\right)$
恩诺沙星 12.78 ${0.02}\sim {10.00}$ $Y ={22424X}- {20611}$ 0.9992 0.005 0.05
环丙沙星 9.24 ${0.02}\sim {10.00}$ $Y ={16240X}- {18701}$ 0.9998 0.001 0.05
), ArticleFig(id=1156911470941397618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156911430248260386, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Average recoveries of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin from shrimp samples, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化学名 生虾 煮虾 干虾
添加量 (μg/g) 检测量 (μg/g) 平均回收率 $\pm \operatorname{RSD}\left(\%\right)$ 添加量 (μg/g) 检测量 (μg/g) 平均回收率 $\pm \operatorname{RSD}\left(\%\right)$ 添加量 (μg/g) 检测量 (μg/g) 平均回收率 $\pm \operatorname{RSD}\left(\%\right)$
恩诺沙星 0 <0.005 - - <0.005 - - <0.005 -
0.05 0.039 ${78.00}\pm {5.43}$ 0.05 0.038 ${76.00}\pm {4.58}$ 0.05 0.038 ${76.00}\pm {2.36}$
0.50 0.41 ${82.00}\pm {2.48}$ 0.50 0.40 ${80.00}\pm {3.76}$ 0.50 0.39 ${78.00}\pm {5.22}$
5.00 3.88 ${77.60}\pm {4.56}$ 5.00 3.92 ${78.00}\pm {4.14}$ 5.00 4.05 ${81.00}\pm {3.38}$
环丙沙星 0 <0.001 - - <0.001 - - <0.001 -
0.05 0.035 ${70.00}\pm {5.56}$ 0.05 0.034 ${68.00}\pm {2.14}$ 0.05 0.037 ${74.00}\pm {4.58}$
0.50 0.37 ${74.00}\pm {6.82}$ 0.50 0.38 ${76.00}\pm {2.85}$ 0.50 0.40 ${80.00}\pm {3.72}$
5.00 3.66 ${73.20}\pm {3.96}$ 5.00 3.84 ${76.80}\pm {4.98}$ 5.00 3.79 ${75.80}\pm {6.16}$
), ArticleFig(id=1156911471021089396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156911430248260386, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=虾样品中恩诺沙星和环丙沙星的平均回收率, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化学名 生虾 煮虾 干虾
添加量 (μg/g) 检测量 (μg/g) 平均回收率 $\pm \operatorname{RSD}\left(\%\right)$ 添加量 (μg/g) 检测量 (μg/g) 平均回收率 $\pm \operatorname{RSD}\left(\%\right)$ 添加量 (μg/g) 检测量 (μg/g) 平均回收率 $\pm \operatorname{RSD}\left(\%\right)$
恩诺沙星 0 <0.005 - - <0.005 - - <0.005 -
0.05 0.039 ${78.00}\pm {5.43}$ 0.05 0.038 ${76.00}\pm {4.58}$ 0.05 0.038 ${76.00}\pm {2.36}$
0.50 0.41 ${82.00}\pm {2.48}$ 0.50 0.40 ${80.00}\pm {3.76}$ 0.50 0.39 ${78.00}\pm {5.22}$
5.00 3.88 ${77.60}\pm {4.56}$ 5.00 3.92 ${78.00}\pm {4.14}$ 5.00 4.05 ${81.00}\pm {3.38}$
环丙沙星 0 <0.001 - - <0.001 - - <0.001 -
0.05 0.035 ${70.00}\pm {5.56}$ 0.05 0.034 ${68.00}\pm {2.14}$ 0.05 0.037 ${74.00}\pm {4.58}$
0.50 0.37 ${74.00}\pm {6.82}$ 0.50 0.38 ${76.00}\pm {2.85}$ 0.50 0.40 ${80.00}\pm {3.72}$
5.00 3.66 ${73.20}\pm {3.96}$ 5.00 3.84 ${76.80}\pm {4.98}$ 5.00 3.79 ${75.80}\pm {6.16}$
), ArticleFig(id=1156911471104975478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156911430248260386, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Effect of roast temperature and time on residues of analytes in shrimp, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化学名 烘干温度 $\left({{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$ 烘干时间(min)
120 150 180 3 5 8
环丙沙星 ${0.78}\pm {0.16}$ ${0.99}\pm {0.11}$ ${1.02}\pm {0.37}$ ${0.82}\pm {0.16}$ ${0.98}\pm {0.26}$ ${0.98}\pm {0.34}$
恩诺沙星 ${1.14}\pm {0.21}$ ${1.36}\pm {0.15}$ ${1.38}\pm {0.26}$ ${1.18}\pm {0.24}$ ${1.36}\pm {0.18}$ ${1.37}\pm {0.19}$
), ArticleFig(id=1156911471176278647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156911430248260386, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=烘干温度和烘干时间对残留量的影响, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化学名 烘干温度 $\left({{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$ 烘干时间(min)
120 150 180 3 5 8
环丙沙星 ${0.78}\pm {0.16}$ ${0.99}\pm {0.11}$ ${1.02}\pm {0.37}$ ${0.82}\pm {0.16}$ ${0.98}\pm {0.26}$ ${0.98}\pm {0.34}$
恩诺沙星 ${1.14}\pm {0.21}$ ${1.36}\pm {0.15}$ ${1.38}\pm {0.26}$ ${1.18}\pm {0.24}$ ${1.36}\pm {0.18}$ ${1.37}\pm {0.19}$
), ArticleFig(id=1156911471243387512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156911430248260386, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=PFs of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in shrimp samples, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化学名 平均加工因子 $\pm \mathrm{{SD}}$
水煮 水虾比为 5 / 时间 (20 min) 烘干 温度 $\left({{150}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$/时间(5min) 总体加工因子 PFs
恩诺沙星 ${0.59}\pm {0.16}$ ${1.43}\pm {0.14}$ ${0.84}\pm {0.22}$
环丙沙星 ${0.53}\pm {0.19}$ ${1.52}\pm {0.12}$ ${0.81}\pm {0.15}$
), ArticleFig(id=1156911471306302073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156911430248260386, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=虾中恩诺沙星和环丙沙星加工因子, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化学名 平均加工因子 $\pm \mathrm{{SD}}$
水煮 水虾比为 5 / 时间 (20 min) 烘干 温度 $\left({{150}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$/时间(5min) 总体加工因子 PFs
恩诺沙星 ${0.59}\pm {0.16}$ ${1.43}\pm {0.14}$ ${0.84}\pm {0.22}$
环丙沙星 ${0.53}\pm {0.19}$ ${1.52}\pm {0.12}$ ${0.81}\pm {0.15}$
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热加工对虾中恩诺沙星和环丙沙星残留的影响
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陈凯 1 , 汤涛 2, * , 侯轩 1 , 张春荣 2 , 裘丞军 1
实验室检测 | 评价与分析 2024,2(9): 147-152
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实验室检测 | 评价与分析 2024, 2(9): 147-152
热加工对虾中恩诺沙星和环丙沙星残留的影响
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陈凯1, 汤涛2, * , 侯轩1, 张春荣2, 裘丞军1
作者信息
  • 1 浙江省动物疫病预防控制中心 浙江省兽药饲料监察所 杭州 311199
  • 2 浙江省农业科学院 农产品质量安全与营养研究所 杭州 310021
  • 陈凯,硕士,兽医师,主要研究方向:兽药、饲料和畜产品质量安全研究。

    汤涛,博士,副研究员,主要研究方向:农产品质量安全研究。

通讯作者:

*汤涛,博士,副研究员,主要研究方向:农产品质量安全研究。E-mail:
Effects of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin residues in shrimp subjected to heat processes
Kai CHEN1, Tao TANG2, * , Xuan HOU1, Chun-Rong ZHANG2, Cheng-Jun QIU1
Affiliations
  • 1 Zhejiang Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Feed Supervision Zhejiang Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention Hangzhou 311199 China
  • 2 Institute of Agricultural Product Quality, Safety and Nutrition Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Hangzhou 310021 China
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目的 探究热加工对虾中恩诺沙星和环丙沙星残留的影响,为膳食风险评估提供参考。方法 实验选取了给药后的虾(印度对虾)为原料,建立一种基于反相-高效液相色谱和荧光检测器(Reverse-phase High-performance LiquidChromatography with Fluorescence Detector, RP-HPLC-FLD)的检测方法,虾经水煮、烘干 2 种热加工方式处理,评估水虾比(水与虾的比重)、煮沸保持时间、烘干温度和烘干时间等因素对虾中恩诺沙星和环丙沙星残留浓度的影响。结果水煮过程中,水虾比、煮沸保持时间升高均会使虾中恩诺沙星和环丙沙星的残留浓度降低,当水虾比为 5 时可使残留浓度达到最小,在此条件下,煮沸保持时间在达到 ${20}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 之后,对残留浓度的影响明显降低。烘干过程中,恩诺沙星和环丙沙星的残留浓度随着烘干温度升高而升高,并在150~180 ${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 之间基本保持不变。当烘干温度设定为 ${150}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,残留浓度随着烘干时间的增加而增加,并在 $5\sim 8\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 之间基本保持不变。研究表明,水煮可显著降低虾中恩诺沙星和环丙沙星残留浓度,而烘干则会导致残留浓度在水煮的基础上增加。从整个热加工处理过程看,恩诺沙星和环丙沙星的总体加工因子小于 1 ,说明干虾中恩诺沙星和环丙沙星的残留浓度低于生虾。结论本文的研究可以帮助加工企业或质量监督部门有效评估热加工处理对虾中抗生素残留的影响,并以此提出食品安全相关建议。

虾  /  恩诺沙星  /  环丙沙星  /  残留  /  热加工

Objective To investigate the effects of enrofloxacin andciprofloxacin residues in hot processed shrimp and to provide referencefor dietary risk assessment. Methods The shrimp (Penaeus indicus) afterdrug administration was selected as raw material, and a detection methodbased on RP-HPLC-FLD was established. The shrimp was processed by twohot processing methods: boiling and drying. The effects of water-shrimpratio (proportion of water to shrimp), boil holding time, dryingtemperature and drying time on residual concentrations of enrofloxacinand ciprofloxacin in shrimp were evaluated. Results During the boilingprocess, the residual concentrations of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacinin shrimp decreased with the increase of water-to-shrimp ratio andboiling retention time, and the residual concentrations reached theminimum when the water-to-shrimp ratio was 5 . Under this condition, theeffect on the residual concentrations was significantly reduced afterthe boiling retention time reached ${20}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ . During the dryingprocess, the residual concentrations of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacinincreased with increasing drying temperature and remained basicallyunchanged between 150 and ${180}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ . When thedrying temperature was set at ${150}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ , the residualconcentration increased with the increase of drying time and remainedbasically unchanged between 5 and 8 min. Studies have shown that boilingcan significantly reduce the residual concentrations of enrofloxacin andciprofloxacin in shrimp, while drying can cause the residualconcentrations to increase on the basis of boiling. The overallprocessing factor of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin was less than 1 ,indicating that the residual concentrations of enrofloxacin andciprofloxacin in dried shrimp were lower than those in raw shrimp. Conclusion The study in this paper can help processing enterprises orquality supervision departments to effectively evaluate the impact ofantibiotic residues in hot processing shrimp, and put forward relevantsuggestions on food safety.

shrimp  /  enrofloxacin  /  ciprofloxacin  /  residue  /  heat processes
陈凯, 汤涛, 侯轩, 张春荣, 裘丞军. 热加工对虾中恩诺沙星和环丙沙星残留的影响. 实验室检测, 2024 , 2 (9) : 147 -152 .
Kai CHEN, Tao TANG, Xuan HOU, Chun-Rong ZHANG, Cheng-Jun QIU. Effects of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin residues in shrimp subjected to heat processes[J]. Laboratory Testing, 2024 , 2 (9) : 147 -152 .
恩诺沙星和环丙沙星均属于氟喹诺酮类抗生素, 被广泛用于水产养殖中细菌性疾病的预防和治疗,对革兰氏阳性菌、阴性菌和支原体感染均非常有效。因此, 恩诺沙星和环丙沙星在水产养殖中使用非常普遍,并且存在过度使用的现象 [ 1 ] 。由于过量的恩诺沙星和环丙沙星对人体有害, 欧盟规定了水生动物可食组织中恩诺沙星和环丙沙星最大残留限量 (maximum residue limit, MRL) 为 ${100\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ 。虾(印度对虾)是脂肪含量较低的优质蛋白来源, 在中国、越南、印度尼西亚、印度和孟加拉国等地非常受欢迎, 近年来需求的持续增长促进了中国和其他亚洲国家对虾养殖业的不断扩张 [ 2 ] 。但是,虾在高密度养殖过程中极易受到细菌感染而死亡, 因此, 抗生素的使用量也随着虾产量的不断增长而增加, 恩诺沙星和环丙沙星就是其中最常用的两种抗生素。近年来, 虾产品中经常可以检测到恩诺沙星和环丙沙星的残留。这些药物在生物体内不易被降解, 从而给消费者的健康带来风险 [ 3 ]
在实际生活中, 人们通常不会食用生虾, 而是在食用前对虾进行不同程度的加热处理。因此, 探讨药物在虾加工过程中的变化非常有必要。目前, 关于虾热加工处理对恩诺沙星和环丙沙星残留量的影响研究较少。
对于水产品中恩诺沙星和环丙沙星残留量的检测方法主要有高效液相色谱法 [ 4 - 5 ] 和高效液相色谱-质谱联用法 [ 6 - 7 ] 。本文基于反相 - 高效液相色谱和荧光检测器(Reverse-phase High-performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detector, RP-HPLC-FLD), 建立了一种能灵敏测定虾中恩诺沙星和环丙沙星残留量的方法。并通过该方法研究了不同的热加工处理方法对虾中恩诺沙星和环丙沙星残留量的影响。所得结果为通过加热方式减少虾中恩诺沙星和环丙沙星残留, 以及为完善膳食风险评估提供了参考依据。
1260 反相 - 高效液相色谱仪 (美国 Agilent 公司); 1260 荧光检测器(美国 Agilent 公司);Kromasil ODS-C18R-201,色谱柱 $({250}\mathrm{\;{mm}}\times {4.6}\mathrm{\;{mm}},{5\mu }\mathrm{m}$ ,荷兰 AkzoNobel 公司); Kromasil Easyguard C18-6201 保护柱 (荷兰 AkzoNobel 公司); 旋转蒸发仪 (上海申胜生物技术有限公司);NMSG-12 机械振荡器(泰州诺米医疗科技有限公司);AB104-S 电子天平 (0.1mg,瑞士 Mettler Toledo 公司);Sigma 3-18k 冷冻离心机 (德国 SIGMA 公司)。
恩诺沙星和盐酸环丙沙星标准品 (纯度 $\geq {99.0}\%$ , Sigma 公司);恩诺沙星样品和盐酸环丙沙星样品(纯度 $\geq {98.0}\%$ ,浙江省农业科学院畜牧兽医研究所);乙酸、四丁基溴化铵和无水硫酸钠(分析纯,国药集团化学试剂有限公司);乙腈和正己烷(色谱纯, Fisher Scientific 公司); 超纯水在实验室中使用电阻率大于 ${18.2}\mathrm{M}\Omega$ 的 Milli-Q 水纯化系统获得,用于样品溶液和流动相的制备;恩诺沙星和环丙沙星储备溶液 $\left({{100\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{{mL}}}\right)$ 分别使用超纯水制备,并在 ${4}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 下避光储存,工作溶液均当天制备。
色谱柱为(Kromasil ODS-C18)与保护柱(Kromasil Easyguard C18-6201)连接,流动相为乙腈 - 0.01 mol/L 四丁基溴化铵溶液 $\left({5/{95}, V/V}\right)$ ,流速为 $1\mathrm{\;{mL}}/\mathrm{{min}}$ ,进样量为 ${20\mu }\mathrm{L}$ , 柱温为 ${40}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,激发波长和发射波长分别为 ${280}\mathrm{\;{nm}}$${450}\mathrm{\;{nm}}$ , 数据收集和分析使用岛津色谱工作站。
虾购自悦腾水产养殖有限公司 (杭州),每只体重 $8\mathrm{\;g}$${10}\mathrm{\;g}$ 不等,生长情况良好无死虾,并在实验环境中驯化 $2\mathrm{\;d}$ 。驯化后,将约 $3\mathrm{\;{kg}}$ 的虾按数量随机分成三组,分别放入装有 ${20}\mathrm{\;L}$ 水的桶中。将恩诺沙星和环丙沙星粉末分别加入其中两个桶并保持浓度在 ${20\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{{mL}}$ 左右,第三个桶作为空白对照组不加药物。 给药 $3\mathrm{\;d}$ 后收集虾并用蒸馏水冲洗后处理。
一般来说, 虾的加工过程包括水煮和烘干两个步骤, 如 图 1 所示。本文选择不同水虾比 (水与虾的比重), 煮沸并保持 ${100}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的时间分别为 ${10}\text{、}{20}$${30}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ ,并通过烘箱将煮熟的虾烘干,烘干选择在不同温度(120°C、150°C、180°C)和时间(3、 5、8 min)条件下进行。
虾样品在 ${250}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 聚四氟乙烯管中匀浆。称取 $\left({5 \pm {0.05}}\right)\mathrm{g}$ 样品于 ${50}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 聚四氟乙烯管中,加入乙腈 ${20}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ ,振荡 $1\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 。加入 ${10}\mathrm{\;g}$ 无水硫酸钠,并在机械振荡器上振荡 $5\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 后,3000 r/min 离心,收集全部上清液,残渣按上述步骤再次提取。将上清液合并转移到装有 ${20}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 正己烷的分液漏斗中, 摇动 $5\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 以除去脂质,将乙腈溶液收集至圆底烧瓶,经旋转蒸发仪 ${45}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 下旋干。残留物用 $1\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 流动相复溶,用于 $\mathrm{{HPLC}}$ 分析。
实验结果均取五次重复的平均值 ± 标准偏差 (standard deviation, SD), 数据使用 SPSS base 12.0 软件计算统计。
通过分别测定空白虾样品和加标样品来验证该方法的有效性, 所得色谱图见 图 2 。空白虾样品色谱图未检测到特征峰, 而加标样品中恩诺沙星和环丙沙星的特征峰分离良好且对称, 说明该方法能有效排除基质干扰,特异性明显。
通过检测不同浓度的基质匹配溶液来构建校准曲线, 用以检查该方法的线性。样品均经过相同的提取、净化程序处理, 空白基质配制成 0.02、0.05、0.10、0.50、1.00、5.00、10.00 μg/mL 的基质匹配标准溶液。线性范围、回归方程式、相关系数 $\left({r}^{2}\right)$ 和检测限(limit of detection, LOD, 以 10 倍信噪比计)、定量限(limit of quantification, LOQ, 以最低档添加浓度计) 见 表 1 。结果显示, 校准曲线在检测范围内呈现出良好的线性关系, 相关系数大于 0.999。
为评估该方法的可靠性, 在 3 个不同浓度添加水平下进行添加回收实验, 每个浓度设 5 个平行, 重复 3 次, 结果见 表 2 。 从 表 2 中看出, 恩诺沙星和环丙沙星的平均回收率为 68.0% 至 82.0%,相对标准偏差 (relative standard deviation, RSD) 在 2.14%~6.82% 之间,说明所建方法的准确度和精密度较好,可用于实验样品的测定。
热加工处理过程包括水煮、烘干两个阶段, 过程中影响恩诺沙星和环丙沙星残留量的因素很多, 如水虾比、煮沸保持时间、烘干温度和时间等。
虾中恩诺沙星和环丙沙星的初始浓度分别为 ${1.6}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{{kg}}$${1.2}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ 。为了研究水煮过程中水与虾比例的影响,将不同质量的虾加入相同质量的水中, 试验结果见 图 3 。由图中看出, 水虾比对虾中恩诺沙星和环丙沙星的残留量有相当程度影响。当水与虾的比例从 2 增加到 5 时, 恩诺沙星和环丙沙星的残留量逐渐减少, 并在 5 到 6 之间保持不变。因此, 可以得出, 当水与虾的比例为 5 时, 可使虾中恩诺沙星和环丙沙星的残留量达到最小。
煮沸保持时间也是加工过程中的一个关键参数。同样, 虾中恩诺沙星和环丙沙星的初始浓度分别为 ${1.6}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{{kg}}$${1.2}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ , 水虾比保持为 5 , 研究不同煮沸保持时间下对虾中恩诺沙星和环丙沙星残留量的影响, 实验结果见 图 4 。结果显示, 保持煮沸时间为 ${10}\text{、}{20}\text{、}{30}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 时,环丙沙星的残留量分别为 0.94、0.66、 ${0.65}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ ,恩诺沙星残留量分别为 ${1.32}\text{、}{0.89}\text{、}{0.85}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ 。可见,
恩诺沙星和环丙沙星残留量在煮沸 ${20}\text{、}{30}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 时无明显差异。 Khan 等人 [ 8 ] 在 2015 年的研究论文指出了不同的烹调方法会影响鸡肉中恩诺沙星和环丙沙星的消解率, 采用 “先烤后蒸” 方法的鸡肉, 恩诺沙星和环丙沙星消解率比采用 “先蒸后烤” 方法更高。Nguyen 等人 [ 9 ] 在 2013 年的研究论文中指出猪肉中抗生素残留在煮沸 9 分钟后达到最大减少量,为 67%。黄宣运等人 [ 10 ] 在 2020 年的研究成果显示,水煮会使虾丸中恩诺沙星的含量呈下降趋势,水煮 10 min 可使虾丸中恩诺沙星含量下降 38.2%,鸡肉中恩诺沙星和环丙沙星残留可分别减少 27.1% 和 26.0%。Roca 等人 [ 11 ] 在 2010 年研究乳制品加工过程中发现,将加入环丙沙星的牛奶样品分别在 ${72}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}\text{、}{120}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$${140}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 条件下分别加热 ${15}\mathrm{\;s}$${20}\mathrm{\;{min}}$$4\mathrm{\;s}$ ,结果表明在 ${120}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 下加热 ${20}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ ,环丙沙星可减少 ${12.71}\%$ 。综上可见,水煮是减少恩诺沙星、环丙沙星残留量的有效方法。
在水虾比为 5,煮沸保持时间为 ${20}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 的条件下,经水煮后,虾中恩诺沙星和环丙沙星的残留量分别为 ${0.95}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{{kg}}$${0.65}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ 。在此基础上,研究了不同烘干温度 $\left({{120}\sim {180}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$ 、 不同烘干时间 (3~8 min) 对恩诺沙星和环丙沙星残留量的影响, 结果见 表 3 。从表中可见,恩诺沙星和环丙沙星的残留浓度随着烘干温度升高而升高,并在 ${150}\sim {180}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 之间趋向稳定。当烘干温度设定为 ${150}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,恩诺沙星和环丙沙星的残留浓度随着烘干时间增加而增加,并在 $5 \sim 8\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 之间趋向稳定。Lolo 等人 [ 12 ] 在 2006 年的研究中发现水煮或微波加热可以降低恩诺沙星的浓度, 而烘干或烧烤则会增加恩诺沙星的浓度, 这是因为水煮或微波加热可使部分药物溶于水, 而烘干或烧烤因为降低了样品的含水量,从而导致表观浓度上升。这意味着恩诺沙星和环丙沙星在烘干过程中基本保持稳定。
食品加工过程对化学残留物的影响可以通过计算加工因子 (PFs) 来评估, 加工因子是加工后食品中残留物浓度与食品原料中残留物浓度的比值。加工因子低于 1 表示加工过程可使食品中残留物浓度减少, 而加工因子高于 1 则表示加工过程具有浓缩效应, 食品中残留物浓度将增加。
本研究中, 设定水煮因子为水煮后虾中药物浓度与相应的生虾中药物浓度之间的比率, 烘干因子为烘干后虾中药物浓度与相应的水煮后虾中的药物浓度之间的比率。经实验测算, 恩诺沙星和环丙沙星的水煮因子、烘干因子如 表 4 所示。
其中, 恩诺沙星和环丙沙星的平均水煮因子分别为 0.59 和 0.53, 表明虾进行水煮处理后, 恩诺沙星和环丙沙星的残留水平约分别下降了 40% 和 50%;恩诺沙星和环丙沙星的平均烘干因子分别为 1.43 和 1.52 , 表明水煮后的虾再进行烘干处理后,
药物浓度水平约提高了 40%~50%。Khan 等人 [ 13 ] 在 2016 年的研究中发现, 生禽肉中抗生素环丙沙星和恩诺沙星普遍较高, 分别为 $\left({{643.14}\pm {6.97}}\right)\mu \mathrm{g}/\mathrm{{kg}}$$\left({{746.34}\pm {5.62}}\right)\mu \mathrm{g}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ ,水煮后可使浓度分别降低至 $\left({{205.46}\pm {9.72}}\right)\mu \mathrm{g}/\mathrm{{kg}}$$\left({{237.53}\pm {2.13}}\right)\mu \mathrm{g}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ , 降低幅度达 68%,水煮因子低于 1 。此外, Hussein 等人 [ 14 ] 在 2016 年的研究中也发现, 鸡肉中其他抗生素 (如土霉素、庆大霉素和替米考星)残留的水煮因子也低于 1 。但是, Lolo 等 ${\mathrm{人}}$ [ 12 ] 在 2006 年的研究中指出,鸡肉组织经烘干后,恩诺沙星的浓度从 ${5.25}\sim {65.71}\mathrm{{ng}}/\mathrm{g}$ 增加到了 ${12.46}\sim {102.91}\mathrm{{ng}}/\mathrm{g}$ ,表明烘干因子高于 1。另外, Cooper 等人 [ 15 ] 在 2007 年的研究中也发现呋喃妥因(AHD,硝基呋喃的代谢物)在猪肉烘干工程中浓度略有增加,烘干因子略高于 1。
本研究建立了一种使用反相 - 高效液相色谱和荧光检测器 (RP-HPLC-FLD)测定虾中恩诺沙星和环丙沙星含量的检测方法, 恩诺沙星、环丙沙星在 ${0.02}\sim {10\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{{mL}}$ 浓度范围内线性关系良好 $\left({{r}^{2}\geq {0.999}}\right)$ ,回收率在 ${68.0}\%\sim {82.0}\%$ 之间, RSD 在 ${2.14}\%\sim {6.82}\%$ 之间,检测限分别为 ${0.005\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{g}$${0.001\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{g}$ ,定量限为 ${0.05\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{g}$ 。 应用该方法研究了水煮和烘干过程对虾中恩诺沙星和环丙沙星残留量的影响。研究结果表明, 水煮可显著降低虾中恩诺沙星和环丙沙星残留量, 而烘干则会导致残留浓度在水煮的基础上增加。从整个热加工处理过程看, 恩诺沙星和环丙沙星的总体加工因子小于 1 , 说明干虾中恩诺沙星和环丙沙星的残留量低于生虾。本研究可以帮助加工企业或质量监督部门, 用以评估经热加工处理后的虾中恩诺沙星和环丙沙星的残留情况, 为食品安全提供有价值的信息。
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2024年第2卷第9期
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    1 浙江省动物疫病预防控制中心 浙江省兽药饲料监察所 杭州 311199
    2 浙江省农业科学院 农产品质量安全与营养研究所 杭州 310021

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*汤涛,博士,副研究员,主要研究方向:农产品质量安全研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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