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This study aims to develop a rapid detection method based on multiplex real-time quantitative PCR technology for accurate identification and quantification of common pathogenic bacteria on face masks, to assess the hygienic condition of masks and control nosocomial infections. Methods Using TaqMan probe-based real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR as the core technology, specific primers and fluorescently labeled probes were designed and optimized for simultaneous quantification of specific gene sequences from three pathogens through one-tube multiplex detection. The experiment began by screening specific target genes and sequences from the NCBI database and designing primers and probes. Subsequently, quality testing of primers and probes was conducted, and standard samples were prepared through amplification of specific sequences and TA cloning. Finally, standard curves were established, and mask samples were tested. Results After optimizing experimental conditions, an efficient and stable multiplex real-time quantitative PCR detection system was successfully established. The detection efficiency of standard samples for three pathogens was evaluated at different concentration gradients. The detection data showed that the primers and probes had high specificity for target pathogens, and the amplification efficiency and signal intensity met experimental requirements. In the detection of mask samples, the method accurately quantified the genomic DNA copy numbers of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus hemolyticus, thereby assessing the degree of microbial contamination on masks. Conclusion The rapid detection method for pathogenic bacteria on masks based on multiplex real-time quantitative PCR technology demonstrates high sensitivity, specificity, and speed, providing strong technical support for clinical and public health

, correspAuthors=Ming LING, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*LING Ming, Deputy Chief Pharmacist, Jinhua Institute for Food and Drug Inspection, Jinhua 321000, China. E-mail:
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目的 本研究旨在开发一种基于多重实时定量 PCR 技术的快速检测方法,用于准确识别并量化口罩中常见致病菌,以评估口罩的卫生状况并控制院内感染。方法采用 TaqMan 探针法实时荧光定量 PCR 为核心技术,设计并优化特异性引物和荧光标记探针,通过一管式多重检测来同时定量三种病原菌的特异性基因序列。实验首先从$\mathrm{{NCBI}}$数据库中筛选特异性靶基因和序列,并设计引物和探针。随后对引物和探针进行质量检测,并通过扩增特异性序列和TA 克隆方法制备标准品。最终建立起标准曲线,并对口罩样本进行了检测。结果通过优化实验条件后, 成功地建立了一个高效、稳定的多重实时定量 PCR检测体系,并在不同浓度梯度下评估了三种病原菌标准品的检测效率。检测数据显示,引物和探针对于目标病原菌具有高度特异性,且扩增效率和信号强度均满足实验要求。在对口罩样本进行检测中,能够准确定量出其中的铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和溶血性链球菌的基因组DNA拷贝数, 并据此评估口罩上的微生物污染程度。结论 基于多重实时定量 PCR技术的口罩中致病菌快速检测方法具有高敏感性、特异性和快速性,能够为临床和公共卫生监控提供有力的技术支撑。这种方法可以应用于医院环境的卫生监测以及对日常使用口罩的卫生状况进行评估,有助于防止传染病的传播, 提升公共卫生安全。

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*凌明,副主任药师,研究方向为微生物检测。E-mail:
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蒋彦洁,硕士,主管药师,研究方向为微生物检测。

凌明,副主任药师,研究方向为微生物检测。

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STOTEN, 2007, 382(01): 121-129., articleTitle=Application of real-time quantitative PCR for the detection of selected bacterial pathogens during municipal wastewater treatment, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1156668096564814042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156668078625776523, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=10, authorNames=李振玲, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李振玲. 实时荧光定量PCR检测变形链球菌耐氟菌株及其亲代菌株gInR、brpA基因的表达差异[D]. 吉林: 吉林大学, 2015., articleTitle=实时荧光定量PCR检测变形链球菌耐氟菌株及其亲代菌株gInR、brpA基因的表达差异, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1156668096627728603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156668078625776523, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=23, issue=03, pageStart=148, pageEnd=161, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=11, authorNames=PURCELL MK, GETCHELL RG, MCCLURE1 CA, journalName=J Aquat Anim Health, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PURCELL MK, GETCHELL RG, MCCLURE1 CA, et al. 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Biosens Bioelectron, 2015, 74 . 725-730., articleTitle=On-chip quantitative detection of pathogen genes by autonomous microfluidic PCR platform, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1156668095528820923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156668078625776523, awardId=2021019, language=EN, fundingSource=Zhejiang Drug Regulatory System Science and Technology Project(2021019), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1156668095587541183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156668078625776523, awardId=2021019, language=CN, fundingSource=浙江省药品监管系统科技计划项目(2021019), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1156668095734341825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156668078625776523, awardId=null, language=EN, fundingSource=Research on Rapid Detection of Mask Pathogens by Multiple Real-Time Quantitative PCR, fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1156668095788867778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156668078625776523, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=口罩致病菌多重实时定量PCR 快速检测技术的研究, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1156668091837833300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156668078625776523, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1156668091842027605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156668078625776523, companyId=1156668091837833300, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Jinhua Institute for Food and Drug Inspection Jinhua 321000 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1156668091846221910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156668078625776523, companyId=1156668091837833300, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=金华市食品药品检验检测研究院 金华 321000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1156668094799012001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156668078625776523, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Primer and probe design and specificity verification results, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 铜绿假单胞菌 金黄色葡萄球菌 溶血性链球菌
引物和探针序列 Pseudomonas-66F SA-nuc87F Streptococcus-159F
BLAST 特异性比对 100% 100% 100%
单重 PCR 检验 检出率 100%[ 50/50 ] 检出率 100%[ 50/50 ] 检出率 100%[ 50/50 ]
扩增效率 95.23% 93.67% 94.85%
信号强度(RFU) ${20.32}\pm {2.45}$ ${19.88}\pm {2.56}$ ${20.15}\pm {2.60}$
), ArticleFig(id=1156668094887092390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156668078625776523, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=引物和探针设计及特异性验证结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 铜绿假单胞菌 金黄色葡萄球菌 溶血性链球菌
引物和探针序列 Pseudomonas-66F SA-nuc87F Streptococcus-159F
BLAST 特异性比对 100% 100% 100%
单重 PCR 检验 检出率 100%[ 50/50 ] 检出率 100%[ 50/50 ] 检出率 100%[ 50/50 ]
扩增效率 95.23% 93.67% 94.85%
信号强度(RFU) ${20.32}\pm {2.45}$ ${19.88}\pm {2.56}$ ${20.15}\pm {2.60}$
), ArticleFig(id=1156668094937424039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156668078625776523, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Evaluation of real-time quantitative PCR amplification efficiency and signal intensity, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌种 扩增效率(%) 信号强度(RFU) ${C}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 值范围
铜绿假单胞菌 ${95.23}\pm {1.15}$ ${20.32}\pm {2.45}$ 18.04~28.23
金黄色葡萄球菌 ${93.67}\pm {1.22}$ ${19.88}\pm {2.56}$ 17.85~27.94
溶血性链球菌 ${94.85}\pm {1.37}$ ${20.15}\pm {2.60}$ 18.12 ~28.36
), ArticleFig(id=1156668094996144297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156668078625776523, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=实时定量 PCR 扩增效率与信号强度评估, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌种 扩增效率(%) 信号强度(RFU) ${C}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 值范围
铜绿假单胞菌 ${95.23}\pm {1.15}$ ${20.32}\pm {2.45}$ 18.04~28.23
金黄色葡萄球菌 ${93.67}\pm {1.22}$ ${19.88}\pm {2.56}$ 17.85~27.94
溶血性链球菌 ${94.85}\pm {1.37}$ ${20.15}\pm {2.60}$ 18.12 ~28.36
), ArticleFig(id=1156668095054864555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156668078625776523, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Optimization results of triplex multiplex real-time quantitative PCR reaction system, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PCR 组分 最优浓度
引物总浓度 0.4 μmol/LoL each
探针浓度 铜绿假单胞菌:0.2μmol/L; 金黄色葡萄球菌:0.2μmol/L; 溶血性链球菌:${0.2\mu }\mathrm{{mol}}/\mathrm{L}$
${\mathrm{{MgCl}}}_{2}$ 浓度 3.5 mmol/L
dNTP 浓度 0.2 mmol/L each
), ArticleFig(id=1156668095117779117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156668078625776523, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=三重多重实时定量 PCR 反应体系优化结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PCR 组分 最优浓度
引物总浓度 0.4 μmol/LoL each
探针浓度 铜绿假单胞菌:0.2μmol/L; 金黄色葡萄球菌:0.2μmol/L; 溶血性链球菌:${0.2\mu }\mathrm{{mol}}/\mathrm{L}$
${\mathrm{{MgCl}}}_{2}$ 浓度 3.5 mmol/L
dNTP 浓度 0.2 mmol/L each
), ArticleFig(id=1156668095176499375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156668078625776523, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Preparation of standard series and standard curve data for different pathogens, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
致病菌 质粒拷贝数 (copies/µL) ${r}^{2}$ 斜率 截距 效率(%)
铜绿假单胞菌 $1 \times {10}^{0}\sim 1 \times {10}^{8}$ 0.997 -3.321 35.858 95.23
金黄色葡萄球菌 $1 \times {10}^{0}\sim 1 \times {10}^{8}$ 0.994 -3.364 36.077 93.67
溶血性链球菌 $1 \times {10}^{0}\sim 1 \times {10}^{8}$ 0.996 -3.338 36.028 94.85
), ArticleFig(id=1156668095239413936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156668078625776523, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=不同致病菌标准品系列制备及标准曲线数据, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
致病菌 质粒拷贝数 (copies/µL) ${r}^{2}$ 斜率 截距 效率(%)
铜绿假单胞菌 $1 \times {10}^{0}\sim 1 \times {10}^{8}$ 0.997 -3.321 35.858 95.23
金黄色葡萄球菌 $1 \times {10}^{0}\sim 1 \times {10}^{8}$ 0.994 -3.364 36.077 93.67
溶血性链球菌 $1 \times {10}^{0}\sim 1 \times {10}^{8}$ 0.996 -3.338 36.028 94.85
), ArticleFig(id=1156668095302328497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156668078625776523, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=Preparation of standard series and standard curve data for different pathogens, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株 拷贝数范围 制备质粒 DNA 浓度 $\left({\mathrm{{ng}}/\mathrm{{\mu L}}}\right)$ 标准曲线斜率 标准曲线截距 决定系数 $\left({r}^{2}\right)$ $P$
铜绿假单胞菌 $1 \times {10}^{2}\sim 1 \times {10}^{7}$ ${20.35}\pm {1.23}$ -3.32 39.58 0.998 <0.001
金黄色葡萄球菌 $5 \times {10}^{1}\sim 5 \times {10}^{6}$ ${18.47}\pm {1.08}$ -3.28 40.05 0.997 <0.001
溶血性链球菌 $1 \times {10}^{3}\sim 1 \times {10}^{8}$ ${22.85}\pm {1.45}$ -3.35 38.95 0.999 <0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1156668095352660146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156668078625776523, language=CN, label=表 5, caption=不同致病菌标准品系列制备及标准曲线数据, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株 拷贝数范围 制备质粒 DNA 浓度 $\left({\mathrm{{ng}}/\mathrm{{\mu L}}}\right)$ 标准曲线斜率 标准曲线截距 决定系数 $\left({r}^{2}\right)$ $P$
铜绿假单胞菌 $1 \times {10}^{2}\sim 1 \times {10}^{7}$ ${20.35}\pm {1.23}$ -3.32 39.58 0.998 <0.001
金黄色葡萄球菌 $5 \times {10}^{1}\sim 5 \times {10}^{6}$ ${18.47}\pm {1.08}$ -3.28 40.05 0.997 <0.001
溶血性链球菌 $1 \times {10}^{3}\sim 1 \times {10}^{8}$ ${22.85}\pm {1.45}$ -3.35 38.95 0.999 <0.001
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多重实时定量PCR技术在口罩致病菌快速检测中的应用研究
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蒋彦洁 , 张辉 , 应珂 , 凌明 *
实验室检测 | 创新应用 2024,2(11): 18-20
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实验室检测 | 创新应用 2024, 2(11): 18-20
多重实时定量PCR技术在口罩致病菌快速检测中的应用研究
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蒋彦洁, 张辉, 应珂, 凌明*
作者信息
  • 金华市食品药品检验检测研究院 金华 321000
  • 蒋彦洁,硕士,主管药师,研究方向为微生物检测。

    凌明,副主任药师,研究方向为微生物检测。

通讯作者:

*凌明,副主任药师,研究方向为微生物检测。E-mail:
Application of multiplex real-time quantitative PCR technology in rapid detection of pathogenic bacteria on face masks
Yan-Jie JIANG, Hui ZHANG, Ke YING, Ming LING*
Affiliations
  • Jinhua Institute for Food and Drug Inspection Jinhua 321000 China
出版时间: 2024-11-08
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目的 本研究旨在开发一种基于多重实时定量 PCR 技术的快速检测方法,用于准确识别并量化口罩中常见致病菌,以评估口罩的卫生状况并控制院内感染。方法采用 TaqMan 探针法实时荧光定量 PCR 为核心技术,设计并优化特异性引物和荧光标记探针,通过一管式多重检测来同时定量三种病原菌的特异性基因序列。实验首先从$\mathrm{{NCBI}}$数据库中筛选特异性靶基因和序列,并设计引物和探针。随后对引物和探针进行质量检测,并通过扩增特异性序列和TA 克隆方法制备标准品。最终建立起标准曲线,并对口罩样本进行了检测。结果通过优化实验条件后, 成功地建立了一个高效、稳定的多重实时定量 PCR检测体系,并在不同浓度梯度下评估了三种病原菌标准品的检测效率。检测数据显示,引物和探针对于目标病原菌具有高度特异性,且扩增效率和信号强度均满足实验要求。在对口罩样本进行检测中,能够准确定量出其中的铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和溶血性链球菌的基因组DNA拷贝数, 并据此评估口罩上的微生物污染程度。结论 基于多重实时定量 PCR技术的口罩中致病菌快速检测方法具有高敏感性、特异性和快速性,能够为临床和公共卫生监控提供有力的技术支撑。这种方法可以应用于医院环境的卫生监测以及对日常使用口罩的卫生状况进行评估,有助于防止传染病的传播, 提升公共卫生安全。

多重实时定量PCR  /  口罩  /  微生物污染  /  铜绿假单胞菌  /  快速检测方法

This study aims to develop a rapid detection method based on multiplex real-time quantitative PCR technology for accurate identification and quantification of common pathogenic bacteria on face masks, to assess the hygienic condition of masks and control nosocomial infections. Methods Using TaqMan probe-based real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR as the core technology, specific primers and fluorescently labeled probes were designed and optimized for simultaneous quantification of specific gene sequences from three pathogens through one-tube multiplex detection. The experiment began by screening specific target genes and sequences from the NCBI database and designing primers and probes. Subsequently, quality testing of primers and probes was conducted, and standard samples were prepared through amplification of specific sequences and TA cloning. Finally, standard curves were established, and mask samples were tested. Results After optimizing experimental conditions, an efficient and stable multiplex real-time quantitative PCR detection system was successfully established. The detection efficiency of standard samples for three pathogens was evaluated at different concentration gradients. The detection data showed that the primers and probes had high specificity for target pathogens, and the amplification efficiency and signal intensity met experimental requirements. In the detection of mask samples, the method accurately quantified the genomic DNA copy numbers of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus hemolyticus, thereby assessing the degree of microbial contamination on masks. Conclusion The rapid detection method for pathogenic bacteria on masks based on multiplex real-time quantitative PCR technology demonstrates high sensitivity, specificity, and speed, providing strong technical support for clinical and public health

multiplex real-time quantitative PCR  /  face masks  /  microbial contamination  /  Pseudomonas aeruginosa  /  rapid detection method
蒋彦洁, 张辉, 应珂, 凌明. 多重实时定量PCR技术在口罩致病菌快速检测中的应用研究. 实验室检测, 2024 , 2 (11) : 18 -20 .
Yan-Jie JIANG, Hui ZHANG, Ke YING, Ming LING. Application of multiplex real-time quantitative PCR technology in rapid detection of pathogenic bacteria on face masks[J]. Laboratory Testing, 2024 , 2 (11) : 18 -20 .
近年来, 呼吸道传染病的暴发频率和影响范围不断增大, 给全球公共卫生事业带来了严峻挑战[1]。在这种背景下,佩戴口罩作为预防呼吸道疾病传播的有效措施被广泛采用[2]。然而, 口罩在使用过程中极易被致病性微生物污染, 如果未能及时发现和处理,就可能成为疾病传播的潜在载体[3]。因此,开发一种快速、准确的方法来检测口罩中的常见致病菌变得尤为重要。
传统的微生物培养方法虽然可以检测口罩中的细菌污染情况, 但存在操作繁琐、周期长、灵敏度低等缺陷, 难以满足快速高效检测的需求[4]。与之相比,分子生物学技术由于其高度特异性、灵敏性和准确性, 已经成为微生物检测的主要手段之一[5]。其中,实时荧光定量 PCR 技术通过在 PCR 反应过程中实时检测荧光信号的变化, 能够准确定量未知样品中的目标 DNA,被广泛应用于病原体的快速检测[6]。多重 PCR 技术作为一种可以同时检测多个目标序列的方法, 在提高检测效率和降低成本方面具有显著优势[7]
基于这一技术的优势, 本研究旨在开发一种基于多重 PCR 技术的快速检测口罩中常见致病菌的方法。具体而言, 本研究通过生物信息学分析设计出高度特异的引物和探针, 建立三重多重实时定量 PCR 检测体系, 评估了方法的灵敏度、特异性和重复性, 并将其应用于临床口罩样本的检测和分析。该方法的建立不仅可用于监测口罩的卫生状况, 也为呼吸道传染病的预防控制提供了技术支持。此外, 这种快速检测方法还可能在公共卫生应急响应、医疗机构感染控制等领域找到广泛应用[8]。 通过开发这种基于多重 PCR 技术的快速检测方法, 期望能为口罩卫生管理提供有力工具, 进而为减少呼吸道传染病的传播风险、保障公众健康做出贡献。
本研究选取的样品为 2023 年本院住院和门诊患者使用过后的口罩,按照统一的标准和流程收集。样品总数为 100 例,其中男性 55 例,女性 45 例,年龄分布在 8 至 70 岁之间,平均年龄为 35.65 岁。
样品收集时间点为佩戴完毕后立即进行, 每份样品均在统一的条件下密封保存,并记录相关信息包括佩戴者的性别、年龄、 佩戴时间及场所等。样品储存条件为$-{20}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,并在采集后 24 小时内转移至实验室进行处理。在本研究中, 选取的口罩样品为一次性使用后即被收集的, 没有经过任何清洗或消毒处理, 反映了实际佩戴情况下的微生物污染状况。
从活化菌液中取${50\mu }\mathrm{L}$接种至$5\mathrm{\;{mL}}$对数生长期培养基,${37}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$培养过夜;取$1\mathrm{\;{mL}}$过夜培养物,${8000}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$离心${10}\mathrm{\;{min}}$收集菌体;用生理盐水重悬菌体,8000 r/min 离心 10 min 洗涤 2 次;用 bacterial genomic DNA 提取试剂盒 (Sangon, B518221) 提取菌体总DNA; 使用 Qubit 4.0 测定提取 DNA 的浓度和纯度。
通过文献检索, 确定针对铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和溶血性链球菌的特异性靶基因。在 NCBI 中下载这些靶基因的全长序列, 使用 Primer Premier 5 软件设计出初步的特异性引物和 TaqMan 探针。
引物设计时选择${18}\sim {25}\mathrm{{bp}}$的长度是为了在特异性和灵敏度之间取得平衡。较短的引物可能导致非特异性结合, 而过长的引物可能降低$\mathrm{{PCR}}$效率。选择${58}\sim {62}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$的${T}_{\mathrm{m}}$值范围确保了引物在标准 PCR 条件下能有效退火, 同时减少了非特异性扩增的风险。这个温度范围也使得多重 PCR 反应中的不同引物对可以在相近的温度下同时发挥作用。
探针长度选择${20}\sim {30}\mathrm{{bp}}$,比引物稍长,以增加其特异性。${65}\sim {67}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$的${T}_{\mathrm{m}}$值高于引物,确保探针在退火阶段能稳定结合到目标序列上。这种设计有助于提高检测的灵敏度和特异性。
使用 FAM、VIC 和 TxRed 等不同荧光报告基团是多重 PCR 检测的关键。每种荧光基团对应一种特定的病原体, 使得在一次反应中可以同时检测和区分多种靶标。这些荧光基团具有不同的激发和发射波长, 可以被 PCR 仪器分别检测, 从而实现多重定量检测。
在设计过程中, 还需避免引物和探针形成二级结构和自身及互补二聚体, 这些结构可能会干扰 PCR 反应, 降低扩增效率。 通过 BLAST 比对确保引物和探针仅与目标序列具有高度同源性, 进一步提高了检测的特异性。这种严格的设计和筛选过程最终帮助我们为每种细菌选择出最佳的一对引物和一个探针, 为后续的多重实时定量 PCR 检测奠定了基础。
将初步设计的引物和探针进行单重 PCR 评估。反应体系为:$2 \times$Genotyping Master Mix${12.5\mu }\mathrm{L},\mathrm{F}/\mathrm{R}$引物各${0.5\mu }\mathrm{L}\left({{10\mu }\mathrm{{mol}}/\mathrm{L}}\right)$, Probe 0.5 μL (10μmol/L), Template DNA 10 ng,加双蒸水至${25\mu }\mathrm{L}$。反应程序:${95}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}3\mathrm{\;{min}};{95}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}{10}\mathrm{\;s},{60}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}{30}\mathrm{\;s}$(荧光采集), 40 cycles。在 7500 Real-Time PCR 系统上进行荧光定量 PCR 扩增。根据扩增曲线和${C}_{\mathrm{t}}$值筛选最优引物探针组合。
选取单重 PCR 评估的最优引物探针, 建立一管式三重检测体系。将针对不同细菌的引物和探针组合在同一反应体系中; 通过梯度探针浓度优化实验, 确定每种探针的最佳用量; 固定引物浓度,对其他$\mathrm{{PCR}}$反应条件 (如Mg${}^{2 +}$、dNTP 浓度等) 进行优化;确定最终多重检测反应体系组成及热循环程序。
为进行绝对定量检测,需制备已知拷贝数的标准品质粒。 具体步骤:对单菌扩增产物进行 TA 克隆至载体质粒 pMD18-T; 提取质粒 DNA,经测序验证插入片段为靶序列;使用 Qubit 4.0 测定质粒 DNA 浓度, 计算拷贝数; 制作 10 倍梯度稀释标准品系列; 在已建立的多重检测体系中, 以不同拷贝数质粒为模板做标准曲线实验; 以提供的待测样本总 DNA 为模板进行多重定量 PCR 检测,通过标准曲线计算拷贝数。
本研究将对筛选出的特异性靶基因的引物和探针的质量进行验证。运用制备的标准品来建立标准曲线。观察指标包括:(1)铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和溶血性链球菌在口罩样本中的定量结果, 以此评估微生物污染的水平;(2) 对实时定量 PCR 检测体系的效率进行评估, 包括扩增效率和信号强度。
研究将采用多种统计学方法进行全面数据分析。描述性统计包括使用均值 ± 标准差 (Mean$\pm \mathrm{{SD}}$ ) 描述致病菌检出拷贝数, 计算检出率 (阳性样本数 / 总样本数)。考虑数据可能不符合正态分布, 将使用中位数和四分位数间距 (IQR) 描述集中趋势和离散程度。评估检测方法重复性时, 计算不同浓度稀释样本的变异系数 (CV)。CV 计算公式为 (标准差 / 平均值)× 100%, CV<10% 视为具有良好重复性。评定标准曲线线性关系时,使用线性回归分析,以$1\mathrm{\;g}$ (拷贝数) 为自变量,${C}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 值为因变量。 计算决定系数$\left({r}^{2}\right)$ 和回归方程斜率,${r}^{2}$ 越接近 1 表明线性关系越好, 理想斜率应接近 -3.32。样本间比较时, 根据数据分布情况选择独立样本$t$ 检验或 Mann-Whitney U 检验。多组比较使用单因素方差分析 (ANOVA) 或 Kruskal-Wallis 检验。分析不同致病菌拷贝数相关性时, 根据数据分布选择 Pearson 相关系数或 Spearman 等级相关分析。检测限 (LOD) 定义为能被检测到的最低浓度,取空白样品平均值加 3 倍标准差;定量限 (LOQ) 定义为能被准确定量的最低浓度, 取空白样品平均值加 10 倍标准差。统计分析使用 SPSS 25.0 软件,$P <{0.05}$ 具有统计学意义。 多重比较采用 Bonferroni 校正调整显著性水平,控制 I 类错误。
针对铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和溶血性链球菌的特异性靶基因序列已成功从 NCBI 数据库中获取。经过生物信息学分析, 特异性引物和 TaqMan 探针已被设计。如表 1所示, 这些引物和探针的序列在 BLAST 比对中表现出 100% 的特异性。
通过优化各种 PCR 反应条件, 建立了一管式多重检测体系。如表 2所示, 针对三种致病菌的引物和探针在该反应体系中表现出理想的扩增效率和信号强度。扩增效率介于 93.67% 至 95.23% 之间,信号强度均值在 19.88~20.32 RFU 之间。
表 3列出了多重实时定量 PCR 反应体系的最优组分浓度。 总引物浓度为${0.4\mu }\mathrm{{mol}}/\mathrm{L}$ ,每种探针的最佳浓度均为${0.2\mu }\mathrm{{mol}}/\mathrm{L}$ 。 此外,${\mathrm{{MgCl}}}_{2}$ 浓度为${3.5}\mathrm{{mmol}}/\mathrm{L}$ , dNTP 浓度为${0.2}\mathrm{{mmol}}/\mathrm{L}$ 。
为评估多重实时定量 PCR 体系的性能, 对三种目标致病菌进行了标准品系列制备和标准曲线分析, 结果如 表 4 所示。铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和溶血性链球菌的质粒拷贝数范围均为$1 \times {10}^{0}$ 至$1 \times {10}^{8}$ copies$/\mu \mathrm{L}$ 。线性回归分析显示,三种致病菌的标准曲线均具有良好的线性关系,决定系数$\left({r}^{2}\right)$ 均大于 0.99。斜率值接近理论最优值 -3.32,表明扩增效率接近 100%。 具体而言, 铜绿假单胞菌的扩增效率为 95.23%, 金黄色葡萄球菌为 93.67%,溶血性链球菌为 94.85%。这些结果表明所建立的多重 PCR 体系具有高度的准确性和可靠性。
基于所建立的多重实时定量 PCR 体系, 对 100 例口罩样本进行了检测。铜绿假单胞菌的基因组 DNA 被检测到的样本共 54 例,基因组拷贝数范围为${10}^{2}$ 至${10}^{6}$ 拷贝 / 样品。金黄色葡萄球菌有阳性检出 45 例,拷贝数范围为${10}^{3}$ 至${10}^{7}$ 拷贝 / 样品。 溶血性链球菌阳性 38 例,拷贝数范围在${10}^{3}$ 至${10}^{6}$ 拷贝 / 样品之间,见表 5
1996 年,美国 Applied Biosystems 公司首次推出了实时定量聚合酶链反应(Real-time Q-PCR)技术,该技术通过在 PCR 反应混合物中引入荧光标记物, 使得科研人员能够在整个 PCR 过程中,通过荧光信号的累积实时追踪并分析[6-7]。这意味着, 随着 PCR 反应的进行, 所监测的荧光强度变化将被描绘为图形曲线。最终,这一技术允许研究者利用设定的标准曲线来对样本中未知数量的 DNA 模板进行精确的量化分析。
实时荧光定量 PCR 技术基于荧光共振能量转移(FRET)原理而设计。这一原理阐释了当两个荧光分子(一个作为供体另一个作为受体)的发射与激发光谱发生重叠时, 会导致供体分子的荧光发射强度减弱而受体分子的发射强度增强的现象[8-9]。 在实时$\mathrm{{PCR}}$分析中,${C}_{\mathrm{t}}$值定义为荧光信号达到预设阈值所需的循环次数, 这一直是衡量实时荧光 PCR 分析中极其重要的参数。${C}_{\mathrm{t}}$中,“$C$” 表示循环轮次,“$\mathrm{t}$” 是阈值的缩写。不同模板的${C}_{\mathrm{t}}$值与其初始模板拷贝数量的对数值成线性比例关系, 初始模板数量越多,相应的${C}_{\mathrm{t}}$值越低。通过以已知起始拷贝数构建的标准曲线, 可以根据实时检测到的荧光强度估算出未知样品的起始拷贝数量[10]。与传统的 PCR 相比,实时荧光定量 PCR 的优势在于能够实时追踪每一个 PCR 循环过程中扩增产物的累积变化,实现了对样本初始模板量的精确定量[11-12]。实时荧光定量 PCR 技术的核心原理在于, 样品中的核酸在特定的反应条件下发生指数级的扩增, 这种扩增情况使得样本中 DNA 的含量与扩增产物对数呈现正比关系。在整个 PCR 反应中, 由于荧光标记物与扩增产物的结合引起的荧光强度与扩增量成正比, 通过对荧光强度的 “实时” 监测, 进而能够准确地估计样本中的核酸含量[13]
本研究开发了一种基于多重实时定量 PCR 技术的快速检测系统, 用于识别和量化口罩中常见的致病菌。基于本研究结果, 针对三种致病菌的特异性引物和 TaqMan 探针显示出了高度的特异性, 且扩增效率和信号强度均达到了预期的实验要求。此外, 所建立的多重实时定量 PCR 检测体系对三种致病菌的检测均显示出高效性和稳定性。本研究中三种致病菌标准曲线的${r}^{2}$均大于 0.994 , 显示了良好的线性关系, 表示了所制备的标准品能够可靠地用于实验中的绝对定量。口罩样本定量结果表明, 铜绿假单胞菌在 54 例中被检测到, 金黄色葡萄球菌和溶血性链球菌的阳性检出率分别为 45 例和 38 例, 反映了实际佩戴情况下口罩的微生物污染程度。
与传统的微生物培养和分离方法相比, 多重实时定量 PCR 技术的应用显著提高了检测效率,缩短了检测时间,并减少了样本的交叉污染风险。因此, 本研究提供的检测方法不仅可以应用于医院环境的卫生监测, 也可以用于评估日常使用口罩的卫生状况, 有助于预防和控制传染病的传播。
然而, 本研究也存在一些局限性。首先, PCR 技术无法区分活菌和死菌, 可能导致对实际感染风险的过度估计。其次, 本研究仅针对三种常见致病菌进行了检测, 未能全面反映口罩上可能存在的所有病原体。此外, 样本量相对有限, 可能影响结果的普遍性。未来研究方向可以从以下几个方面展开:一是拓展检测范围, 纳入更多种类的病原体, 如病毒和真菌; 二是结合 RNA 检测技术, 以区分活菌和死菌, 提高风险评估的准确性; 三是探索与其他检测技术的结合, 如质谱分析, 以获得更全面的微生物谱系信息; 四是开发便携式检测设备, 使该技术能够在现场快速应用, 提高公共卫生响应速度。
本研究成功开发了一种基于多重实时定量 PCR 技术的口罩致病菌快速检测方法。该方法在技术特点和应用潜力方面均表现出色, 为口罩卫生状况评估和公共卫生风险监测提供了有效工具。研究结果不仅揭示了日常使用口罩的微生物污染情况, 还为进一步改进个人防护措施和环境卫生管理提供了科学依据。 尽管存在一些局限性, 但通过未来的技术优化和应用拓展, 该方法有望在传染病预防控制和公共卫生领域发挥更大作用, 为保障公众健康做出重要贡献。
  • 浙江省药品监管系统科技计划项目(2021019)
  • 口罩致病菌多重实时定量PCR 快速检测技术的研究
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2024年第2卷第11期
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  • 首发时间:2025-07-28
  • 出版时间:2024-11-08
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Zhejiang Drug Regulatory System Science and Technology Project(2021019)
浙江省药品监管系统科技计划项目(2021019)
Research on Rapid Detection of Mask Pathogens by Multiple Real-Time Quantitative PCR
口罩致病菌多重实时定量PCR 快速检测技术的研究
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    金华市食品药品检验检测研究院 金华 321000

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*凌明,副主任药师,研究方向为微生物检测。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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