Article(id=1156668071919080203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, issueId=1156668069717070592, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753700758198, onlineDateStr=2025-07-28, pubDate=1730995200000, pubDateStr=2024-11-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753700758198, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753700758198, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753700758198, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156668069717070592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, year='2024', volume='2', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='172', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=3, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753700757674, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753750130111, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156875152794411009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, issueId=1156668069717070592, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156875152798605314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, issueId=1156668069717070592, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=13, endPage=16, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156668072355287826, articleId=1156668071919080203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, language=EN, title=Modeling teaching and laboratory measurement of normal operating temperature for photovoltaic modules, columnId=1156641065621906129, journalTitle=Laboratory Testing, columnName=Innovative Applications, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The normal module operating temperature (NMOT) of photovoltaic modules plays an important role in analyzing the actual power generation performance of the modules, but it is difficult to accurately measure. In the experimental teaching of heat transfer course, the introduction of photovoltaic module temperature rise cases has expanded the scope of teaching cases, cultivated students' ability to solve engineering problems of photovoltaic module temperature rise modeling using heat transfer mechanisms, and broadened their knowledge of factors affecting photovoltaic power generation. Finally, the theoretical calculation method for the temperature rise characteristic model of photovoltaic modules was analyzed, and experiments were designed to verify the accuracy of the model. The validated model was used to calculate the NMOT of photovoltaic modules

, correspAuthors=Lei WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*WANG Lei, Ph.D, Lecturer, School of Renewable Energy, Hohai University, Changzhou 213200, China. E-mail:
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光伏组件额定工作温度(normal module operation temperature,NMOT)对分析组件实际发电性能具有重要作用,但难以准确测量。在传热学实验教学中,通过引入光伏组件温升案例以拓宽教学案例范围,培养了学生采用传热机理解决光伏组件温升建模的工程问题解决能力,拓宽了学生光伏发电影响因素知识内容。最终,分析得到光伏组件温升特性模型的理论计算方法,并设计实验验证该模型的准确性,运用所验证的模型计算光伏组件的NMOT。

, correspAuthors=王磊, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*王磊,博士,讲师,研究方向为太阳能光伏发电。E-mail:
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王磊,博士,讲师,研究方向为太阳能光伏发电。

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王磊,博士,讲师,研究方向为太阳能光伏发电。

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材料 导热系数 $\left\lbrack {\mathrm{W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)}\right\rbrack$ 厚度(mm) 吸收率 反射率 透射率 发射率
玻璃 ${1}^{\left\lbrack {10}\right\rbrack }$ 3.2 ${0.02}^{\left\lbrack {11}\right\rbrack }$ ${0.02}^{\left\lbrack {11}\right\rbrack }$ ${0.96}^{\left\lbrack {11}\right\rbrack }$ ${0.91}^{\left\lbrack {12}\right\rbrack }$
上层 EVA ${0.26}^{\left\lbrack {10}\right\rbrack }$ 0.4 ${0.08}^{\left\lbrack {13}\right\rbrack }$ ${0.02}{}^{\left\lbrack {13}\right\rbrack }$ ${0.90}^{\left\lbrack {13}\right\rbrack }$ -
太阳电池 ${150}^{\left\lbrack {13}\right\rbrack }$ 0.2 ${0.93}^{\left\lbrack {14}\right\rbrack }$ - - -
下层 EVA ${0.26}^{\left\lbrack {10}\right\rbrack }$ 0.4 - - - -
TPT 背板 ${0.15}^{\left\lbrack {13}\right\rbrack }$ 0.3 - - - ${0.85}^{\left\lbrack {12}\right\rbrack }$
), ArticleFig(id=1156668128571544385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156668071919080203, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=组件材料参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料 导热系数 $\left\lbrack {\mathrm{W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)}\right\rbrack$ 厚度(mm) 吸收率 反射率 透射率 发射率
玻璃 ${1}^{\left\lbrack {10}\right\rbrack }$ 3.2 ${0.02}^{\left\lbrack {11}\right\rbrack }$ ${0.02}^{\left\lbrack {11}\right\rbrack }$ ${0.96}^{\left\lbrack {11}\right\rbrack }$ ${0.91}^{\left\lbrack {12}\right\rbrack }$
上层 EVA ${0.26}^{\left\lbrack {10}\right\rbrack }$ 0.4 ${0.08}^{\left\lbrack {13}\right\rbrack }$ ${0.02}{}^{\left\lbrack {13}\right\rbrack }$ ${0.90}^{\left\lbrack {13}\right\rbrack }$ -
太阳电池 ${150}^{\left\lbrack {13}\right\rbrack }$ 0.2 ${0.93}^{\left\lbrack {14}\right\rbrack }$ - - -
下层 EVA ${0.26}^{\left\lbrack {10}\right\rbrack }$ 0.4 - - - -
TPT 背板 ${0.15}^{\left\lbrack {13}\right\rbrack }$ 0.3 - - - ${0.85}^{\left\lbrack {12}\right\rbrack }$
), ArticleFig(id=1156668128638653251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156668071919080203, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Component NMOT calculation results, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料 温度 $\left({{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$
玻璃 42.91
上层 EVA 43.85
电池片 44.13
下层 EVA 44.01
背板 43.71
), ArticleFig(id=1156668128709956421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156668071919080203, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=组件 NMOT 计算结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料 温度 $\left({{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$
玻璃 42.91
上层 EVA 43.85
电池片 44.13
下层 EVA 44.01
背板 43.71
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光伏组件额定工作温度建模教学与实验室测量
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王磊 1, * , 全鹏 2 , 郭苏 1 , 谢世博 1
实验室检测 | 创新应用 2024,2(11): 13-16
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实验室检测 | 创新应用 2024, 2(11): 13-16
光伏组件额定工作温度建模教学与实验室测量
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王磊1, * , 全鹏2, 郭苏1, 谢世博1
作者信息
  • 1 河海大学 新能源学院 常州 213200
  • 2 天合光能股份有限公司 光伏科学与技术国家重点实验室 常州 213000
  • 王磊,博士,讲师,研究方向为太阳能光伏发电。

通讯作者:

*王磊,博士,讲师,研究方向为太阳能光伏发电。E-mail:
Modeling teaching and laboratory measurement of normal operating temperature for photovoltaic modules
Lei WANG1, * , Peng QUAN2, Su GUO1, Shi-Bo XIE1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Renewable Energy Hohai University Changzhou 213200 China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology Trina Solar Co., Ltd. Changzhou 213000 China
出版时间: 2024-11-08
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光伏组件额定工作温度(normal module operation temperature,NMOT)对分析组件实际发电性能具有重要作用,但难以准确测量。在传热学实验教学中,通过引入光伏组件温升案例以拓宽教学案例范围,培养了学生采用传热机理解决光伏组件温升建模的工程问题解决能力,拓宽了学生光伏发电影响因素知识内容。最终,分析得到光伏组件温升特性模型的理论计算方法,并设计实验验证该模型的准确性,运用所验证的模型计算光伏组件的NMOT。

额定工作温度  /  光伏组件温升  /  热模型  /  实验教学实践

The normal module operating temperature (NMOT) of photovoltaic modules plays an important role in analyzing the actual power generation performance of the modules, but it is difficult to accurately measure. In the experimental teaching of heat transfer course, the introduction of photovoltaic module temperature rise cases has expanded the scope of teaching cases, cultivated students' ability to solve engineering problems of photovoltaic module temperature rise modeling using heat transfer mechanisms, and broadened their knowledge of factors affecting photovoltaic power generation. Finally, the theoretical calculation method for the temperature rise characteristic model of photovoltaic modules was analyzed, and experiments were designed to verify the accuracy of the model. The validated model was used to calculate the NMOT of photovoltaic modules

normal module operation temperature  /  temperature rise of photovoltaic modules  /  thermal model  /  experimental teaching practice
王磊, 全鹏, 郭苏, 谢世博. 光伏组件额定工作温度建模教学与实验室测量. 实验室检测, 2024 , 2 (11) : 13 -16 .
Lei WANG, Peng QUAN, Su GUO, Shi-Bo XIE. Modeling teaching and laboratory measurement of normal operating temperature for photovoltaic modules[J]. Laboratory Testing, 2024 , 2 (11) : 13 -16 .
近年来, 随着国家 “双碳” 目标提出, 我国光伏行业的迅猛发展,如何提高光伏组件系统整体发电量成为行业领域专家和技术人员致力解决的问题。光伏组件的发电量受到很多因素的影响,如环境、低辐照、光谱、标称功率[1]等等,其中一个影响因素就是额定工作温度 (normal module operation temperature, NMOT), 相关文献指出, 光伏组件的光电转换效率会随着组件 NMOT 的升高而下降, 这对光伏系统输出电性能和运行可靠性都会带来不利影响[2]。NMOT 是指在标准参考环境 (SRE) 下,加入电子负载使得组件在最大功率点附近工作测得组件内太阳电池的平均平衡温度, 但是在实际情况下, 由于环境因素的不断变化, 很难控制这三者条件达到标准, 从而测得组件的 NMOT。现阶段测量组件的 NMOT 都是根据 IEC61853-2, 测试周期长, 且花费大, 国内很少有机构能测量出组件的 NMOT,大部分组件需送往国外测量。
国家对能源结构和环境问题的重视, 引领和带动了高校能源相关专业的人才培养。其中河海大学新能源科学与工程专业将太阳能光伏发电设为专业三个主要学生培养方向之一。在专业课程设置中, 经典的传热学、工程热力学、流体力学仍为光伏发电模块学生培养的主要专业课程。而国内传统传热学课程教学课件中较少涉及乃至缺失新能源工程实践案例分析, 这对国家培养从事新能源研究和工程实践能力的科技人才,全面实现国家 “双碳” 目标非常不利。因此, 基于我校所处江苏省为光伏产业大省、并与光伏科学与技术国家重点实验室具有同城等优势, 本文旨在将光伏组件温升建模案例引入到传热学实验教学中, 以拓宽教学案例范围, 并通过设计实验, 验证该模型的准确性, 运用所验证的模型计算光伏组件的 NMOT。
光伏温升建模中的传热学机理介绍。热的传递是由于物体内部或物体之间的温度不同。当无外功输入时, 根据热力学第二定律, 热总是自动地从温度较高的部分传给温度较低的部分, 根据传热机理的不同,传热的基本方式有热传导、热对流和热辐射三种[3]
当物体的内部或两个直接接触的物体之间存在着温度差异时, 物体各部分之间不发生相对位移, 依靠分子、原子及自由电子等微观粒子的热运动而产生的热量传递称热传导。热传导的基本规律 (Fourier 定律) 如式 (1) 所示。
$Q ={\lambda A}\frac{\Delta t}{\delta }$
式中,$Q$为热流量,$\mathrm{W};A$为物体的导热面积,${\mathrm{m}}^{2};{\Delta t}$为热流体与冷流体之间温度差,$\mathrm{K}$;$\delta$为物体的厚度,$\mathrm{m};\lambda$为物体的导热系数,$\mathrm{W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$。
热对流是指由于流体的宏观运动, 从而使流体各部分之间发生相对位移, 冷热流体相互掺混所引起的热量传递过程。热对流的基本规律 (Newten 定律) 如式 (2) 所示。
$Q ={\alpha A\Delta t}$
式中,$Q$为热流量,$\mathrm{W};A$为物体的导热面积,${\mathrm{m}}^{2};{\Delta t}$为热流体与冷流体之间温度差,$\mathrm{K};\alpha$为物体表面的对流换热系数,$\mathrm{W}/{\left({\mathrm{m}}^{2}\cdot \mathrm{K}\right)}_{\circ }$
物体通过电磁波来传递能量的方式称为辐射。因热的原因而发出辐射能的现象称为热辐射。辐射与吸收过程的综合作用造成了以辐射方式进行的物体间的热量传递称辐射换热。热辐射的基本规律 (Stenfan-Boltzman 定律) 如式 (3) 所示:
$Q ={\varepsilon A}{\sigma }_{b}{T}^{4}$
式中,$Q$为热流量,$\mathrm{W};\varepsilon$为材料的发射率;$A$为物体的导热面积,${\mathrm{m}}^{2};T$为物体的绝对温度,$\mathrm{K};{\sigma }_{\mathrm{b}}$为 Stenfan-Boltzman 常数,$\mathrm{W}/\left({{\mathrm{m}}^{2}\cdot {\mathrm{K}}^{4}}\right)$。
在光伏组件运行温度模拟的时间教学中, 将组件分为五个部分,玻璃、上层 EVA、电池片、下层 EVA、背板,将每一层当作一个整体, 分析各层之间的传热机理。不考虑时间对温度的影响, 即忽略温度的滞后性, 基于这五个部分之间的热对流, 热辐射和热传导, 根据能量守恒定律, 可以列出组件每一层的稳态热平衡公式。
图 1所示, 当太阳辐射照射到玻璃面, 会有一部分辐射被反射,一部分透射过玻璃进入下层 EVA,同时玻璃会和天空、 地面存在一定的辐射换热, 会和空气产生对流换热, 也会和上层 EVA 存在热传导。
根据能量守恒定律, 进入玻璃的能量等于出去的能量, 可以列出玻璃的能量守恒公式, 如式 (4) 所示:
$I +{R}_{\text{cond }}= {R}_{fs}+ {R}_{fg}+ {R}_{fa}+ I{\rho }_{f}+ I{\tau }_{f}$
式中,$I$为太阳辐射值,$\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2};{\rho }_{f}$为玻璃的反射率;${\tau }_{f}$为玻璃的透射率。
玻璃与上层 EVA 之间的传导换热量${R}_{\text{cond }}$可由下式得到:
${R}_{\text{cond }}= \frac{{T}_{E1}- {T}_{f}}{{R}_{1}}= \frac{{T}_{E1}- {T}_{f}}{\frac{{\delta }_{f}}{2{\lambda }_{f}}+ \frac{{\delta }_{E1}}{2{\lambda }_{E1}}}$
式中,${T}_{E1}$为上层 EVA 的温度,$\mathrm{K};{T}_{f}$为玻璃的温度,$\mathrm{K}$;${R}_{1}$为玻璃与上层 EVA 之间的热阻,$\mathrm{K}/\mathrm{W};{\delta }_{f}$为盖板的厚度,$\mathrm{m}$;${\delta }_{E1}$为上层 EVA 的厚度,$\mathrm{m};{\lambda }_{f}$为盖板的导热系数,$\mathrm{W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$;${\lambda }_{E1}$为上层 EVA 的导热系数,$\mathrm{W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$。
玻璃与天空之间的辐射换热量${R}_{fs}$可由下式得到:
${R}_{fs}= \sigma {F}_{fs}\left({{\varepsilon }_{f}{T}_{f}^{4}- {\varepsilon }_{s}{T}_{s}^{4}}\right)$
式中,$\sigma$为波兹曼常数,$\sigma ={5.67}\times {10}^{-8};{F}_{fs}$为玻璃与天空之间的角系数,${F}_{fs}= \frac{1}{2}\left({1 +\cos \theta }\right)$(其中$\theta$为组件的安装角度)[4];${\varepsilon }_{f}$为盖板的发射率;${\varepsilon }_{s}$为天空的发射率;${T}_{s}$为天空的温度,${T}_{s}= {0.0552}{T}_{a}^{4}$(其中${T}_{\mathrm{a}}$为环境温度,$\mathrm{K}$)[5]
玻璃与下垫面之间的辐射换热量${R}_{fg}$可由下式得到:
${R}_{fg}= \sigma {F}_{fg}\left({{\varepsilon }_{f}{T}_{f}^{4}- {\varepsilon }_{g}{T}_{g}^{4}}\right)$
式中,${F}_{fg}$为玻璃与地面之间的角系数,${F}_{fg}= \frac{1}{2}\left({1 -\cos \theta }\right)$;${T}_{g}$为地面的温度,${T}_{g}= {T}_{a}- {1.362}+ {0.01287I},\mathrm{\;K};{\varepsilon }_{g}$为地面的发射率。
玻璃表面与环境之间的对流换热量${R}_{fa}$可由下式得到:
${R}_{fa}= {h}_{fa}\left({{T}_{f}- {T}_{a}}\right)$
式中,${h}_{fa}$为玻璃与空气之间的热对流系数,${h}_{fa}= {5.7}+ {3.8v}$(其中$v$为风速,$\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$)[6]
对于上层 EVA, 进入该层的能量有透射过玻璃层到达它的辐射以及与电池片的热传导, 出去的能量有被上层 EVA 反射的辐射, 与玻璃的热传导以及透过上层 EVA 的辐射, 如图 2所示。
那么, 根据能量守恒定律, 进入上层 EVA 的能量等于出去的能量, 可以列出上层 EVA 的能量守恒公式, 如式 (9) 所示:
$I{\tau }_{f}+ \frac{{T}_{c}- {T}_{E1}}{{R}_{2}}= I{\tau }_{f}{\tau }_{E1}+ I{\tau }_{f}{\rho }_{E1}+ \frac{{T}_{E1}- {T}_{f}}{{R}_{1}}$
式中,${T}_{c}$为电池片的温度,$\mathrm{K};{R}_{2}$为上层 EVA 与电池片之间的热阻,$\mathrm{K}/\mathrm{W},{R}_{2}= \frac{{\delta }_{c}}{2{\lambda }_{c}}+ \frac{{\delta }_{E1}}{2{\lambda }_{E1}}$[ 其中${\delta }_{c}$为电池片的厚度,$\mathrm{m}$;${\lambda }_{c}$为电池片的导热系数,$\mathrm{W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)\rbrack$;${\tau }_{E1}$为上层$\mathrm{{EVA}}$的透射率;${\rho }_{E1}$为上层 EVA 的反射率。
图 3所示, 对于电池片, 进入该层的能量有到达它的辐射, 出去的能量有组件输出的电能、被反射的辐射、与上层 EVA 的热传导以及与下层 EVA 的热传导。
根据能量守恒定律, 可以列出电池片的能量守恒公式, 如式 (10) 所示:
$I{\tau }_{f}{\tau }_{E1}= \frac{P}{A}+ I{\tau }_{f}{\tau }_{E1}{\rho }_{c}+ \frac{{T}_{c}- {T}_{E1}}{{R}_{2}}+ \frac{{T}_{c}- {T}_{E2}}{{R}_{3}}$
式中,$P$为电池片输出的功率,$\mathrm{W};A$为组件的表面积,${\mathrm{m}}^{2};{\rho }_{c}$为电池片的反射率;${T}_{E2}$为下层 EVA 的温度,$\mathrm{K};{R}_{3}$为电池片与下层 EVA 之间的热阻,$\mathrm{K}/\mathrm{W},{R}_{3}= \frac{{\delta }_{c}}{2{\lambda }_{c}}+ \frac{{\delta }_{E2}}{2{\lambda }_{E2}}$[ 其中${\delta }_{E2}$为下层 EVA 的厚度,$\mathrm{m};{\lambda }_{E2}$为下层 EVA 的导热系数,$\mathrm{W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$]。
图 4所示, 对于下层 EVA, 进入的能量有与电池片的热传导,出去的能量有与背板的热传导。
根据能量守恒定律, 可以列出下层 EVA 的能量守恒公式, 如式 (11) 所示:
$\frac{{T}_{c}- {T}_{E2}}{{R}_{3}}= \frac{{T}_{E2}- {T}_{b}}{{R}_{4}}$
式中,${R}_{4}$为下层 EVA 与背板之间的热阻,$\mathrm{K}/\mathrm{W}$;${R}_{4}= \frac{{\delta }_{b}}{2{\lambda }_{b}}+ \frac{{\delta }_{E2}}{2{\lambda }_{E2}}$(其中${\delta }_{b}$为背板的厚度,$\mathrm{m};{\lambda }_{b}$为背板的导热系数,$\mathrm{W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right);{T}_{b}$为背板的温度,$\mathrm{K}$)。
图 5所示, 对于背板, 进入的能量有与下层 EVA 的热传导,出去的能量有与天空的辐射换热、与地面的辐射换热以及与空气的对流换热。根据能量守恒定律, 可以列出背板的能量守恒公式, 如式 (12) 所示:
$\frac{{T}_{E2}- {T}_{b}}{{R}_{4}}= {h}_{ba}\left({{T}_{b}- {T}_{a}}\right)+ \sigma {F}_{bs}\left({{\varepsilon }_{b}{T}_{b}^{4}- {\varepsilon }_{s}{T}_{s}^{4}}\right)+ \sigma {F}_{bg}\left({{\varepsilon }_{b}{T}_{b}^{4}- {\varepsilon }_{g}{T}_{g}^{4}}\right)$
式中,${h}_{ba}$为背板与空气的对流换热系数,${h}_{ba}= \frac{{h}_{fa}}{2}{}^{\left\lbrack 7\right\rbrack };{\varepsilon }_{b}$为背板的发射率;${F}_{bs}$为背板与天空的角系数,${F}_{bs}= \frac{1 -\cos \theta }{2}{}^{\left\lbrack 8\right\rbrack }$;${F}_{bg}$为背板与地面的角系数,${F}_{bg}= \frac{1 +\cos \theta }{2}{}^{\left\lbrack 4\right\rbrack }$。
根据能量守恒定律可以得到玻璃、上层 EVA、电池片、下层 EVA、背板每一层的能量守恒公式, 这样可以得到一个五元四次方程,如公式 (13~17) 所示,未知数为玻璃的温度${T}_{f}$ 、上层 EVA 的温度${T}_{E1}$ 、电池片的温度${T}_{c}$ 、下层 EVA 的温度${T}_{E2}$ 以及背板的温度${T}_{b}$ ,将这五元四次方程组输入到 Matlab 里面可以计算得出每一层的温度, 由于实际测量时, 温度探头都会安放在组件背板的位置,所以认为组件背板的温度${T}_{b}$ 即为组件的工作温度。
$\begin{array}{l}-4{F}_{C}{F}_{T}\left({\frac{1}{4}{F}_{T}\left({{h}_{j\alpha }+ \frac{1}{4}}\right){T}_{f}- \frac{1}{{R}_{1}}{T}_{E1}= \left({1 -{\rho }_{f}- {\tau }_{f}}\right) I +}\right)\\-4{F}_{C}{F}_{T}\left({\frac{1}{4}{F}_{T}\left({{h}_{j\alpha }{F}_{T}+ \frac{1}{4}{F}_{R}{S}_{e}{F}_{e}^{T}}\right)}\right)\\\frac{1}{8}{F}_{T}\left({\frac{1}{{R}_{1}}+ \frac{1}{{R}_{2}}{T}_{f}+ \frac{1}{{R}_{1}}{T}_{E1}+ \frac{1}{{R}_{2}}{T}_{E1}- {f}_{C}{T}_{f}\left({{\tau }_{E}+ {\rho }_{E1}-1}\right)}\right)\\\frac{1}{8}{F}_{T}{T}_{E}\left({-\frac{1}{{R}_{1}}+ \frac{1}{{R}_{2}}}\right){T}_{c}- \frac{1}{{R}_{2}}{T}_{E2}= \frac{1}{A}+ {T}_{f}{\tau }_{f}\left({{n}_{f}-1}\right)\\\frac{1}{8}{F}_{T}- {F}_{C}\left({-\frac{1}{{R}_{1}}+ \frac{1}{{R}_{2}}}\right){F}_{C}- \frac{1}{{R}_{2}}{F}_{E}= - O\left({{F}_{E},{F}_{T}+ \frac{1}{{R}_{2}}}\right)\\- O{F}_{C}{F}_{C}\left({-\frac{1}{{R}_{1}}+ \frac{1}{{R}_{2}}}\right){F}_{C}- O\left({{F}_{C},{F}_{T}+ \frac{1}{{R}_{2}}}\right){F}_{C}= - O\left({{F}_{C},{F}_{T}+ \frac{1}{{R}_{2}}}\right)\end{array}$
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
为了验证所建立的热模型, 设计相关实验测量组件的背板温度。选取 72 片电池片太阳能光伏组件,组件朝南安放,安装倾角为${37}^{\circ }$,从早上$9 :{30}$到下午${13}: {00}$,每隔五分钟记录一次数据, 分别记录组件平面辐照度、风速、环境温度以及背板温度。
对记录的组件平面辐照度、风速、环境温度数据进行处理, 即删去一些异常数据点, 例如风速骤然上升或下降很大的点。 如 图 6所示, 从图中可以看出, 组件的工作温度与辐照度的趋势是一致的。
根据所建立的温升特性理论模型, 将实验数据组件平面辐照度$I$、风速$v$、环境温度${T}_{amb}$放入上述五元四次方程组中,采用 MATLAB 软件,计算出玻璃的温度${T}_{f}$、上层 EVA 的温度${T}_{E1}$、电池片的温度${T}_{C}$、下层 EVA 的温度${T}_{E2}$以及背板的温度${T}_{b}$,则${T}_{b}$即为模拟的组件工作温度。将实验结果${T}_{mod}$与模拟结果${T}_{b}$进行对比,对比结果如图 7所示,可以看出实验结果与模拟结果随时间的推移都在呈现波动上升的趋势, 且模拟结果与实验结果的误差在$\pm {2.5}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$以内。由于所建立的理论模型是稳态模型, 不考虑时间的影响, 而实际情况中, 温度会随时间的变化存在一定的滞后性, 才能达到稳态, 这也是实验结果与模拟结果存在误差的原因之一。
运用所建立的模型, 计算该光伏组件的 NMOT, 在 NMOT 条件下,即辐照度${800}\mathrm{\;W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$,环境温度${20}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,风速$1\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$,组件安装倾角为${37}^{\circ }$的情况下,该 72 片电池片常规组件(组件长为${1.96}\mathrm{\;m}$,宽为${0.98}\mathrm{\;m}$) 的输出功率为${268}\mathrm{\;W}$,根据相关文献[9], 地面的发射率设置为 0.94 , 天空的发射率设置为 0.91 , 组件的材料参数如表 1所示, 则计算结果如表 2所示, 该 72 片电池片常规组件的 NMOT 为${43.7}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$。
该实验教学实践取得以下成果:
(1)丰富了传热学实验教学中的实践案例范围
将导热、对流、热射等换热机理运用于组件温升问题的建模, 将具体的工程案例进行简化, 通过设定相应的边界条件, 获得了与实验结果一致的结论。使学生能够利用所专业知识解决光伏发电中的具体工程问题, 丰富了传热学实验教学在新能源工程领域中的实践范围。
通过组件温升建模过程, 学生深入了解了光伏组件的结构、 性能影响因素、材料特性。学习了光伏组件工作环境对其工作温度和性能的影响, 并能够通过所学传热学知识进行分析和优化。
通过传热学机理进行组件温升建模, 模拟结果与实验结果吻合, 建立了一种光伏 NMOT 的模拟计算方法。获得了一些对光伏组件温度测试模拟测试有益的结论:
a. 辐照度越高,温度呈现波动上升趋势;
b. 模拟结果与实验结果误差控制在$\pm {2.5}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 以内,这主要是因为模型没有考虑时间的影响, 忽略了温度随时间的滞后性;
c. 运用该温度特性模型, 计算出一块 72 片电池片常规光伏组件的 NMOT 为${43.71}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 。
综上所述, 该实验教学过程一方面加深了学生对传热学机理的理解深度, 培养了学生运用经典理论解决科技发展中的新工程问题的能力。另外, 该实践结论对光伏产业解决光伏组件 NMOT 的模拟和测量问题具有一定的价值。
  • 2024年河海大学产教融合型一流课程建设项目——“太阳能利用技术”
参考文献 引证文献
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2024年第2卷第11期
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  • 首发时间:2025-07-28
  • 出版时间:2024-11-08
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First-Class Courses for Integration Between Industry and Education of Hohai University in 2024 - "Solar Energy Utilization Technology"
2024年河海大学产教融合型一流课程建设项目——“太阳能利用技术”
作者信息
    1 河海大学 新能源学院 常州 213200
    2 天合光能股份有限公司 光伏科学与技术国家重点实验室 常州 213000

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*王磊,博士,讲师,研究方向为太阳能光伏发电。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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