Article(id=1156668070245557080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, issueId=1156668069717070592, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753700757800, onlineDateStr=2025-07-28, pubDate=1730995200000, pubDateStr=2024-11-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753700757800, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753700757800, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753700757800, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156668069717070592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, year='2024', volume='2', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='172', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=3, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753700757674, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753750130111, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156875152794411009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, issueId=1156668069717070592, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156875152798605314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, issueId=1156668069717070592, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=29, endPage=32, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156668070761456474, articleId=1156668070245557080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, language=EN, title=Determination of phthalate acid esters in serum by solid-phase extraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, columnId=1156641065621906129, journalTitle=Laboratory Testing, columnName=Innovative Applications, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To develop a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry solid-phase extractionfor detectingphthalic acid esters (PAEs) in the serum of patients with thyroid cancer. Four PAEs, namely, dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and di (2-ethyl) hexyl phthalate (DEHP), were used in experiments. Methods Samples of PAEs were extracted and enhanced using a solid-phase extraction glass column. The column temperature parameters were as follows: the initial temperature was${60}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$. The temperature was maintained at${60}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$for 1 min and then increased by${20}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{min}}$to${220}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$. The temperature was then increased by${5}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{min}}$to${290}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$and maintained at${290}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$for 2 min. The mass spectrometry conditions were as follows: the ionization mode was electron impact, the source energy was${70}\mathrm{{eV}}$, the ion source temperature was${240}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$, the quadrupole temperature was${150}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$, and the scanning mode was selective ion monitoring (SIM). These parameters were qualitatively based on the target compound’s retention time and the mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). Quantitative analysis was conductedusing the standard internal method. Results The standard curve regression equations of DMP, DEP, DBP, and DEHP all had excellent linear relationships with correlation coefficients greater than 0.997. The precision of DMP, DEP, DBP, and DEHP was 2.60%, 4.73%, 5.50% and 5.70%, respectively. The average recoveries were in the average range of${94.5}\%$. The detection rate of DBP, DMP, DEP and DEHP were 100%,31.6%,73.46%, and${100}\%$, respectively. Conclusion The method is suitable for simultaneous detection of PAEs in human serum, with low organic dose, short extraction time, good recovery and reproducibility, and low detection limit.

, correspAuthors=Hai-E XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*XU Hai-E, Ph.D, Deputy Chief Physician, Department of Clinical Nutrition, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, China. E-mail:
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目的 建立固相萃取(solid phase extraction, SPE)-气相色谱(gas chromatography, GC)-串联四级杆质谱(mass spectrometry, MS)测定血清 4 种常见的邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物: 邻苯二甲酸二甲酯、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯及邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)已酯的检测方法。方法 样本前处理采用 SPE(正相键合模式)玻璃小柱对血清中PAEs 萃取富集。色谱柱升温程序: 初温 60°C,保持 1 min,以 20°C/min 升温至220°C,再以 5°C/min 升温至${290}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$保持$2\mathrm{\;{min}}$,${290}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$后运行$2\mathrm{\;{min}}$。质谱条件为:电子轰击源(EI)能量:70 eV;离子源温度:${240}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$;四级杆温度:${150}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$; 选择离子模式 (selected ion monitoring, SIM)检测。以目标化合物保留时间及目标化合物质荷比 (m/z)来定性,内标法定量分析。同时对方法的精密度及加标回收率进行测定。结果 DMP、DEP、DBP、DEHP 的标准曲线回归方程均具有良好的线性关系(相关系数均大于 0.997)。4 种物质的最低检出限(limit of detection, LOD)为$2 \sim {3\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{L}$;精密度分别为${2.60}\%$、${4.73}\%$、${5.50}\%$及${5.70}\%$;空白加标中平均回收率为${94.5}\%$。甲状腺乳头癌志愿者血清中 DMP 检出率为 31.6%;DEP 检出率为 73.4%;DBP 及 DEHP 的检出率达 100%。结论 该方法使用的有机试剂量少,样本萃取耗时短,回收率和重现性良好,检测限较低,可适用于人体血清中多种PAEs 类物质的同时检测。

, correspAuthors=徐海娥, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*徐海娥,博士,副主任医师,研究方向为营养与食品污染物监测。E-mail:
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徐海娥,博士,副主任医师,研究方向为营养与食品污染物监测。

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目标化合物 质荷比 $\left({\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{z}}\right)$ 保留时间(min)
定量离子 定性离子
DMP 163 163、135、194 6.484
DEP 149 149、177、121 7.335
DBP 149 149、223、205 9.318
DEHP 149 149、167、279 14.285
D4-DBP 153 153、207、108 9.305
), ArticleFig(id=1156668113677574719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156668070245557080, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=邻苯二甲酸甲酯衍生物的保留时间及监测离子, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目标化合物 质荷比 $\left({\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{z}}\right)$ 保留时间(min)
定量离子 定性离子
DMP 163 163、135、194 6.484
DEP 149 149、177、121 7.335
DBP 149 149、223、205 9.318
DEHP 149 149、167、279 14.285
D4-DBP 153 153、207、108 9.305
), ArticleFig(id=1156668113748877889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156668070245557080, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Linear range, regression equation and detection limit of 4 phthalates in serum determined by SPE-GC-MS method, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
邻苯二甲酸 酯类化合物 线性范围 (μg/L) 回归方程 相关系数 $r$ 检出限 (μg/L)
DMP 5.35~32.10 $y ={0.111x}- {0.059}$ 0.997 2.00
DEP 4.00~24.00 $y ={0.078x}- {0.058}$ 0.999 2.00
DBP 26.75~267.50 $y ={0.065x}- {0.247}$ 0.999 3.00
DEHP 26.25~157.50 $y ={0.018x}- {0.140}$ 0.997 3.00
), ArticleFig(id=1156668113828569667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156668070245557080, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=SPE-GC-MS 法测定血清中 4 种邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物含量的线性范围、回归方程及检出限, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
邻苯二甲酸 酯类化合物 线性范围 (μg/L) 回归方程 相关系数 $r$ 检出限 (μg/L)
DMP 5.35~32.10 $y ={0.111x}- {0.059}$ 0.997 2.00
DEP 4.00~24.00 $y ={0.078x}- {0.058}$ 0.999 2.00
DBP 26.75~267.50 $y ={0.065x}- {0.247}$ 0.999 3.00
DEHP 26.25~157.50 $y ={0.018x}- {0.140}$ 0.997 3.00
), ArticleFig(id=1156668113891484229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156668070245557080, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Serum PAEs content in patients with thyroid papillary carcinoma, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
邻苯二甲酸酯 检出率(%) 中位数 $\left({\mu \mathrm{g}/\mathrm{L}}\right)$ 范围 $\left({\mu \mathrm{g}/\mathrm{L}}\right)$
DMP 31.6 1.87 1.69~2.22
DEP 73.4 2.86 ${2.56}\sim {5.76}$
DBP 100 81.3 86.25~125.3
DEHP 100 90.2 60.5~186.7
), ArticleFig(id=1156668113950204487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156668070245557080, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=甲状腺乳头状癌患者血清中 PAEs 的含量, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
邻苯二甲酸酯 检出率(%) 中位数 $\left({\mu \mathrm{g}/\mathrm{L}}\right)$ 范围 $\left({\mu \mathrm{g}/\mathrm{L}}\right)$
DMP 31.6 1.87 1.69~2.22
DEP 73.4 2.86 ${2.56}\sim {5.76}$
DBP 100 81.3 86.25~125.3
DEHP 100 90.2 60.5~186.7
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固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定血清邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物含量
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徐海娥 1, * , 徐吉巧 2 , 戴雪璐 1 , 刘运明 3
实验室检测 | 创新应用 2024,2(11): 29-32
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实验室检测 | 创新应用 2024, 2(11): 29-32
固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定血清邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物含量
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徐海娥1, * , 徐吉巧2, 戴雪璐1, 刘运明3
作者信息
  • 1 南京医科大学第二附属医院 临床营养科 南京 210011
  • 2 南京医科大学第二附属医院 外科 南京 210011
  • 3 江苏省疾病预防控制中心 理化检验所 南京 210009
  • 徐海娥,博士,副主任医师,研究方向为营养与食品污染物监测。

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*徐海娥,博士,副主任医师,研究方向为营养与食品污染物监测。E-mail:
Determination of phthalate acid esters in serum by solid-phase extraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
Hai-E XU1, * , Ji-Qiao XU2, Xue-Lu DAI1, Yun-Ming LIU3
Affiliations
  • 1 Physical and Chemical Inspection Institute Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention Nanjing 210009 China
出版时间: 2024-11-08
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目的 建立固相萃取(solid phase extraction, SPE)-气相色谱(gas chromatography, GC)-串联四级杆质谱(mass spectrometry, MS)测定血清 4 种常见的邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物: 邻苯二甲酸二甲酯、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯及邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)已酯的检测方法。方法 样本前处理采用 SPE(正相键合模式)玻璃小柱对血清中PAEs 萃取富集。色谱柱升温程序: 初温 60°C,保持 1 min,以 20°C/min 升温至220°C,再以 5°C/min 升温至${290}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$保持$2\mathrm{\;{min}}$,${290}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$后运行$2\mathrm{\;{min}}$。质谱条件为:电子轰击源(EI)能量:70 eV;离子源温度:${240}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$;四级杆温度:${150}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$; 选择离子模式 (selected ion monitoring, SIM)检测。以目标化合物保留时间及目标化合物质荷比 (m/z)来定性,内标法定量分析。同时对方法的精密度及加标回收率进行测定。结果 DMP、DEP、DBP、DEHP 的标准曲线回归方程均具有良好的线性关系(相关系数均大于 0.997)。4 种物质的最低检出限(limit of detection, LOD)为$2 \sim {3\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{L}$;精密度分别为${2.60}\%$、${4.73}\%$、${5.50}\%$及${5.70}\%$;空白加标中平均回收率为${94.5}\%$。甲状腺乳头癌志愿者血清中 DMP 检出率为 31.6%;DEP 检出率为 73.4%;DBP 及 DEHP 的检出率达 100%。结论 该方法使用的有机试剂量少,样本萃取耗时短,回收率和重现性良好,检测限较低,可适用于人体血清中多种PAEs 类物质的同时检测。

固相萃取  /  气相色谱-质谱联用  /  邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物  /  血清

Objective To develop a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry solid-phase extractionfor detectingphthalic acid esters (PAEs) in the serum of patients with thyroid cancer. Four PAEs, namely, dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and di (2-ethyl) hexyl phthalate (DEHP), were used in experiments. Methods Samples of PAEs were extracted and enhanced using a solid-phase extraction glass column. The column temperature parameters were as follows: the initial temperature was${60}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$. The temperature was maintained at${60}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$for 1 min and then increased by${20}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{min}}$to${220}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$. The temperature was then increased by${5}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{min}}$to${290}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$and maintained at${290}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$for 2 min. The mass spectrometry conditions were as follows: the ionization mode was electron impact, the source energy was${70}\mathrm{{eV}}$, the ion source temperature was${240}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$, the quadrupole temperature was${150}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$, and the scanning mode was selective ion monitoring (SIM). These parameters were qualitatively based on the target compound’s retention time and the mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). Quantitative analysis was conductedusing the standard internal method. Results The standard curve regression equations of DMP, DEP, DBP, and DEHP all had excellent linear relationships with correlation coefficients greater than 0.997. The precision of DMP, DEP, DBP, and DEHP was 2.60%, 4.73%, 5.50% and 5.70%, respectively. The average recoveries were in the average range of${94.5}\%$. The detection rate of DBP, DMP, DEP and DEHP were 100%,31.6%,73.46%, and${100}\%$, respectively. Conclusion The method is suitable for simultaneous detection of PAEs in human serum, with low organic dose, short extraction time, good recovery and reproducibility, and low detection limit.

solid phase extraction  /  gas chromatography-mass spectrometry  /  phthalate acid ester  /  serum
徐海娥, 徐吉巧, 戴雪璐, 刘运明. 固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定血清邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物含量. 实验室检测, 2024 , 2 (11) : 29 -32 .
Hai-E XU, Ji-Qiao XU, Xue-Lu DAI, Yun-Ming LIU. Determination of phthalate acid esters in serum by solid-phase extraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J]. Laboratory Testing, 2024 , 2 (11) : 29 -32 .
邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物 PAEs (phthalic acid esters) 是一种常见的内分泌干扰物, 作为增塑剂或溶剂广泛用于工业和商业应用中[1]。由于这类化合物通常通过物理结合而不是化学结合在聚合物基质上, 这就使得很容易从环境中迁移到生物体中。 因此在人群尿液、血清和精液标本中都能检测到塑化剂[2-4]。 PAEs 是非持久性的, 在体内代谢迅速, 产生的代谢物极性很强。 绝大多数 PAEs 通过尿液排泄,但残留的 PAEs 仍然可以在人体血液中检测到。血清中 PAEs 含量通常比尿液中低 2~3 个数量级。虽然血清中 PAEs 的检出率低于尿液,但血清 PAEs 水平与人体生理学参数 (如内分泌相关激素水平) 之间的相关性更大, 这表明在人群流行病学研究中血清 PAEs 暴露水平可以更准确地预测潜在的健康危险性[5-8]
目前血清中PAEs 检测方法主要有气相色谱法(gas chromatography, GC)[2 , 9]、高效液相色谱法 (high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)[10]、气相色谱一串联质谱法 (gas chromatography tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry, GC/MS)[11-12]、高效液相色谱 - 质谱联用法(high performance liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry, HPLC/MS)[13]等。本课题组为了改善样品前处理的重复性,将固相萃取 (solid phase extraction, SPE) 方法应用于血清样本的前处理, 进行样本的净化和富集浓缩, 并采用 GC 与四级杆质谱 (MS) 联用测定甲状腺癌患者血清中多种 PAEs,以期为人群 PAEs 进行生物监测及危险度评价奠定基础。
78905975C 气相色谱/质谱联用仪 (美国 Agilent 公司); DB-5ms 毛细管色谱柱 (美国 Agilent 公司); N-EvapTM111 氮吹浓缩仪 (美国 Organomation Associates 公司); 24 位固相萃取装置美国(Supelco 公司);202-OA 型电热恒温鼓风干燥箱(浙江余姚市星辰仪表厂);ProElut PSA Glass 固相萃取柱(DIKMA,${1.0}\mathrm{\;g}/6\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ );RE-52型旋转蒸发仪 (上海亚荣生化仪器厂);$\mathrm{{NP}}- {30}\mathrm{\;S}$ 涡旋振荡仪 (NP-30S); 所有的实验装置,包括玻璃器皿, 采用色谱纯丙酮 (美国 Accustandard 公司) 和己烷 (美国 Accustandard 公司)仔细清洗,然后在${200}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 下烘烤$2\mathrm{\;h}$ 。标准品: 邻苯二甲酸二甲酯、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、 邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯、D4-邻苯二甲酸二丁酯,以上均为分析纯, 来自美国 Accustandard 公司。
DB-5MS 毛细管色谱柱$\lbrack {30}\mathrm{\;m}\times {0.25}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$(i.d)$\times {0.25\mu }\mathrm{m}$(膜厚),美国 Agilent 公司]; 载气为${\mathrm{N}}_{2}\left({{99.999}\%}\right)$; 柱流量为${1.0}\mathrm{\;{mL}}/\mathrm{{min}}$,无分流进样;进样口温度为${260}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$;色谱柱升温程序为初温${60}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,保持$1\mathrm{\;{min}}$,以${20}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{min}}$升温至${220}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,再以${5}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{min}}$升温至${290}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$保持$2\mathrm{\;{min}},{290}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$后运行$2\mathrm{\;{min}}$;进样量为${1\mu }\mathrm{L}$; 电离方式为电子轰击源 (EI),能量为${70}\mathrm{{eV}}$; 离子源温度为${240}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$;四级杆温度为${150}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$;扫描方式选择离子监测 (selective ion monitoring, SIM)。其他质谱条件见表 1。以目标化合物保留时间及目标化合物质荷比$\left({\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{z}}\right)$来定性,内标法定量分析。
准确称取一定质量的目标化合物标准品及同位素内标标准品。分别称取 DMP、DBP、DEHP 及 D4-DBP 10 mg(精确至${0.1}\mathrm{{mg}}$) 及 DEP${20}\mathrm{{mg}}$(精确至${0.1}\mathrm{{mg}}$) 至${100}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$容量瓶,用丙酮溶解并定容至刻度,配制成单标储存液。分别取${0.25}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$DMP、0.1 mL DEP、1.25 mL DBP、1.25 mL DEHP,用丙酮定容至${50}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$,配制成混标中间液。取${0.1}\mathrm{{mL}}$DEP-D4 内标储存液, 用丙酮定容至${50}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$配制成内标中间液$\left({{0.2}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}}\right)$。工作溶液采取每个分析批次现用现配的方法。
内分泌外科专科护士按照规定操作规范, 采集志愿者静脉血, 分离血清,在$-{20}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$低温保存待用。所有标本采用玻璃针管收集, 以避免预处理期间 PAEs 的污染。伦理批号:[ 2022 ]-KY-023-01。
检测时血清至置于${125}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$的棕色锥形瓶中,$1\mathrm{\;{mL}}$的盐酸 ($6\mathrm{{mmol}}/\mathrm{L}$) 使蛋白失活,再分别加入${10}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$正己烷及内标物 DBP-D4,超声萃取后,取有机相。重复上述步骤 2 次,合并有机相并混匀,用氮吹仪浓缩至$1\mathrm{\;{mL}}$,过无水硫酸钠除水,并用高纯氮气缓慢吹至${0.5}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$。再进行活化/平衡固相萃取柱: 取玻璃 PSA 固相萃取柱,依次用$5\mathrm{\;{mL}}$正己烷,$5\mathrm{\;{mL}}$乙腈活化萃取柱,抽真空$2\mathrm{\;{min}}$,除去萃取柱中的有机溶剂。取上述血清样本加入 PSA 固相萃取柱上样,待样本过柱后,抽真空$3\mathrm{\;{min}}$, 除去萃取柱中的水。采用$5\mathrm{\;{mL}}$甲醇 (10%) 淋洗并弃去;再用${10}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$丙酮:正己烷(1:1)混合溶剂洗脱,并收集,以上步骤进行 2 次。最后收集洗脱液,在${40}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$条件下,用氮吹仪吹干, 用正己烷定容至${300\mu }\mathrm{L}$,样液供 GC-MS 分析。
以往研究表明血清样品中 PAEs 的含量在$\mu \mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{L}}^{\left\lbrack {14}- {16}\right\rbrack }$ ,属于痕量分析, 要求基准物质纯度高、实验过程标准化。为了提高准确度及精密度, 本实验在整个研究过程包括样本采集、预处理及试剂耗材, 仪器管路、进样阀塑化剂污染预防控制, 都采取了严格的质量控制, 否则可能会产生较大的本底值。为减少器皿污染对实验带来的影响, 实验中所有的玻璃用品全部洗净后, 再经过丙酮浸泡过夜,然后在${200}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 条件下烘干。整个实验过程中, 应确保避免接触塑料制品, 包括操作中避免使用塑料薄膜手套及带有塑料管路的可调定量加液器吸取试剂等。同时我们实验室为了扣除样品制备过程的 PAEs 背景水平, 采用正己烷溶液代替血清进行空白试验。在实验过程中每个分析批次运用程序空白和内标物质, 包括空白溶剂 (流动相)、双空白样本 (无内标的血清)、一个空白样本 (有内标的血清),并制备单独的储备溶液,用于校准标准品和质量控制。进样时,样本与高浓度标准曲线间加 3 个溶剂样品用于洗针。
本研究采用气相色谱一串联四级杆质谱法测定, 参考本课题组前期采用气相色谱联合质谱测定尿液中 PAEs 的方法[17], 在优化后的分析条件下,目标化合物在${15}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 内全部出峰, DMP、DEP、DBP、DEHP、D4-DBP 的保留时间分别为 6.484、${7.335}\text{、}{9.318}\text{、}{14.285}\text{、}{9.305}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ (见表 1图 1),各目标化合物的选择离子监测 SIM 模式扫描条件 (保留时间、特征离子)。 SIM 模式下的色谱图, 见图 1
目标化合物在${15}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 内全部出峰, DMP、DEP、DBP、 DEHP、D4-DBP 的保留时间分别为 6.484、7.335、9.318、${14.285}\text{、}{9.305}{\mathrm{\;{min}}}_{\circ }$
分别准确吸取${0.1}\text{、}{0.2}\text{、}{0.3}\text{、}{0.4}\text{、}{0.5}\text{、}{0.6}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 内标中间液, 至6个${10}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 棕色玻璃容量瓶中,分别加入${0.5}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 内标中间液 D4-DBP, 再加入丙酮定容至刻度, 配制成 DMP、DEP、DBP、 DEHP 标准系列溶液。
同时, 以目标化合物的含量为横坐标 (x), 以目标化合物定量离子峰面积(A)以其对应的氘代内标定量离子对峰面积$\left({A}_{\mathrm{i}}\right)$ 之比值为纵坐标 (y), 绘制标准工作曲线。结果显示在相对应的线性范围内, DMP、DEP、DBP、DEHP 的回归方程均具有良好的线性关系 (相关系数均大于 0.997)。最低检出限 (limit of detection, LOD) 是反应分析方法的灵敏度,以信噪比$2 : 1$ 来确定质谱仪器的 LOD。本方法对 4 种 PAEs 的最低检出限为$2 \sim {3\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{L}$ ,能够满足定量分析的基本要求,见表 2
取混标中间液${0.3}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 定容至${10}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ ,连续进样 6 次,测定并计算 DMP、DEP、DBP 及 DEHP 的 RSD,分别为 2.60%, 4.73%, 5.50% 及 5.70%。空白加标中平均回收率为 94.5%,在血清样本中分别加入适量的混合标准液, 使目标化合物的含量分别为${5.0\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{L}$ ,加标回收率分别为:${70.1}\%\sim {112.7}\%$ ,表明方法的精密度良好,测定结果稳定且可靠。
根据上述方法对 19 例甲状腺乳头状癌志愿者血清中的 PAEs 进行检测, 血清中各种 PAEs 均有不同程度的检出, 典型样本色谱图见 图 2。DBP 及 DEHP 的检出率及含量均最高,检出率达100%,含量范围分别为${86.25}\sim {525.3\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{L}$ 、 60.5~186.7 μg/L(见表 3),这为评估甲状腺乳头状癌患者体内 PAEs 的暴露水平及潜在的健康风险提供了重要的实验基础。
本研究为了解甲状腺肿瘤患者体内 PAEs 的含量情况, 优化了方法的检测分析条件。就前处理技术而言, 固相萃取法和液液萃取法是血清样本常用的处理方法。血清基质成分复杂, 在液液萃取的环节中容易出现干扰物共提取的现象。虽然目前的检测方法可通过质谱的多反应检测模式可去除干扰, 但是未被净化的杂质进入进样口及色谱柱, 除了对进样口和色谱柱造成污染,长期积累会危害质谱系统。另外,液液萃取法采用的有机溶剂用量较大, 对环境不友好, 而固相萃取柱应用于血清样本前处理, 操作简单, 同时能避免一些高沸点的基质成分对质谱的污染及避免液液萃取前处理过程中误差累积, 同时对目标化合物有富集作用。目前文献报道的较常用于样本前处理的固相萃取柱净化柱有氧化铝柱、离子交换柱 (阳离子/阴离子)、 反相填料柱、正相吸附柱以及正向键合柱等。
邵敏等人采用血清样本经中性硅胶柱处理, 采用气相色谱串联质谱测定健康人群血清中 DMP、BBP、DBP 及 DEHP 等 6 种塑化剂,检出限在${0.103}\sim {0.833\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{L}$,加标回收率在 78.7%~97.0%[12]。Guo 等人[18]采用 MAX 固相萃取小柱对血液样本进行样本前处理后进行 GC-MS 法检测, 几种塑化剂的检出限在${0.7}\sim {4.5}\mathrm{{ng}}/\mathrm{{mL}}$,加标回收率在${91.0}\%\sim {110.2}\%$。范赛等人[19]采用阳离子交换柱(Waters Oasis HLB 固相萃取柱)进行样本前处理,建立了固相萃取 - 超高效液相色谱串联三重四级杆质谱, 测定了健康志愿者血清中 20 种邻苯二甲酸酯及其 6 种代谢产物, 检出限均在${1.0\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{L}$以上,加标回收率为${63.0}\%\sim {97.7}\%$。
本次研究建立了固相萃取 - 气相色谱 - 质谱法测定 4 种常见的、对生物体暴露水平较高及潜在危害较大的 DMP、DEP、 DBP 及 DEHP 的方法, 对人血清样本进行了定性和定量分析。 考虑到目标化合物的相关理化性质 (溶解度、极性、脂水分配系数等),采用了正向键合柱 (乙二胺基-N-丙基, PSA) 进行血清样本前处理。同时考虑到外表法定量会受样本前处理及基质效应影响出现定值不准,而内标法定量可减少样本前处理及基质效应引入的误差, 采用内标法定量, 4 种目标化合物的检出限为$2 \sim {3\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{L}$,加标回收率在${70.1}\%\sim {112.7}\%$。本课题组曾考察了不同固相萃取柱对尿液中 18 种邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的萃取效果, 并采用同位素内标法定量, 样品的加标回收率为 79%~121%,方法的检出限(S/N=3)均小于${0.005}\mathrm{{mg}}/{\mathrm{{kg}}}^{\left\lbrack {17}\right\rbrack }$。
本研究采用正相键和模式的固相萃取柱对血清样本目标化学物进行萃取富集, 减少了有机溶剂的使用量且很好地控制了基质效应。在此基础上, 建立了固相萃取 - 气相色谱串联四级杆质谱,测定了甲状腺癌者患者血清中 4 种常见的 PAEs 的方法, 目标化合物在${15}\mathrm{\;{min}}$内全部出峰,检出限均在${2.0\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{L}$以上, 加标回收率为 70.1%~112.7%,能够满足定量及定性分析的基本要求。本研究建立的方法为开展及评价甲状腺肿瘤患者邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的暴露水平及风险提供了实验技术支撑。
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2024年第2卷第11期
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  • 首发时间:2025-07-28
  • 出版时间:2024-11-08
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    1 南京医科大学第二附属医院 临床营养科 南京 210011
    2 南京医科大学第二附属医院 外科 南京 210011
    3 江苏省疾病预防控制中心 理化检验所 南京 210009

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*徐海娥,博士,副主任医师,研究方向为营养与食品污染物监测。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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