Article(id=1156667049943360198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, issueId=1156667038362886682, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753700514540, onlineDateStr=2025-07-28, pubDate=1733587200000, pubDateStr=2024-12-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753700514540, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753700514540, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753700514540, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156667038362886682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, year='2024', volume='2', issue='12', pageStart='0', pageEnd='162', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753700511780, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753700731787, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156667961164288766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, issueId=1156667038362886682, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156667961164288767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, issueId=1156667038362886682, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=5, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156667050996130522, articleId=1156667049943360198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, language=EN, title=Determination of epichlorohydrin in Metoprolol Succinate Tablets by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, columnId=1156641065621906129, journalTitle=Laboratory Testing, columnName=Innovative Applications, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To establish a gas-mass spectrometry method for determination of epichlorohydrin in Metoprolol succinate tablets. Methods The chromatographic column is HP-1MS. Injection temperature is${220}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$; The injection method is split injection, and the split ratio is${10}: 1$. The heating procedure is to keep the initial temperature at${50}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$for$3\mathrm{\;{min}}$, then raise the temperature to${80}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$at a rate of${20}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{min}}$for$5\mathrm{\;{min}}$, and to${280}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$at a rate of${40}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{min}}$for$8\mathrm{\;{min}}$. The sample intake capacity is${1\mu }\mathrm{L}$. The ion source is electron bombardment source (EI), ion source temperature is${230}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$. Mass spectrometry interface temperature is${260}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$; the monitoring mode of mass spectrometry is SIM. The mass to charge ratios (m/z) are 49, 57 and 62. Results The linear range of epichlorohydrin concentration is${30}\sim {120}\mathrm{{ng}}/\mathrm{{mL}}\left({r >{0.99}}\right)$. The detection limit is${32.37}\mathrm{{ng}}/\mathrm{{mL}}$. The limit of quantitation is${107.89}\mathrm{{ng}}/\mathrm{{mL}}$. RSD of precision is${1.8}\%\left({n = 6}\right)$. The average recovery is${103.8}\%$with RSD of${2.5}\%\left({n = 6}\right)$. Epichlorohydrin was not detected in 3 batches of Metoprolol succinate tablets. Conclusion The established gas-mass coupling method is simple, practical, accurate and reliable, and can be used for the determination of epichlorohydrin in Metoprolol succinate tablets.

, correspAuthors=Li-Li HUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*HUANG Li-Li, Master, Associate Senior Pharmacist, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Institute for Drug Control, Nanning 530001, China. E-mail:
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目的 建立气- 质联用法测定琥珀酸美托洛尔片中环氧氯丙烷的含量。方法 色谱柱为HP-1MS;进样口温度为${220}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$;进样方式为分流进样,分流比为 10 :1 ;升温程序为初始温度${50}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$保持 3 min,再以${20}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{min}}$的速率升温至${80}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$并保持$5\mathrm{\;{min}}$,最后以${40}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{min}}$的速率升温至${280}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$并保持$8\mathrm{\;{min}}$;进样量为$1\mathrm{{\mu L}}$。离子源为电子轰击源(EI),离子源温度为${230}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$;质谱传输接口温度为${260}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$;质谱监测模式为选择离子扫描(SIM);检测特征离子质荷比(m/z)为 49、57、62。结果 环氧氯丙烷检测的质量浓度线性范围为 30~120 ng/mL($r >{0.99}$);检测限为 32.37 ng/mL;定量限为 107.89 ng/mL;进样精密度RSD为 1.8%($n = 6$);准确度为 103.8%, RSD 为 2.5%($n = 6$)。 3 批琥珀酸美托洛尔片, 均未检出环氧氯丙烷。结论 建立的气 - 质联用法简便实用、准确可靠, 适用于测定琥珀酸美托洛尔片中环氧氯丙烷的含量。

, correspAuthors=黄丽丽, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*黄丽丽,硕士,副主任药师,研究方向为药物质量研究与分析。E-mail:
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段澜波,执业药师,药学中级,研究方向为药品质量管理。

黄丽丽,硕士,副主任药师,研究方向为药物质量研究与分析。

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序号 峰面积 平均峰面积 RSD(%)
1 5500 5392
2 5500
3 5328
4 5365 1.8
5 5399
6 5262
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序号 峰面积 平均峰面积 RSD(%)
1 5500 5392
2 5500
3 5328
4 5365 1.8
5 5399
6 5262
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序号 回收率 平均回收率 RSD(%)
1-1 104.51
1-2 104.69
2-1 103.90
2-2 107.88
3-1 104.06
3-2 102.18
4-1 104.78 103.8 2.5
4-2 100.47
5-1 100.93
5-2 102.51
6-1 101.20
6-2 108.77
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序号 回收率 平均回收率 RSD(%)
1-1 104.51
1-2 104.69
2-1 103.90
2-2 107.88
3-1 104.06
3-2 102.18
4-1 104.78 103.8 2.5
4-2 100.47
5-1 100.93
5-2 102.51
6-1 101.20
6-2 108.77
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气相色谱-质谱联用法测定琥珀酸美托洛尔片中环氧氯丙烷的含量
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段澜波 1 , 梁春燕 2 , 黄丽丽 3, *
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实验室检测 | 创新应用 2024, 2(12): 1-5
气相色谱-质谱联用法测定琥珀酸美托洛尔片中环氧氯丙烷的含量
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段澜波1, 梁春燕2, 黄丽丽3, *
作者信息
  • 1 国药集团致君(深圳)制药有限公司 深圳 518000
  • 2 桂林医学院 药学院 桂林 541000
  • 3 广西壮族自治区药品检验研究院 南宁 530001
  • 段澜波,执业药师,药学中级,研究方向为药品质量管理。

    黄丽丽,硕士,副主任药师,研究方向为药物质量研究与分析。

通讯作者:

*黄丽丽,硕士,副主任药师,研究方向为药物质量研究与分析。E-mail:
Determination of epichlorohydrin in Metoprolol Succinate Tablets by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
Lan-Bo DUAN1, Chun-Yan LIANG2, Li-Li HUANG3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Sinopharm Zhijun (Shenzhen) Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Shenzhen 518000 China
  • 2 Guilin Medical University Guilin 541000 China
  • 3 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Institute for Drug Control Nanning 530001 China
出版时间: 2024-12-08
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目的 建立气- 质联用法测定琥珀酸美托洛尔片中环氧氯丙烷的含量。方法 色谱柱为HP-1MS;进样口温度为${220}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$;进样方式为分流进样,分流比为 10 :1 ;升温程序为初始温度${50}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$保持 3 min,再以${20}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{min}}$的速率升温至${80}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$并保持$5\mathrm{\;{min}}$,最后以${40}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{min}}$的速率升温至${280}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$并保持$8\mathrm{\;{min}}$;进样量为$1\mathrm{{\mu L}}$。离子源为电子轰击源(EI),离子源温度为${230}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$;质谱传输接口温度为${260}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$;质谱监测模式为选择离子扫描(SIM);检测特征离子质荷比(m/z)为 49、57、62。结果 环氧氯丙烷检测的质量浓度线性范围为 30~120 ng/mL($r >{0.99}$);检测限为 32.37 ng/mL;定量限为 107.89 ng/mL;进样精密度RSD为 1.8%($n = 6$);准确度为 103.8%, RSD 为 2.5%($n = 6$)。 3 批琥珀酸美托洛尔片, 均未检出环氧氯丙烷。结论 建立的气 - 质联用法简便实用、准确可靠, 适用于测定琥珀酸美托洛尔片中环氧氯丙烷的含量。

气质联用法  /  美托洛尔  /  环氧氯丙烷

Objective To establish a gas-mass spectrometry method for determination of epichlorohydrin in Metoprolol succinate tablets. Methods The chromatographic column is HP-1MS. Injection temperature is${220}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$; The injection method is split injection, and the split ratio is${10}: 1$. The heating procedure is to keep the initial temperature at${50}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$for$3\mathrm{\;{min}}$, then raise the temperature to${80}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$at a rate of${20}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{min}}$for$5\mathrm{\;{min}}$, and to${280}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$at a rate of${40}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{min}}$for$8\mathrm{\;{min}}$. The sample intake capacity is${1\mu }\mathrm{L}$. The ion source is electron bombardment source (EI), ion source temperature is${230}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$. Mass spectrometry interface temperature is${260}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$; the monitoring mode of mass spectrometry is SIM. The mass to charge ratios (m/z) are 49, 57 and 62. Results The linear range of epichlorohydrin concentration is${30}\sim {120}\mathrm{{ng}}/\mathrm{{mL}}\left({r >{0.99}}\right)$. The detection limit is${32.37}\mathrm{{ng}}/\mathrm{{mL}}$. The limit of quantitation is${107.89}\mathrm{{ng}}/\mathrm{{mL}}$. RSD of precision is${1.8}\%\left({n = 6}\right)$. The average recovery is${103.8}\%$with RSD of${2.5}\%\left({n = 6}\right)$. Epichlorohydrin was not detected in 3 batches of Metoprolol succinate tablets. Conclusion The established gas-mass coupling method is simple, practical, accurate and reliable, and can be used for the determination of epichlorohydrin in Metoprolol succinate tablets.

GC-MS method  /  Metoprolol  /  epichlorohydrin
段澜波, 梁春燕, 黄丽丽. 气相色谱-质谱联用法测定琥珀酸美托洛尔片中环氧氯丙烷的含量. 实验室检测, 2024 , 2 (12) : 1 -5 .
Lan-Bo DUAN, Chun-Yan LIANG, Li-Li HUANG. Determination of epichlorohydrin in Metoprolol Succinate Tablets by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J]. Laboratory Testing, 2024 , 2 (12) : 1 -5 .
近年来频频报道的基因毒性杂质事件使公众对基因毒性杂质关注度越来越高,同时,关于基因毒性杂质的检测手段[1-4]也是层出不穷。常见的基因毒性杂质有环氧化物、亚硝胺类、 肼类化合物、卤代烷烃、磺酸酯和酰卤类化合物等。其中环氧化合物是药物合成中较为常见的起始物料, 由于其结构中含有张力较大的环氧三元环, 反应活性较大且亲电能力较强, 在药物合成反应或是储存中不稳定, 容易与多种亲核试剂发生副反应,导致环氧三元环开环, 进入人体后能够与遗传物质 DNA 结构中的碱基发生反应, 形成烷基化产物, 具有基因诱导突变作用而危害人类健康[5]。现阶段药物研究和药品注册上市的要求逐渐提高, 药品中是否有残留环氧化合物等基因毒性杂质也成为药品研究的一项重要内容。
琥珀酸美托洛尔是一种$\beta$受体阻滞剂,具有心血管保护作用, 对高血压、心绞痛和慢性心力衰竭等心血管疾病有很好的治疗效果,常用作原发性高血压的降压药,同时还用于慢性心衰的长期治疗。环氧氯丙烷作为合成美托洛尔的起始物料, 通常在终产品美托洛尔中会存在杂质残留, 因此需要建立高效灵敏的分析方法进行测定, 从而严格控制其含量来保证药品安全性[6-8]。文献报道的环氧氯丙烷的检测手段较为成熟,常用的方法有气相色谱法和气 - 质联用法[9]。其中气 - 质联用法结合了气相色谱法和质谱法的优点, 灵敏度高, 不仅能减少各种噪音干扰,还不影响低响应的基因毒性杂质的检测,甚至能快速准确测定痕量物质, 并进行结构确定, 重现性好, 应用范围广[10-11]。目前尚未报道关于琥珀酸美托洛尔中环氧氯丙烷相关检测。本研究拟采用灵敏度较高的气 - 质联用法, 以水为溶剂溶解琥珀酸美托洛尔, 再以二氯甲烷萃取环氧氯丙烷, 通过 GC-MS 法测定琥珀酸美托洛尔中环氧氯丙烷的含量, 并拟定琥珀酸美托洛尔中环氧氯丙烷的限度, 为该品种的质量标准研究提供更可靠的技术支撑, 同时为原料药中环氧氯丙烷的检测提供借鉴。
气相色谱质谱联用仪: GC-MS/MS 7890N-7000C (美国 AgiLent 公司);电子天平:XS205DU(梅特勒)
S- 环氧氯丙烷 (色谱级, Shanghai Titan Scientific Co., Ltd., P13913562, 含量为 98.0%); 二氯甲烷 (色谱级, 批号为 1401002YT, 含量≥99.5 %, Merck 公司); 琥珀酸美托洛尔缓释片 (阿斯利康制药有限公司,规格 47.5 mg)
毛细管柱:HP-1MS$\left({{30}\mathrm{\;m}\times {0.32}\mathrm{\;m}\times {1.0\mu }\mathrm{m}}\right)$ ; 进样口温度为${220}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ; 进样方式为分流进样 (分流比为${10}: 1$ ); 载气为氦气 (He),恒流模式,流速是${1.3}\mathrm{\;{mL}}/\mathrm{{min}}$ ; 升温程序为初始温度${50}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 保持$3\mathrm{\;{min}}$ ,再以${20}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 的速率升温至${80}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 并保持$5\mathrm{\;{min}}$ ,最后以${40}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 的速率升温至${280}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 并保持$8\mathrm{\;{min}}$ ;进样量为${1\mu }\mathrm{L}$ 。
离子源为电子轰击源 (EI),电离电压为${70}\mathrm{{eV}}$ ,离子源温度为${230}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ;质谱传输线接口温度为${260}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ;质谱监测模式为选择离子扫描 (SIM); 特征离子质荷比 (m/z) 为 49、57、62,以$\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{z}\;{57}$ 离子作为定量离子;溶剂延迟时间为$3\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 。
取$\mathrm{S}-$环氧氯丙烷对照品${120.0}\mathrm{{mg}}$,精密称定,置${20}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$量瓶,加入适量二氯甲烷振摇使其溶解并稀释至刻度,摇匀; 精密量取$1\mathrm{\;{mL}}$,置${20}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$量瓶,加二氯甲烷稀释至刻度,摇匀; 精密量取$1\mathrm{\;{mL}}$,置${10}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$量瓶,加二氯甲烷稀释至刻度,摇匀; 精密量取$1\mathrm{\;{mL}}$,置${50}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$量瓶,加二氯甲烷稀释至刻度,摇匀, 即得对照品储备液。
分别精密移取上述对照品储备液 500、800、1000、1200、${1500}\text{、}{2000\mu }\mathrm{L}$,置于不同的${10}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$量瓶中,加入二氯甲烷稀释至刻度, 摇匀, 即得系列线性溶液。分别按上述条件, 进样测定, 记录峰面积。
取 “1.5.1” 项下的线性浓度为 100% 的溶液(环氧氯丙烷的质量浓度为${248.83}\mathrm{{ng}}/\mathrm{{mL}}$),按上述条件连续进样测定 6 次, 记录峰面积。
取琥珀酸美托洛尔缓释片 (规格 47.5 mg) 5 片,精密称定, 研细,混匀,精密称取适量 (约含琥珀酸美托洛尔${160}\mathrm{{mg}}$),置${20}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$量瓶中,加入适量水超声 5 分钟使其溶解,超声结束后放冷至室温后, 用二氯甲烷稀释至刻度, 摇匀, 滤过, 弃去初滤液。精密量取续滤液${10}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$,置分液漏斗中,精密加入对照品储备液${10}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$振摇,静置 10 分钟,取下层液体作为加标回收率试验溶液。平行制备 6 份。照上述方法进行测定, 记录峰面积,计算回收率。
取加样回收率试验溶液 1-1 作为检测限和定量限的测定溶液,选取$\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{z}{62}$离子的信噪比,以信噪比$3 : 1\text{、}{10}: 1$分别计算出检测限和定量限。
供试品溶液的配制:取琥珀酸美托洛尔缓释片(规格${47.5}\mathrm{{mg}})5$ 片,精密称定,研细,混匀,精密称取适量 (约含琥珀酸美托洛尔${160}\mathrm{{mg}}$ ),置${20}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 量瓶中,加入适量超纯水超声 5 分钟使琥珀酸美托洛尔溶解, 超声结束后放冷至室温, 并用超纯水稀释至刻度, 摇匀, 滤过, 弃去初滤液。精密量取续滤液${10}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ ,置分液漏斗中,精密加入二氯甲烷${10}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ ,振摇, 静置 10 分钟,取下层液体作为供试品溶液。
取 3 批琥珀酸美托洛尔缓释片按上述方法配制供试品溶液, 然后按上述条件进样测定, 记录峰面积, 并采用外标法计算环氧氯丙烷的含量。
环氧氯丙烷浓度在${30}\sim {120}\mathrm{{ng}}/\mathrm{{mL}}$ 的范围内,线性关系良好(图 1),回归方程为$y ={81.902706x}+ {525.225947}$ ($r ={0.998}$ )。专属性试验中, 溶剂二氯甲烷对环氧氯丙烷的测定无干扰 (图 2图 3)。
结果见表 1,环氧氯丙烷的峰面积 RSD 为${1.8}\%\left({n = 6}\right)$,仪器精密度良好
按限度 100% 水平配制的回收率溶液 (如图 4) 环氧氯丙烷的平均回收率为${103.8}\%\left({n = 6}\right)$ (表 2),表明方法准确度良好。
检测限溶液$\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{z}\;{62}$ 离子的信噪比为54.5,环氧氯丙烷的仪器检测限为${32.37}\mathrm{{ng}}/\mathrm{{mL}}$ ,定量限为${107.89}\mathrm{{ng}}/\mathrm{{mL}}$。折算方法检测限为 0.0004%,定量限为 0.0013%。
3 批琥珀酸美托洛尔缓释片中均未检出环氧氯丙烷 (图 5), 符合拟定的限度要求。
查阅相关文献及药品标准[12-13],环氧氯丙烷的测定大部分选择单一离子进行测定, 而试验发现环氧氯丙烷峰的保留时间为${5.8}\sim {5.9}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ ,溶剂中$\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{z}\;{57}$ 离子存在干扰,参照欧盟非强制执行法案 2002-657-EC 中关于质谱分析方法的鉴定, 我们选取$\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{z}{57}$ 离子作为定量离子,$\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{z}{49},{62}$ 离子作为定性离子, 选取定性离子相对丰度比较小的 m/z 62 离子进行检测限及定量限计算。
琥珀酸美托洛尔易溶于水, 环氧氯丙烷与多种有机溶剂混溶, 比如二氯甲烷、氯仿及四氯化碳等, 萃取溶剂经二氯甲烷溶解后的环氧氯丙烷色谱峰峰形较好, 所以选择水做溶剂, 二氯甲烷做萃取溶剂。因此本次试验采用先将样品用水溶解, 再用二氯甲烷萃取环氧氯丙烷的方法。
由于遗传毒性杂质会对人体健康造成潜在威胁,欧洲药物管理局 (EMEA) 发布了一系列关于遗传毒性杂质的相关规定, 其中对一些没有足够实验证实限度的基因毒性杂质, 建议采用最低合理可行的原则来控制其含量[14],也就是根据毒理学关注阈值 (threshold of toxicological concern, TTC) 中人体每天最多可接受的摄入量为${1.5\mu }{\mathrm{g}}^{\left\lbrack {15}- {16}\right\rbrack }$ ,结合琥珀酸美托洛尔每日最大用量为${190}\mathrm{{mg}}$ ,拟制定琥珀酸美托洛尔中环氧氯丙烷的限度约为${8\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{g}$ 。
本试验通过使用水作溶剂溶解琥珀酸美托洛尔, 再用二氯甲烷提取环氧氯丙烷, 通过建立的 GC-MS 法进行测定环氧氯丙烷, 方法简便实用、结果准确, 满足琥珀酸美托洛尔中基因毒性杂质环氧氯丙烷的检测。结合拟定的限度, 对 3 批制剂进行测定, 结果均未检出环氧氯丙烷, 表明琥珀酸美托洛尔原料药生产企业对环氧氯丙烷杂质控制良好。本方法的建立, 丰富完善琥珀酸美托洛尔的质量研究, 同时为原料药中基因毒性杂质环氧氯丙烷的控制提供了更有效的手段。
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2024年第2卷第12期
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  • 首发时间:2025-07-28
  • 出版时间:2024-12-08
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    1 国药集团致君(深圳)制药有限公司 深圳 518000
    2 桂林医学院 药学院 桂林 541000
    3 广西壮族自治区药品检验研究院 南宁 530001

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*黄丽丽,硕士,副主任药师,研究方向为药物质量研究与分析。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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