Article(id=1156918082141774609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, issueId=1156918076408160985, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.1128/genomeA.00538-18, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753760365281, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753760365281, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753760365281, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753760365281, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156918076408160985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, year='2024', volume='2', issue='10', pageStart='2', pageEnd='170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753760363913, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753785172282, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157022130291434434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, issueId=1156918076408160985, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157022130291434435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, issueId=1156918076408160985, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2, endPage=8, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156918083664306980, articleId=1156918082141774609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, language=EN, title=Research progress on control of Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat foods, columnId=1156918077641281985, journalTitle=Laboratory Testing, columnName=Special Topic: Research Papers on International Trade Food Science Research Institute, COFCO Group, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Listeria monocytogenes (LM) is a foodborne pathogen that causes diseases with high rates of lethality, and its contamination is particularly problematic in ready-to-eat meat products. With the accelerated pace of modern life and the rapid development of society, the demand for ready-to-eat food has been rising, and the risk of contamination of ready-to-eat food by LM has increased. This not only poses a potential threat to the health and safety of consumers, but also has the potential to trigger significant economic losses. This paper comprehensively analyzed the outbreak cases of LM in ready-to-eat meat products, the relevant laws and regulations of ready-to-eat foods in specific countries, and the current biological control measures. Through the in-depth discussion of relevant elements, the aim was to comprehensively describe the control strategy of LM in ready-to-eat foods, and identified potential risks and challenges, so as to provide scientific guidance for the control of LM in the food industry.

, correspAuthors=Zhi-Chao WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*WU Zhi-Chao, Master, Engineer, National Non-Staple Food Quality Inspection and Testing Center, International Trade Food Science Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 102209, China. E-mail:
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单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌(Listeria monocytogenes, LM)是一种食源性病原体,它引起的疾病具有较高的致死率,尤其在即食肉制品中,其污染问题尤为突出。随着现代生活节奏的加快和社会的快速发展,即食食品的需求量不断攀升,LM对即食食品的污染风险随之增加,这不仅对消费者的健康安全构成了潜在威胁,还有可能引发重大的经济损失。本文综合分析了即食肉制品中LM的暴发案例、特定国家的即食食品相关法律法规,以及当前采取的生物防治措施。通过对相关要素的深入探讨,旨在全面描述即食食品中LM的控制策略,并识别潜在的风险和挑战,为食品行业LM的控制提供科学指导。

, correspAuthors=武志超, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*武志超,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向:食品质量与安全检测。E-mail:
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刘睿璇,硕士,主要研究方向:食品质量与安全检测。

武志超,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向:食品质量与安全检测。

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刘睿璇,硕士,主要研究方向:食品质量与安全检测。

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Food Res Int , 2023 . 164 . 112363 ., articleTitle=A review of potential antibacterial activities of nisin against Listeria monocytogenes: The combined use of nisin shows more advantages than single use, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1156918120830034284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156918082141774609, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1156918120838422893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156918082141774609, companyId=1156918120830034284, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Nutrition & Health Research Institute, COFCO Corporation Beijing Key Laboratory of Nutrition Health and Food Safety Beijing 102209 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1156918120842617198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156918082141774609, companyId=1156918120830034284, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 营养健康与食品安全北京市重点实验室 中粮营养健康研究院有限公司 北京 102209)]), AuthorCompany(id=1156918120918114672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156918082141774609, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1156918120926503280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156918082141774609, companyId=1156918120918114672, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Beijing Key Laboratory of Nutrition Health and Food Safety Nutrition & Health Research Institute, COFCO Corporation Beijing 102209 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1156918120934891889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156918082141774609, companyId=1156918120918114672, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 营养健康与食品安全北京市重点实验室 中粮营养健康研究院有限公司 北京 102209)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1156918125980639765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156918082141774609, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Schematic representation of the biofilm development stages, figureFileSmall=5JDZxX9CZSnWAJtftssa3A==, figureFileBig=ixt3uasUla7y5z3eZpv4Rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156918126047748633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156918082141774609, language=CN, label=图 1, caption=生物膜发育阶段示意图

注:图片改编自 COLAGIORGI 等人 的研究,遵循知识共享署名许可(CCBY)的条款和条件, 具体可访问 http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/(最后访问日期: 2024 年 3 月 17 日)。生物膜的形成过程包括以下几个阶段:(a) 初始阶段, 浮游细胞可逆地附着在水面上;(b) 细胞开始黏附并形成单层, 同时产生细胞外基质;(c) 细胞在自产的外聚基质内继续生长, 形成多层微菌落;(d)细胞不可逆地附着在表面, 并嵌入基质中,标志着生物膜的成熟;(e) 在生物膜形成的最后阶段, 细胞能够从生物膜中分离,重新以浮游细胞的形式返回水体,为定植到新的表面做好准备。

, figureFileSmall=5JDZxX9CZSnWAJtftssa3A==, figureFileBig=ixt3uasUla7y5z3eZpv4Rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156918126127440412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156918082141774609, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Positive rate of Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat meat products in EU from 2018 to 2022, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份 LM 检出率(%) 参考文献
2022 2.1%(n=60952,24 MS)* [ 4 ]
2021 ${2.3}\%\left({n ={40710},{23}\mathrm{{MS}}}\right)$ [ 7 ]
2020 ${4.8}\%\left({n ={16295},{22}\mathrm{{MS}}}\right)$ [ 8 ]
2019 ${2.9}\%\left({n ={56070},{22}\mathrm{{MS}}}\right)$ [ 9 ]
2018 1.4%(n=41417,22 MS) [ 10 ]
), ArticleFig(id=1156918126198743584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156918082141774609, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=2018-2022 年欧盟即食肉制品中 LM 检出率, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份 LM 检出率(%) 参考文献
2022 2.1%(n=60952,24 MS)* [ 4 ]
2021 ${2.3}\%\left({n ={40710},{23}\mathrm{{MS}}}\right)$ [ 7 ]
2020 ${4.8}\%\left({n ={16295},{22}\mathrm{{MS}}}\right)$ [ 8 ]
2019 ${2.9}\%\left({n ={56070},{22}\mathrm{{MS}}}\right)$ [ 9 ]
2018 1.4%(n=41417,22 MS) [ 10 ]
), ArticleFig(id=1156918126286823970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156918082141774609, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Study on the application of bacteriophage as biological control tools in meat and meat products, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产品 污染处理 生产机构 接种剂量 储存条件和结果 参考文献
西班牙 干腌火腿 表面接种 LM S2 ${10}^{3}\mathrm{{CFU}}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ ListShieldTM ${10}^{7}\mathrm{{PFU}}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ ${4}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 下存放 ${14}\mathrm{\;d}$ 后,样本污染水平降至检出限 ${10}\mathrm{{CFU}}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ 以下;${12}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 下存放 $8\mathrm{\;d}$ 后,样本污染水平降至检出限 ${10}\mathrm{{CFU}}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ 以下
${10}^{4}\mathrm{{CFU}}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ ListShieldTM ${10}^{7}\mathrm{{PFU}}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ ${4}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 下存放 ${14}\mathrm{\;d}$ 后,样本污染水平降至检出限 ${10}\mathrm{{CFU}}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ 以下 [ 47 ]
${10}^{5}\mathrm{{CFU}}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ ListShieldTM ${10}^{7}\mathrm{{PFU}}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ ${4}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 下存放 ${14}\mathrm{\;d}$ 后,样本污染水平降低了 ${3.5}\log \mathrm{{CFU}}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$
表面接种 LM S2 ${10}^{3}$${10}^{4}$${10}^{5}\mathrm{{CFU}}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ Listex ${}^{\mathrm{{TM}}}$ ${10}^{9}\mathrm{{PFU}}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ ${4}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$${12}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 下存放 ${24}\mathrm{\;h}$ 后,所有污染水平均降至检出限 ${10}\mathrm{{CFU}}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ 以下
发酵肉香肠 表面接种 ${10}^{5}\mathrm{{CFU}}/\mathrm{g}$ LM Scott A 和 LM 1942 ListexTM P100 ${10}^{8}\mathrm{{PFU}}/\mathrm{g}$ ${4}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 储存 ${14}\mathrm{\;d}$ 后,样本污染水平降低到两种菌株的检测 限以下 [ 49 ]
即食猪肉火腿 表面接种 2.5 log $\mathrm{{CFU}}/\mathrm{g}$ 混 合物 LM B7、L48/15 和 LM Scott A Listex ${}^{\mathrm{{TM}}}$ P100 $5 \times {10}^{5}\mathrm{{PFU}}/\mathrm{g}$ ${)}^{5}\mathrm{{PFU}}/\mathrm{g}$$6 \sim {8}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 储存 ${72}\mathrm{\;h}$ 后降低至检出限以下 [ 50 - 52 ]
), ArticleFig(id=1156918126353932836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119944283992078, articleId=1156918082141774609, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=噬菌体作为生物防治工具在肉及肉制品中的应用的研究, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产品 污染处理 生产机构 接种剂量 储存条件和结果 参考文献
西班牙 干腌火腿 表面接种 LM S2 ${10}^{3}\mathrm{{CFU}}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ ListShieldTM ${10}^{7}\mathrm{{PFU}}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ ${4}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 下存放 ${14}\mathrm{\;d}$ 后,样本污染水平降至检出限 ${10}\mathrm{{CFU}}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ 以下;${12}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 下存放 $8\mathrm{\;d}$ 后,样本污染水平降至检出限 ${10}\mathrm{{CFU}}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ 以下
${10}^{4}\mathrm{{CFU}}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ ListShieldTM ${10}^{7}\mathrm{{PFU}}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ ${4}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 下存放 ${14}\mathrm{\;d}$ 后,样本污染水平降至检出限 ${10}\mathrm{{CFU}}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ 以下 [ 47 ]
${10}^{5}\mathrm{{CFU}}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ ListShieldTM ${10}^{7}\mathrm{{PFU}}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ ${4}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 下存放 ${14}\mathrm{\;d}$ 后,样本污染水平降低了 ${3.5}\log \mathrm{{CFU}}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$
表面接种 LM S2 ${10}^{3}$${10}^{4}$${10}^{5}\mathrm{{CFU}}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ Listex ${}^{\mathrm{{TM}}}$ ${10}^{9}\mathrm{{PFU}}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ ${4}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$${12}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 下存放 ${24}\mathrm{\;h}$ 后,所有污染水平均降至检出限 ${10}\mathrm{{CFU}}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ 以下
发酵肉香肠 表面接种 ${10}^{5}\mathrm{{CFU}}/\mathrm{g}$ LM Scott A 和 LM 1942 ListexTM P100 ${10}^{8}\mathrm{{PFU}}/\mathrm{g}$ ${4}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 储存 ${14}\mathrm{\;d}$ 后,样本污染水平降低到两种菌株的检测 限以下 [ 49 ]
即食猪肉火腿 表面接种 2.5 log $\mathrm{{CFU}}/\mathrm{g}$ 混 合物 LM B7、L48/15 和 LM Scott A Listex ${}^{\mathrm{{TM}}}$ P100 $5 \times {10}^{5}\mathrm{{PFU}}/\mathrm{g}$ ${)}^{5}\mathrm{{PFU}}/\mathrm{g}$$6 \sim {8}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 储存 ${72}\mathrm{\;h}$ 后降低至检出限以下 [ 50 - 52 ]
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即食食品中单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌控制研究进展
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刘睿璇 1, 2 , 陈万达 1, 2 , 马骏远 1, 2 , 杜壮 1, 2 , 谢雨希 1, 2 , 武志超 1, 2, *
实验室检测 | 中粮集团国贸食品科学研究院专题 2024,2(10): 2-8
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实验室检测 | 中粮集团国贸食品科学研究院专题 2024, 2(10): 2-8
即食食品中单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌控制研究进展
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刘睿璇1, 2, 陈万达1, 2, 马骏远1, 2, 杜壮1, 2, 谢雨希1, 2, 武志超1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 营养健康与食品安全北京市重点实验室 中粮营养健康研究院有限公司 北京 102209
  • 2 营养健康与食品安全北京市重点实验室 中粮营养健康研究院有限公司 北京 102209
  • 刘睿璇,硕士,主要研究方向:食品质量与安全检测。

    武志超,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向:食品质量与安全检测。

通讯作者:

*武志超,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向:食品质量与安全检测。E-mail:
Research progress on control of Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat foods
Rui-Xuan LIU1, 2, Wan-Da CHEN1, 2, Jun-Yuan MA1, 2, Zhuang DU1, 2, Yu-Xi XIE1, 2, Zhi-Chao WU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Nutrition & Health Research Institute, COFCO Corporation Beijing Key Laboratory of Nutrition Health and Food Safety Beijing 102209 China
  • 2 Beijing Key Laboratory of Nutrition Health and Food Safety Nutrition & Health Research Institute, COFCO Corporation Beijing 102209 China
doi: 10.1128/genomeA.00538-18
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单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌(Listeria monocytogenes, LM)是一种食源性病原体,它引起的疾病具有较高的致死率,尤其在即食肉制品中,其污染问题尤为突出。随着现代生活节奏的加快和社会的快速发展,即食食品的需求量不断攀升,LM对即食食品的污染风险随之增加,这不仅对消费者的健康安全构成了潜在威胁,还有可能引发重大的经济损失。本文综合分析了即食肉制品中LM的暴发案例、特定国家的即食食品相关法律法规,以及当前采取的生物防治措施。通过对相关要素的深入探讨,旨在全面描述即食食品中LM的控制策略,并识别潜在的风险和挑战,为食品行业LM的控制提供科学指导。

单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌  /  食品控制  /  防控策略

Listeria monocytogenes (LM) is a foodborne pathogen that causes diseases with high rates of lethality, and its contamination is particularly problematic in ready-to-eat meat products. With the accelerated pace of modern life and the rapid development of society, the demand for ready-to-eat food has been rising, and the risk of contamination of ready-to-eat food by LM has increased. This not only poses a potential threat to the health and safety of consumers, but also has the potential to trigger significant economic losses. This paper comprehensively analyzed the outbreak cases of LM in ready-to-eat meat products, the relevant laws and regulations of ready-to-eat foods in specific countries, and the current biological control measures. Through the in-depth discussion of relevant elements, the aim was to comprehensively describe the control strategy of LM in ready-to-eat foods, and identified potential risks and challenges, so as to provide scientific guidance for the control of LM in the food industry.

Listeria monocytogenes  /  food control  /  prevention and control strategies
刘睿璇, 陈万达, 马骏远, 杜壮, 谢雨希, 武志超. 即食食品中单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌控制研究进展. 实验室检测, 2024 , 2 (10) : 2 -8 . DOI: 10.1128/genomeA.00538-18
Rui-Xuan LIU, Wan-Da CHEN, Jun-Yuan MA, Zhuang DU, Yu-Xi XIE, Zhi-Chao WU. Research progress on control of Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat foods[J]. Laboratory Testing, 2024 , 2 (10) : 2 -8 . DOI: 10.1128/genomeA.00538-18
单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌(Listeria monocytogenens, LM) 广泛存在于自然环境中,具有强大的适应能力,在有氧和无氧条件下均能存活。LM 还能在极端的温度范围内繁殖,从 -1.5 %C 至 ${45}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,以及在 $\mathrm{{pH}}{4.0}$ 至 9.6 和水分活度高于 0.92 的环境下生长,甚至能在高达 13wt% 的盐浓度下存活 [ 1 - 2 ] 。LM 作为一种食源性致病菌,常见于即食 (ready-to-eat, RTE) 食品中,包括牛奶、高脂肪乳制品、熟制甲壳类动物、熏制和生海鲜、可生食的蔬菜、非酸性水果以及熟食类沙拉和三明治,通常在冷藏或冷冻条件下可以保存较长时间 [ 3 ] 。由于 $\mathrm{{LM}}$ 能在低温下生长, 这增加了冷藏和冷冻食品的污染风险。特别是对于幼儿、老年人、 体弱者以及免疫力低下的人群, 更容易感染 LM, 症状包括高烧、 严重头痛、颈部僵硬、恶心、腹痛和腹泻,对孕妇而言, LM 感染还能导致流产和死产,对公共卫生构成严重威胁。研究表明, 即食肉类和家禽产品是 LM 污染的主要来源 [ 2 ] 。根据 2022 年欧洲食品安全局的报告, 欧盟记录的人体侵袭性 LM 病例达 2738 例, 涉及的检测样品共 35798 个, 其中肉类及其制品占欧盟主要食品种类的 50.5% [ 4 ] 。即食产品因其方便性在全球范围内受到消费者的喜爱,市场庞大。随着国内 “中央厨房” 经营模式的不断完善, 即食食品的销售渠道和消费者群体将进一步扩大, 迫切需要对即食产品的食品安全控制投入更多的关注和研究。
本文回顾了即食食品中 LM 疾病的暴发情况, 总结了控制即食食品中 LM 的相关法律法规,探讨了利用生物技术控制 $\mathrm{{LM}}$ 的最新研究进展,指出了目前技术的局限性和未来的发展潜力。研究即食食品中 LM 的控制策略, 对于保障消费者健康、 降低由疾病暴发所引发的经济损失至关重要。此外, 该研究对于推动食品安全法规进一步完善、促进生物技术在食品加工行业的应用以及提升食品产业整体竞争力都具有深远意义。本文还深入分析了现有技术的不足之处, 并展望了未来的发展方向, 旨在为食品行业提供科学指导,确保食品加工过程的安全性。
1992 年 3 月至 12 月期间,法国记录了 279 例人类 LM 的病例,其中 92 例与妊娠有关 [ 5 ] 。通过综合流行病学调查、病例对照研究以及对食物中分离出的菌株特征的深入分析, 研究明确指出, 即食猪舌肉冻是导致此次疫情暴发的主要传播媒介。 此外, 研究还揭示熟食产品在零售环节的食品加工过程中遭受了二次污染。这一发现不仅进一步证实了 LM 的食源性致病性, 而且为早期识别和控制食源性病原体提供了关键的科学依据 [ 5 ]
自 1999 年起, 欧盟每年都会发布关于 LM 病例的报告, 且病例数呈现上升趋势。LM 病已经成为欧盟第五大最常见的人畜共患病,同时也是欧盟监测到的最严重的食源性疾病之一 [ 6 ] 。 2022 年,欧盟 27 个会员国共报告了 2738 例 LM 侵袭人类的确诊病例,其中 1330 例患者需要住院治疗,286 例患者不幸死亡。 与 2021 年相比, LM 病例的报告数激增了 15.9%,这一增长率以及病例总数都创下了自 2007 年以来的最高纪录。在 2018 年至 2022 年期间, LM 所致疾病的整体病死率高达 18.1% [ 4 ] 。此外, 2022 年欧盟在对 18061 批次即食肉制品检测中发现了 453 批次受到 LM 污染,检出率达到 2.5%,在所有检测食品类别中,阳性检出率最高 [ 4 ] 表 1 详细列出了 2018 至 2022 年欧盟报告的即食肉制品中 LM 检出率。 注:* 即食肉类产品包括牛肉、猪肉、肉鸡和火鸡肉。所有抽样单位的结果, 包括加工、零售、边防检查和未指定。MS 为报告检测样本的成员国数量。 $n$ 是检测样本数量。
美国 2011 年发生了一起严重的 LM 暴发事件, 共涉及 147 例病例, 所有病例均与一个特定农场生产的哈密瓜有关。这是美国过去 80 多年中, 因 LM 感染而导致死亡人数最多的一次, 共有 33 人不幸丧生 [ 11 ] 。历史上, LM 的传播主要与一些特定食品有关, 包括未经巴氏消毒的牛奶和乳制品、某些软奶酪品种, 例如羊乳酪和卡门培尔奶酪、煮熟的即食香肠和肉片,通常称为 “熟食肉”、冷藏烟熏海鲜和冷藏肉酱。然而,过去 10 年中, 与 LM 暴发相关的食品种类有所增加。一些新型食品载体被识别出来, 与多起 LM 疫情和产品召回事件有关。这些新出现的载体包括未经烹饪的豆芽和先前提及的哈密瓜 [ 11 ] 。这一变化凸显了对食品生产过程中潜在污染源的持续监测和评估的必要性, 以及研究相应的控制措施的重要性。
美国疾病控制与预防中心(Centers for Disease and Prevention, CDC) 1998 年和 2000 年的报告显示, 尽管 LM 感染的病例在美国各地零星出现,但作为一种食源性疾病,侵袭性 LM 病仍是其全国范围内公共卫生领域持续关注的焦点 [ 12 ] 。 从 1998 年到 2019 年,美国共报告了 6 起与即食肉制品相关的 LM 病疫情,共涉及 194 例病例,包括 28 例死亡和 9 例死产或流产 [ 13 ] 。在 1998 至 2004 年间,国际 LM 疾病的发生率为 0.07 , 这一比率是根据多国事件数量与当年新发疾病监测计划 (ProMED) 报告的事件总数计算得出的。然而, 从 2012 至 2018 年, 这一比率显著上升至 0.19, 表明与早期相比, 国际 LM 病事件的发生率有了显著增长 [ 14 ] 。从 1998 年至 2018 年,美国记录了多起广泛性的 LM 疾病暴发事件, 这些事件的发生率与全球多国报告的类似情况保持了一致性 [10],[13]-[14] 。LM 病的发病范围越来越广泛,这可能与全球化、粮食生产和分配的变化有关。 这一趋势表明, 必须加强对食品生产和供应链的监管, 以减少食源性疾病的发生,保障公众健康。
澳大利亚 2005 年首次记录了一起与即食肉类产品相关的 LM 疫情。这次疫情的病原体在咸牛肉制品及其生产设施中被检测到并得到确认 [ 15 ] 。为此,澳大利亚新西兰食品标准局 (Food Standards Australia New Zealand, FSANZ) 将即食冷肉列为 LM 高风险食品之一。基于对现有流行病学数据的深入分析, FSANZ 开发了一个随机模型, 预测指出加工肉制品可能占澳大利亚 LM 病例的 40% [ 16 ] 。从 2001 年到 2017 年,新西兰报告了罕见的 LM 病毒疫情,除了 2012 年,其他时间报告的 LM 疫情均与即食肉制品有关 [ 17 ] 。通过使用脉冲场凝胶电泳(pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, PFGE) 和全基因组测序 (whole genome sequencing, WGS) 技术对疫情进行调查, 研究人员最终确认了 6 例病例, 这些病例均源自两家不同的医院。进一步的调查揭示了所有受污染的产品均来自同一即食肉类生产商。
2017 至 2018 年间, 南非经历了一场规模空前的 LM 疫情, 实验室确诊的病例超过 1000 例,导致 200 多人死亡 [ 18 ] 。利用 WGS, 研究人员揭示了全国范围内的 LMST6 菌株与一家生产设施中受污染的 Polony 香肠产品之间存在关联 [ 19 ] 。这一发现进一步证实了即食肉制品作为引起 LM 病暴发的常见媒介, 其在公共卫生领域的重要性已得到广泛认可 [ 20 - 21 ] 。因此监管机构必须加强对即食食品生产过程的监督与控制, 以降低病原体污染的风险。
欧盟在食品供应链的各个环节, 包括初级生产、加工制造和分销,对食品、动物和饲料中的 LM 进行严格监测。根据《欧盟法规(EC)No 2073/2005》,即食食品的微生物安全标准被明确规定。同时,与即食食品相关的公共卫生风险主要取决于食品行业从业者所实施的控制措施的有效性。这些措施包括在初级生产阶段遵循的良好农业规范 (good agricultural practices, GAP)、在生产和分销过程中遵循的良好生产规范 (good manufacturing practice, GMP), 以及实施危害分析与关键控制点 (hazard analysis critical control point, HACCP), 对原有的 (欧盟法规(EC)No 2073/2005》进行了修订和更新 [ 22 ]
根据《欧盟法规(EC)No2073/2005》,欧盟对食品中 LM 的限量标准进行了细致的分类。法规特别针对供婴儿食用的即食食品和特殊医疗用途的即食食品设定了严格的限量要求。LM 不被允许在这类食品中检出, 以确保其绝对的安全性。法规还区分了有助于 LM 生长的即食食品和不利于 LM 生长的即食食品。对于后者, 虽然允许一定量的 LM 存在, 但其最高安全限量值被设定为 ${100}\mathrm{{CFU}}/\mathrm{g}$ 。法规细致的分类不仅确保了食品的安全性, 还充分考虑了不同食品的特性和潜在风险, 从而在保障公众健康的同时,也兼顾了食品的多样性和实用性。
自 20 世纪 70 年代策略的实施显著提升了对疫情的响应速度, 即便是在病例较少的情况下也能及时应对。美国的食源性 LM 病发病率因此显著下降, 从 1996 至 2003 年的 0.31 至 0.41/10 万人口,降至 2011 至 2016 年的 0.20 至 0.35/10 万人口。同时, 即食肉制品中 LM 的污染率也显著降低, 从 20 世纪 90 年代的 0.58% 至 4.47%,降至 2016 至 2017 年的 0.19% 至 0.20% [ 12 ] $\mathrm{{LM}}$ 的发病率降低和食品污染事件的减少,证明了联邦监管措施的有效性, 不仅成功控制了病原体的传播, 还降低了食品行业再次发生类似污染事件的风险。
澳大利亚新西兰食品标准局(Food Standards Australia New Zealand, FSANZ) 是负责制定澳大利亚和新西兰食品标准的法定机构。该机构已经发布了关于即食食品中 LM 微生物标准的详细指南,旨在为执法机构和生产者提供指导和支持 [ 23 ] 。 FSANZ 根据即食食品对 LM 生长的影响, 制定了两套控制标准, 并将其按健康风险分为两类。第一类产品能够促进 LM 生长, 需要在行业验证、控制,监管监督和合规检验中予以特别关注。 从原材料采购到最终产品分销的每一个环节, 都要经过严格的审查和评估。生产设施必须遵循最高的卫生标准, 确保生产环境的清洁和产品的质量。监管机构会定期进行现场检查, 以确保生产流程符合食品安全法规和指南。根据推荐的采样计划和分析方法, 此类中不允许检出 LM。第二类产品能够抑制 LM 生长, 其中允许的 LM 含量不应超过每克 100 个菌落形成单位 (CFU/g)。这一标准与《欧盟法规(EC)2073/2005》中的相关规定相一致。通过这种分类和控制措施, FSANZ 确保了即食食品的安全性, 降低了消费者因食用此类食品而受到健康危害的风险。
中国自 2000 年起建立了国家食源性病原体监测网络, 其中 $\mathrm{{LM}}$ 是 3 个重点监测的病原体之一。该网络的监测工作涵盖了 10 个省份。至 2009 年,通过对 22 个省份的 9 种主要食源性病原体和 2 种卫生指示菌的监测数据的细致分析, 显著提高了食源性疾病监测体系的准确性与有效性。为贯彻《中华人民共和国食品安全法》, 2010 年国家微生物监测网络(NMSN)正式启动, 其监测范围覆盖全国所有省、自治区和直辖市。2013 年,国家食源性疾病监测分子追踪网络(TraNet)建立,极大地促进了对食源性疫情共同来源的早期识别与追踪, 从而提高了对此类疫情的早期发现和响应能力 [ 24 ] 。同年,我国颁布了 GB 29921-2013《食品中致病菌国家标准限量》,其中对即食肉制品中 LM 的限量要求与美国的标准保持一致,即零容忍政策。2016 年的监测数据表明 [ 25 ] ,中国即食肉制品中 LM 的检出率为 2.18%(75/3440),相较于 2016-2017 年美国即食肉制品中 LM 的检出率 0.19%~0.20% [ 12 ] ,中国需要更为严格的控制措施。
近年来, LM 感染的发病率以及 LM 在即食食品中的检出率均呈现显著下降趋势。归因于生产、运输以及消费环节中 LM 病原体得到有效控制, 还包括各个国家和地区实施更为严格的食品安全法规,以及先进的生物防治技术在食品加工领域中的应用。多项措施共同作用, 显著降低了 LM 在食品供应链中的传播风险,保障了公众健康。
$\mathrm{{LM}}$ 因其普遍存在和容易通过原料进入加工环境的特性, 对食品安全构成了重大威胁。一些特定的 LM 菌株不仅能够在非生物表面存活多年,而且还能黏附于多种材料,成为持续交叉污染的潜在风险源 [ 26 - 28 ] 。污染风险主要来自食品加工和后续处理过程, 如切片和包装等环节。此外, 如果食品在储存过程中未能有效控制病原体增长, 其数量可能会积累到足以对消费者健康构成威胁的水平 [ 29 - 31 ] 。尽管肉类加工设施采取了严格的卫生消毒措施, LM 仍能在地板、排水沟和设备表面存活,并以生物膜的形式持续存在,成为持续污染的源头 [ 32 - 34 ] 。生物膜解离后, 其释放的浮游细胞能够重新进入周围环境, 并在适宜的环境下重新形成新的生物膜, 如 图 1 所示。生物膜的形成有助于 LM 抵抗不利环境因素, 如常规的化学消毒剂、热处理、 紫外线照射和 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 调节等 [ 35 - 36 ] 。LM 附着于接触面后易于存活并具有抗消毒能力, 使其在食品加工过程中难以被彻底清除, 从而成为食品污染和人类疾病的主要原因之一。因此, 研究 LM 生物膜形成的机制和开发有效的抑制策略, 一直是食品安全领域研究的重点, 并需要采用创新的方法进行控制。
传统的食品加工控制策略多依赖于化学消毒剂, 但长期使用可能会对环境造成污染,甚至导致食品加工设备表面腐蚀。 一旦化学物质从食物接触表面迁移到食物并被人体吸收, 会干扰人体新陈代谢, 增加患慢性疾病的风险 [ 37 ] 。为了满足消费者对健康、安全食品以及环境保护的日益增长的需求, 研究者们正将注意力转向生物防治方法, 包括利用噬菌体、微生物间的相互作用,以及从植物或微生物中提取具有抗 LM 活性的物质。
噬菌体是一类专门侵染细菌细胞的病毒, 每一种噬菌体通常针对特定的细菌属、血清型或菌株 [ 39 - 41 ] 。噬菌体在自然界中普遍存在,土壤、水和食品(包括肉类、奶制品和蔬菜)中都有发现 [ 42 - 44 ] 。目前,市面上有两种针对 LM 的噬菌体生物控制产品, 分别是 Intralytix 公司 (位于美国马里兰州巴尔的摩市)开发的 ListShield ${}^{\mathrm{{TM}}}$ (原名 LMP-102TM) 以及 Micreos Food Safety 公司(位于荷兰瓦赫宁根)推出的 PhageGuard Listex™(原名 Listex ${}^{\mathrm{{TM}}}$ 或 P100)。ListShield ${}^{\mathrm{{TM}}}$ 是一种由 6 种纯化噬菌体组成的混合物, 对病原体具有特异性的杀灭活性, 推荐使用量为每 ${500}{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{2}$ 肉制品表面喷洒不超过 $1{\mathrm{\;{mL}}}$[45] 。与 ListShield ${}^{\mathrm{{TM}}}$ 不同, PhageGuard Liste ${\mathrm{x}}^{\mathrm{{TM}}}$ 主要含有单一噬菌体P100 [ 46 ] 。与 ListShield ${}^{\mathrm{{TM}}}$ 不同, PhageGuard Liste ${\mathrm{x}}^{\mathrm{{TM}}}$ 主要含有单一噬菌体 $\mathrm{P}{100}$[46]表 2 总结了肉及肉制品中商业噬菌体产品抗 LM 效果的研究。噬菌体的效能受到多种因素的影响, 包括噬菌体的滴度和污染程度、致病菌株的多样性 [ 47 ] 、噬菌体与宿主细菌的接触条件 [ 48 ] 、宿主对噬菌体的敏感性、产品的化学组成和特性, 以及产品的储存条件 [ 47 ]
尽管噬菌体作为生物防控手段在食品工业中的应用展现出巨大潜力, 但实际应用仍遭遇若干挑战。首先, 噬菌体对目标细菌株具有极高的特异性, 这要求在食品消毒流程中, 必须针对每种目标细菌株进行定制化的筛选、识别和选择相应的噬菌体。此外, 随着时间的推移, 目标细菌可能发展出对噬菌体的抗性。同时, 对于噬菌体对人类健康、动物福利以及环境的潜在影响, 必须进行严格的评估。最后, 消费者的接受度也是一个不容忽视的因素。部分消费者可能对噬菌体的天然属性持怀疑态度, 甚至错误地将其视为转基因生物, 需要通过有效的沟通纠正 [ 53 - 54 ]
噬菌体不仅在食品工业中作为生物防控剂发挥着直接作用, 而且在食品消毒过程中也显示出了显著的应用潜力。噬菌体具有降解和穿透细菌外层生物膜 EPS 的能力, 进而促进细菌的分解代谢 [ 55 ] 。MONTANEZ-IZQUIERDO 等人 [ 56 ] 的研究表明,对于在不锈钢表面形成 $3\mathrm{\;d}$ 的生物膜,使用 $8\log \mathrm{{PFU}}/\mathrm{{mL}}$ 的噬菌体 $\mathrm{P}{100}$ 处理 $8\mathrm{\;h}$ 后,可以显著减少约 ${5.29}\log \mathrm{{CFU}}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ 的细菌负荷,并且在 ${48}\mathrm{\;h}$ 后未检测到活细胞,从而验证了噬菌体消毒方法的有效性。此外, BYUN 等人 [ 57 ] 的研究发现,无论是处于未成熟还是成熟阶段, 由 LMPC01、02 和 03 组成的噬菌体混合物能够有效清除食品接触面上的 LM 生物膜。值得注意的是, 不同处理温度下( $4\text{、}{15}\text{、}{30}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ )对生物膜的去除效率均保持一致, 表明该噬菌体混合物的清除效果不受温度变化的影响。进一步的研究报道也证实了使用噬菌体控制 LM 生物膜并取得良好的消毒效果 [ 58 - 59 ] 。噬菌体的商业化应用已经成为现实,例如已经开发为商业产品的 ListShield™ [ 60 ] 和 PhageGuard ${\mathrm{S}}^{\left\lbrack \mathrm{{TM}}\right\rbrack }{}$[55] ,展现了噬菌体在食品工业中广泛的应用潜力。
发酵是一种高效的生物防控策略, 特别适用于控制肉制品中 LM 的增殖。这一过程可以通过自然发酵实现, 即利用食品中固有的乳酸菌(lactic acid bacteria, LAB)进行微生物发酵; 或者通过添加商业发酵剂来增强发酵效果。发酵过程导致 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 下降, 同时产生乳酸, 这些变化有助于抑制 LM 的生长。在发酵之后, 肉制品还需经过干燥处理, 以降低水分活度至 LM 生长的临界水平以下。此外, 乳酸菌在发酵过程中对病原体的抑制作用可能归因于产生的细菌素和抗菌肽 [ 61 ] 。多项研究已经深入探讨了发酵肉制品中 LM 与 LAB 之间的复杂相互作用, 以及 LAB 对病原体的抑制效应。例如, HUANG 等人 [ 50 ] 的研究表明,在 ${30}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 和相对湿度 ${76}\%$ 的条件下,将浓度为 $7\log \mathrm{{CFU}}/\mathrm{g}$ 的 LAB 添加到肉香肠中,可以在 $5\mathrm{\;d}$ 的孵化期内有效抑制初始接种浓度为 $5\mathrm{{log}}\mathrm{{CFU}}/\mathrm{g}$ 的 LM 的生长。同时,致病细胞的数量在这一过程中减少了 ${0.5}\log \mathrm{{CFU}}/\mathrm{g}$
LAB 是细菌素的主要生产者 [ 62 - 63 ] 。乳酸乳球菌(Lactococcus lactis) 产生的乳酸链球菌素, 一种具有显著抗菌特性的多肽, 已获得美国 FDA 的 “公认安全”(generally recognized as safe, GRAS)认证 [ 64 ] 。乳链菌肽以其热稳定性、在低浓度下的高效性、对食物感官特性的无影响性、不引起耐药性、对正常肠道菌群的无害性,以及易于检测和定量的特点而著称 [ 65 ] 。之前的研究表明, LAB 及其分泌的细菌素能有效控制 LM 在非生物表面上的初始黏附和生物膜形成 [ 66 - 68 ] 。例如, WOO 等人 [ 69 ] 发现, 将副干酪乳杆菌 (Lactobacillus paracasei) 和鼠李糖乳杆菌 (Lactobacillus rhamnosus) 共同培养, 可显著减少 LM 生物膜中的细胞数量超过 $3\log \mathrm{{CFU}}/\mathrm{g}$ 。DYGICO 等人 [ 70 ] 也发现,在不锈钢表面将 LM 与乳酸乳球菌亚种共同培养后, LM 的数量减少了 $4\log \mathrm{{CFU}}/\mathrm{g}$ 。此外, $\mathrm{{MELIAN}}$ 等人 [ 71 ] 的研究指出,亚致死剂量的细菌素不会对病原体施加选择性压力。随着对细菌素研究的不断深入, 近期的文献也探讨了细菌素在食品加工环境中对抗细菌生物膜方面的应用潜力 [ 72 - 73 ] 。细菌素有望作为抗生物膜剂在食品工业中得到更广泛的应用和开发。
在食品生产领域, 彻底清除现有生物膜并有效预防新生物膜的形成, 是一项极具挑战性的任务。生物膜不仅难以根除, 还因其为病原体提供保护而对食品安全构成严重威胁,增强了病原体抵抗消毒过程和环境压力的能力。近期的研究表明, 生物防治方法的发展取得了显著进展, 尤其是噬菌体, 已经发展成为商业产品, 并且一些研究结果表明其应用正在逐步商业化。 细菌素已被证实能有效减少现有生物膜的形成, 但为了实现这一效果, 通常需要经过特定的纯化过程。与所有生物防治策略一样, 细菌素的效能可能受到多种变量的影响, 包括控制方法中的温度和持续时间、所针对的生物膜种类、生物膜的生长阶段以及基质的组成。此外, 在对新的生物防治方法进行全面评估之前, 必须在模拟食品生产环境的条件下进行测试, 以确保评估的准确性和标准化。
$\mathrm{{LM}}$ 引起的食源性疾病在流行病学调查和食品安全控制领域受到极大关注。即食肉制品常被视为 $\mathrm{{LM}}$ 的传统传播媒介, 对其快速识别、可追溯性以及先进诊断技术的发展显得尤为关键。此外, 由于 LM 与其他微生物的共存, 食品加工环境中的 $\mathrm{{LM}}$ 难以被完全根除。目前面临的主要挑战是如何彻底且安全地消除生物膜, 因为常规消毒剂往往难以完全清除生物膜, 并且存在消毒剂残留污染食品的风险。相比之下, 生物防治方法, 如利用乳酸菌或微生物分泌物(例如细菌素)来控制生物膜的形成, 已被证明是一种有效的策略。尽管这类物质的抑制作用已经得到了实验验证, 但在其在食品工厂大规模应用之前, 还需要进行更多的研究以确保其安全性和有效性。
由 LM 引起的食品领域疫情目前显示出频率降低和影响范围缩小的趋势。这一积极变化主要归功于法规的加强、监测系统的优化升级,以及在检测技术方面取得的关键性进展。为了在生产和零售环节有效根除 LM 及其生物膜, 迫切需要开发安全且高效的新型生物控制策略, 实现源头控制。
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    1 营养健康与食品安全北京市重点实验室 中粮营养健康研究院有限公司 北京 102209
    2 营养健康与食品安全北京市重点实验室 中粮营养健康研究院有限公司 北京 102209

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*武志超,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向:食品质量与安全检测。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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