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Outline
Objective This study aims to quantify the spatiotemporal evolution of ecosystem service functions in the Horqin sandy land， providing a scientific basis and theoretical support for environmental management and ecological restoration. Methods Based on land use data from three recent periods （2000， 2010， and 2020）， the InVEST model was used to quantitatively evaluate five key ecosystem service indicators in the Horqin sandy land， including annual water yield， water quality purification （phosphorus load）， soil conservation， carbon storage， and habitat quality. The ecosystem service index was calculated. Results 1） Ecological land （grassland and forest land） and construction land increased over the periods， while cultivated land， unused land， and water areas decreased continuously. 2） Annual water yield increased over the periods， with the mean value rising from 131.19 mm to 266.39 mm. Highvalue areas （300.00~400.00 mm） in the western region expanded significantly， and the spatial distribution across the region shifted from lowvalue dominance to concentration in highgradient zones （>200.00 mm）. 3） The overall water purification capacity showed a declining trend， with the average value decreasing from 1.31 kg/km2 to 1.22 kg/km2. Highvalue areas in the eastern region contracted generally，accompanied by weakened spatial heterogeneity. 4） Soil conservation and carbon storage were influenced by vegetation distribution and elevation， showing a pattern of high values at high elevations and low values at low elevations. The mean soil conservation increased from 27.72 t/km2 to 60.38 t/km2， while the mean value of carbon storage remained stable from 143.41 t/km2 to 144.86 t/km2. Highvalue areas （≥80.00 t/km2） continued to expand. 5） Habitat quality improved over the periods， with the mean value increasing from 0.28 to 0.30， while spatial heterogeneity remained stable. 6） The ecosystem service index increased with the expansion of ecological land， while fragmentation in lowvalue areas （<0.20） intensified. Conclusion Expansion of forest-grassland has significantly improved ecosystem service functions in the Horqin sandy land， increasing annual water yield and reducing phosphorus load， while promoting coordinated enhancement of soil conservation and carbon storage. This provides a scientific basis for achieving ecological restoration in the arid and semi-arid regions of northern China.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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