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The construction of the Guxian Water Control Project causes blockage of river sections, hindering population exchange between fish upstream and downstream across the dam. Fish passage facilities can mitigate this barrier, and detailed knowledge of fish swimming behavior is critical for their effective design. This study targeted two main fish species for the project: Leuciscus waleckii Dybowski and Opsariichthys bidens-and tested their induced velocity and critical swimming speed. The study also analyzed ecological behavioral indicators including tail-beat frequency, tail-beat amplitude, body wave velocity, body wave length, maximum head angle, and maximum head angle velocity during upstream swimming at three swimming velocitys (2, 4, and 6 BL/s). The results showed that the absolute induced velocities of Leuciscus waleckii Dybowski and Opsariichthys bidens were (0.06±0.01) and (0.11±0.03) m/s, respectively, with corresponding relative values of (0.55±0.11) and (1.11±0.27) BL/s. The absolute and relative rheoreaction velocities of Leuciscus waleckii both exhibited significant negative correlations with body length (P<0.05), whereas the absolute rheoreaction velocity of Opsariichthys bidens showed a significant positive correlation with body length (P<0.05). The absolute critical swimming speeds of Leuciscus waleckii Dybowski and Opsariichthys bidens were (0.99±0.20) and (0.96±0.14) m/s, respectively, and the relative critical swimming speeds were (9.30±1.14) and (10.07±1.47) BL/s, respectively. Both absolute and relative critical swimming speeds of Leuciscus waleckii Dybowski were significantly positively correlated with body length (P<0.05). For both species, tail-beat frequency, body wave velocity, and maximum head angle velocity increased with flow velocity, while tail-beat amplitude and maximum head angle decreased with increasing flow velocity. The body wave length of Leuciscus waleckii Dybowski at 2 BL/s was significantly higher than that under the other two swimming velocitys (P<0.05), whereas the body wave length of Opsariichthys bidens showed no significant change with increasing flow velocity (P>0.05). Among the ecological behavioral indicators, tail-beat frequency, maximum head angle velocity, and body wave velocity showed the strongest correlations with swimming speed, suggesting their central role in propulsion. For fish-passage designs targeting Leuciscus waleckii Dybowski and Opsariichthys bidens, we recommended an entrance velocity of 0.9—1.2 m/s for upstream collection vessels and an internal velocity of 0.1—0.9 m/s within the collection chamber. This study quantifies the swimming ability and key swimming behavioral characteristics of two representative fish-passage target species, providing a reference for the design and optimization of fish passage facilities.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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