Article(id=1217845646514639667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217845635080962613, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250422001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1745251200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768286628606, onlineDateStr=2026-01-13, pubDate=1756051200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768286628606, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768286628606, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768286628606, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217845635080962613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='16', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768286625881, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768287480278, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217849218753024879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217845635080962613, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217849218753024880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217845635080962613, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=51, endPage=57, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217845647127008096, articleId=1217845646514639667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Current situation investigation and dietary exposure risk assessment of cadmium contamination in food, columnId=1151895322692776479, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Analysis and Monitoring of Toxic and Harmful Substances in Food, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the current situation of cadmium contamination in food and explore the dietary exposure risk of cadmium in the daily diet of residents in the southeast coastal areas. Methods Random sampling was conducted in major large-scale agricultural markets, commercial supermarkets, restaurants and other places throughout the city, with common commercially available foods as the research object. A total of 1285 food samples were collected from 7 categories, including grains and their products, vegetables, aquatic animals and their products, meat products, nuts and seeds, fresh edible fungi and seasonings. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method (ICP-MS) was applied for quantitative detection of cadmium content. The single factor pollution index (Pi) and target hazard factor (THQ) were used to evaluate the quality and consumption safety of each category of samples. Results After statistical analysis, there were significant differences in cadmium content among different categories of food. In the tested samples, the total detection rate of cadmium was 54.24%, and the detection result was undetected-2.86 mg/kg. Among them, crustaceans (sea crabs, shrimp) had the highest average detection value (1.2264 mg/kg). Conclusion The dietary exposure risk assessment results of tested sample indicate THQ<1. Therefore, the cadmium contamination in this region shows a low health risk to residents.

, correspAuthors=Jia-Li XING, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chao-Qiong DING, Jia-Li XING, Jian-Mei ZHOU, Hai CHENG, Hui-Jun WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1217845648741815295, articleId=1217845646514639667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=食品中镉污染现状调查及膳食暴露风险评估, columnId=1151923892102197877, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=专题:食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 了解当前食品中镉污染的现状, 以及探讨东南沿海地区居民日常饮食中镉的膳食暴露风险。方法 在全市范围内主要大型农贸市场、商业超市、餐馆等场所随机抽样, 以常见的食品为研究对象, 涉及谷物及其制品、蔬菜、水产动物及其制品、肉制品、坚果及籽类、新鲜食用菌和调味品共7大类1285份食品样本, 应用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, ICP-MS)进行镉含量定量检测, 采用单因子污染指数(pollution index, Pi)和目标危害系数(target hazard quotient, THQ), 对各大类样本质量和消费安全进行评估。结果 经过统计学分析, 不同类食品中的镉含量有显著性差异。在所检测样本中, 镉总检出率54.24%, 检测结果为未检出~2.86 mg/kg, 其中甲壳类(海蟹、虾蛄)检测平均值最高(1.2264 mg/kg)。结论 所检样品的膳食暴露风险评估结果显示, THQ<1。因此, 该地区的镉污染对居民的健康风险低。

, correspAuthors=邢家溧, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 邢家溧(1988—), 女, 博士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:
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丁超琼(1992—), 女, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品质量与安全。E-mail:

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The Food Industry, 2023, 44(4): 328-333., articleTitle=Analysis of cadmium and lead and dietary risk assessment of rice in a city of Guangxi, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1217864262664508149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845646514639667, awardId=2024S127, language=CN, fundingSource=宁波市科技计划项目(2024S127), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1217864256419189068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845646514639667, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217864256427577677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845646514639667, companyId=1217864256419189068, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Ningbo Academy of Product and Food Quality Inspection (Ningbo Fibre Inspection Institute), Ningbo 315048, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217864256435966286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845646514639667, companyId=1217864256419189068, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 宁波市产品食品质量检验研究院(宁波市纤维检验所), 宁波 315048)]), AuthorCompany(id=1217864256574378328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845646514639667, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217864256582766934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845646514639667, companyId=1217864256574378328, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Key Laboratory of Hazardous Substance Detection and Risk Prevention in Food of China Chamber of Commerce, Ningbo 315048, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217864256595349847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845646514639667, companyId=1217864256574378328, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中国商业联合会食品中重点危害物检测与风险防控重点实验室, 宁波 315048)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1217864260990980722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845646514639667, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=THQ in various types of foods, figureFileSmall=Qvm/+mKFnbVU/GKYoks5HQ==, figureFileBig=LLP7V/XXF7fWwof55uRIKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864261070672505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845646514639667, language=CN, label=图1, caption=各类食品中镉THQ评价, figureFileSmall=Qvm/+mKFnbVU/GKYoks5HQ==, figureFileBig=LLP7V/XXF7fWwof55uRIKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864261221667460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845646514639667, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Cadmium content in 1285 foodstuffs

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分类 样品数 镉含量/(mg/kg) 检出批次 检出率/%
平均值 中位数 P90 结果范围
谷物及其制品 546 0.0179 0.0106 0.0520 未检出~0.147 353 64.65
蔬菜 290 0.0120 0.0091 0.0271 未检出~0.0834 194 66.90
水产动物及其制品 248 0.0727 0 0.0889 未检出~2.86 80 32.26
肉制品 99 0.0001 0 0 未检出~0.00833 2 2.02
坚果及籽类 57 0.1707 0.1740 0.2424 未检出~0.271 56 98.25
新鲜食用菌 26 0.0255 0.0010 0.0730 未检出~0.338 12 46.15
调味品 19 0 0 0 未检出 0 0
合计 1285 0.0305 0.0063 0.0577 未检出~2.86 697 54.24
), ArticleFig(id=1217864261355885197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845646514639667, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

1285份食品样本中镉含量

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分类 样品数 镉含量/(mg/kg) 检出批次 检出率/%
平均值 中位数 P90 结果范围
谷物及其制品 546 0.0179 0.0106 0.0520 未检出~0.147 353 64.65
蔬菜 290 0.0120 0.0091 0.0271 未检出~0.0834 194 66.90
水产动物及其制品 248 0.0727 0 0.0889 未检出~2.86 80 32.26
肉制品 99 0.0001 0 0 未检出~0.00833 2 2.02
坚果及籽类 57 0.1707 0.1740 0.2424 未检出~0.271 56 98.25
新鲜食用菌 26 0.0255 0.0010 0.0730 未检出~0.338 12 46.15
调味品 19 0 0 0 未检出 0 0
合计 1285 0.0305 0.0063 0.0577 未检出~2.86 697 54.24
), ArticleFig(id=1217864261452354196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845646514639667, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Difference analysis of cadmium content among various foods

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食品类别 肉制品 坚果及籽类 蔬菜 水产动物及其制品 调味品 新鲜食用菌
谷物及其制品 0.000* 0.000* 0.010* 0.000* 0.000* 0.001*
肉制品 - 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 0.534 0.000*
坚果及籽类 - - 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 0.000*
蔬菜 - - - 0.000* 0.000* 0.013*
水产动物及其制品 - - - - 0.001* 0.309
调味品 - - - - - 0.000*
), ArticleFig(id=1217864261565600414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845646514639667, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各类食品镉含量差异性分析

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食品类别 肉制品 坚果及籽类 蔬菜 水产动物及其制品 调味品 新鲜食用菌
谷物及其制品 0.000* 0.000* 0.010* 0.000* 0.000* 0.001*
肉制品 - 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 0.534 0.000*
坚果及籽类 - - 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 0.000*
蔬菜 - - - 0.000* 0.000* 0.013*
水产动物及其制品 - - - - 0.001* 0.309
调味品 - - - - - 0.000*
), ArticleFig(id=1217864261704012459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845646514639667, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Sampling of edible aquatic product of different categories

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分类 样品数 镉含量/(mg/kg) 检出批次 检出率/% 限量/(mg/kg)
平均值 中位数 P90 结果范围
盐渍鱼 2 0.0457 0.0457 0.0527 0.0369~0.0544 2 100.00 0.1
鱼糜制品 6 0 0 0 未检出 0 0 0.1
熟制鱼类制品 15 0.0387 0.0406 0.0871 未检出-0.0900 10 66.67 0.1
新鲜鱼类 176 0.0019 0 0.00691 未检出~0.0432 29 16.48 0.1
软体动物 11 0.4284 0.1550 1 0.0492~1.7300 11 100.00 2.0(去除内脏)
海蟹、虾蛄 9 1.2264 1.2600 2.3160 0.2920~2.8600 9 100.00 3.0
甲壳类(海蟹、虾蛄除外) 29 0.0437 0.0203 0.1088 未检出~0.1800 19 65.52 0.5
合计 248 0.0727 0 0.0889 未检出~2.860 80 32.26 -
), ArticleFig(id=1217864261800481458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845646514639667, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同类别水产品检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类 样品数 镉含量/(mg/kg) 检出批次 检出率/% 限量/(mg/kg)
平均值 中位数 P90 结果范围
盐渍鱼 2 0.0457 0.0457 0.0527 0.0369~0.0544 2 100.00 0.1
鱼糜制品 6 0 0 0 未检出 0 0 0.1
熟制鱼类制品 15 0.0387 0.0406 0.0871 未检出-0.0900 10 66.67 0.1
新鲜鱼类 176 0.0019 0 0.00691 未检出~0.0432 29 16.48 0.1
软体动物 11 0.4284 0.1550 1 0.0492~1.7300 11 100.00 2.0(去除内脏)
海蟹、虾蛄 9 1.2264 1.2600 2.3160 0.2920~2.8600 9 100.00 3.0
甲壳类(海蟹、虾蛄除外) 29 0.0437 0.0203 0.1088 未检出~0.1800 19 65.52 0.5
合计 248 0.0727 0 0.0889 未检出~2.860 80 32.26 -
), ArticleFig(id=1217864261926310588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845646514639667, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Evaluation of cadmium pollution level in foods (pollution index)

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食品类别 品种 样本数/份 Pi<0.2(安全值范围) Pi[0.2, 0.6](轻度污染) Pi(0.6, 1)(中度污染) Pi≥1(重度污染)
样本数 检出率/% 样本数 检出率/% 样本数 检出率/% 样本数 检出率/%
谷物及其制品 稻谷(大米) 396 319 80.56 76 19.19 1 0.25 0 0
小麦粉 128 115 89.84 13 10.16 0 0 0 0
大米粉 14 6 42.86 8 57.14 0 0 0 0
色稻米 5 3 60.00 2 40.00 0 0 0 0
小米 3 3 100 0 0 0 0 0 0
蔬菜 叶菜类 145 132 91.03 13 8.97 0 0 0 0
茄果类 82 57 69.51 23 28.05 2 2.44 0 0
块根和块茎类 33 31 93.94 2 6.06 0 0 0 0
鳞茎类 25 20 80.00 4 16.00 1 4.00 0 0
茎类 5 4 80.00 1 20.00 0 0 0 0
新鲜食用菌 新鲜食用菌 26 24 92.31 1 3.85 1 3.85 0 0
坚果及籽类 花生 57 7 12.28 50 87.72 0 0 0 0
肉制品 肉类罐头 12 12 100 0 0 0 0 0 0
酱卤肉制品类 87 87 100 0 0 0 0 0 0
水产动物及其制品 鱼类 176 173 98.30 3 1.70 0 0 0 0
甲壳类 38 28 73.68 7 18.42 3 7.89 0 0
软体动物 11 8 72.73 2 18.18 1 9.09 0 0
水产制品 23 11 47.83 8 34.78 4 17.39 0 0
), ArticleFig(id=1217864262077305547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845646514639667, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

食品样本镉污染程度评价(单因子污染指数法)

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食品类别 品种 样本数/份 Pi<0.2(安全值范围) Pi[0.2, 0.6](轻度污染) Pi(0.6, 1)(中度污染) Pi≥1(重度污染)
样本数 检出率/% 样本数 检出率/% 样本数 检出率/% 样本数 检出率/%
谷物及其制品 稻谷(大米) 396 319 80.56 76 19.19 1 0.25 0 0
小麦粉 128 115 89.84 13 10.16 0 0 0 0
大米粉 14 6 42.86 8 57.14 0 0 0 0
色稻米 5 3 60.00 2 40.00 0 0 0 0
小米 3 3 100 0 0 0 0 0 0
蔬菜 叶菜类 145 132 91.03 13 8.97 0 0 0 0
茄果类 82 57 69.51 23 28.05 2 2.44 0 0
块根和块茎类 33 31 93.94 2 6.06 0 0 0 0
鳞茎类 25 20 80.00 4 16.00 1 4.00 0 0
茎类 5 4 80.00 1 20.00 0 0 0 0
新鲜食用菌 新鲜食用菌 26 24 92.31 1 3.85 1 3.85 0 0
坚果及籽类 花生 57 7 12.28 50 87.72 0 0 0 0
肉制品 肉类罐头 12 12 100 0 0 0 0 0 0
酱卤肉制品类 87 87 100 0 0 0 0 0 0
水产动物及其制品 鱼类 176 173 98.30 3 1.70 0 0 0 0
甲壳类 38 28 73.68 7 18.42 3 7.89 0 0
软体动物 11 8 72.73 2 18.18 1 9.09 0 0
水产制品 23 11 47.83 8 34.78 4 17.39 0 0
), ArticleFig(id=1217864262224106196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845646514639667, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Dietary cadmium exposure of residents (adults)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类 宁波地区[26] 浙江省[27] 2022年膳食宝塔推荐值
每日摄入量
/g
日暴露量
/mg
贡献率
/%
每日摄入量
/g
日暴露量
/mg
贡献率
/%
每日摄入量
/g
日暴露量
/mg
贡献率
/%
谷物及其制品 304.6 0.0055 32.24 376 0.0067 44.97 200~300 0.0036~0.0054 35.52
蔬菜 287 0.0034 20.32 258 0.0031 20.59 300~500 0.0036~0.0060 35.63
水产动物及其制品 65.5 0.0048 28.16 71 0.0052 34.45 40~75 0.0029~0.0055 28.85
坚果及籽类 19.1 0.0033 19.28 - - - - - -
月暴露总量/(mg/人) - 0.5072 - - 0.4492 - - 0.3023~0.5042 -
每月平均摄入量/[mg/(kg·bw)] - 0.0085 - - 0.0075 - - 0.0050~0.0084 -
占PTMI百分数/% - 33.82 - - 29.95 - - 20.16~33.61 -
), ArticleFig(id=1217864262362518238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845646514639667, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

居民(成人)膳食镉暴露量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类 宁波地区[26] 浙江省[27] 2022年膳食宝塔推荐值
每日摄入量
/g
日暴露量
/mg
贡献率
/%
每日摄入量
/g
日暴露量
/mg
贡献率
/%
每日摄入量
/g
日暴露量
/mg
贡献率
/%
谷物及其制品 304.6 0.0055 32.24 376 0.0067 44.97 200~300 0.0036~0.0054 35.52
蔬菜 287 0.0034 20.32 258 0.0031 20.59 300~500 0.0036~0.0060 35.63
水产动物及其制品 65.5 0.0048 28.16 71 0.0052 34.45 40~75 0.0029~0.0055 28.85
坚果及籽类 19.1 0.0033 19.28 - - - - - -
月暴露总量/(mg/人) - 0.5072 - - 0.4492 - - 0.3023~0.5042 -
每月平均摄入量/[mg/(kg·bw)] - 0.0085 - - 0.0075 - - 0.0050~0.0084 -
占PTMI百分数/% - 33.82 - - 29.95 - - 20.16~33.61 -
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食品中镉污染现状调查及膳食暴露风险评估
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丁超琼 , 邢家溧 * , 周建梅 , 承海 , 王慧君
食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测 2025,16(16): 51-57
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测 2025, 16(16): 51-57
食品中镉污染现状调查及膳食暴露风险评估
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丁超琼 , 邢家溧* , 周建梅, 承海, 王慧君
作者信息
  • 1 宁波市产品食品质量检验研究院(宁波市纤维检验所), 宁波 315048
  • 2 中国商业联合会食品中重点危害物检测与风险防控重点实验室, 宁波 315048
  • 丁超琼(1992—), 女, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品质量与安全。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 邢家溧(1988—), 女, 博士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:
Current situation investigation and dietary exposure risk assessment of cadmium contamination in food
Chao-Qiong DING , Jia-Li XING* , Jian-Mei ZHOU, Hai CHENG, Hui-Jun WANG
Affiliations
  • 1 Ningbo Academy of Product and Food Quality Inspection (Ningbo Fibre Inspection Institute), Ningbo 315048, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Hazardous Substance Detection and Risk Prevention in Food of China Chamber of Commerce, Ningbo 315048, China
出版时间: 2025-08-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250422001
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目的 了解当前食品中镉污染的现状, 以及探讨东南沿海地区居民日常饮食中镉的膳食暴露风险。方法 在全市范围内主要大型农贸市场、商业超市、餐馆等场所随机抽样, 以常见的食品为研究对象, 涉及谷物及其制品、蔬菜、水产动物及其制品、肉制品、坚果及籽类、新鲜食用菌和调味品共7大类1285份食品样本, 应用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, ICP-MS)进行镉含量定量检测, 采用单因子污染指数(pollution index, Pi)和目标危害系数(target hazard quotient, THQ), 对各大类样本质量和消费安全进行评估。结果 经过统计学分析, 不同类食品中的镉含量有显著性差异。在所检测样本中, 镉总检出率54.24%, 检测结果为未检出~2.86 mg/kg, 其中甲壳类(海蟹、虾蛄)检测平均值最高(1.2264 mg/kg)。结论 所检样品的膳食暴露风险评估结果显示, THQ<1。因此, 该地区的镉污染对居民的健康风险低。

食品  /  镉污染  /  膳食暴露风险评估

Objective To investigate the current situation of cadmium contamination in food and explore the dietary exposure risk of cadmium in the daily diet of residents in the southeast coastal areas. Methods Random sampling was conducted in major large-scale agricultural markets, commercial supermarkets, restaurants and other places throughout the city, with common commercially available foods as the research object. A total of 1285 food samples were collected from 7 categories, including grains and their products, vegetables, aquatic animals and their products, meat products, nuts and seeds, fresh edible fungi and seasonings. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method (ICP-MS) was applied for quantitative detection of cadmium content. The single factor pollution index (Pi) and target hazard factor (THQ) were used to evaluate the quality and consumption safety of each category of samples. Results After statistical analysis, there were significant differences in cadmium content among different categories of food. In the tested samples, the total detection rate of cadmium was 54.24%, and the detection result was undetected-2.86 mg/kg. Among them, crustaceans (sea crabs, shrimp) had the highest average detection value (1.2264 mg/kg). Conclusion The dietary exposure risk assessment results of tested sample indicate THQ<1. Therefore, the cadmium contamination in this region shows a low health risk to residents.

food  /  cadmium contamination  /  dietary exposure risk assessment
丁超琼, 邢家溧, 周建梅, 承海, 王慧君. 食品中镉污染现状调查及膳食暴露风险评估. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (16) : 51 -57 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250422001
Chao-Qiong DING, Jia-Li XING, Jian-Mei ZHOU, Hai CHENG, Hui-Jun WANG. Current situation investigation and dietary exposure risk assessment of cadmium contamination in food[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (16) : 51 -57 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250422001
2025年市场监督管理总局发布的97号令、98号令, 通过专项立法构建了食品风险隐患防控体系, 对食品安全事故的潜在风险处置提供了具体的要求, 以保障人民的餐桌安全。在众多食品安全问题中, 环境污染物通过食物链造成健康损害, 因影响范围广、流行时间长、起病隐匿、损害严重, 备受关注。
镉主要来源于矿石开采和加工、冶金行业等工业活动[1], 是环境污染的突出问题, 被美国毒物与疾病登记署列为优先研究的有害物质[2]。食物链和香烟烟雾是镉摄入的两种主要方式[3]。众多研究表明, 长期摄入镉, 可对人体的肾脏[4]、骨骼[5]、生殖系统[6]等造成严重损伤。近年来, 各种研究表明全国各城市均有不同程度的食品镉超标情况, 以大米[7]、水产品[8]等城镇居民日常消费较高的食品为主。普遍存在的镉污染现象为治理环境污染和保障食品安全敲响了警钟。为全面了解东南沿海地区居民当前主要食品中镉污染现状及分布特点, 2024年1月至2025年1月期间, 本研究采用随机采样方法, 以东部沿海城市的主要大型农贸市场、商业超市、餐馆等场所为采样地点, 涵盖流通、餐饮和生产环节, 采集7大类共1285份食品样本, 进行镉含量检测。通过定量评估的方法对镉的暴露风险进行计算, 探讨食品镉污染总体情况和潜在危害, 以期为今后针对性开展风险防控, 指导居民健康饮食提供科学依据。
1285份食品样本按照GB 2762—2022《食品安全国家标准 食品中污染物限量》中的食品类别划分成7个大类, 包括谷物及其制品546份(大米、小麦粉、大米粉等)、蔬菜290份(叶菜类、茄果类、鳞茎类等)、水产动物及其制品248份(鱼类、甲壳类、软体动物等)、肉制品99份(肉类罐头、酱卤肉制品类)、坚果及籽类57份(花生)、新鲜食用菌26份(7个品种)和调味品19份(食用盐)。
NexION1000G电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(美国Perkin Elmer公司); MARS6微波消解仪(美国CEM公司); ME204E电子天平(外校式)[精度0.1 mg, 梅特勒-托利多仪器(上海)有限公司]。
GB 5009.15—2023《食品安全国家标准 食品中镉的测定》第二法 电感耦合等离子体质谱法。通过加标回收实验进行质量控制。
单因子污染指数(pollution index, Pi)评价‌是一种用于评估环境污染程度的方法。计算见公式(1)。
Pi=$\frac{{{C}_{i}}}{{{S}_{i}}}$
式中: Pii样本的单因子污染指数; Ci为污染物的实测值, mg/kg; Si为GB 2762—2022规定的限量值, mg/kg。Pi<0.2为安全值范围; Pi≤0.6为轻度污染水平; 0.6<Pi<1.0为中度污染水平; Pi≥1.0为重度污染水平, 表明i样本污染物残留超过GB 2762—2022限量标准[9]
单一重金属膳食风险目标危害系数(target hazard quotient, THQ)来评估膳食镉暴露风险。计算见公式(2)。
$\mathrm{THQ}=\frac{\mathrm{EF} \times \mathrm{ED} \times \mathrm{FIR} \times \mathrm{C}}{\mathrm{RFD} \times \mathrm{WAB} \times \mathrm{TA}} \times 10^{-3}$
式中: EF为暴露频率(exposure frequency), 365 d/年; ED为暴露持续年限(exposure duration), 70年; FIR为食物摄取量(food intake rate); C为样本中镉含量平均值, mg/kg; RFD是参考剂量镉为1×10-3 mg/(kg·d) (oral reference dose); WAB是平均体重(average body weight) (成人, 平均体重60 kg计); TA是暴露平均时间(average exposure time), 365 d×70年。若THQ>1, 说明暴露人群有膳食摄入风险, 值越大, 风险越大[10-11]
应用SPSS 24.0, 采用Kruskal-Wallis检验和Mann-Whitney检验进行统计学分析。
本研究样品中镉含量检测分类汇总结果见表1。各类食品镉含量均低于GB 2762—2022限量值, 总体状况较好。
对本研究中7个大类食品的镉含量检测值进行Kruskal-Walli分析, 结果表明各大类食品镉含量差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。采用Mann-Whitney分析可见, 谷物及其制品与蔬菜、水产动物及其制品与肉制品等多个大类之间镉含量存在显著性差异(P<0.05), 而调味品与肉制品、新鲜食用菌和与水产动物及其制品之间镉含量未见显著性差异(P>0.05)。具体差异性分析见表2
新鲜水产品中, 鱼类的检出率为16.48%, 其中海水鱼32.08%, 淡水鱼9.76%。甲壳类(海蟹、虾蛄除外)的镉检出率为65.52%, 海蟹、虾蛄和软体动物检出率达100.00%。相似地, 田甜等[12]调查广西北部湾鲜活水产品中镉污染, 发现软体动物、贝类、甲壳类检出率较高(80%以上), 鱼类检出率较低, 尤其淡水鱼。本次监测中, 新鲜鱼类中的镉均是安全值范围或轻度水平污染。鱼类水产制品中根据不同加工工艺分析, 鱼豆腐等鱼糜制品(主要配料为冷冻鱼糜)未发现检出, 预制盐渍鱼的镉检出率为100.00%, 但为安全值范围, 检测平均值与熟制鱼产品相近, 分别为0.0457和0.0387 mg/kg。4批次达中度污染水平的水产制品均为熟制鱼仔。以上3类鱼类水产制品的检出率为52.17%, 检测平均值(0.0295 mg/kg)高于新鲜鱼类(0.0019 mg/kg), 可见脱水、盐渍、加入配料等加工过程为镉含量上升的重要原因。
近年来, 已有许多研究显示甲壳类水产品中一直存在含量水平较高的镉污染[13]。本研究显示1批次虾蛄的检出值2.86 mg/kg, 为本研究中所有样本中最高, 8批次海蟹的检出值0.292~2.180 mg/kg。软体动物中镉的检测平均值(0.4284 mg/kg)仅次于海蟹、虾蛄(1.2264 mg/kg), 远超于其他几类。镉一旦进入水生环境中, 会与颗粒物、黏土矿物等相互作用而积聚在沉积物中[14]。甲壳类等生活环境主要是在泥沙中, 与污染沉积物密切接触, 通常被认为是重要的环境污染程度生物指示标志。镉会通过甲壳类的呼吸、消化被吸收并富集, 主要蓄积在肝胰腺部位, 且不易被排出体外[15]
从单子因子污染指数来看, 1批次鱿鱼, 1批次虾蛄和2批次梭子蟹达中度污染水平。由此可见, 海蟹、虾蛄和软体动物镉污染情况相较于其他样本严重。具体检测情况见表34。吕昭玮[16]对市售的水产品进行重金属污染情况分析, 镉均值的单因子污染指数小于0.6, 淡水蟹、虾蛄和海水蟹中镉的检出率为100%, 镉含量最高的样品为海水蟹, 检测值比GB 2762—2022的限值高1.9倍。陈晓敏等[17]发现蟹类镉均值的单因子污染指数在0.2≤Pi≤0.6, 处于轻度污染水平, 明显高于鱼类和虾类, 海水蟹均值最高。
坚果及籽类抽检的产品为花生, 均为安全值范围(12.28%)或轻度污染(87.72%), 检测平均值和检出率为所有大类中最高, 分别为0.1707 mg/kg和98.25%。花生是一种富集重金属能力较强的豆科作物, 它是地下结果的作物, 除了根系、茎叶, 籽粒也能吸收镉, 导致花生的富集现象更为明显[18]。王颖等[19]对辽宁地区花生镉含量调查发现检出率达100%, 范围值0.023~0.21 mg/kg。谷物及其制品中1批次大米为中度污染程度, 其他产品均为安全值范围或轻度污染。水稻对重金属具有较强的富集作用, 尤其是镉, 是土壤-植物接触途径中最主要研究的污染物[20]。顾丰颖等[21]采集了我国主要稻米产区的6000余份大米样品, 镉的平均值为0.0185 mg/kg, 其中摄入华中地区的稻米存在一定镉暴露健康风险, 尤其是对儿童风险更高。蔬菜中检出率茎类(100%)>叶菜类(87.59%)>鳞茎类(48.00%)>茄果类(43.90%)>块根和块茎类(42.42%), 检测平均值茎类蔬菜(芹菜)和叶菜蔬菜较高, 分别为0.0234 mg/kg和0.0169 mg/kg, 其余几类均为0.0065 mg/kg。本研究显示2批次茄子, 1批次韭菜达到中度污染程度, 其余蔬菜仅为安全值范围或轻度污染。王建兵等[22]对惠州市惠城区市售叶菜蔬菜进行调查发现镉污染轻度, 香菜、菠菜、芹菜、韭菜均值较高。涂春艳等[23]通过实地调查南丹矿区种植的蔬菜重金属污染情况发现, 叶菜类、茄科类镉富集能力较强, 叶菜类重金属的浓度大小表现为地下部>地上部。蔬菜中重金属污染一般为施肥过量、不恰当的施肥方式导致, 还与土壤的重金属污染、种植区域附近工业三废的排放有关[24]
本研究采用膳食暴露评估来衡量镉的膳食安全性, 高于每月耐受摄入量(provisional tolerable monthly intake, PTMI)的建议值0.025 mg/(kg·bw)[25]则认为存在健康风险。由表5可知, 以各大类样品的镉检测平均值计算, 宁波地区居民镉每月的暴露总量为0.5072 mg/人, 占PTMI 33.82%。镉来源是谷物及其制品(32.24%)、水产动物及其制品(28.16%)、蔬菜(20.32%)、坚果及籽类(19.28%)。我国第6次总膳食研究显示, 全国镉摄入量平均值占PTMI的33.0%, 主要贡献的食品种类是谷物(56.3%)和蔬菜(26.6%)[28]。蔡华等[29]应用总膳食研究和食物频率法问卷调查2种膳食污染物评估方法来计算上海市居民食品中镉含量, 结果显示镉摄入的主要来源略有不同, 分别是蔬菜类(68.5%)、薯类(11.9%)、水产类(8.2%)和蔬菜类(43.1%)、谷类(26.0%)、水产类(19.2%)。
本研究的检测结果显示水产品各类的镉含量平均值相差较大, 根据宁波居民膳食消费量, 鱼虾类摄入量38.1 g和蟹贝类摄入量27.4 g[26], 以上文中镉含量平均值最高的品种甲壳类(海蟹、虾蛄除外)和海蟹、虾蛄分别代入计算, 月暴露总量将提升到1.4225 mg/人, 占PTMI 94.83%。蟹贝类镉暴露贡献率70.87%, 其次是谷物及其制品(11.50%)。张荣昶监测青岛市售海产品重金属污染状况, 发现镉污染在甲壳类中最为严重, 达到重度污染, 海水蟹和虾蛄中镉含量最高。居民的镉暴露水平较高, 暴露平均值为可耐受摄入量的1.39倍[30]
图1可知, 这4大类食品THQ<1, 且THQ(P90)<1。同样地, 将水产动物及其制品分别以甲壳类(海蟹、虾蛄除外)和海蟹、虾蛄2个高镉含量的细类代入鱼虾类、蟹贝类计算, 危害商数为0.7903<1, 其中蟹贝类(海蟹、虾蛄)的THQ为0.5601。总体来说, 当前宁波市常见市售食品存在一定程度的镉污染, 但不具危害性。
宁波地区居民食品镉暴露量低于PTMI, 大米等谷物制品作为主食, 为镉摄入的最大贡献者, 而镉膳食摄入风险受摄入量影响较大的是海鲜产品。沿海城市水产品产量高, 消费高, 居民长期频繁摄入镉含量较高的水产品种, 会处于高暴露状态, 从而对身体造成危害。在通过摄入水产品获取营养的时候, 应科学选择摄入的种类并合理控制量。若过多、长期或者只摄入甲壳类、软体动物, 尤其是海蟹、虾蛄、鱿鱼, 镉暴露风险将大大增加, 根据本研究数据, 镉的月暴露总量将提升至原来的2.8倍。本研究发现坚果及籽类(花生)、蔬菜、谷物及其制品的镉污染检出率较高, 坚果及籽类(花生)和水产动物及其制品检测平均值较高。因此需关注谷物、生干籽类、蔬菜等其他食物而造成镉暴露的叠加风险。黄艳桃等[31]对大米进行重金属元素的风险评估, 显示对人体健康不会造成威胁, 但对儿童人群, 可产生潜在的健康风险。本研究按成人评估膳食摄入风险处于可接受的范围, 但对未对其他人群, 比如儿童、老年人等进行膳食摄入风险评估, 存在一定的局限性。
为掌握东南沿海城市居民当前饮食消费中主要食品的镉污染现状, 本研究抽取包括水产动物及其制品、谷物及其制品、蔬菜等常见的7大类食品进行检测。通过单因子污染指数和目标危害系数计算可知, 当前宁波地区食品中镉污染膳食暴露风险低, 对人体健康不具有潜在危害性。
本研究结果提示, 相关部门应关注重点食品种类, 持续监测其镉的含量和环境污染情况, 尤其是海域水体环境的监控, 了解食品中镉污染的变化趋势, 做好风险预警。还可联合当地农业、水产技术专家, 加强蔬菜、谷物、水产等种养殖技术、管理技术的研究, 指导农户、养殖户在种养殖过程中的农兽药、化肥等的规范使用。同时, 监管部门在地域内建立和健全膳食营养指导方案, 向居民宣传健康安全的饮食摄入方式。
  • 宁波市科技计划项目(2024S127)
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2025年第16卷第16期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250422001
  • 接收时间:2025-04-22
  • 首发时间:2026-01-13
  • 出版时间:2025-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-22
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宁波市科技计划项目(2024S127)
作者信息
    1 宁波市产品食品质量检验研究院(宁波市纤维检验所), 宁波 315048
    2 中国商业联合会食品中重点危害物检测与风险防控重点实验室, 宁波 315048

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* 邢家溧(1988—), 女, 博士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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