Article(id=1217845645080183687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217845635080962613, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250418006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1744905600000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768286628264, onlineDateStr=2026-01-13, pubDate=1756051200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768286628264, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768286628264, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768286628264, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217845635080962613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='16', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768286625881, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768287480278, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217849218753024879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217845635080962613, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217849218753024880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217845635080962613, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=67, endPage=74, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217845646107788203, articleId=1217845645080183687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Determination of 17α-estradiol and 17β-estradiol in aquatic products by QuEChERS combined with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, columnId=1151895322692776479, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Analysis and Monitoring of Toxic and Harmful Substances in Food, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To establish a method for the determination of 17α-estradiol and 17β-estradiol in aquatic products by QuEChERS combined with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Methods The sample was extracted with water-acetonitrile (2:8, V:V), purified with N-propylethylenediamine, C18 and neutral alumina, blown to dryness with nitrogen, and then reconstituted with water-acetonitrile (8:2, V:V). The sample solution was analyzed using water and acetonitrile (both containing 5 mmol/L ammonia) as mobile phase, separated by C18 chromatographic column, scanned and detected in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, and quantified by external standard method. Results The results showed that 17α-estradiol and 17β-estradiol showed a good linear relationship in the concentration ranges of 5 to 200 μg/L, and the correlation coefficients were 0.9998 and 0.9985, respectively. The average recoveries at three spiked concentration levels varied from 66.5% to 101.1% with relative standard deviations of 0.62% to 10.17%. The limit of detection was 0.85-0.90 μg/kg, and the limit of quantitation was 2.1-2.4 μg/kg. Conclusion This method is simple, fast, sensitive and accurate, suitable for qualitative and quantitative analysis of 17α-estradiol and 17β-estradiol in aquatic products such as fish, shrimp, crabs and shellfish.

, correspAuthors=Ming-Hao XIAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ming-Hao XIAO, Zi-Yi YUAN, Shi-Ting LI, Jing LIANG, Ping WANG, Yue YANG, Ji-Zhou WU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1217845647886172252, articleId=1217845645080183687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=QuEChERS结合超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定水产品中17α-雌二醇和17β-雌二醇, columnId=1151923892102197877, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=专题:食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 建立QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS)测定水产品中17α-雌二醇与17β-雌二醇的方法。方法 样品经水-乙腈(2:8, V:V)提取, 加入N-丙基乙二胺、C18、中性氧化铝进行净化, 提取液氮吹至干, 残渣用水-乙腈(8:2, V:V)溶解。样液以水-乙腈(均含5 mmol/L氨水)为流动相, 经C18色谱柱分离后进行多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring, MRM)模式的定性及定量分析, 外标法定量。结果 17α-雌二醇与17β-雌二醇在质量浓度5~200 μg/L范围内线性良好, 相关系数分别为0.9998和0.9985; 3个加标水平的平均回收率为66.5%~101.1%, 相对标准偏差为0.62%~10.17%; 检出限范围为0.85~0.90 μg/kg, 定量限范围为2.1~2.4 μg/kg。结论 该方法操作简单快捷、灵敏准确, 适用于鱼、虾、蟹、贝等水产品中17α-雌二醇与17β-雌二醇的定性及定量分析。

, correspAuthors=肖明昊, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
肖明昊(1995—), 男, 助理工程师, 主要研究方向为食品质量与安全。E-mail:
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肖明昊(1995—), 男, 助理工程师, 主要研究方向为食品质量与安全。E-mail:

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Chinese Journal of Health Laboratory Technology, 2023, 33(20): 2437-2442., articleTitle=Determination of pentachlorophenol, fipronil and seven estrogens in eggs by filtered solid-phase extraction and ultra high liquidchromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1217864269916459015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845645080183687, awardId=GJ012023078, language=CN, fundingSource=2023年度国检科研基金项目(GJ012023078), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1217864259002880560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845645080183687, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217864259019657779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845645080183687, companyId=1217864259002880560, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 China Testing Holding Group Jingcheng Testing Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 511400, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217864259028046387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845645080183687, companyId=1217864259002880560, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 国检测试控股集团京诚检测有限公司, 广州 511400)]), AuthorCompany(id=1217864260336669245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845645080183687, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217864260349252158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845645080183687, companyId=1217864260336669245, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 China Testing Holding Group Beijing Ecological Environmental Protection Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 100024, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217864260361835071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845645080183687, companyId=1217864260336669245, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 国检测试控股集团北京生态环境保护技术研究院有限公司, 北京 100024)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1217864265889928049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845645080183687, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=MRM chromatograms of blank sample, standard solution and blank sample spiked, figureFileSmall=UFruL7CF9JSnDcagpI191Q==, figureFileBig=jNJFOFQI2pl3S4K9vQp7Jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864265978008439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845645080183687, language=CN, label=图1, caption=空白样品、标准溶液和空白样品加标的MRM色谱图

注: A. 空白样品MRM色谱图; B. 标准溶液MRM色谱图; C. 空白样品加标MRM色谱图。

, figureFileSmall=UFruL7CF9JSnDcagpI191Q==, figureFileBig=jNJFOFQI2pl3S4K9vQp7Jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864266133197696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845645080183687, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of different extraction solvents on recoveries (n=3), figureFileSmall=unvsK8nBeHtuqZj47+07MQ==, figureFileBig=/UMQ+hC8ujlNwMQpdh23GQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864266242249606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845645080183687, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同提取溶剂对回收率的影响(n=3), figureFileSmall=unvsK8nBeHtuqZj47+07MQ==, figureFileBig=/UMQ+hC8ujlNwMQpdh23GQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864266372273038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845645080183687, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of different amounts of C18 on recoveries (n=3), figureFileSmall=opOYJ9mkzvx+19JWpU8eTg==, figureFileBig=LmH+YKbl8xpeyUT6aL50rA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864266493907858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845645080183687, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同添加量的C18对回收率的影响(n=3), figureFileSmall=opOYJ9mkzvx+19JWpU8eTg==, figureFileBig=LmH+YKbl8xpeyUT6aL50rA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864266644902808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845645080183687, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of different amounts of PSA on recoveries (n=3), figureFileSmall=AIoMOocOomZtCF059xdM3w==, figureFileBig=EVY3lFrUB/U4a/wSMxEJ7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864266758149019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845645080183687, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同添加量的PSA对回收率的影响(n=3), figureFileSmall=AIoMOocOomZtCF059xdM3w==, figureFileBig=EVY3lFrUB/U4a/wSMxEJ7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864266896561059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845645080183687, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effects of different amounts of neutral alumina on recoveries (n=3), figureFileSmall=Wbfs/OrQ3SBdydDT5w2bcg==, figureFileBig=jINqXYMyL5wju/YqLoDDUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864267005612968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845645080183687, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同添加量的中性氧化铝对回收率的影响(n=3), figureFileSmall=Wbfs/OrQ3SBdydDT5w2bcg==, figureFileBig=jINqXYMyL5wju/YqLoDDUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864267194356661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845645080183687, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Gradient elution program

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间/min A相/% B相/%
0.00 20 80
1.00 60 40
2.00 60 40
3.00 80 20
3.50 90 10
6.50 90 10
7.00 20 80
8.00 20 80
), ArticleFig(id=1217864267307602878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845645080183687, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

梯度洗脱程序

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间/min A相/% B相/%
0.00 20 80
1.00 60 40
2.00 60 40
3.00 80 20
3.50 90 10
6.50 90 10
7.00 20 80
8.00 20 80
), ArticleFig(id=1217864267433432003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845645080183687, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Mass spectrometry acquisition parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 保留时间
/min
母离子
(m/z)
子离子
(m/z)
锥孔电压
/V
碰撞能量
/V
17α-雌二醇 2.34 271.0 144.9*, 182.9 45 40, 40
17β-雌二醇 2.49 271.0 144.9*, 182.9 45 40, 40
), ArticleFig(id=1217864267588621260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845645080183687, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

质谱采集参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 保留时间
/min
母离子
(m/z)
子离子
(m/z)
锥孔电压
/V
碰撞能量
/V
17α-雌二醇 2.34 271.0 144.9*, 182.9 45 40, 40
17β-雌二醇 2.49 271.0 144.9*, 182.9 45 40, 40
), ArticleFig(id=1217864267718644687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845645080183687, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Regression equations, correlation coefficients, linear ranges and limits of detection of 2 kinds of compounds

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目标物 回归方程 相关
系数(R)
线性范围
/(μg/L)
检出限
/(μg/kg)
定量限
/(μg/kg)
17α-雌二醇 Y=80.908X-
108.65
0.9998 5~200 0.85 2.1
17β-雌二醇 Y=119.59X+
10.791
0.9985 5~200 0.90 2.4
), ArticleFig(id=1217864267869639640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845645080183687, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2种化合物的回归方程、相关系数、线性范围和方法检出限

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目标物 回归方程 相关
系数(R)
线性范围
/(μg/L)
检出限
/(μg/kg)
定量限
/(μg/kg)
17α-雌二醇 Y=80.908X-
108.65
0.9998 5~200 0.85 2.1
17β-雌二醇 Y=119.59X+
10.791
0.9985 5~200 0.90 2.4
), ArticleFig(id=1217864269278925788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845645080183687, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Evaluation of matrix effects of 2 kinds of compounds

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目标物 无基质匹配
标准曲线
基质匹配
标准曲线
基质
效应/%
曲线
斜率
相关
系数(r)
曲线
斜率
相关
系数(r)
17α-雌二醇 80.908 0.9998 79.847 0.9997 -1.3
17β-雌二醇 119.59 0.9985 113.00 0.9993 -5.5
), ArticleFig(id=1217864269446697964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845645080183687, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

2种化合物的基质效应评价

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目标物 无基质匹配
标准曲线
基质匹配
标准曲线
基质
效应/%
曲线
斜率
相关
系数(r)
曲线
斜率
相关
系数(r)
17α-雌二醇 80.908 0.9998 79.847 0.9997 -1.3
17β-雌二醇 119.59 0.9985 113.00 0.9993 -5.5
), ArticleFig(id=1217864269551555568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845645080183687, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Recoveries and RSDs of 2 kinds of compounds in the samples (n=6, %)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品种类 2 μg/kg 10 μg/kg 30 μg/kg
回收率 RSDs 回收率 RSDs 回收率 RSDs
鲫鱼 94.5 0.62 99.2 2.35 96.2 1.54
草鱼 69.8 7.36 79.8 5.74 79.5 6.26
鲈鱼 93.6 9.67 101.1 6.31 98.1 7.89
虾姑 66.5 1.14 72.5 2.03 73.7 3.69
对虾 67.9 10.17 74.7 6.73 75.8 6.33
罗氏虾 82.1 3.21 85.3 2.51 89.8 2.43
文蛤 69.2 3.08 71.4 1.07 76.4 3.63
白贝 73.3 1.35 75.4 4.76 74.4 2.92
蛏子 94.2 1.48 94.9 4.07 99.0 3.21
梭子蟹 92.9 3.55 99.6 5.09 94.9 2.43
青蟹 83.1 4.13 86.9 8.02 86.7 3.48
), ArticleFig(id=1217864269668996088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845645080183687, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

样品中2种化合物的回收率与RSDs (n=6, %)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品种类 2 μg/kg 10 μg/kg 30 μg/kg
回收率 RSDs 回收率 RSDs 回收率 RSDs
鲫鱼 94.5 0.62 99.2 2.35 96.2 1.54
草鱼 69.8 7.36 79.8 5.74 79.5 6.26
鲈鱼 93.6 9.67 101.1 6.31 98.1 7.89
虾姑 66.5 1.14 72.5 2.03 73.7 3.69
对虾 67.9 10.17 74.7 6.73 75.8 6.33
罗氏虾 82.1 3.21 85.3 2.51 89.8 2.43
文蛤 69.2 3.08 71.4 1.07 76.4 3.63
白贝 73.3 1.35 75.4 4.76 74.4 2.92
蛏子 94.2 1.48 94.9 4.07 99.0 3.21
梭子蟹 92.9 3.55 99.6 5.09 94.9 2.43
青蟹 83.1 4.13 86.9 8.02 86.7 3.48
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QuEChERS结合超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定水产品中17α-雌二醇和17β-雌二醇
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肖明昊 1, * , 袁梓洢 1 , 李诗婷 1 , 梁静 1 , 汪苹 1, 2 , 杨悦 2 , 吴济舟 2
食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测 2025,16(16): 67-74
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测 2025, 16(16): 67-74
QuEChERS结合超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定水产品中17α-雌二醇和17β-雌二醇
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肖明昊1, * , 袁梓洢1, 李诗婷1, 梁静1, 汪苹1, 2, 杨悦2, 吴济舟2
作者信息
  • 1 国检测试控股集团京诚检测有限公司, 广州 511400
  • 2 国检测试控股集团北京生态环境保护技术研究院有限公司, 北京 100024
  • 肖明昊(1995—), 男, 助理工程师, 主要研究方向为食品质量与安全。E-mail:

通讯作者:

肖明昊(1995—), 男, 助理工程师, 主要研究方向为食品质量与安全。E-mail:
Determination of 17α-estradiol and 17β-estradiol in aquatic products by QuEChERS combined with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
Ming-Hao XIAO1, * , Zi-Yi YUAN1, Shi-Ting LI1, Jing LIANG1, Ping WANG1, 2, Yue YANG2, Ji-Zhou WU2
Affiliations
  • 1 China Testing Holding Group Jingcheng Testing Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 511400, China
  • 2 China Testing Holding Group Beijing Ecological Environmental Protection Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 100024, China
出版时间: 2025-08-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250418006
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目的 建立QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS)测定水产品中17α-雌二醇与17β-雌二醇的方法。方法 样品经水-乙腈(2:8, V:V)提取, 加入N-丙基乙二胺、C18、中性氧化铝进行净化, 提取液氮吹至干, 残渣用水-乙腈(8:2, V:V)溶解。样液以水-乙腈(均含5 mmol/L氨水)为流动相, 经C18色谱柱分离后进行多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring, MRM)模式的定性及定量分析, 外标法定量。结果 17α-雌二醇与17β-雌二醇在质量浓度5~200 μg/L范围内线性良好, 相关系数分别为0.9998和0.9985; 3个加标水平的平均回收率为66.5%~101.1%, 相对标准偏差为0.62%~10.17%; 检出限范围为0.85~0.90 μg/kg, 定量限范围为2.1~2.4 μg/kg。结论 该方法操作简单快捷、灵敏准确, 适用于鱼、虾、蟹、贝等水产品中17α-雌二醇与17β-雌二醇的定性及定量分析。

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法  /  水产品  /  雌二醇  /  QuEChERS

Objective To establish a method for the determination of 17α-estradiol and 17β-estradiol in aquatic products by QuEChERS combined with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Methods The sample was extracted with water-acetonitrile (2:8, V:V), purified with N-propylethylenediamine, C18 and neutral alumina, blown to dryness with nitrogen, and then reconstituted with water-acetonitrile (8:2, V:V). The sample solution was analyzed using water and acetonitrile (both containing 5 mmol/L ammonia) as mobile phase, separated by C18 chromatographic column, scanned and detected in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, and quantified by external standard method. Results The results showed that 17α-estradiol and 17β-estradiol showed a good linear relationship in the concentration ranges of 5 to 200 μg/L, and the correlation coefficients were 0.9998 and 0.9985, respectively. The average recoveries at three spiked concentration levels varied from 66.5% to 101.1% with relative standard deviations of 0.62% to 10.17%. The limit of detection was 0.85-0.90 μg/kg, and the limit of quantitation was 2.1-2.4 μg/kg. Conclusion This method is simple, fast, sensitive and accurate, suitable for qualitative and quantitative analysis of 17α-estradiol and 17β-estradiol in aquatic products such as fish, shrimp, crabs and shellfish.

ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry  /  aquatic products  /  estradiol  /  QuEChERS
肖明昊, 袁梓洢, 李诗婷, 梁静, 汪苹, 杨悦, 吴济舟. QuEChERS结合超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定水产品中17α-雌二醇和17β-雌二醇. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (16) : 67 -74 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250418006
Ming-Hao XIAO, Zi-Yi YUAN, Shi-Ting LI, Jing LIANG, Ping WANG, Yue YANG, Ji-Zhou WU. Determination of 17α-estradiol and 17β-estradiol in aquatic products by QuEChERS combined with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (16) : 67 -74 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250418006
雌二醇为机体内分泌细胞合成的雌激素中较为常见的一种, 有17α与17β两种类型, 二者互为立体异构体, 在人体中起到调节细胞与组织的代谢活动的作用[1-2]。雌激素对维护皮肤健康有重要作用, 且雌激素是促进雌性动物第二性征发育及性器官成熟的物质, 对人体心血管系统、神经系统、泌尿系统等也具有一定的保护作用[3-4]。然而, 外源雌激素, 会干扰机体的正常内分泌平衡, 造成机体代谢调控紊乱, 过高水平的雌激素可促进生殖道癌、乳腺癌、消化道癌症等多种癌症发展, 降低男性的生育能力, 令儿童性发育提前以及导致部分神经系统疾病的发生[5-7]
为控制食品中激素残留风险, 各国陆续发布有关规定。欧盟自1988年起禁止在动物饲养中使用生长激素, 仅允许β-雌二醇、睾酮、孕酮及其衍生物用于治疗与科研的目的。而最新的根据《欧洲联盟运行条约》以及欧洲议会和理事会的第470/2009号条例制定的委员会实施细则(欧盟)2024/860明确规定17β-雌二醇不再被允许在动物源性食品中使用。日本规定己烯雌酚在所有食品中不得检出, 群勃龙乙酸酯不得在水生动物中不得检出。美国规定在动物饲料中使用的激素在使用和残留上均受到限制, 而食品中的雌激素残留限量为0.12~3 μg/kg[8]。我国也早在2002年发布了176号公告禁止在畜禽水产养殖过程中使用雌二醇等雌激素。同时, 在《中华人民共和国农业农村部公告第250号》中禁用醋酸美仑孕酮、甲基睾丸酮、群勃龙等类固醇激素, 在GB 31650—2019《食品安全国家标准 食品中兽药最大残留限量》中也对畜产品中烯丙孕素、醋酸氟孕酮等性激素类药物制定了残留限值。但近年来水产品存在着雌激素污染的安全隐患[2,9-10]。一方面由于雌激素可以影响动物的性别分化并缩短其生长周期, 因此非法水产养殖户常将其添加到饲料中, 以提高水产品的饲养效率, 导致水产品雌激素的残留[11-12]。另一方面, 雌激素在不同的水体环境中存在不同程度的污染, 由于生态链的传递, 可能导致水生生物体雌激素的富集。韩诗宁等[13]在海螺和海锥中提取检测到了雌二醇的存在, 含量分别为24.7 ng/g和14.2 ng/g。马丽莎等[8]在2份捕捞水产品中检出0.58~1.13 μg/kg的雌二醇。卢巧梅[14]在鮦鱼中发现含量高达124.1 μg/kg的雌二醇。CHAFI等[15]在贻贝中检测到470 ng/kg的β-雌二醇。雌激素具有化学稳定性, 难以降解, 可以在动物和人类组织中长期存在。而研究表明低水平的雌激素可能会使人类面临生殖系统疾病, 甚至乳腺癌和卵巢癌等肿瘤的风险, 而且这些物质在生物体内的浓度会随着食物链的传递而增加[16]。因此开发一种水产品中灵敏度高, 特异性强, 准确性优异, 成本低廉且操作简便快捷的雌激素检测方法, 对于保障食品安全和民众身体健康有着重要意义。
迄今为止, 已经开发了几种方法用于雌激素的分析, 如免疫测定法[17-18]、毛细管电泳[19]、液相色谱法[20-21]、气相色谱-质谱法[22-23]、液相色谱-质谱法(liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometry, LC-MS)[24-25]等。LC-MS由于其优异的分辨率、分离能力和对雌激素的识别能力而受到广泛应用, 同时LC-MS分析雌激素可以直接检测而无需衍生化, 大大提升了检测效率。另外, 由于样品基质复杂且分析物水平较低, LC-MS检测水产品中的雌激素需要进行预处理以富集雌激素并减少杂质的干扰。传统的液体-液体萃取[26]和固相萃取[27-28]已被较多用于此, 但这些方法通常耗时较多, 且需要大量的样品和有毒有机溶剂。目前, 研究人员的重点是开发一种更快、更选择性、成本更低且环境友好的预处理方法。QuEChERS前处理方法因其具备操作简单、快捷高效、成本相对低廉等多个优点, 且能够适用于多种样品基质、减少有机试剂的使用、提高实验室样品处理的通量, 已获得多个国际分析机构认可, 已经被广泛应用环境[29]、食品[30-31]、医疗[32-33]等检测领域。目前, 测定某一类激素的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱方法已较为成熟[34-35], 但鲜见有报道使用QuEChERS前处理技术结合超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定食品中17α-雌二醇和17β-雌二醇的研究。本研究通过QuEChERS前处理技术与超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法的结合, 构建一种同时检测鱼、虾、蟹、贝等水产品中17α-雌二醇和17β-雌二醇的方法, 以缩短样品前处理流程, 并提高实验室的检测通量, 以期作为新的检测方案对水产品雌激素检测提供参考。
乙腈(色谱纯, 广州迪鑫多科学仪器有限公司); 氨水、无水硫酸镁(分析纯, 广州西陇精细化工技术有限公司); 十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶(ostade-cylsilane, C18)、N-丙基乙二胺(N-propylethylenediamine, PSA)(中国Agela Technologies公司); 中性氧化铝(天津市光复科技发展有限公司); 17α-雌二醇标准品(纯度99.4%)、17β-雌二醇标准品(纯度98.7%)(坛墨质检科技股份有限公司); 实验用水(超纯水, 自制)。
ACQUITY UPLC I-Class/Xevo TQ-S micro超高效液相色谱串联四极杆质谱联用仪、ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18超高压液相色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 μm)(美国Waters公司); puluerisette14高速旋转粉碎仪(上海福里茨仪器设备有限公司); MIX-200多管涡旋混匀仪[拓赫机电科技(上海)有限公司]; KQ-300E型超声波清洗器(昆山市超声仪器有限公司); HC-3018R高速冷冻离心机(安徽中科中佳科学仪器有限公司); DC-24-RT氮吹仪(海安谱实验科技股份有限公司); BSA224S电子天平[精度0.0001 g, 赛多利斯科学仪器(北京)有限公司]; CLXXXDIM2超纯水器[威立雅水处理技术(UK)有限责任公司]。
称取17α-雌二醇与17β-雌二醇标准品10.0 mg, 置于10 mL容量瓶, 用甲醇溶解并定容至刻度, 质量浓度为1.00 mg/mL, 0~4 ℃冷藏保存, 根据需要用水-乙腈溶液(8:2, V:V)稀释至相应浓度。
称取5.0 g均质后的样品于50 mL聚四氟乙烯离心管中, 加入10.0 mL水-乙腈(2:8, V:V), 涡旋振荡1 min, 超声提取30 min, 加入4 g无水硫酸镁, 涡旋1 min, 以8000 r/min离心5 min, 取上清液于另一聚四氟乙烯离心管中, 加入100 mg C18、300 mg PSA和200 mg中性氧化铝, 涡旋1 min, 以8000 r/min离心5 min, 取上清液于40 ℃水浴中氮吹至干, 加入1 mL水-乙腈(8:2, V:V), 涡旋溶解残渣, 过0.22 μm微孔尼龙滤膜, 上机分析。
(1)液相色谱条件
色谱柱: ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18超高压液相色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 μm); 柱温: 40 ℃; 进样量: 10 μL; 流动相: A相为5 mmol/L氨水乙腈溶液, B相为5 mmol/L氨水溶液; 流速: 0.25 mL/min; 梯度洗脱程序见表1
(2)质谱条件
电离方式: 负离子电喷雾电离; 电离电压: 3.5 kV; 离子源温度: 150 ℃; 锥孔反吹气流速: 300 L/h; 锥孔电压: 45 V; 脱溶剂气流速: 900 L/h; 脱溶剂气温度: 475 ℃; MRM方法: 见表2
通过The MassLynx™ 4.1软件分析数据, 采用WPS 12.1.0.21171进行制表、绘图, 每组实验平行重复3次或6次平行。
17α-雌二醇与17β-雌二醇互为顺反异构, 极性差异较小, 因此合适的色谱柱填料对二者的分离起主要作用, 本研究比较了ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 μm)、ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.8 μm)、ACQUITY UPLC BEH C8色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 μm) 3种色谱柱的分离效果, 其中C18色谱柱分离效果优于T3色谱柱与C8色谱柱, 因此选择C18色谱柱作为分析色谱柱。
为提高目标物在的仪器灵敏度, 对流动相的的组成进行优化, 本研究比较了水-乙腈、水-乙腈(均含2 mmol/L氨水)、水-乙腈(均含5 mmol/L氨水)、水-乙腈(均含10 mmol/L氨水)、水-甲醇(均含5 mmol/L氨水)5种流动相体系对分离效果的影响, 发现水-乙腈(均含5 mmol/L氨水)作为流动相时两种目标物的响应最好, 并且在色谱图上得到有效分离, 因此本研究选择水-乙腈(均含5 mmol/L氨水)作为分析流动相体系。
17α-雌二醇与17β-雌二醇互为顺反同分异构(表2), 因此, 本研究通过保留时间区分二者, 避免定性歧义。本研究通过分别将质量浓度1 mg/L的17α-雌二醇与17β-雌二醇单一标准溶液利用流动注射泵分别注入离子源, 对其进行全扫描, 确定各自的母离子, 通过优化电离电压、脱溶剂气温度、脱溶剂气流速、锥孔反吹气流速使母离子丰度及稳定性最佳, 然后对每种化合物进行子离子扫描, 得到碎片信息, 并对二级锥孔电压和二级质谱碰撞气能量进行优化, 使特征碎片离子的强度及稳定性达到要求, 优化后的参数见表2。按表2中的参数进行检验, 空白样品、标准溶液和空白样品加标的MRM色谱图见图1, 结果显示, 空白样品与空白样品加标色谱图上两种标准物质保留时间上未见明显干扰峰, 对检测结果的定性定量无影响。因此本研究使用表2中的参数作为质谱分析条件。
水产品富含蛋白质、脂肪及多种生物成分, 因此检测17α-雌二醇与17β-雌二醇时要求提取溶剂既可以充分溶解目标物也可以将其余杂质尽量分离。常用的提取溶剂有乙腈、甲醇和乙酸乙酯。本研究比较了6种提取溶剂: 甲醇、乙酸乙酯、乙腈、水-乙腈(1:9, V:V, 下同)、水-乙腈(2:8)、水-乙腈(3:7), 通过对比提取液的浑浊程度与样品加标回收率, 考察不同溶剂的提取效果。从提取液的浑浊度观察, 甲醇的浑浊度最高, 乙酸乙酯的浑浊度中等且颜色偏黄, 可能是溶出较多脂肪导致的颜色变化, 乙腈及不同比例的水-乙腈溶液浑浊度最低。其原因为乙腈极性范围宽, 对蛋白质、脂肪等物质有很好的沉淀效果。
图2可以看出, 回收率由低到高排序为乙酸乙酯<甲醇<水-乙腈(3:7)<乙腈<水-乙腈(1:9)<水-乙腈(2:8), 这可能是由于水-乙腈(2:8)对水产品中蛋白的沉淀效果最为合适, 较其余5种提取溶剂解离出更多与蛋白质结合的雌激素, 从而获得更高的回收率。可能是添加一定比例的水相可以调整乙腈的极性, 使得乙腈中加入一定的水提取效率优于纯乙腈。而且从环保和成本方面考虑, 最终以水-乙腈(2:8)作为本方法的提取溶剂。因此本研究选择水-乙腈(2:8)作为后续分析的提取溶剂。
由于水产品基质较复杂, 本研究在使用水-乙腈(2:8)作为提取溶剂对样品进行提取后, 仍需要进一步对提取液净化方可上机。QuEChERS前处理法一般使用吸附剂除去样品中的有机酸、脂类、色素和糖类物质等非目标物质。常见的吸附剂包括乙二胺-PSA、C18、中性氧化铝等。PSA是极性吸附剂, 对样品中的蛋白质、脂肪酸、有机酸、色素和糖类等极性物质具有一定的吸附性。C18具有疏水性, 对脂肪等非极性物质有吸附作用。中性氧化铝可以吸附大分子化合物。因此基于水产品的非目标物成分, 本研究研究添加不同重量的上述3种净化试剂对目标物回收率的影响。
C18净化吸附效果如图3所示。当C18添加量为100 mg、150 mg时目标物回收率均大于80%, 其中添加量为100 mg时回收率更好, 选择100 mg作为C18的最终添加量。
图4为不同添加量的PSA净化剂进行优化的实验结果。在100~300 mg范围内, 当PSA添加量增大时, 目标物回收率随之增大, 并在PSA添加量为300 mg时到达顶峰, 随后开始下降, 因此选择300 mg作为PSA的最终添加量。
图5对不同中性氧化铝净化剂的用量进行探究, 如图5所示, 在100~200 mg范围内, 目标物回收率随中性氧化铝添加量增大而升高, 继续增大中性氧化铝添加量, 目标物回收率均下降, 因此选择200 mg作为中性氧化铝的最终添加量。综上所述, 本研究最终采用100 mg C18, 300 mg PSA和200 mg中性氧化铝组合净化试剂。虽然目前研究领域出现很多新型净化材料, 如EMR-Lipid增强型脂质吸附剂[36], 多孔共价有机骨架材料等[37]。但是考虑到商业化成本高, 目前的研究成本使用成熟且价格低廉的吸附剂已可以达到实际检测目的。
将两种雌二醇储备液配制成5~200 μg/L系列质量浓度的标准曲线溶液上机分析, 绘制标准曲线, 结果表明在5~200 μg/L的质量浓度范围内17α-雌二醇与17β-雌二醇的浓度与峰面积成良好的线性关系。方法检出限采用向空白样品中添加目标化合物的方法进行检测, 分别以3倍和10倍信噪比(S/N)所对应被测化合物的含量作为的检出限和定量限, 计算结果见表3, 17α-雌二醇和17β-雌二醇的检出限分别为0.85 μg/kg和0.90 μg/kg, 两种物质检出限均小于1.0 μg/kg, 表明本方法灵敏度较好。
水产品基质复杂, 即便样品在前处理过程中经过乙腈沉淀蛋白、分散固相净化, 仍可能无法消除基质效应, 使定量结果出现偏差。为了获取更加准确的检测结果, 需进行基质效应评价。如表4所示, 17α-雌二醇与17β-雌二醇基质效应均在-15%~15%之间, 基质效应不显著。该实验结果相较于于慧娟等[38]在水产品中使用同位素稀释-液相色谱-串联质谱法测定雌激素的基质效应(抑制率20%~40%), 本研究水产品中的基质效应也为抑制效应, 但是基质效应抑制率更低。而QuEChERS方法对水产品中雌二醇抑制率的影响与李志梅等[39]在鸡蛋中雌二醇的基质效应规律保持一致。因此本研究采用水-乙腈(8:2)溶液配制标准曲线溶液, 可缩短检测前处理时间和降低分析成本。
分别在11种空白样品中进行2、10、30 μg/kg 3个水平的加标回收实验, 样品前处理如1.3.2所述, 平行测定6次。在本研究所选实验条件下, 11种水产品中17α-雌二醇与17β-雌二醇的回收率为66.5%~101.1%, 相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation, RSD)为0.62%~10.17%, 表明本方法有较好的准确度和精密度, 可满足水产品中17α-雌二醇与17β-雌二醇定量测定的要求。样品加标结果见表5
依据本研究建立的测定方法, 分别对市售的鲫鱼、草鱼、鲈鱼等11个水产品进行检测。结果表明, 11个样品中均未检出17α-雌二醇与17β-雌二醇残留。
本研究建立了QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定鱼、虾、蟹、贝等水产品中17α-雌二醇与17β-雌二醇的方法, 在优化实验条件下, 17α-雌二醇与17β-雌二醇经C18色谱柱分离后, 在MRM模式下进行定性及定量分析。本方法中2种目标物检出限均小于1.0 μg/kg, 且能在60 min内完成样品前处理流程, 所用的有机溶剂较少, 具有检测效率高和成本低廉的优点, 可为检测鱼、虾、蟹、贝等水产品中17α-雌二醇与17β-雌二醇残留提供参考。
  • 2023年度国检科研基金项目(GJ012023078)
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2025年第16卷第16期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250418006
  • 接收时间:2025-04-18
  • 首发时间:2026-01-13
  • 出版时间:2025-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-18
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2023年度国检科研基金项目(GJ012023078)
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    1 国检测试控股集团京诚检测有限公司, 广州 511400
    2 国检测试控股集团北京生态环境保护技术研究院有限公司, 北京 100024

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肖明昊(1995—), 男, 助理工程师, 主要研究方向为食品质量与安全。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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