Article(id=1217845644232934255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217845635080962613, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250506004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1746460800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768286628063, onlineDateStr=2026-01-13, pubDate=1756051200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768286628063, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768286628063, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768286628063, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217845635080962613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='16', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768286625881, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768287480278, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217849218753024879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217845635080962613, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217849218753024880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217845635080962613, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=312, endPage=318, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217845645919044508, articleId=1217845644232934255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research on food safety status in the coastal city based on big data analysis, columnId=1153433739154678309, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Safety Supervision and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To analyze the overall situation of food safety supervision and sampling inspection in an eastern coastal city from 2021 to 2024 and the main food safety issues. Methods The municipal level food safety supervision and sampling inspection data publicly disclosed by the eastern coastal city from 2021 to 2024 were aggregated. The overall inspection situation was analyzed using the dynamic trend of non-compliance rates, and the distribution characteristics of non-compliant samples across dimensions such as testing items, food categories, packaging factors and locally produced foods were stratified to identify the main factors affecting regional food safety. Results Over the past 4 years, a total of 34545 batches were inspected at the municipal level, with an overall non-compliance rate of 2.20%. The annual non-compliance rates fluctuated, showed a narrowing trend in amplitude. The highest non-compliance rates were observed in fruit products (5.83%), edible agricultural products (3.71%) and aquatic products (2.58%). In industrial processed foods, the non-compliance rates of bulk (2.01%) and pre-packaged (0.78%) showed a significant difference. The non-compliance rate of locally produced foods decreased fluctuatingly. Among them, 12 major categories (38.71%) showed no non-compliance for 4 consecutive years, while 13 categories (41.94%) exhibited a decline in non-compliance rates. Conclusion The overall status of food safety in this city showed a positive trend, with particularly quality improvement of locally produced foods. However, there were still risks in edible agricultural products and bulk foods. The regulators should pay more attention to them.

, correspAuthors=Jia-Li XING, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jian-Mei ZHOU, Chao-Qiong DING, Hui-Jun WANG, Yi HE, Hai CHENG, Heng-Yu WANG, Jia-Li XING), CN=ArticleExt(id=1217845648305602699, articleId=1217845644232934255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=基于大数据分析的沿海城市食品安全状况研究, columnId=1153433739318256173, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品安全监管, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 分析2021—2024年某东部沿海城市食品安全监督抽检整体情况及存在的主要食品安全问题。方法 汇总2021—2024年某东部沿海城市公布的食品安全监督抽检数据, 应用抽检不合格率动态走势分析抽检整体情况, 对检出的不合格批次在检测项目、食品类别、包装因素、地产质量等维度的特征进行分析, 探讨影响地区食品安全的主要因素。结果 近4年, 该地区累计抽检34545批次, 总体不合格率2.20%, 年度抽检不合格率呈现波动性, 且振幅围绕总体不合格率趋于收窄。水果制品(5.83%)、食用农产品(3.71%)、水产制品(2.58%)不合格率相对较高。散装和预包装加工食品的不合格率分别为2.01%、0.78%, 差异显著。地产食品总体不合格率波动下降, 12个大类(类别占比38.71%)连续4年未检出不合格, 13个大类(类别占比41.94%)不合格率下降。结论 该地区的食品安全水平整体向好尤其地产食品质量提升, 但食用农产品及散装加工食品的风险强度相对突出, 需要重点关注。

, correspAuthors=邢家溧, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 邢家溧(1988—), 女, 博士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:
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周建梅(1987—), 女, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品质量与安全。E-mail:

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Research report on food safety status of Jinzhou small food workshop[J]. 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Modern Economic Research, 2022(4): 21-29., articleTitle=Research on the spatial diffusion and driving mechanism of food safety risks in China: From the perspective of regulatory intensity, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1217864267857052409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845644232934255, awardId=2024S243, language=CN, fundingSource=宁波市科技特派员项目(2024S243), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1217864258801549525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845644232934255, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217864258809938134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845644232934255, companyId=1217864258801549525, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Ningbo Academy of Product and Food Quality Inspection (Ningbo Fibre Inspection Institute), Ningbo 315048, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217864258822521048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845644232934255, companyId=1217864258801549525, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 宁波市产品食品质量检验研究院(宁波市纤维检验所), 宁波 315048)]), AuthorCompany(id=1217864258998681826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845644232934255, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217864259007070438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845644232934255, companyId=1217864258998681826, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Key Laboratory of Hazardous Substance Detection and Risk Prevention in Food of China Chamber of Commerce, Ningbo 315048, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217864259019653351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845644232934255, companyId=1217864258998681826, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中国商业联合会食品中重点危害物检测与风险防控重点实验室, 宁波 315048)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1217864266355491484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845644232934255, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Overall status of food safety supervision sampling from 2021 to 2024, figureFileSmall=STFnoJYpEJPtSd+DgBKw/w==, figureFileBig=M/mkLYTc/cCvCQq0rSi7rQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864266472932005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845644232934255, language=CN, label=图1, caption=2021—2024年食品安全抽检总体情况, figureFileSmall=STFnoJYpEJPtSd+DgBKw/w==, figureFileBig=M/mkLYTc/cCvCQq0rSi7rQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864266594566829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845644232934255, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Proportion of non-conforming inspection items from 2021 to 2024, figureFileSmall=1fJ0n8WU/VuHeJ37GDLq1w==, figureFileBig=5zBadQmCBQ7Cs8FAFnHeUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864266728784566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845644232934255, language=CN, label=图2, caption=2021—2024年不合格项目类型占比情况, figureFileSmall=1fJ0n8WU/VuHeJ37GDLq1w==, figureFileBig=5zBadQmCBQ7Cs8FAFnHeUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864266875585218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845644232934255, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Proportion changes of non-conforming inspection items from 2021 to 2024, figureFileSmall=0T9O1fgSXtXF0KvDyRnPqg==, figureFileBig=YmMytad4wHoXg+m1z/yK6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864266997220040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845644232934255, language=CN, label=图3, caption=2021—2024年不合格项目类型占比变化情况, figureFileSmall=0T9O1fgSXtXF0KvDyRnPqg==, figureFileBig=YmMytad4wHoXg+m1z/yK6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864267156603604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845644232934255, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Variation and difference in the non-compliance rate of different food packaging from 2021 to 2024, figureFileSmall=S9hlztAOO2PmQh142SzLdA==, figureFileBig=Nmj2luGIMPQjiM0dIA+b8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864267320181467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845644232934255, language=CN, label=图4, caption=2021—2024年不同包装类型食品的不合格率变化及差值, figureFileSmall=S9hlztAOO2PmQh142SzLdA==, figureFileBig=Nmj2luGIMPQjiM0dIA+b8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864267420844772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845644232934255, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sampling situation of various food categories from 2021 to 2024

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 食品类别 2021年 2022年 2023年 2024年 历年总计
抽检
批次
不合格率
/%
抽检
批次
不合格率
/%
抽检
批次
不合格率
/%
抽检
批次
不合格率
/%
抽检
批次
不合格率/%
1 水果制品 98 3.06 68 1.47 128 3.13 135 12.59 429 5.83
2 食用农产品 3525 2.33 4606 4.30 3840 3.23 2109 5.64 14080 3.71
3 水产制品 87 1.15 237 1.69 307 1.30 221 5.88 852 2.58
4 特殊膳食食品 36 2.78 11 0 2 0 1 0 50 2.00
5 调味品 198 0.51 208 0.48 174 1.72 326 3.68 906 1.88
6 糕点 437 1.83 359 3.06 618 1.13 471 1.49 1885 1.75
7 餐饮食品 289 3.11 434 0.69 695 1.87 398 1.51 1816 1.71
8 炒货食品及坚果制品 54 1.85 114 1.75 186 2.69 179 0.56 533 1.69
9 饮料 359 1.11 316 2.53 246 0.41 243 0.82 1164 1.29
10 酒类 152 1.97 211 2.37 307 0.33 245 0.82 915 1.20
11 茶叶及相关制品 80 3.75 61 0 72 0 51 0 264 1.14
12 薯类和膨化食品 56 1.79 46 2.17 123 0.81 86 0 311 0.96
13 糖果制品 59 1.69 41 0 72 0 61 1.64 233 0.86
14 蛋制品 73 0 84 0 107 2.80 89 0 353 0.85
15 食用油、油脂及其制品 161 3.11 190 0.53 257 0 134 0 742 0.81
16 肉制品 524 1.15 213 1.41 317 0.32 234 0 1288 0.78
17 方便食品 134 0.75 117 0.85 149 0.67 129 0.78 529 0.76
18 粮食加工品 584 0.68 591 1.69 839 0.60 648 0.15 2662 0.75
19 蔬菜制品 316 0.63 231 0 245 1.22 309 0.97 1101 0.73
20 蜂产品 32 3.13 18 0 61 0 29 0 140 0.71
21 饼干 95 0 56 1.79 157 0 156 1.28 464 0.65
22 淀粉及淀粉制品 79 1.27 64 0 170 0.59 182 0.55 495 0.61
23 冷冻饮品 47 0 24 0 31 0 88 1.14 190 0.53
24 保健食品 100 1.00 57 0 33 0 11 0 201 0.50
25 速冻食品 113 0 89 1.12 101 0 137 0.73 440 0.45
26 豆制品 189 0 125 0.80 245 0.41 155 0 714 0.28
27 罐头 64 0 60 0 58 0 105 0 287 0
28 可可及焙烤咖啡产品 14 0 11 0 14 0 11 0 50 0
29 乳制品 543 0 271 0 198 0 91 0 1103 0
30 食糖 20 0 27 0 50 0 61 0 158 0
31 特殊医学用途配方食品 18 0 3 0 / / / / 21 0
32 婴幼儿配方食品 142 0 / / / / / / 142 0
33 食品添加剂 12 0 / / 15 0 / / 27 0
总计 8690 1.60 8943 2.82 9817 1.81 7095 2.68 34545 2.20
), ArticleFig(id=1217864267576034029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845644232934255, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2021—2024年各食品类别的抽检情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 食品类别 2021年 2022年 2023年 2024年 历年总计
抽检
批次
不合格率
/%
抽检
批次
不合格率
/%
抽检
批次
不合格率
/%
抽检
批次
不合格率
/%
抽检
批次
不合格率/%
1 水果制品 98 3.06 68 1.47 128 3.13 135 12.59 429 5.83
2 食用农产品 3525 2.33 4606 4.30 3840 3.23 2109 5.64 14080 3.71
3 水产制品 87 1.15 237 1.69 307 1.30 221 5.88 852 2.58
4 特殊膳食食品 36 2.78 11 0 2 0 1 0 50 2.00
5 调味品 198 0.51 208 0.48 174 1.72 326 3.68 906 1.88
6 糕点 437 1.83 359 3.06 618 1.13 471 1.49 1885 1.75
7 餐饮食品 289 3.11 434 0.69 695 1.87 398 1.51 1816 1.71
8 炒货食品及坚果制品 54 1.85 114 1.75 186 2.69 179 0.56 533 1.69
9 饮料 359 1.11 316 2.53 246 0.41 243 0.82 1164 1.29
10 酒类 152 1.97 211 2.37 307 0.33 245 0.82 915 1.20
11 茶叶及相关制品 80 3.75 61 0 72 0 51 0 264 1.14
12 薯类和膨化食品 56 1.79 46 2.17 123 0.81 86 0 311 0.96
13 糖果制品 59 1.69 41 0 72 0 61 1.64 233 0.86
14 蛋制品 73 0 84 0 107 2.80 89 0 353 0.85
15 食用油、油脂及其制品 161 3.11 190 0.53 257 0 134 0 742 0.81
16 肉制品 524 1.15 213 1.41 317 0.32 234 0 1288 0.78
17 方便食品 134 0.75 117 0.85 149 0.67 129 0.78 529 0.76
18 粮食加工品 584 0.68 591 1.69 839 0.60 648 0.15 2662 0.75
19 蔬菜制品 316 0.63 231 0 245 1.22 309 0.97 1101 0.73
20 蜂产品 32 3.13 18 0 61 0 29 0 140 0.71
21 饼干 95 0 56 1.79 157 0 156 1.28 464 0.65
22 淀粉及淀粉制品 79 1.27 64 0 170 0.59 182 0.55 495 0.61
23 冷冻饮品 47 0 24 0 31 0 88 1.14 190 0.53
24 保健食品 100 1.00 57 0 33 0 11 0 201 0.50
25 速冻食品 113 0 89 1.12 101 0 137 0.73 440 0.45
26 豆制品 189 0 125 0.80 245 0.41 155 0 714 0.28
27 罐头 64 0 60 0 58 0 105 0 287 0
28 可可及焙烤咖啡产品 14 0 11 0 14 0 11 0 50 0
29 乳制品 543 0 271 0 198 0 91 0 1103 0
30 食糖 20 0 27 0 50 0 61 0 158 0
31 特殊医学用途配方食品 18 0 3 0 / / / / 21 0
32 婴幼儿配方食品 142 0 / / / / / / 142 0
33 食品添加剂 12 0 / / 15 0 / / 27 0
总计 8690 1.60 8943 2.82 9817 1.81 7095 2.68 34545 2.20
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基于大数据分析的沿海城市食品安全状况研究
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周建梅 1, 2 , 丁超琼 1, 2 , 王慧君 1, 2 , 何怡 1, 2 , 承海 1, 2 , 王珩宇 1, 2 , 邢家溧 1, 2, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品安全监管 2025,16(16): 312-318
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品安全监管 2025, 16(16): 312-318
基于大数据分析的沿海城市食品安全状况研究
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周建梅1, 2 , 丁超琼1, 2, 王慧君1, 2, 何怡1, 2, 承海1, 2, 王珩宇1, 2, 邢家溧1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 宁波市产品食品质量检验研究院(宁波市纤维检验所), 宁波 315048
  • 2 中国商业联合会食品中重点危害物检测与风险防控重点实验室, 宁波 315048
  • 周建梅(1987—), 女, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品质量与安全。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 邢家溧(1988—), 女, 博士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:
Research on food safety status in the coastal city based on big data analysis
Jian-Mei ZHOU1, 2 , Chao-Qiong DING1, 2, Hui-Jun WANG1, 2, Yi HE1, 2, Hai CHENG1, 2, Heng-Yu WANG1, 2, Jia-Li XING1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Ningbo Academy of Product and Food Quality Inspection (Ningbo Fibre Inspection Institute), Ningbo 315048, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Hazardous Substance Detection and Risk Prevention in Food of China Chamber of Commerce, Ningbo 315048, China
出版时间: 2025-08-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250506004
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目的 分析2021—2024年某东部沿海城市食品安全监督抽检整体情况及存在的主要食品安全问题。方法 汇总2021—2024年某东部沿海城市公布的食品安全监督抽检数据, 应用抽检不合格率动态走势分析抽检整体情况, 对检出的不合格批次在检测项目、食品类别、包装因素、地产质量等维度的特征进行分析, 探讨影响地区食品安全的主要因素。结果 近4年, 该地区累计抽检34545批次, 总体不合格率2.20%, 年度抽检不合格率呈现波动性, 且振幅围绕总体不合格率趋于收窄。水果制品(5.83%)、食用农产品(3.71%)、水产制品(2.58%)不合格率相对较高。散装和预包装加工食品的不合格率分别为2.01%、0.78%, 差异显著。地产食品总体不合格率波动下降, 12个大类(类别占比38.71%)连续4年未检出不合格, 13个大类(类别占比41.94%)不合格率下降。结论 该地区的食品安全水平整体向好尤其地产食品质量提升, 但食用农产品及散装加工食品的风险强度相对突出, 需要重点关注。

食品安全  /  监督抽检  /  农药  /  兽药  /  食品添加剂

Objective To analyze the overall situation of food safety supervision and sampling inspection in an eastern coastal city from 2021 to 2024 and the main food safety issues. Methods The municipal level food safety supervision and sampling inspection data publicly disclosed by the eastern coastal city from 2021 to 2024 were aggregated. The overall inspection situation was analyzed using the dynamic trend of non-compliance rates, and the distribution characteristics of non-compliant samples across dimensions such as testing items, food categories, packaging factors and locally produced foods were stratified to identify the main factors affecting regional food safety. Results Over the past 4 years, a total of 34545 batches were inspected at the municipal level, with an overall non-compliance rate of 2.20%. The annual non-compliance rates fluctuated, showed a narrowing trend in amplitude. The highest non-compliance rates were observed in fruit products (5.83%), edible agricultural products (3.71%) and aquatic products (2.58%). In industrial processed foods, the non-compliance rates of bulk (2.01%) and pre-packaged (0.78%) showed a significant difference. The non-compliance rate of locally produced foods decreased fluctuatingly. Among them, 12 major categories (38.71%) showed no non-compliance for 4 consecutive years, while 13 categories (41.94%) exhibited a decline in non-compliance rates. Conclusion The overall status of food safety in this city showed a positive trend, with particularly quality improvement of locally produced foods. However, there were still risks in edible agricultural products and bulk foods. The regulators should pay more attention to them.

food safety  /  supervision and sampling inspection  /  pesticides drugs  /  veterinary drugs  /  food additives
周建梅, 丁超琼, 王慧君, 何怡, 承海, 王珩宇, 邢家溧. 基于大数据分析的沿海城市食品安全状况研究. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (16) : 312 -318 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250506004
Jian-Mei ZHOU, Chao-Qiong DING, Hui-Jun WANG, Yi HE, Hai CHENG, Heng-Yu WANG, Jia-Li XING. Research on food safety status in the coastal city based on big data analysis[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (16) : 312 -318 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250506004
食品安全关乎民生福祉, 事关经济社会发展稳定大局。在食品安全监管体系中, 抽样检验作为一种科学的手段发挥着关键作用[1], 其中, 监督抽检是食品安全抽检的核心, 具有鲜明的执法属性, 其检验结果既可作为行政处罚的依据, 也可用于食品安全状况分析、风险预警和风险防控决策。
我国的食品安全抽检工作按照“国-省-市-县”四级统筹、各有侧重模式开展。为保障食品安全, 国家每年投入大量的人力资源和财政资金, 2020年全国的食品安全抽检强度已达4.5批次/千人[2]。汇总形成的海量抽检数据具有重要的研究和应用价值, 宏观层面可以客观评估市场食品的安全水平; 微观层面可以指导食品安全风险隐患的精准防控。国内多家学者已基于国家级及部分省级层面的抽检数据对食品安全状况进行了系统分析[3-5], 然而东部沿海城市因其独特的地域特征和居民膳食结构, 食品安全抽检样本具有一定的区域特异性。尤其是近年来, 当地市场监管部门积极开展精准靶向抽检、全链条实施风险闭环治理, 地区食品安全风险特征发生较大变化。本研究基于2021—2024年某东部沿海城市市场监管部门发布的市本级抽检数据, 在分析整体不合格率、不合格项目、食品类别等关键维度基础上, 探讨不同包装类型食品及地产食品的风险分布特征和变化趋势, 旨在通过扩大样本量和拓展研究维度, 充分挖掘区域食品安全风险的变化规律, 为监管部门优化监管方案、企业完善日常风险防控提供依据。
从某东部沿海城市市场监管部门官网(http://scjgj.ningbo.gov.cn/)收集汇总2021—2024年公示的市本级监督抽检数据共计98期(2021年22期、2022年25期、2023年25期、2024年26期)。鉴于国家市场监督管理总局对抽检结果的信息公示要求, 未涉及产品的类别信息, 为便于相关维度的统计分析, 本研究结合国家市场监督管理总局发布的《全国食品安全监督抽检实施细则》《食品生产许可审查细则》以及GB 2760—2024《食品安全国家标准 食品添加剂使用标准》, 对抽检样品的产品类别等信息进行了补充完善。
运用Microsoft Office Excel 2007及SPSS 17.0等软件, 对抽检数据进行统计和分析, P<0.05判定为存在显著性差异。
经统计, 近4年该地区累计抽检33大类食品34545批次, 检出不合格759批次, 总体不合格率2.20%。其中, 2021—2024各年度抽检任务占比为25.16%、25.89%、28.42%、20.54%, 年度不合格率分别为1.60%、2.82%、1.81%、2.68%。抽检的批次数先升后降, 不合格率呈现波动性, 且振幅围绕总体不合格率趋于收窄(图1)。这可能与近年来监督抽检不断强化问题导向要求, 着力提升靶向性和风险发现能力密切相关[6]
近4年共检出不合格食品759批次, 不合格项目分布于9个类型、89个类别(图2)。在累计的826项次不合格项目中, 农兽药残留超标占比61.26%, 是近年来当地食品安全风险的主要来源; 违规使用食品添加剂占比16.95%, 包括超过标准限量值要求和超过标准规定的范围使用添加剂; 微生物污染占比8.96%。上述3种风险类型合计占比不合格项次的87.17%。这与马怡童等[7]研究的2021—2023年国家市场监督管理总局的抽检数据(农兽药残留风险占比41.09%、微生物污染风险占比20.64%、食品添加剂风险占比11.66%, 合计占比73.39%)相比, 在主要风险因子类型上具有一致性, 但该地区食品安全风险的集中度更高。此外, 不合格项目还包括质量指标不达标(占比4.36%)、重金属污染(占比3.39%)以及检出塑化剂等其他污染物(占比2.30%)、真菌毒素污染(占比1.57%)以及非食用物质(占比0.24%)。
农兽药残留超标在历年不合格项次中的占比分别为55.17%、70.94%、59.00%、55.56%, 在不合格项目构成中持续占据主导地位(图3), 是食用农产品存在的主要食品安全风险隐患。这与李雅等[8]的研究相近, 其发现2018—2022年监管总局抽检任务中, 农兽药残留超标项次占比47.34%, 食用农产品在不合格食品中的批次占比达50.04%。食用农产品出现农兽药残留不合格的原因众多, 种养殖环节违规使用农兽药[9]、落实休药期规定力度不够[10]、初级农产品缺乏有效清除药物残留的加工手段, 以及环境传导、饲料污染、生态富集等因素[11-13]。从监管层面看, 《中华人民共和国食品安全法》(2021)[14]《中华人民共和国农产品质量安全法》(2022)[15]等法律将食用农产品列为重点监管对象, 重点保障大宗消费食用农产品质量安全。监管部门在实施分类抽检条件下, 为提高监管效能, 动态加大对历史合格率较低产品的抽检力度。监管工作的问题导向性促使抽检任务向高风险食用农产品倾斜, 对其风险隐患的挖掘也越来越深入。研究显示, 2020—2022年监管总局任务中食用农产品的抽检占比已达41.17%[16]
微生物污染在不合格项目中的占比从2021年16.55%, 2022年9.43%、2023年7.50%, 持续下降至2024年4.63%, 累计降幅72.02%(图3)。在历年抽检数据中, 菌落总数、大肠菌群、霉菌、酵母等不合格项目占比微生物污染风险的86.49%。在我国食品安全标准中, 上述指标通常作为卫生指示菌, 来评估食品卫生水平和受污染程度[17]。对上述4种微生物指标分析发现, 糕点检出微生物不合格批次数最多, 豆酥糖、云片糕、薏湿糕等冷加工糕点的风险尤为突出。水产制品和肉制品微生物不合格批次数次之, 主要问题样品分别为蟹糊、泥螺等生食动物性水产品及糟鸡、盐水鸡和酱鸭等酱卤肉制品。这类产品多数水分和营养成分含量较高, 且部分产品添加辅料后不再经过加热处理, 终产品容易产生微生物的繁殖[18]。食品加工过程的环境卫生、储运条件及从业人员素质等因素也会影响产品微生物指标的变化[19]。世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)指出, 食源性疾病是当前世界上最突出的卫生问题[20], 而微生物污染是食源性疾病爆发最主要的原因[21-22]。因此, 强化食品从生产到销售全链条的微生物风险防控, 对保障食品安全消费具有重要意义。
在不合格项目构成中, 违规使用食品添加剂问题占比由2021年的4.14%逐年升高为2024年的32.87%(图3)。超范围、超限量使用的食品添加剂类型包括防腐剂(占比食品添加剂不合格项次的47.86%, 下同)、着色剂和抗氧化剂(占比28.57%)、甜味剂(占比14.29%)以及含铝添加剂(占比7.86%)等。违规使用食品添加剂问题在水果制品、粮食加工品、调味品、餐饮食品等多个食品类别中均有检出。食品添加剂风险产生变化的可能原因有: 部分生产者为了改善产品品质、降低生产成本、延长产品保质期而违规使用[23]; 监管部门食品安全风险预警制度不断完善, 对高风险食品的识别更为精准[24-25]。值得注意的是, 随着GB 2760—2024《食品安全国家标准 食品添加剂使用标准》于2025年正式实施, 脱氢乙酸、柠檬黄、亮蓝等“热点”食品添加剂使用标准的调整预计会对食品行业产生较为显著的影响, 该类食品安全风险的进一步走势应持续关注。
本研究重点围绕食品安全监督抽检所覆盖的食品大类, 包括《食品生产许可管理办法》中涉及的31大类加工食品以及餐饮食品和食用农产品, 合计33大类。
2021—2024年, 该地区监督抽检持续覆盖30大类食品, 其中, 食用农产品(批次占比40.76%, 下同)、粮食加工品(7.71%)、糕点(5.46%)、餐饮食品(5.26%)合计占比抽检总量的59.18%, 是核心抽检对象。各类食品抽检不合格率差异性较大。罐头、可可及焙烤咖啡产品、乳制品、食糖等7个大类抽检全部合格; 豆制品、速冻食品、保健食品、冷冻饮品等15个大类不合格率低于1.00%, 处于相对较低风险水平; 水果制品(5.83%)、食用农产品(3.71%)、水产制品(2.58%)不合格率高于2.00%, 风险性相对较高。虽然特殊膳食食品的不合格率达到2.00%, 但因该食品大类的抽检批次较少, 其风险性还需进一步探讨。见表1
水果制品近4年的平均不合格率最高, 为5.83%, 其中违规使用食品添加剂问题最为突出(占比不合格项目的86.84%), 问题主要有话梅中超限量使用甜蜜素、柿饼中超范围使用脱氢乙酸等。食用农产品的平均不合格率次之, 为3.71%, 其中农兽药残留超标风险占比不合格项目的88.67%, 问题主要有养殖水产品中恩诺沙星的普遍使用、动物源性食品中五氯酚酸钠的屡禁不止以及新烟碱类杀虫剂推广造成的残留量超标等, 这与李雅等[8]对农产品风险来源的研究结果, 具有一定的相似性, 提示大宗消费食用农产品因其消耗大、流通快等特性, 风险可能具有跨区域的普遍性。微生物污染问题占比水产制品不合格项目的41.67%, 而微生物的快速生长繁殖是导致水产制品质量下降最重要的原因之一[26]
2021—2024年, 抽检加工食品(剔除餐饮食品、食用农产品)共计18649批次, 包括散装食品4825批次、预包装食品13824批次, 不合格率分别为2.01%、0.78%, 差异显著(P<0.01), 提示应增加对散装加工食品的风险分析和研判力度。纵向分析表明, 2021年散装食品不合格率为0.88%, 与预包装食品不合格率(1.01%)之间不存在差异显著性(P>0.05); 2022—2024年, 散装食品不合格率波动上升, 与预包装食品不合格率差值由2021年-0.13%, 升高为1.48%(2022年)、0.96%(2023年)和2.61%(2024年), 差异显著(P<0.01)(图4)。与之相对应的, 监管资源也逐渐向散装食品倾斜, 散装食品的抽检比重由2021年的20.96%逐年提升为2024年的27.72%。散装食品不合格率较高, 可能与散装食品大多来源于小作坊, 其原材料的采购验收程序、环境卫生控制、加工工艺参数设定不规范有关, 同时散装食品缺乏必要的密封条件, 进一步增加了储存和销售环节不合格的发生风险[27-29]。既往研究也表明, 食品作坊为延长产品的保质期或改善产品外观, 存在违规添加防腐剂、色素等问题[30]
抽检数据显示, 散装不合格食品涉及15个大类, 水果制品、糕点、粮食加工品、水产制品、调味品、炒货食品及坚果制品等6个大类的不合格批次数较多, 合计占比散装食品不合格批次的79.38%。散装水果制品(不合格批次占比21.65%, 下同)、水产制品(11.34%)、调味品(10.31%)在2023—2024年检出不合格批次较多, 对近两年散装食品不合格率上升影响较大。
在历年检出的759批次不合格食品中, 有606批次未标识产品相关信息(占比79.84%), 无法追溯至生产单位或产地。进一步分析发现, 该部分产品的包装类型均为散装。散装食品因信息不完整导致的供应链溯源难问题, 较大程度上制约了食品安全风险的源头治理成效[31]
2021—2024年, 抽检涉及该地区地产食品5557批次, 覆盖31个大类, 检出不合格96批次, 总体不合格率为1.73%。纵向对比显示, 地产食品不合格率由2021年2.06%波动下降为2024年1.69%。从各个类别食品的质量情况看, 乳制品、蛋制品、豆制品等12个大类(类别占比38.71%)连续4年未检出不合格, 产品质量较高。粮食加工品、蔬菜制品、酒类等13个大类(类别占比41.94%)抽检不合格率分别下降0.30%~11.11%, 其中, 餐饮食品、蜂产品、茶叶及相关制品、食用油、油脂及其制品、肉制品等5个大类在近3年或2年内未检出不合格。
食品安全监督抽检是食品安全监管重要的技术支撑手段, 也是了解和掌握地区食品安全状况的重要信息来源。本研究分析了该地区2021—2024年的食品安全监督抽检数据。分析结果显示, 该地区食品安全监督抽检的总体不合格率为2.20%, 各年度抽检不合格率呈现波动性, 且振幅围绕总体不合格率趋于收窄。日常消费量较大的食用农产品、粮食加工品、糕点、餐饮食品是抽检的重点, 合计占比抽检总量的59.18%。各个食品类别抽检不合格率存在差异性, 22类食品的抽检不合格率低于1%, 风险相对较低, 其中7个大类抽检全部合格; 水果制品、食用农产品、水产制品不合格率高于2%, 风险相对较高。研究发现, 当前的食品安全问题主要集中在农兽药残留超标、违规使用食品添加剂和微生物污染。值得注意的是, 地产食品质量有所改善, 不合格率从2021年的2.06%波动下降为2024年的1.69%, 且12个大类连续4年未检出不合格, 13个大类的不合格率下降, 食品安全形势整体趋好。
同时, 分析结果表明, 近年来该地区的食品安全风险具有向食用农产品和散装加工食品聚拢的趋势。在强化问题发现能力的同时, 积极关注食用农产品和散装加工食品的产地溯源机制研究, 通过构建和完善全链条食品安全风险追溯体系, 进一步提升食品安全综合治理效能, 对于提高地区食品安全整体水平具有重要现实意义。
  • 宁波市科技特派员项目(2024S243)
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2025年第16卷第16期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250506004
  • 接收时间:2025-05-06
  • 首发时间:2026-01-13
  • 出版时间:2025-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-06
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宁波市科技特派员项目(2024S243)
作者信息
    1 宁波市产品食品质量检验研究院(宁波市纤维检验所), 宁波 315048
    2 中国商业联合会食品中重点危害物检测与风险防控重点实验室, 宁波 315048

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* 邢家溧(1988—), 女, 博士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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