Article(id=1217845642911732343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217845635080962613, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250121007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1737388800000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768286627747, onlineDateStr=2026-01-13, pubDate=1756051200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768286627747, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768286627747, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768286627747, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217845635080962613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='16', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768286625881, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768287480278, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217849218753024879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217845635080962613, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217849218753024880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217845635080962613, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=186, endPage=192, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217845643469574806, articleId=1217845642911732343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research progress of fungal toxin contamination status and detection technologies in nut foods, columnId=1151895321388347923, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Analysis and Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Nuts, being nutritionally rich, are widely favored by the public as healthy snacks. Nevertheless, the issue of mycotoxin contamination presents a potential hazard to their safety for consumption. During the processes of nut cultivation, harvesting and storage, nuts can become contaminated by fungi and produce toxins. These fungal toxins have the ability to accumulate in the human body. Prolonged consumption of contaminated nuts can cause harm to vital organs such as the liver and kidneys, thereby elevating the risk of cancer and neurological disorders. This article conducts a systematic analysis of the types and ecological distribution characteristics of mycotoxigenic fungi within the nut supply-chain. Moreover, it placed emphasis on reviewing the latest advancements in the current mycotoxin detection technology systems. These included well-established methods like mass spectrometry, chromatography, chemiluminescence and fluorescence, as well as modern toxin detection technologies and their recent breakthroughs. On this basis, the article also explored the future development trajectory of toxin detection technology. The ultimate goal is to offer a reliable guarantee for the stable development of the nut industry.

, correspAuthors=Ping-Ping TIAN, Ke LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiang-Jun QIAO, Cui-Ping SHAO, Shao-Bin GU, Yue ZHENG, Ping-Ping TIAN, Ke LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1217845644283269833, articleId=1217845642911732343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=坚果类食品中真菌毒素污染现状及其检测技术研究进展, columnId=1151895321958773274, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品分析与检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

坚果营养丰富, 是备受大众喜爱的健康零食。然而, 真菌毒素污染问题却给其食用安全带来了潜在威胁。在坚果种植、收获、储存等过程中, 坚果可能被真菌污染并产生毒素。长期摄入受污染的坚果, 会导致毒素在人体内蓄积, 对肝脏、肾脏等重要器官造成损害, 并增加癌症、神经系统疾病等发病风险。本文对坚果供应链中产毒真菌的种类和生态分布特征进行了系统分析, 并重点评述了当前真菌毒素检测技术体系的最新进展, 如质谱法、色谱法、化学发光法以及荧光法等现代毒素检测技术等体系的最新突破。在此基础上, 本文还探讨了毒素检测技术的未来发展方向, 旨在为坚果产业的稳健发展提供坚实保障。

, correspAuthors=田萍萍, 李轲, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 田萍萍(1989—), 女, 博士, 讲师, 主要研究方向为农产品贮藏与保鲜。E-mail: ;
李轲(1976—), 女, 硕士, 正高级兽医师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:
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乔香君(1991—), 女, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全监管及技术服务。E-mail:

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Common types of mycotoxins and their producing strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
真菌毒素 化学结构 产生菌
曲霉毒素 AFTs 双呋喃环类 黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)
寄生曲霉(Aspergillus parasiticus)
软毛青霉(Penicillium puberulum)
杂色曲霉毒 双呋喃环类 杂色曲霉(Aspergillus versicolor)
构巢曲霉(Aspergillus nidulans)
赭曲霉毒 异香豆素类 赭曲霉(Aspergillus ochraceus)
黄曲霉
青霉毒素 青霉酸 β-内酰胺类 软毛青霉
展青霉毒素 内酯类 扩展青霉(Penicillium expansum)
岛青霉毒素 含氮杂环类 岛青霉(Penicillium islandicum)
桔青霉毒素 异香豆素类 桔青霉(Penicillium citrinum)
雪白青霉(Penicillium niveus)
土曲霉(Aspergillus terreus)
镰孢霉毒素 伏马毒素 多羟基烷烃酯类化合物 串珠镰刀菌(Fusarium verticillioides)
玉米赤霉烯酮
(F2毒素)
内酯类 粉红镰孢(Fusarium roseum)
单端孢霉毒素 T2毒素 含环氧基的倍半萜烯类 三线镰刀菌(Fusarium tritrium)
拟枝孢镰刀菌(Fusarium sporotrichioides)
呕吐毒素 禾谷镰孢(Fusarium graminearum)
葡萄穗霉毒素 葡萄穗霉(Stachvbotrys atra)
麦角毒素 麦角生物碱 含氮杂环类 麦角菌(Claviceps purpurea)
), ArticleFig(id=1217864261603344761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845642911732343, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

常见真菌毒素种类及其产生菌株

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
真菌毒素 化学结构 产生菌
曲霉毒素 AFTs 双呋喃环类 黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)
寄生曲霉(Aspergillus parasiticus)
软毛青霉(Penicillium puberulum)
杂色曲霉毒 双呋喃环类 杂色曲霉(Aspergillus versicolor)
构巢曲霉(Aspergillus nidulans)
赭曲霉毒 异香豆素类 赭曲霉(Aspergillus ochraceus)
黄曲霉
青霉毒素 青霉酸 β-内酰胺类 软毛青霉
展青霉毒素 内酯类 扩展青霉(Penicillium expansum)
岛青霉毒素 含氮杂环类 岛青霉(Penicillium islandicum)
桔青霉毒素 异香豆素类 桔青霉(Penicillium citrinum)
雪白青霉(Penicillium niveus)
土曲霉(Aspergillus terreus)
镰孢霉毒素 伏马毒素 多羟基烷烃酯类化合物 串珠镰刀菌(Fusarium verticillioides)
玉米赤霉烯酮
(F2毒素)
内酯类 粉红镰孢(Fusarium roseum)
单端孢霉毒素 T2毒素 含环氧基的倍半萜烯类 三线镰刀菌(Fusarium tritrium)
拟枝孢镰刀菌(Fusarium sporotrichioides)
呕吐毒素 禾谷镰孢(Fusarium graminearum)
葡萄穗霉毒素 葡萄穗霉(Stachvbotrys atra)
麦角毒素 麦角生物碱 含氮杂环类 麦角菌(Claviceps purpurea)
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坚果类食品中真菌毒素污染现状及其检测技术研究进展
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乔香君 1, 2 , 邵翠萍 3 , 古绍彬 3 , 郑悦 1 , 田萍萍 3, * , 李轲 1, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025,16(16): 186-192
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025, 16(16): 186-192
坚果类食品中真菌毒素污染现状及其检测技术研究进展
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乔香君1, 2 , 邵翠萍3, 古绍彬3, 郑悦1, 田萍萍3, * , 李轲1, *
作者信息
  • 1 郑州海关技术中心, 郑州 450003
  • 2 郑州航空港经济综合实验区口岸业务综合服务中心, 郑州 451162
  • 3 河南科技大学食品与生物工程学院, 洛阳 471003
  • 乔香君(1991—), 女, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全监管及技术服务。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 田萍萍(1989—), 女, 博士, 讲师, 主要研究方向为农产品贮藏与保鲜。E-mail: ;
李轲(1976—), 女, 硕士, 正高级兽医师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:
Research progress of fungal toxin contamination status and detection technologies in nut foods
Xiang-Jun QIAO1, 2 , Cui-Ping SHAO3, Shao-Bin GU3, Yue ZHENG1, Ping-Ping TIAN3, * , Ke LI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Technical Center of Zhengzhou Customs District, Zhengzhou 450003, China
  • 2 Zhengzhou Aviation Port Economic Comprehensive Experimental Zone Port Operations Comprehensive Service Center, Zhengzhou 451162, China
  • 3 College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
出版时间: 2025-08-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250121007
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坚果营养丰富, 是备受大众喜爱的健康零食。然而, 真菌毒素污染问题却给其食用安全带来了潜在威胁。在坚果种植、收获、储存等过程中, 坚果可能被真菌污染并产生毒素。长期摄入受污染的坚果, 会导致毒素在人体内蓄积, 对肝脏、肾脏等重要器官造成损害, 并增加癌症、神经系统疾病等发病风险。本文对坚果供应链中产毒真菌的种类和生态分布特征进行了系统分析, 并重点评述了当前真菌毒素检测技术体系的最新进展, 如质谱法、色谱法、化学发光法以及荧光法等现代毒素检测技术等体系的最新突破。在此基础上, 本文还探讨了毒素检测技术的未来发展方向, 旨在为坚果产业的稳健发展提供坚实保障。

坚果  /  污染现状  /  真菌毒素  /  检测技术

Nuts, being nutritionally rich, are widely favored by the public as healthy snacks. Nevertheless, the issue of mycotoxin contamination presents a potential hazard to their safety for consumption. During the processes of nut cultivation, harvesting and storage, nuts can become contaminated by fungi and produce toxins. These fungal toxins have the ability to accumulate in the human body. Prolonged consumption of contaminated nuts can cause harm to vital organs such as the liver and kidneys, thereby elevating the risk of cancer and neurological disorders. This article conducts a systematic analysis of the types and ecological distribution characteristics of mycotoxigenic fungi within the nut supply-chain. Moreover, it placed emphasis on reviewing the latest advancements in the current mycotoxin detection technology systems. These included well-established methods like mass spectrometry, chromatography, chemiluminescence and fluorescence, as well as modern toxin detection technologies and their recent breakthroughs. On this basis, the article also explored the future development trajectory of toxin detection technology. The ultimate goal is to offer a reliable guarantee for the stable development of the nut industry.

nuts  /  contamination status  /  mycotoxins  /  detection techniques
乔香君, 邵翠萍, 古绍彬, 郑悦, 田萍萍, 李轲. 坚果类食品中真菌毒素污染现状及其检测技术研究进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (16) : 186 -192 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250121007
Xiang-Jun QIAO, Cui-Ping SHAO, Shao-Bin GU, Yue ZHENG, Ping-Ping TIAN, Ke LI. Research progress of fungal toxin contamination status and detection technologies in nut foods[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (16) : 186 -192 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250121007
坚果, 优质脂肪与蛋白质的重要来源, 富含多种维生素和矿物质、植物固醇、酚类化合物等, 具有卓越的营养价值, 《时代》杂志更是将其列为现代人十大营养食品之一[1-2]。在储存、加工和运输等过程中, 坚果极易受到产毒真菌的侵袭与污染。据欧洲食品和饲料快速警报系统(Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed, RASFF)数据显示, 在2011至2021年间, 全球共发布了4752条关于食品霉菌毒素的通知, 其中63%(约3000条)与坚果、坚果制品和种子有关[3]。这些真菌毒素不仅具有致癌、致畸、致突变的潜在风险, 在极低浓度下还能抑制免疫力, 对动物和人类健康构成威胁[4-5]。真菌孢子在坚果生态系统中广泛分布, 当温湿度参数达到产毒真菌的生长阈值(如温度25~30 ℃、相对湿度>70%), 可促使其孢子萌发、菌丝定殖及次生代谢产物的合成, 形成适宜毒素生成的微生态环境[6-7]。深入探讨和研究真菌毒素的分析和检测工作, 实现坚果原料至成品的污染溯源与早期预警, 降低真菌毒素经膳食链暴露的公共卫生风险, 对构建坚果产业链风险防控体系具有重要意义。
在坚果及其制品中污染的真菌主要包括曲霉属(Aspergillus)、青霉属(Penicillium)和镰刀菌属(Fusarium)三大类, 其代谢产生的真菌毒素对食品安全构成系统性威胁[8]。常见真菌毒素及其产生菌如表1所示。
坚果富含油脂, 极易受到黄曲霉侵袭[9-10]。AFTs是一类由黄曲霉、寄生曲霉等曲霉真菌产生的高毒性次生代谢产物, 通常在温暖潮湿的环境中产生[11]。常见的有黄曲霉毒素B1 (aflatoxins B1, AFB1)、黄曲霉毒素B2 (aflatoxins B2, AFB2)、黄曲霉毒素G1 (aflatoxins G1, AFG1)、黄曲霉毒素G2 (aflatoxins G2, AFG2)等。其中, AFB1被国际癌症研究机构(International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC)列为最高风险等级的Ⅰ类致癌物。过量摄入AFB1会严重损害肝脏, 引发急性中毒, 表现为恶心、呕吐、腹痛和黄疸等症状[12]。此外, AFB1可诱发肝、胃、肾、直肠、小肠等器官肿瘤, 还会引起儿童发育迟缓[13-14]。花生是黄曲霉污染的常见坚果之一。针对AFB1对花生及其加工产品的高频污染[15], 我国GB 2761—2017《食品安全国家标准 食品中真菌毒素限量》明确规定, 花生及其制品中的AFB1含量不得高于20 µg/kg的阈值。
赭曲霉毒素(ochratoxin, OT)中, 以赭曲霉毒素A (ochratoxin A, OTA)的污染情况较为严重。OTA由一个氯化的二氢异香豆素衍生物通过一个肽键与L-β-苯丙氨酸的7-羧基相连而形成, 广泛存在于谷物(小麦、玉米等)、干果(葡萄干、开心果)、咖啡、葡萄酒、可可制品、香料及动物源性食品(如猪内脏)中[16-17]。2012—2014年间, 美国曾检出开心果样品中OTA含量超过10 μg/kg, 最高含量甚至达890 μg/kg[18]。OTA可诱发肝细胞坏死、线粒体肿胀和糖原异常积聚, 主要靶器官是肾脏, 可导致急慢性肾损伤[19]。长期暴露可引发肾萎缩、间质纤维化和肾功能衰竭, 巴尔干地方性肾病即与OTA污染密切相关[20]
除AFTs、OT外, 展青霉素、桔青霉素等在坚果中也经常被检出。展青霉素可通过破坏细胞膜通透性和干扰呼吸代谢引发神经毒性及免疫抑制效应, 桔青霉素对肾脏有较强的毒性作用, 还可能具有一定的致癌性[21-22]。禾谷镰刀菌是该属中与坚果污染密切相关的菌种, 其代谢产生的单端孢霉烯族毒素[如脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol, DON)]在核桃、杏仁等坚果中检出率较高[23], 不仅降低坚果的品质, 还可能通过抑制蛋白质合成引发呕吐、腹泻等急性胃肠炎症状, 引起人体的急性和慢性中毒[24]
坚果及其制品的真菌毒素污染问题呈现出复杂性与多样性[25-26]。开心果中曾检测出AFTs、OT以及曲酸衍生物[27]; 核桃可同时感染AFB1、AFB2、AFG1、AFG2等多种毒素[28]; 板栗及其制品中也检出了AFT、OTA、环吡嗪酸、桔青霉素、罗奎弗汀C和霉酚酸等多种真菌毒素[25]。此外, 有学者对超两百种坚果(干果)样品进行真菌毒素检测, 结果显示近一半(124份)样品毒素检测呈阳性, 共检出16种不同的真菌毒素, 其中66份阳性样品同时含有2至8种不同真菌毒素[29]
坚果从种植、收获、储存到加工任一环节都可能受到霉菌污染, 进而产生真菌毒素[30-33], 亟需对坚果全链条霉菌污染产毒进行系统研究和整合分析。
坚果种植过程中, 霉菌污染呈现多菌属复合侵染特征, 主要涉及曲霉属(如黄曲霉)、青霉属及镰刀菌属等产毒真菌。其中, 气候条件是首要影响因素, 高温(20~35 ℃)与高湿(相对湿度>70%)环境会显著促进霉菌孢子萌发和菌丝增殖。例如我国南方坚果主产区夏季高温多雨, AFTs污染风险较其他区域显著[34]。此外, 土壤理化性质也直接关联植株抗病性, 贫瘠或重金属污染土壤会抑制根系发育, 导致坚果表皮蜡质层变薄, 使曲霉菌穿透概率增加。虫害啃食(如象甲类)或病害侵染(如炭疽病)造成的机械损伤为镰刀菌等腐生型霉菌提供优先定植位点。这3类风险因素是种植阶段真菌毒素污染的系统性防控难点。
霉菌毒素在坚果收获和贮存阶段均会出现。花生、核桃、杏仁等坚果的胚乳中游离水含量较高, 且富含脂肪和蛋白质, 如在采收过程中受损, 更容易成为毒素污染的目标, 成为AFTs、伏马毒素等的主要污染对象[35]。收获时间也需严格把控, 过早收获, 坚果成熟度不足, 抗病力弱; 过晚收获, 坚果在田间暴露时间长, 增加了与霉菌接触的机会。在储存过程中, 高温高湿且通风不良会加速霉菌繁殖和毒素产生。PRENCIPE等[36]评估了不同干燥温度(从30 ℃至50 ℃)对栗子中AFTs产生的影响, 并考察了这些处理对栗子的总成分、总酚含量和抗氧化活性的影响。此外, 储存容器的清洁程度和密封性也是影响霉菌污染的重要因素。
在坚果加工环节中, 各工序的操作规范性与霉菌污染风险密切相关。使用受污染的清洗用水可能导致霉菌直接附着于坚果表面; 干燥工序若未能将坚果含水量降至安全阈值(通常≤8%), 残留水分将为后续储存或加工环节的霉菌增殖创造有利条件; 此外, 烘焙工艺的温度和时间参数控制尤为关键, 当温度低于120 ℃或持续时间不足30 min时, 难以彻底灭活已存在的霉菌及其孢子。此外, 加工设备缝隙或管道中残留的坚果碎屑易滋生霉菌孢子, 成为交叉污染的持续污染源。需严格按照标准化操作流程(standard operating procedure, SOP), 并定期微生物监测, 实现加工环节的霉菌防控。
真菌毒素的检测技术主要分为实验室检测和现场快速检测两大类。实验室检测提供精确定量依据, 而快速检测满足基层高效监控需求。近年来, 在基础真菌毒素检测技术基础上, 逐渐开发出更多新的集成化检测技术, 以提升真菌毒素检测效率。
薄层色谱法(thin layer chromatography, TLC)通过固定相与流动相的分配差异实现毒素分离, 显色后依据斑点位置和颜色深浅定性分析[37]。TLC耗时短、操作方便且成本低, 但在真菌毒素检测中需对样品前处理、展开剂等检测方法进行调整[38]。近年来, TLC在分离和检测领域取得了显著进步。例如, 通过采用加压薄层色谱法(over pressured-layer chromatography, OPLC)并结合紫外发射二极管检测器, 可以显著提升TLC的分析效能[39]。此外, 利用多功能净化柱进行样品净化, 能有效减少杂质对真菌毒素检测的干扰, 实现对多种真菌毒素的同时检测。
高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)常用于谷物、坚果及制品(如巴西坚果、花生油)中的AFTs、OT等毒素的精确定量[40]。液相色谱法的检测原理主要基于不同毒素在色谱柱中的保留时间差异, 结合紫外、荧光等检测器定量分析。例如, AFB1在C18色谱柱上可实现基线分离, 荧光检测器激发波长365 nm时灵敏度可达0.05 μg/kg[41]
液相色谱-串联质谱法(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS)能够同时测定多种真菌毒素, 有效应对复杂样品中的多重污染问题。LC-MS/MS由于其具有高灵敏度和选择性, 且可通过同时定量多种真菌毒素的特点, 成为微量真菌毒素分析的技术[42-43], 该方法分离效果好, 灵敏度高, 能够进行定量分析。基于此, 雷军[44]建立了可同时、快速测定玉米粉中常见的AFB1、AFB2、T-2毒素、伏马毒素等多种真菌毒素的液相色谱-质谱法。但LC-MS/MS设备成本较高, 同时操作复杂。此外, 如检测复杂基质, 还需结合免疫亲和柱净化以提高准确性。
气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS)通过整合GC的高效分离能力与MS的高灵敏度鉴定特性, 成为复杂基质中痕量毒素分析的核心手段。基于GC对样品组分的物理分离, 结合MS对分子离子化后质荷比的精确测定, GC-MS可同步实现AFTs、OT等20余种真菌毒素的定性与定量分析[4]。该技术通过优化色谱柱(如DB-5MS毛细管柱)与梯度升温程序, 能有效分离出干扰物, 而电子轰击离子源产生的特征碎片离子图谱则为毒素结构解析提供可靠依据。GC-MS常与QuEChERS前处理技术联用显著提升检测效率[45]。结合全二维气相色谱与高分辨质谱将进一步增强多毒素同步检测能力[46]
胶体金法凭借其快速、经济、易操作的特点, 已成为真菌毒素现场筛查的主流技术[47]。胶体金法又称侧流向免疫层析技术, 通过将抗真菌毒素的单克隆抗体标记于胶体金纳米颗粒表面, 形成胶体金-抗体复合物。当待测样本中的毒素与试纸条上的抗体结合时, 通过竞争性抑制或夹心法显色机制实现定性或半定量检测, 可针对花生、杏仁等易感AFTs的坚果, 实现仓储环节的快速污染筛查[48-49], 原理图见图1。但是, 由于坚果等材料基质复杂, 其高脂肪等因素易造成检测假阳性, 需优化前处理步骤。胶体金法未来可通过与微流控、人工智能的结合, 有望实现更高通量的精准检测。
酶联免疫吸附测定(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)技术通过酶标抗体与毒素结合后催化底物显色, 通过分光光度法进行测量, 可快速检测真菌毒素, 还能对真菌毒素进行初步定量, 适用于复杂的基质检测, 具有高灵敏度和高通量特性[50-51]。为提高检测性能, 新型标记材料(如量子点、磁性纳米颗粒)被引入免疫分析体系, 例如荧光量子点标记技术通过激发波长可调性实现多毒素同步检测, 灵敏度可达0.01 ng/mL。此外, 分子印迹聚合物和适配体技术的应用, 解决了传统单克隆抗体稳定性差、成本高的问题, 显著提升了复杂食品基质中痕量毒素的识别能力。该技术体系已覆盖AFTs、OT等主要真菌毒素的检测需求, 在粮食仓储、饲料安全及进出口检验中发挥关键作用。随着纳米材料、微流控等技术的融合, 其检测性能将进一步提升, 为食品安全监管提供更可靠的技术支撑。
聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction, PCR)可通过特异性引物靶向产毒真菌的保守基因区域(如ITS序列), 在体外模拟DNA复制过程实现目标片段的指数级扩增, 从而快速鉴定镰刀霉、曲霉、青霉等主要产毒菌属[52]。PCR技术通过分子层面的精准检测, 可为真菌毒素污染的早期预警和风险控制提供重要工具。相较于传统培养法, PCR技术具有高灵敏度和特异性, 可检测低至单拷贝的真菌DNA, 且耗时短(通常4~6 h完成检测), 尤其适用于痕量毒素产生菌的早期筛查。巢式PCR通过两轮扩增(外引物与内引物)显著降低假阳性率, 而实时荧光定量PCR (quantitative real-time PCR, qPCR)结合TaqMan探针可同步实现毒素基因的定性与定量分析[53-54]。此外, 多重PCR技术通过优化引物组合, 可同时检测多种毒素相关基因(如单端孢霉烯族合成酶基因), 为复杂食品基质中的混合污染提供高效解决方案[55]。然而, PCR技术实验过程中的气溶胶污染可能导致非特异性扩增造成假阳性结果, 需严格分区操作并使用UNG酶防污染体系, 还需专用PCR仪及电泳设备, 现场检测受限。
电化学发光(electrochemiluminescence, ECL)技术因其高灵敏度和低背景干扰特性, 已成为真菌毒素检测领域的重要研究方向[56]。近年来, ECL技术革新聚焦于信号放大策略和传感模式优化。研究表明, 纳米材料不仅能提高检测灵敏度, 而且在去除霉菌毒素方面也取得了一定的成果[57]。适配体传感器和分子印迹技术的结合实现了ECL技术对AFTs、OTA等的高选择性检测, 如基于适配体的ECL传感器对OTA的检出限可达0.03 pg/mL。微流体芯片与ECL联用解决了传统方法对复杂食品基质的适应性难题, 同时无标记检测方案减少了生物分子标记的复杂性。
坚果类食品的真菌毒素污染已成为全球性食品安全挑战, AFTs、OTA、伏马毒素等多类毒素在杏仁、花生、核桃等坚果中呈现复合污染特征。污染贯穿种植、收获、储存及加工全链条, 高温高湿环境、机械损伤及储存条件不当均会促进产毒真菌滋生。
传统检测方法(如HPLC、LC-MS/MS)灵敏度高但耗时、成本高, 快检技术(如免疫层析)虽便捷却易受基质干扰, 且多毒素同步检测能力不足。进一步优化快速检测技术, 提高其灵敏度、准确性和稳定性。开发新型的检测试剂和仪器, 尤其是人工智能技术的引入为霉菌毒素检测提供了高可信度和高准确性的解决方案, 实现更加快速、准确的现场检测。此外, 随着人们对食品安全要求的提高, 同时检测多种毒素可以更全面地评估坚果的污染状况。因此, 亟待开发可同步检测AFTs、OTA等多种毒素的便携设备, 结合智能算法[如主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)+支持向量机(support vector machine, SVM)]补偿基质干扰, 提升现场快检可靠性, 以满足实际检测的需求。
  • 海关总署2024年度科研项目(2024HK020)
  • 河南省重大科技专项(231100310200)
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2025年第16卷第16期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250121007
  • 接收时间:2025-01-21
  • 首发时间:2026-01-13
  • 出版时间:2025-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-21
基金
海关总署2024年度科研项目(2024HK020)
河南省重大科技专项(231100310200)
作者信息
    1 郑州海关技术中心, 郑州 450003
    2 郑州航空港经济综合实验区口岸业务综合服务中心, 郑州 451162
    3 河南科技大学食品与生物工程学院, 洛阳 471003

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* 田萍萍(1989—), 女, 博士, 讲师, 主要研究方向为农产品贮藏与保鲜。E-mail: ;
李轲(1976—), 女, 硕士, 正高级兽医师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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