Article(id=1217845639828914826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217845635080962613, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250410002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1744214400000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768286627013, onlineDateStr=2026-01-13, pubDate=1756051200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768286627013, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768286627013, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768286627013, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217845635080962613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='16', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768286625881, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768287480278, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217849218753024879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217845635080962613, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217849218753024880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217845635080962613, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=202, endPage=213, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217845641410167458, articleId=1217845639828914826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Study on the extraction of flavonoids and polyphenols compounds from purple corn tea promoted by silicon dioxide aqueous solution, columnId=1151895321388347923, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Analysis and Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective Taking silicon dioxide fired from barley shells as the research object, to explore the potential application of its aqueous solution in efficient extraction of active functional components (flavonoids and polyphenols compounds) from plant materials represented by purple corn tea. Methods The silica aqueous solution was subjected to an acute oral toxicity test, and the mice were observed for 14 consecutive days, and the reactions, deaths and weight of the mice were recorded. Through the acute oral toxicity test, it was found that the acute oral toxicity median lethal dose (LD50) of the test substance to female and male ICR mice was greater than 5000 mg/kg BW, which was actually non-toxic. Subsequently, this study took purple corn tea as an example, and based on the single factor experiment, adopted the response surface methodology and combined it with ultrasound-assisted extraction technology to systematically evaluate the effects of key factors such as solvent type, liquid-to-solid ratio, extraction temperature and time on the extraction efficiency of flavonoids and polyphenols. Results A barley husk-derived silica aqueous solution with a mass concentration of 7000  mg/L was used as the extraction solvent. The optimal extraction conditions for flavonoids were a solid-to-liquid ratio of 0.04  (g/mL), an extraction temperature of 67  ℃, and an extraction time of 34.3  min. For polyphenols, the optimal extraction conditions were a solid-to-liquid ratio of 0.04  (g/mL), an extraction temperature of 50.7  ℃, and an extraction time of 61.6  min. Conclusion Compared with other solvents, the silica aqueous solution derived from barley husks exhibits superior extraction performance under the same conditions, demonstrating its preliminary feasibility for extracting flavonoids and polyphenols from purple corn tea and indicating its promising potential for further development and application.

, correspAuthors=Han-Yue ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Bi-Yan CUI, Xiao-Jun WANG, Hui-Qi LIN, Rong-Zeng PAN, Jia ZENG, Xiao-Guang XU, Han-Yue ZHU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1217845644337791865, articleId=1217845639828914826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=二氧化硅水溶液促进紫玉米茶中黄酮及多酚类化合物萃取研究, columnId=1151895321958773274, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品分析与检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 以青稞壳烧制的二氧化硅为研究对象, 探讨其水溶液在高效萃取以紫玉米茶为代表的植物材料中活性功能成分(黄酮及多酚类化合物)的应用潜力。方法 对二氧化硅水溶液进行急性经口毒性实验, 连续观察14 d, 记录小鼠的反应、死亡情况及体重。通过急性经口毒性实验, 发现受试物对雌、雄性ICR小鼠的急性经口毒性半数致死量(median lethal dose, LD50)大于5000 mg/kg BW, 属实际无毒级。随后, 本研究以紫玉米茶为代表, 在单因素实验的基础上, 采用响应面法并结合超声辅助提取技术, 系统评估了溶剂类型、液料比、提取温度及时间等关键因素对黄酮与多酚类化合物提取效率的影响。结果 均采用7000 mg/L质量浓度的青稞壳二氧化硅水溶液作为提取溶剂, 提取黄酮类化合物最优提取条件为: 料液比0.04  (g/mL)、提取温度67  ℃、提取时间34.3  min; 多酚类化合物的最优提取条件为: 料液比0.04  (g/mL)、提取温度50.7  ℃、提取时间61.6  min。结论 相较于其他溶剂, 利用青稞壳制备的二氧化硅水溶液在相同条件下展现出更好的提取效果, 验证了其在紫玉米茶中提取黄酮与多酚的初步应用可行性, 具备良好的开发潜力与推广价值。

, correspAuthors=朱寒月, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 朱寒月(1991—), 女, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为食品营养与安全。E-mail:
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崔碧妍(2000—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品营养与安全。E-mail:

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Metal Ions in Life Sciences, 2013, 13: 451-473., articleTitle=Silicon: The health benefits of a metalloid, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217864271564820580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639828914826, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1984, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[48], rfOrder=54, authorNames=CARLISLE EM, journalName=Silicon, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CARLISLE EM. Silicon[M]. Boston: Springer, 1984., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217864271661289578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639828914826, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2003, volume=32, issue=2, pageStart=127, pageEnd=135, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=55, authorNames=REFFITT DM, OGSTON N, JUGDAOHSINGH R, journalName=Bone, refType=null, unstructuredReference=REFFITT DM, OGSTON N, JUGDAOHSINGH R, et al. 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注: a. 溶剂为水; b. 溶剂为300 mg/L二氧化硅水溶液; c. 溶剂为7000 mg/L二氧化硅水溶液; d. 溶剂为60 %乙醇。

, figureFileSmall=jnL+yDeokfNLpEKEWiZWiA==, figureFileBig=cLF+OTog9kuvrEsdYzlrIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864256280777026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639828914826, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of extraction solvent on total polyphenols, figureFileSmall=k5bPHsAG+jHYnZKgGDU76A==, figureFileBig=KGnGJNODJjCrplR+cvffFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864256406606156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639828914826, language=CN, label=图2, caption=提取溶剂对总多酚的影响

注: 不同小写字母表示组间具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。图3~9同。

, figureFileSmall=k5bPHsAG+jHYnZKgGDU76A==, figureFileBig=KGnGJNODJjCrplR+cvffFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864256561795413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639828914826, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of extraction solvent on total flavonoids, figureFileSmall=0wD8JDUP/tDhhyHvoVokxA==, figureFileBig=3G3lIb9rw+YLhImQ2tEuWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864256641487196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639828914826, language=CN, label=图3, caption=提取溶剂对总黄酮的影响, figureFileSmall=0wD8JDUP/tDhhyHvoVokxA==, figureFileBig=3G3lIb9rw+YLhImQ2tEuWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864256863785323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639828914826, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of extraction time on total polyphenols, figureFileSmall=rTJ+zUjS4ML2eJwU5T6zwg==, figureFileBig=tUnPkYKv1KWAkoLw6nXLow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864256993808755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639828914826, language=CN, label=图4, caption=提取时间对总多酚的影响, figureFileSmall=rTJ+zUjS4ML2eJwU5T6zwg==, figureFileBig=tUnPkYKv1KWAkoLw6nXLow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864257144803717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639828914826, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effects of extraction time on total flavonoids, figureFileSmall=4/DNu9L2607IlbOjjMYt6A==, figureFileBig=gO208AjXY9pPBSzLT4NCCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864257253855631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639828914826, language=CN, label=图5, caption=提取时间对总黄酮的影响, figureFileSmall=4/DNu9L2607IlbOjjMYt6A==, figureFileBig=gO208AjXY9pPBSzLT4NCCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864257375490464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639828914826, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effects of solid-liquid ratio on total polyphenols, figureFileSmall=4n+7nhjbQmUgqYUnStso2g==, figureFileBig=ld85t5qQFxcgtKtpLpL7Iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864257459376553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639828914826, language=CN, label=图6, caption=料液比对总多酚的影响, figureFileSmall=4n+7nhjbQmUgqYUnStso2g==, figureFileBig=ld85t5qQFxcgtKtpLpL7Iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864257576817075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639828914826, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effects of solid-liquidratio on total flavonoids, figureFileSmall=bPOwTwmax0Ww3ICFwRmkog==, figureFileBig=2401EKYFrtCiw6yisleW1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864257711034816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639828914826, language=CN, label=图7, caption=料液比对总黄酮的影响, figureFileSmall=bPOwTwmax0Ww3ICFwRmkog==, figureFileBig=2401EKYFrtCiw6yisleW1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864257794920905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639828914826, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Effects of temperature environment on total polyphenols, figureFileSmall=YbWyazipqlGbyeFayFmG7A==, figureFileBig=0GT1oazXJeYtZRFUd5Gu4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864257887195603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639828914826, language=CN, label=图8, caption=温度环境对总多酚的影响, figureFileSmall=YbWyazipqlGbyeFayFmG7A==, figureFileBig=0GT1oazXJeYtZRFUd5Gu4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864257987858904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639828914826, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Effects of temperature environment on total flavonoids, figureFileSmall=sqL2ZdB1JZy7udntanRV5A==, figureFileBig=Qjv5Hu3OY3Iz969seQgDqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864258092716514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639828914826, language=CN, label=图9, caption=温度环境对总黄酮的影响, figureFileSmall=sqL2ZdB1JZy7udntanRV5A==, figureFileBig=Qjv5Hu3OY3Iz969seQgDqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864258197574121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639828914826, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Factor interaction and contour plot of response surface experiment for total flavonoids extraction optimization, figureFileSmall=CuYAs95I8X6AZdJub8TFJg==, figureFileBig=oxtdQ6yQ0jliNyAsQ26Ipw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864258331791858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639828914826, language=CN, label=图10, caption=总黄酮萃取优化响应面实验因素交互作用和等高线图, figureFileSmall=CuYAs95I8X6AZdJub8TFJg==, figureFileBig=oxtdQ6yQ0jliNyAsQ26Ipw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864258486981117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639828914826, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Factor interaction and contour plot of response surface experiment for total polyphenol extraction optimization, figureFileSmall=rEP7rJTpRDAamyqIQYx3VQ==, figureFileBig=tBvNc/L1sD+I/CBXVHXJxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864258600227335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639828914826, language=CN, label=图11, caption=总多酚萃取优化响应面实验因素交互作用和等高线图, figureFileSmall=rEP7rJTpRDAamyqIQYx3VQ==, figureFileBig=tBvNc/L1sD+I/CBXVHXJxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864258721862164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639828914826, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Statistics of animal mortality in acute oral toxicity tests

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
剂量/(mg/kg BW) 性别 动物数/只 死亡动物数/只
5000 5 0
5000 5 0
), ArticleFig(id=1217864258881245733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639828914826, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

急性经口毒性实验动物死亡情况统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
剂量/(mg/kg BW) 性别 动物数/只 死亡动物数/只
5000 5 0
5000 5 0
), ArticleFig(id=1217864259007074865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639828914826, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Body weight changes of animals in acute oral toxicity test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
剂量
/(mg/kg BW)
性别 实验前/g
(动物数)
第7 d/g
(动物数)
第14 d/g
(动物数)
5000 19.65±0.97 (5) 26.29±2.31 (5) 26.08±2.23 (5)
5000 18.68±0.85 (5) 28.86±1.62 (5) 28.14±1.30 (5)
), ArticleFig(id=1217864260340863549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639828914826, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

急性经口毒性实验动物体重变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
剂量
/(mg/kg BW)
性别 实验前/g
(动物数)
第7 d/g
(动物数)
第14 d/g
(动物数)
5000 19.65±0.97 (5) 26.29±2.31 (5) 26.08±2.23 (5)
5000 18.68±0.85 (5) 28.86±1.62 (5) 28.14±1.30 (5)
), ArticleFig(id=1217864260500247113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639828914826, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Design and results of response surface experimental for the optimization of total flavonoids extraction

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验
序号
因素 总黄酮质量浓度/(mg/L)
A(提取时间)
/min
B(料液比)
(g/mL)
C(温度环境)
/℃
1 15 1:50 60 129.492
2 45 1:50 60 134.371
3 15 1:20 60 142.583
4 45 1:20 60 162.375
5 15 1:25 40 142.739
6 45 1:25 40 152.383
7 15 1:25 80 139.846
8 45 1:25 80 170.361
9 30 1:50 40 145.629
10 30 1:20 40 161.369
11 30 1:50 80 147.683
12 30 1:20 80 165.483
13 30 1:25 60 180.938
14 30 1:25 60 169.868
15 30 1:25 60 175.533
16 30 1:25 60 178.684
17 30 1:25 60 177.821
), ArticleFig(id=1217864260609299029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639828914826, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

总黄酮萃取优化的响应面实验设计与结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验
序号
因素 总黄酮质量浓度/(mg/L)
A(提取时间)
/min
B(料液比)
(g/mL)
C(温度环境)
/℃
1 15 1:50 60 129.492
2 45 1:50 60 134.371
3 15 1:20 60 142.583
4 45 1:20 60 162.375
5 15 1:25 40 142.739
6 45 1:25 40 152.383
7 15 1:25 80 139.846
8 45 1:25 80 170.361
9 30 1:50 40 145.629
10 30 1:20 40 161.369
11 30 1:50 80 147.683
12 30 1:20 80 165.483
13 30 1:25 60 180.938
14 30 1:25 60 169.868
15 30 1:25 60 175.533
16 30 1:25 60 178.684
17 30 1:25 60 177.821
), ArticleFig(id=1217864260802237025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639828914826, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Design and results of response surface experimental for total polyphenols extraction optimization

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验
序号
因素 总多酚质量浓度/(mg/L)
A(提取时间)
/min
B(料液比)
(g/mL)
C(温度环境)
/℃
1 45 1:50 40 1585.46
2 75 1:50 40 1563.74
3 45 1:20 40 1621.38
4 75 1:20 40 1646.47
5 45 1:25 25 1602.82
6 75 1:25 25 1597.27
7 45 1:25 60 1627.57
8 75 1:25 60 1673.28
9 60 1:50 25 1633.71
10 60 1:20 25 1612.58
11 60 1:50 60 1585.95
12 60 1:20 60 1743.66
13 60 1:25 40 1759.29
14 60 1:25 40 1748.38
15 60 1:25 40 1739.53
16 60 1:25 40 1735.49
17 60 1:25 40 1721.87
), ArticleFig(id=1217864260944843372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639828914826, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

总多酚萃取优化的响应面实验设计与结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验
序号
因素 总多酚质量浓度/(mg/L)
A(提取时间)
/min
B(料液比)
(g/mL)
C(温度环境)
/℃
1 45 1:50 40 1585.46
2 75 1:50 40 1563.74
3 45 1:20 40 1621.38
4 75 1:20 40 1646.47
5 45 1:25 25 1602.82
6 75 1:25 25 1597.27
7 45 1:25 60 1627.57
8 75 1:25 60 1673.28
9 60 1:50 25 1633.71
10 60 1:20 25 1612.58
11 60 1:50 60 1585.95
12 60 1:20 60 1743.66
13 60 1:25 40 1759.29
14 60 1:25 40 1748.38
15 60 1:25 40 1739.53
16 60 1:25 40 1735.49
17 60 1:25 40 1721.87
), ArticleFig(id=1217864261058089590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639828914826, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Results of variance analysis of response surface regression model for total flavonoids extraction optimization

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源 平方和 自由度 均方 F P 显著性
模型 4392.63 9 488.07 34.39 <0.0001 ***
A 417.66 1 417.66 29.43 0.0010 **
B 696.30 1 696.30 49.06 0.0002 ***
C 48.13 1 48.13 3.39 0.1081 不显著
AB 72.49 1 72.49 5.11 0.0583 不显著
AC 108.90 1 108.90 7.67 0.0277 *
BC 2.98 1 2.98 0.21 0.6608 不显著
A2 1525.78 1 1525.78 107.50 <0.0001 ***
B2 593.78 1 593.78 41.83 0.0003 ***
C2 161.87 1 161.87 11.40 0.0118 *
残差 99.36 7 14.19
失拟项 28.25 3 9.42 0.5298 0.6856 不显著
纯误差 71.10 4 17.78
总和 4491.98 16
), ArticleFig(id=1217864261196501633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639828914826, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

总黄酮萃取优化响应面回归模型方差分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源 平方和 自由度 均方 F P 显著性
模型 4392.63 9 488.07 34.39 <0.0001 ***
A 417.66 1 417.66 29.43 0.0010 **
B 696.30 1 696.30 49.06 0.0002 ***
C 48.13 1 48.13 3.39 0.1081 不显著
AB 72.49 1 72.49 5.11 0.0583 不显著
AC 108.90 1 108.90 7.67 0.0277 *
BC 2.98 1 2.98 0.21 0.6608 不显著
A2 1525.78 1 1525.78 107.50 <0.0001 ***
B2 593.78 1 593.78 41.83 0.0003 ***
C2 161.87 1 161.87 11.40 0.0118 *
残差 99.36 7 14.19
失拟项 28.25 3 9.42 0.5298 0.6856 不显著
纯误差 71.10 4 17.78
总和 4491.98 16
), ArticleFig(id=1217864261309747850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639828914826, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Results of variance analysis of response surface regression model for total polyphenols extraction optimization

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源 平方和 自由度 均方 F P 显著性
模型 72819.38 9 8091.04 55.20 <0.0001 ***
A 141.14 1 141.14 0.96 0.3592 不显著
B 9690.51 1 9690.51 66.11 <0.0001 ***
C 1911.28 1 1911.28 13.04 0.0086 **
AB 632.68 1 632.68 4.32 0.0764 不显著
AC 687.56 1 687.56 4.69 0.0670 不显著
BC 7857.89 1 7857.89 53.61 0.0002 ***
A2 26075.34 1 26075.34 177.89 <0.0001 ***
B2 9287.79 1 9287.79 63.36 <0.0001 ***
C2 7095.18 1 7095.18 48.41 0.0002 ***
残差 1026.05 7 146.58
失拟项 238.62 3 79.54 0.4040 0.7587 不显著
纯误差 787.43 4 196.86
总和 73845.43 16
), ArticleFig(id=1217864261414605457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639828914826, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

总多酚萃取优化响应面回归模型方差分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源 平方和 自由度 均方 F P 显著性
模型 72819.38 9 8091.04 55.20 <0.0001 ***
A 141.14 1 141.14 0.96 0.3592 不显著
B 9690.51 1 9690.51 66.11 <0.0001 ***
C 1911.28 1 1911.28 13.04 0.0086 **
AB 632.68 1 632.68 4.32 0.0764 不显著
AC 687.56 1 687.56 4.69 0.0670 不显著
BC 7857.89 1 7857.89 53.61 0.0002 ***
A2 26075.34 1 26075.34 177.89 <0.0001 ***
B2 9287.79 1 9287.79 63.36 <0.0001 ***
C2 7095.18 1 7095.18 48.41 0.0002 ***
残差 1026.05 7 146.58
失拟项 238.62 3 79.54 0.4040 0.7587 不显著
纯误差 787.43 4 196.86
总和 73845.43 16
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二氧化硅水溶液促进紫玉米茶中黄酮及多酚类化合物萃取研究
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崔碧妍 1 , 王晓君 1 , 林慧祺 1 , 潘荣增 1 , 曾嘉 1 , 许晓广 2 , 朱寒月 1, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025,16(16): 202-213
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025, 16(16): 202-213
二氧化硅水溶液促进紫玉米茶中黄酮及多酚类化合物萃取研究
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崔碧妍1 , 王晓君1, 林慧祺1, 潘荣增1, 曾嘉1, 许晓广2, 朱寒月1, *
作者信息
  • 1 佛山大学食品科学与工程学院, 佛山 528000
  • 2 西藏硅素水科技发展有限公司, 林芝 850400
  • 崔碧妍(2000—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品营养与安全。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 朱寒月(1991—), 女, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为食品营养与安全。E-mail:
Study on the extraction of flavonoids and polyphenols compounds from purple corn tea promoted by silicon dioxide aqueous solution
Bi-Yan CUI1 , Xiao-Jun WANG1, Hui-Qi LIN1, Rong-Zeng PAN1, Jia ZENG1, Xiao-Guang XU2, Han-Yue ZHU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
  • 2 Tibet Silica Water Technology Development Company Limited, Linzhi 850400, China
出版时间: 2025-08-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250410002
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目的 以青稞壳烧制的二氧化硅为研究对象, 探讨其水溶液在高效萃取以紫玉米茶为代表的植物材料中活性功能成分(黄酮及多酚类化合物)的应用潜力。方法 对二氧化硅水溶液进行急性经口毒性实验, 连续观察14 d, 记录小鼠的反应、死亡情况及体重。通过急性经口毒性实验, 发现受试物对雌、雄性ICR小鼠的急性经口毒性半数致死量(median lethal dose, LD50)大于5000 mg/kg BW, 属实际无毒级。随后, 本研究以紫玉米茶为代表, 在单因素实验的基础上, 采用响应面法并结合超声辅助提取技术, 系统评估了溶剂类型、液料比、提取温度及时间等关键因素对黄酮与多酚类化合物提取效率的影响。结果 均采用7000 mg/L质量浓度的青稞壳二氧化硅水溶液作为提取溶剂, 提取黄酮类化合物最优提取条件为: 料液比0.04  (g/mL)、提取温度67  ℃、提取时间34.3  min; 多酚类化合物的最优提取条件为: 料液比0.04  (g/mL)、提取温度50.7  ℃、提取时间61.6  min。结论 相较于其他溶剂, 利用青稞壳制备的二氧化硅水溶液在相同条件下展现出更好的提取效果, 验证了其在紫玉米茶中提取黄酮与多酚的初步应用可行性, 具备良好的开发潜力与推广价值。

青稞壳  /  二氧化硅  /  黄酮  /  多酚  /  超声辅助提取  /  响应面法

Objective Taking silicon dioxide fired from barley shells as the research object, to explore the potential application of its aqueous solution in efficient extraction of active functional components (flavonoids and polyphenols compounds) from plant materials represented by purple corn tea. Methods The silica aqueous solution was subjected to an acute oral toxicity test, and the mice were observed for 14 consecutive days, and the reactions, deaths and weight of the mice were recorded. Through the acute oral toxicity test, it was found that the acute oral toxicity median lethal dose (LD50) of the test substance to female and male ICR mice was greater than 5000 mg/kg BW, which was actually non-toxic. Subsequently, this study took purple corn tea as an example, and based on the single factor experiment, adopted the response surface methodology and combined it with ultrasound-assisted extraction technology to systematically evaluate the effects of key factors such as solvent type, liquid-to-solid ratio, extraction temperature and time on the extraction efficiency of flavonoids and polyphenols. Results A barley husk-derived silica aqueous solution with a mass concentration of 7000  mg/L was used as the extraction solvent. The optimal extraction conditions for flavonoids were a solid-to-liquid ratio of 0.04  (g/mL), an extraction temperature of 67  ℃, and an extraction time of 34.3  min. For polyphenols, the optimal extraction conditions were a solid-to-liquid ratio of 0.04  (g/mL), an extraction temperature of 50.7  ℃, and an extraction time of 61.6  min. Conclusion Compared with other solvents, the silica aqueous solution derived from barley husks exhibits superior extraction performance under the same conditions, demonstrating its preliminary feasibility for extracting flavonoids and polyphenols from purple corn tea and indicating its promising potential for further development and application.

highland barley husk  /  silicon dioxide  /  flavonoids  /  polyphenols  /  ultrasound-assisted extraction  /  response surface method
崔碧妍, 王晓君, 林慧祺, 潘荣增, 曾嘉, 许晓广, 朱寒月. 二氧化硅水溶液促进紫玉米茶中黄酮及多酚类化合物萃取研究. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (16) : 202 -213 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250410002
Bi-Yan CUI, Xiao-Jun WANG, Hui-Qi LIN, Rong-Zeng PAN, Jia ZENG, Xiao-Guang XU, Han-Yue ZHU. Study on the extraction of flavonoids and polyphenols compounds from purple corn tea promoted by silicon dioxide aqueous solution[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (16) : 202 -213 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250410002
农业废弃物的有效管理与转化已成为亟待解决的重大挑战, 鉴于其对环境造成的沉重负担, 研究人员正积极探索各种途径, 旨在将农业废弃物转化为具有显著增值潜力的产品, 以缓解环境污染并促进资源循环利用[1]。其中, 二氧化硅作为农业废弃物中富含的关键成分, 因其独特的物理化学性质而备受关注。值得注意的是, 二氧化硅作为地球地壳主要构成元素之一, 广泛存在于自然界及植物体内, 进一步凸显了其作为提取介质的潜力[2-5]。多种生物质废弃物, 如各类稻壳、甘蔗渣、麦秆等, 均被证实为理想的二氧化硅前体材料[6]。稻壳作为一种丰富且可持续的典型农业废弃物, 其中二氧化硅占据绝对优势, 比例高达94%, 具有显著的资源化潜力[7]。青稞是西藏高原地区千百年来的主要粮食作物[8], 其籽粒外壳被称为青稞壳。青稞壳与稻壳类似, 也是被视为稻壳的一种, 属于农业废弃物的一部分。基于青稞壳制备的二氧化硅溶液, 不仅具有高比表面积和多孔结构, 其特殊型还赋予其卓越吸附性能, 通过水溶剂作用, 实现分散并促进了对植物材料中目标化合物的提取[2]。此外, DE-SOUZA等[3]通过将二氧化硅与共晶溶剂联合应用, 实现有效提高葡萄渣中花青素的提取效率及回收率, 也进一步验证二氧化硅作为吸附剂在天然提取物中的应用潜力。与传统高成本、复杂流程的硅酸钠合成法相比, 利用青稞壳制备二氧化硅水溶液更具经济性和可行性, 为资源化利用提供了新思路[9]
黄酮、多酚类化合物是一类广泛存在于植物中的天然化学物质[10], 属于植物次生代谢产物, 多酚中的主要类别含有黄酮类[11], 它们通常具有抗氧化、抗炎、抗病毒和抗菌等多种生物活性, 在预防高胆固醇血症、高血糖、高脂血症和癌症等多种疾病方面发挥着关键作用[12-13]。目前关于黄酮、多酚类化合物的萃取方法主要为热水浸提法[14]、有机溶剂提取法[15]、超声辅助提取法[16]、微波辅助提取法[17]、酶辅助提取法[18]和超临界流体萃取法[19]。获得植物提取物的典型工艺包括浸渍、渗滤和索氏提取, 这些方法存在一些缺点, 如产量低、提取时间长、溶剂消耗高以及对环境产生负面影响[20]。超声辅助提取法因其高效性, 已被广泛作为一种环保且有效的多酚提取替代技术[21-22]。在该法中, 对于提取黄酮多酚类化合物, 溶剂的选择也是至关重要, 需综合考虑其选择性、溶解性、成本及安全性。醇类是植物化学研究中常用的提取溶剂, 而水因其无毒、不可燃且易获取, 被认为是最环保的选择之一[23]。本研究创新性地提出利用青稞壳制备的二氧化硅水溶液作为提取溶剂, 旨在探索其在黄酮、多酚类化合物提取中的潜力, 并对比传统溶剂(醇和水)的效果。
紫玉米是花青素及其他多酚类化合物的重要来源, 且这些活性成分广泛分布于整株植物中[24]。其中, 花青素是紫玉米的主要色素, 属于类黄酮家族的水溶性酚类化合物, 赋予其深紫红色的外观[25]。CUEVAS等[26]比较了不同紫玉米品种中可溶性与结合性酚类化学物的含量, 结果表明颜色越深, 酚类浓度越高。本研究聚焦于紫玉米茶这一深加工产品, 综合利用玉米须、玉米芯和玉米叶等全株资源, 旨在最大化提取其活性成分。
在全球食品安全标准下, 二氧化硅作为食品添加剂的安全性得到了广泛验证。无论是欧盟的E551、美国的食品药品监督管理局指导, 还是韩国的相关规定, 均表明在合理用量下, 二氧化硅对人体健康无害[27-29]。在我国GB 2760—2024《食品安全国家标准 食品添加剂使用标准》中, 二氧化硅作为食品添加剂的使用更是无需限定残留量, 进一步凸显了其应用的广泛性与安全性。然而, 尽管二氧化硅作为食品添加剂的安全性已有相关标准支撑, 但针对水溶性二氧化硅的经口毒性研究仍不够充分明确。因此, 本研究以水溶性二氧化硅为切入点, 首先通过急性经口毒性实验验证其安全性, 进而探讨其在黄酮、多酚类化合物高效、环保提取中的应用潜力。该方法不仅减少环境负担、降低生产成本[30-31], 也为相关功能性食品和饮料的开发提供了新路径。
青稞壳制作而成的二氧化硅水溶液, 由西藏硅素水科技发展有限公司所提供, 质量浓度分别为300 mg/L和7000 mg/L, 避光储存于阴凉干燥处。
急性经口毒性实验选用SPF级ICR小鼠, 该实验动物由斯贝福北京生物技术有限公司提供, 其生产许可证号为SCXK(京)2019-0010, 动物使用许可证号为SYXK(京)2023- 0012。小鼠共10只, 雄、雌各半, 实验时体重18~22 g, 实验动物质量合格证: NO.110324232207785666; 小鼠维持饲料购于北京科奥协力饲料有限公司。
紫玉米茶样品(固体茶叶类植物制品), 由肇庆佳元农业科技有限公司所提供, 贮存于干燥、阴凉、通风避光处。
芦丁(纯度87.8%)、没食子酸(纯度97.7%)(上海源叶生物科技有限公司); 福林酚试剂、无水碳酸钠、硝酸铝、乙酸钾(分析纯, 上海麦克林生化科技有限公司); 无水乙醇(分析纯, 天津市致远化学试剂有限公司)。
ME204E/02万分之一分析天平(瑞士梅特勒-托利多公司); Select Vortexer涡旋振荡器(广州菲罗门科学仪器有限公司); PS-60AL超声仪(深圳市雷德邦电子有限公司); UV2365紫外-可见分光光度计(尤尼柯上海有限公司); L550低速台式离心机(湖南湘仪实验室仪器开发有限公司); DK-8D三孔电热恒温水槽(上海一恒科学仪器有限公司)。
参照GB 15193.3—2014《食品安全国家标准 急性经口毒性试验》, 将小鼠饲养于温度20~26 ℃、相对湿度40%~70%、12 h明暗交替的环境中, 动物购入后适应3~5 d, 完成动物检疫, 确认动物健康后方可开展实验。
采用单次限量给药法(5000 mg/kg BW), 于24 h内一次性经口灌胃给予受试物, 实验前过夜禁食自由饮水, 给受试物当日标记、称重, 灌胃后继续禁食3 h, 再给予恢复饲喂。灌胃后立即观察并记录每只小鼠的中毒表现, 对每只小鼠都应有单独全面的记录, 在给受试物30 min、2 h、4 h后再次观察, 观察症状出现和消失的时间及死亡时间。其后每日观察1次, 连续观察14 d。当观察期结束后, 处死小鼠, 并且进行大体剖检, 用肉眼观察各脏器颜色、形状等是否存在异常。
按照单因素实验设计控制不同料液比, 首先准确称量一定量的紫玉米茶, 然后进行分瓶处理, 再分别每瓶加入不同的提取溶剂进行提取, 将其在涡旋振荡仪中涡旋混匀, 然后使用超声仪进行超声处理, 将其超声后, 样品以4000 r/min离心3 min。接下来, 将样品在不同的温度条件环境下放置, 随后进行过滤, 即获得植物制品紫玉米茶溶液, 观察其颜色, 经稀释后进行黄酮和多酚浓度的测定。
根据提取溶剂的不同, 对富含花青素的紫玉米茶进行黄酮和多酚类化合物的提取。提取溶剂分别用纯水、300 mg/L质量浓度的二氧化硅水溶液、7000 mg/L质量浓度的二氧化硅水溶液、60%乙醇。提取过程固定料液比1:50 (g/mL), 超声时间为60 min。通过对不同溶剂条件下紫玉米茶中黄酮和多酚含量的测定, 初步评估二氧化硅水溶液在活性成分提取中的潜在促进作用。
在固定提取条件下, 选用7000 mg/L二氧化硅水溶液作为提取溶剂, 料液比为1:50 (g/mL), 超声结束后于室温静置, 设定超声时间为15、30、45、60 min, 其余操作条件保持不变。通过对不同超声时间下提取产物中黄酮和多酚含量的测定, 评估超声时间对二氧化硅水溶液提取效果的影响。
分别调整不同的料液比[1:25、1:50、1:75、1:100 (g/mL)], 固定提取方法中的提取溶剂7000 mg/L质量浓度的二氧化硅水溶液和超声时间60 min, 超声之后同样于室温静置, 其余操作不变。考察不同料液比参数对紫玉米茶中黄酮和多酚类化合物提取的影响。
其余操作不变, 在固定提取条件下, 使用7000 mg/L二氧化硅水溶液作为提取溶剂, 料液比为1:25 (g/mL), 超声时间60 min。处理后将样液分别放置于室温、水浴加热至40、60、80 ℃的环境中。以此测定不同温度条件下提取液中黄酮和多酚的含量, 评估温度对二氧化硅水溶液提取效果的影响。
采用分光光度法进行测定, 按照标准T/AHFIA 005—2018《植物提取物及其制品中总多酚含量的测定》, 并略有修改。精准称量0.002 g没食子酸, 用去离子水进行溶解, 转移至容量瓶中用去离子水定容, 制作成没食子酸标准储备液。准确吸取没食子酸标准储备液0.0、0.2、0.4、0.6、1.0、1.5 mL分别置于容量瓶中, 用60%乙醇溶液定容, 得到没食子酸工作液。然后分别移取没食子酸工作液1.0 mL于比色管中, 加入0.5 mL福林酚试剂, 摇匀, 加入0.5 mL 15% Na2CO3溶液, 加去离子水定容, 摇匀。在40 ℃水浴60 min, 静置冷却20 min。配制成质量浓度为0、4、8、12、20、30 mg/L的标准系列溶液, 测定其吸光度值。以质量浓度(X1, mg/L)为横坐标, 吸光度(Y1)为纵坐标, 绘制标准曲线, 线性方程为: Y1=0.0035X1+0.0602, r12=0.9927。取1 mL的样液, 加入6 mL 60%的乙醇溶液, 超声10 min, 以60%的乙醇溶液定容至10 mL容量瓶, 摇晃, 待测。再取1.0 mL经过处理的样液于10 mL比色管中, 加入0.5 mL福林酚试剂, 摇匀, 加入0.5 mL 15% Na2CO3溶液, 加去离子水定容, 摇匀。在40 ℃水浴60 min, 静置冷却20 min, 于778 nm处测其吸光度值。
按照标准SN/T 4592—2016《出口食品中总黄酮的测定》, 采用分光光度法进行测定, 并略有调整。配制质量浓度为1 mg/mL的芦丁标准溶液, 分别精密吸取芦丁标准品工作溶液0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0 mL置于10 mL容量瓶中。加无水乙醇至总体积为3 mL, 依次加入硝酸铝溶液(100 g/L) 1 mL, 酸钾溶液(98 g/L) 1 mL, 摇匀, 加去离子水定容, 摇匀。静置1 h, 于420 nm处, 以30%乙醇溶液为空白, 测定吸光度。以芦丁质量浓度(X2, mg/L)为横坐标, 吸光度(Y2)为纵坐标, 绘制标准曲线, 线性方程为: Y2=0.0096X2+0.0433, r22=0.9965。空白实验除不加试样外, 均按上述测定步骤进行。精密吸取待测样液1.0 mL置于容量瓶中, 按上述步骤进行操作。以空白试液为参比, 在波长420 nm处测定试液的吸光度。
急性经口毒性实验小鼠体重结果用平均数±标准偏差表示, 多酚、黄酮测定实验均重复3次, 所测数据均采用SPSS 23.0软件进行单因素方差分析处理, 以评估各组之间的显著性差异, 并采用GraphPad Prism 9.5软件进行绘图。若标记有不同字母(例如a、b、c、d), 则表示不同组别之间差异显著(P<0.05)。响应面数据处理采用Design-Expert 13.0软件完成响应面实验设计、数据处理及分析, 并依据结果构建回归方程及图表模型。
在整个实验期间, 小鼠的行为、饮食及排泄的情况正常, 未见小鼠死亡(见表1), 也未出现明显中毒体征。在实验结束时, 解剖并肉眼观察各脏器均未见异常。在毒理学评估中, 体重的变化是判断动物是否出现异常的基础指标之一, 小鼠体重记录见表2, 可知雌性和雄性动物在实验第7 d和第14 d的体重变化均无明显下降, 且基本维持在实验前的水平, 表明该受试物在该剂量下对动物的生长发育没有明显的抑制作用, 且未引起急性毒性反应, 可初步判断二氧化硅水溶液在急性经口毒性方面属于实际无毒级。通过急性经口毒性实验结果得出结论, 受试物对雌、雄性ICR小鼠的急性经口毒性半数致死量(median lethal dose, LD50)大于5000 mg/kg BW, 按GB 15193.3—2014标准划分, 属于实际无毒级别。
本研究采用不同类型及不同浓度的二氧化硅提取溶剂对植物制品紫玉米茶中多酚、黄酮进行提取, 以探究溶剂类型对活性成分提取效率的影响。由图1所示, 使用质量浓度为7000 mg/L的二氧化硅水溶液进行提取时, 获得的提取液颜色明显加深。既往研究表明, 较深的提取液颜色通常与较高的酚类物质浓度相关[26]。据此可合理推测, 在本研究条件下, 7000 mg/L二氧化硅水溶液可显著提高紫玉米茶中酚类物质的提取效率。
图23的结果也进一步验证了该推测, 相比其他溶剂, 7000 mg/L的二氧化硅水溶液对提取多酚、黄酮的效果最为显著, 其次是60%的乙醇溶液, 次之是质量浓度为300 mg/L的二氧化硅水溶液, 水的提取效果最差。二氧化硅在水溶液中以微小颗粒形式悬浮分散, 结合超声辅助所产生的空化作用, 增强了溶质的扩散效率[32], 同时, 二氧化硅具有较高的比表面积和多孔结构, 可在提取过程中发挥吸附作用, 有助于黄酮、多酚等活性成分从植物组织中更充分地释放至溶液中。300 mg/L二氧化硅提取效果较低, 可能由于其浓度不足, 导致二氧化硅的吸附能力下降, 从而降低了酚类和黄酮类物质的提取效率。此外, 已有研究指出, 高浓度乙醇在提取过程中可能同时溶出极性较小的杂质(如叶绿素), 从而对黄酮类物质的提取率产生不利影响[33]。因此, 60%乙醇被广泛认为是提取多酚和黄酮的适宜溶剂浓度。在WANG等[34]关于流苏叶中抗氧化黄酮提取的研究中, 也证实了60%乙醇具有良好的提取性能。
综上所述, 后续实验均采用质量浓度为7000 mg/L的二氧化硅水溶液作为提取溶剂, 以进一步探究不同条件下其对活性成分提取效率的影响。
超声时间对总多酚、总黄酮的提取率也起着重要影响作用[35]。由图4可知, 随着提取时间的延长, 总多酚的浓度呈现先下降后逐步上升的趋势, 并在提取时间60 min时达到峰值。尤其在15 min与45 min时, 多酚浓度变化不明显, 而60 min时显著高于其他时间点, 表明该时间点为总多酚提取的最佳条件之一。因此, 后续实验可以考虑将提取时间延长至75 min进行提取。多酚的逐渐释放也可归因于受样品的影响。实验所选的紫玉米茶为复合型植物固体材料, 是由紫玉米须、紫玉米叶和紫玉米芯等部分组成。这些组织在细胞结构多酚分布方面存在差异, 多酚在各组织中也并非均匀存在。初期提取阶段, 主要是表层和结构松散区域的多酚被快速释放。而随着提取时间的延长, 超声作用破坏了结构致密区域(如玉米芯), 使其内部多酚逐渐释放至溶剂中。因此, 多酚的释放是一个渐进且持续的扩散过程, 与样品组织也密切相关。此外, 超声辅助作用增强了细胞破壁效率和分子迁移速率, 进一步促进了多酚类化合物的充分释放。尽管60 min时已达到最高提取浓度, 但不排除进一步延长提取时间仍可能提升其提取量。相较之下, 总黄酮的提取浓度则在30 min时达到峰值, 其次为60 min(图5)。该变化趋势可能与二氧化硅水溶液在植物组织中的吸附渗透行为有关。随着时间推移, 溶剂逐步渗透破坏细胞结构, 促使黄酮类化合物释放。释放速率可能呈现先增后减, 再因细胞进一步解构而导致次峰出现。但值得注意的是, 长时间超声可能对部分黄酮类化合物结构造成不利影响[36]
据YAO等[37]研究, 提取川芎总黄酮的最佳时间为61 min。本研究采用质量浓度为7000 mg/L的二氧化硅水溶液作为绿色提取介质, 仅需30 min便达到总黄酮的最大提取量, 在保证高效提取的同时缩短了工艺时间, 展现出良好的应用潜力。
图6图7展示了不同料液比条件下总多酚和总黄酮浓度的变化趋势。随着料液比由1:25 (g/mL)逐渐增加至1:100 (g/mL), 提取液中目标成分质量浓度整体呈下降趋势。该现象可能是由于溶剂用量增多虽增强了其与原料之间的接触面积, 但同时对所提样品中的多酚和黄酮类物质产生稀释作用, 导致单位体积中的活性有效成分浓度下降。由图6图7可得出, 当料液比为1:25 (g/mL)时, 总多酚与总黄酮浓度均达到最高值, 表明该比例下二氧化硅水溶液对目标化合物具有较强的吸附能力。后续实验可以考虑尝试料液比1:20 (g/mL)来进行实验。此外, 图7显示, 当料液比为1:75 (g/mL)至1:100 (g/mL)时, 黄酮浓度变化趋于平稳, 说明此时提取过程已接近动态平衡状态, 目标提取的活性成分在二氧化硅水溶液中发生吸附与脱附作用, 形成一种动态平衡机制[38]。随着料液比的增大, 提取速率逐渐降低, 最终趋于平稳, 即使进一步增加溶剂体积, 也未显著提升活性成分的浓度。所以, 综合考虑提取效果与经济性, 后续探究温度对多酚及黄酮提取的影响时, 仍采用料液比1:50 (g/mL)为宜。
温度是影响多酚和黄酮类化合物提取效率的重要因素。研究表明, 提取温度对总酚类物质以及多数单酚类化合物的提取具有积极影响[39]。由图8所示, 随着温度升高, 总多酚的浓度呈波动上升趋势, 其中60 ℃时浓度最低,80 ℃时达到最高值。造成该非线性变化的原因可能主要由两个方面所致。一方面, 多酚类化合物具有一定的热不稳定性, 在较高温度下易发生结构破坏或热降解, 导致其提取率下降[40]。另一方面, 植物原料中不同组织结构的存在也可能影响多酚的释放速率[41], 本研究所用的紫玉米茶样品原料由须、叶、芯等多个组织混合构成, 不同组织中多酚类物质的类型和分布存在差异。因此, 温度变化可能引发不同部位酚类物质释放速率不一致, 导致总多酚浓度在提取过程的波动。尽管80 ℃条件下测得的总多酚浓度最高, 但在高温环境中, 多酚分子内的化学键可能受到热能激发而断裂, 进而发生分解反应, 导致其活性下降甚至丧失。因此, 综合考虑其稳定性, 40 ℃是较为理想的提取温度。从图9显示, 温度升高有助于加速分子运动, 促进黄酮类化合物从样品中释放和扩散, 从而提高其在二氧化硅水溶液中的吸附效率[42]。然而, 当温度超过一定阈值时, 不仅会促进其样品杂质的释放, 还可能破坏黄酮类物质的结构, 特别是液相中易降解的黄酮苷[43], 从而导致提取效率下降。综合分析, 60 ℃为总黄酮提取的最适温度, 这一结果与姚文等[44]在优化九里香叶总黄酮超声提取条件中的发现一致, 其研究亦表明60 ℃为最佳提取温度。
在单因素实验的基础上, 选取提取时间、料液比及温度作为主要影响因子, 采用响应面分析法探讨二氧化硅水溶液对紫玉米茶中总黄酮和总多酚的提取效果。实验方案及数据处理均通过Design-Expert 13.0软件完成, 具体的实验设计及结果如表3表4所示。
基于总黄酮和总多酚的提取条件, 各设计了17组实验, 并利用回归拟合分析明确三因素与总黄酮、总多酚含量之间的关系。其中, 总黄酮的回归方程为: Y=174.99+7.41A+9.33B+2.52C+4.14AB+5.22AC+0.8399BC-19.04A2-13.74B2-6.2C2; 总多酚的回归方程为Y=1740.46+4.33A+34.97B+15.85C+12.24AB+13.05AC+42.93BC-78.72A2-54.36B2-42.13C2
表5表6展示了二氧化硅水溶液优化提取紫玉米茶总黄酮和总多酚的方差分析结果。从表56中可见, 两者的回归模型均达到极显著水平(P<0.01), 且失拟项均不显著(P>0.05), 表明所建立的模型拟合度良好, 具有较高的可靠性。
进一步从表5的响应面回归模型可知, 影响总黄酮提取的因素中, ABACA2B2C2的作用均达到显著水平, 其他交互项或单项则未表现出显著性。同样, 表6的分析结果表明, 对于总多酚的提取, BCBCA2B2C2的影响也具有显著性, 而其余因素则影响不显著。表中所列各因素对应的F可用于衡量其对实验响应变量的影响大小, 通常F越高, 说明该因素对实验结果的贡献影响作用越明显[45]。综合F分析可知, 影响总黄酮提取的主要因素依次为: 料液比>提取时间>温度环境, 而对总多酚提取的影响程度则依次为: 料液比>温度环境>提取时间。
为进一步验证各因素之间的相互作用及其对提取效果的影响, 利用Design Expert 13.0软件绘制了各影响因素对二氧化硅水溶液提取紫玉米茶中黄酮和多酚化合物的响应面分析图及其等高线图, 结果分别如图10图11所示。通过响应面图与等高线图可以直观反映各因素与响应值之间的相互关系及交互作用的显著性特征。具体而言, 当等高线图呈圆形分布时, 表明两因素之间的交互作用对响应变量的影响不显著; 若等高线图呈现椭圆形, 则表明两因素的交互作用对响应变量具有显著影响[46]。由图10可见, AC组的等高线中心区域呈现明显的椭圆形, 说明该组内两因素对二氧化硅水溶液提取黄酮产率存在显著的交互作用(P<0.05), 该结果与前述的方差分析结论一致。由图11可知, BC组的等高线中心同样呈椭圆形, 表明该组因素对多酚提取效果的交互作用显著(P<0.05), 而AB组和AC组等高线形状接近圆形, 提示这两组因素的交互作用对多酚提取的影响不显著, 亦与方差分析结果相符。
本研究采用响应面法对二氧化硅水溶液提取紫玉米茶中黄酮和多酚的工艺参数进行了优化。基于二次回归模型, 黄酮的最优提取条件是使用质量浓度为7000  mg/L的二氧化硅水溶液, 料液比为0.041 (g/mL), 提取温度为66.99  ℃, 提取时间为34.27 min, 预测黄酮提取质量浓度达到178.318  mg/L。为验证预测结果并兼顾实验可操作性, 条件略微调整为料液比0.04  (g/mL)、温度67  ℃、时间34.3  min, 实测黄酮质量浓度为177.29  mg/L, 拟合度较好, 说明预测参数可靠。同样, 多酚的优化结果显示, 最佳条件为使用7000  mg/L质量浓度的二氧化硅水溶液, 料液比0.043  (g/mL), 提取温度50.713  ℃, 提取时间61.60  min, 预测多酚质量浓度为1753.488 mg/L。验证实验中, 条件调整为料液比0.04  (g/mL)、温度50.7  ℃、时间61.6  min, 实测多酚质量浓度为1752.51  mg/L, 与预测值相近, 进一步证明该优化条件具有较好的适用性。
本研究首先采用急性经口毒性实验, 对青稞壳制作的二氧化硅水溶液进行了安全性评价, 实验结果表明LD50>5000 mg/kg BW, 属于实际无毒级。在此基础上, 采用超声辅助提取技术, 将该二氧化硅水溶液应用于紫玉米茶中黄酮和多酚类化合物的提取。在单因素实验的基础上, 通过响应面法优化确定黄酮类化合物的最优提取条件为: 使用7000  mg/L二氧化硅水溶液、料液比0.04  (g/mL)、温度67  ℃、时间34.3  min。此外, 多酚类化合物的最优提取条件为: 使用7000  mg/L二氧化硅水溶液、料液比0.04  (g/mL)、温度50.7  ℃、时间61.6  min。在此条件下, 可获得较佳提取效果。此外, 本研究不仅验证了二氧化硅水溶液在黄酮与多酚类物质提取中的有效性, 同时为天然活性成分的绿色提取提供了新思路, 有望减少传统有机溶剂的使用, 从而降低环境污染。该方法具有良好的应用前景, 特别是在食品和医药等行业中, 具有潜在的推广价值。
目前, 二氧化硅水溶液尚未在市场中得到广泛应用, 但其天然来源——偏硅酸型矿泉水, 作为功能性饮品已在市面上流通。硅是地壳中第二常见的元素, 主要以难溶的二氧化硅形式广泛存在于自然界中[47-48]。研究表明, 硅具有促进骨骼健康[49]、降低动脉粥样硬化风险[50]等积极作用。因此, 结合本研究成果, 将二氧化硅水溶液提取所得的功能性物质(如黄酮和多酚)作为添加成分, 与偏硅酸矿泉水相结合, 或可提升产品的功能性与市场竞争力。
尽管本研究采用了响应面法成功探索优化提取条件, 但尚未充分考虑二氧化硅水溶液在不同植物材料中的适用性、提取液的稳定性, 以及其在长期或高剂量暴露下的潜在毒性, 这些问题仍需进一步深入研究。未来的研究有必要进一步探讨二氧化硅水溶液的适用范围和安全性, 拓展其在其他天然活性物质提取中的应用潜力, 从而发掘其更广泛的应用价值。
  • 广东省面上项目(2024A1515012733)
  • 广东省区域联合基金项目(2022A1515140112)
  • 林芝市科技局项目(LZZX2025-15)
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2025年第16卷第16期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250410002
  • 接收时间:2025-04-10
  • 首发时间:2026-01-13
  • 出版时间:2025-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-10
基金
广东省面上项目(2024A1515012733)
广东省区域联合基金项目(2022A1515140112)
林芝市科技局项目(LZZX2025-15)
作者信息
    1 佛山大学食品科学与工程学院, 佛山 528000
    2 西藏硅素水科技发展有限公司, 林芝 850400

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* 朱寒月(1991—), 女, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为食品营养与安全。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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