Article(id=1217845637094228536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217845635080962613, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250203001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1738512000000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768286626360, onlineDateStr=2026-01-13, pubDate=1756051200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768286626360, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768286626360, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768286626360, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217845635080962613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='16', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768286625881, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768287480278, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217849218753024879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217845635080962613, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217849218753024880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217845635080962613, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=100, endPage=112, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217845637446550080, articleId=1217845637094228536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research progress on the rapid detection technology for foodborne pathogens, columnId=1217845637362663999, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Detection and Control of Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Foodborne pathogenic bacteria are one of the main causes of foodborne illness, and pose a serious threat to global public health. At present, the detection of pathogenic bacteria in food primarily relies on conventional plate culture method and auxiliary means, such as chromogenic medium and biochemical identification. However, these methods are long-term, cumbersome and prone to false positives, making them inadequate to meet the demands of modern food safety for rapid and accurate detection. Therefore, the development of rapid and effective detection technologies is crucial for the timely detection, control and elimination of bacterial contamination. This paper took several common foodborne pathogenic bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus, as examples to provide a detailed analysis of the principles, applications, advantages and limitations of various detection methods, and discussed the development trend of detection technology in the future. This study provides both theoretical support and practical guidance for enhancing existing detection methods and the developing new rapid detection technologies, with the goal of more effectively tackling challenges related to food safety.

, correspAuthors=Li DONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chun-Rong LING, Jian-Ran QIN, Kang-Yi MU, Fang CHEN, Xiao-Song HU, Li DONG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1217845638331548238, articleId=1217845637094228536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=食源性致病菌快速检测方法的研究进展, columnId=1217845637517853250, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=专题:食源性致病菌检测与防控, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

食源性致病菌是引发食源性疾病的主要原因之一, 对全球公共健康构成严重威胁。目前, 食品中致病菌的检测主要依赖传统平板培养法及辅助手段, 如显色培养基和生化鉴定。然而, 这些方法周期长、操作烦琐且易产生假阳性, 难以满足现代食品安全对快速、准确检测的需求。因此快速有效的检测技术对于及时发现、控制和消除这些致病菌的污染至关重要。本文以大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(Salmonella typhimurium)、单增李斯特菌(Listeria monocytogenes)和金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)等食品中几种常见的致病菌为例, 详细分析了各类方法的原理、应用现状以及优缺点, 并探讨了未来检测技术的发展趋势。该研究为优化现有检测方法和开发新型快速检测技术提供了理论支持和实践指导, 以更好地应对食品安全挑战。

, correspAuthors=董丽, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 董丽(1984—), 女, 高级实验师, 主要研究方向为食品微生物控制理论、加工有害物的毒理学和干预机制。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=iKX1qXG3WOQeiGi0T7Eb5A==, magXml=6oZqBTI+m/qHk0xwcvDynQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=VyNtM5BlmlGFHrs5RUIaXQ==, pdfFileSize=3170228, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=Rm+C72sSAJMcdBGT3AiQJw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=fozkLRzoawAkNpPIiP/6uQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

凌春榕(1997—), 女, 博士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品生物技术。E-mail:

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凌春榕(1997—), 女, 博士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品生物技术。E-mail:

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注: A. 比色检测A1[31]、A2[32]; B. 荧光检测B1[33]、B2[34]、B3[35]; C. 电化学检测[36]: D. SERS检测[37]

, figureFileSmall=vGJpkwaRIVk9AP7i296fcg==, figureFileBig=vPEM2m7h7txTb5oefNyBqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864266628121263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845637094228536, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Schematic diagram of microfluidic chip technology, figureFileSmall=QykQzmXLFvHZQe/2r37t4g==, figureFileBig=htc0CgqbDukvIgbHVMjLkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864266741367480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845637094228536, language=CN, label=图2, caption=微流控芯片技术示意图

注: A. 识别与捕获A1[104]、A2[105]、A3[106]; B. 分选B1[107]、B2[108]、B3[109]; C. 检测C1[110]、C2[111]、C3[112]

, figureFileSmall=QykQzmXLFvHZQe/2r37t4g==, figureFileBig=htc0CgqbDukvIgbHVMjLkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864266867196608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845637094228536, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of advantages and disadvantages of rapid detection methods for foodborne pathogens

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测方法 优点 缺点
分子检测法 高灵敏度, 准确性高 设备昂贵, 操作复杂, 需要专业人员
免疫分析法 操作简便, 成本低 灵敏度较低, 交叉反应, 结果不稳定
生物传感器法 灵敏度高, 可大规模快速检测 对干扰物敏感, 设备需定期校准
光谱法 无损检测, 快速, 可同时检测多个病原体 灵敏度较低, 设备昂贵, 背景干扰
电阻抗测定法 快速, 实时监控, 无需试剂 受样本杂质影响
三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate, ATP)生物发光法 高灵敏度, 快速, 操作简便 只能检测活体细胞, 受背景ATP影响大
微流控技术 快速, 高效, 高灵敏度, 可实现样本的自动化处理和集成分析 对设备和材料要求较高, 需要进一步标准化和优化
人工智能辅助检测 提高数据分析和处理速度, 自动化程度高, 可处理大量样本数据 需要大量数据支持和高性能计算设备, 依赖算法的准确性
), ArticleFig(id=1217864266993025734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845637094228536, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

食源性致病菌快速检测方法优缺点对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测方法 优点 缺点
分子检测法 高灵敏度, 准确性高 设备昂贵, 操作复杂, 需要专业人员
免疫分析法 操作简便, 成本低 灵敏度较低, 交叉反应, 结果不稳定
生物传感器法 灵敏度高, 可大规模快速检测 对干扰物敏感, 设备需定期校准
光谱法 无损检测, 快速, 可同时检测多个病原体 灵敏度较低, 设备昂贵, 背景干扰
电阻抗测定法 快速, 实时监控, 无需试剂 受样本杂质影响
三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate, ATP)生物发光法 高灵敏度, 快速, 操作简便 只能检测活体细胞, 受背景ATP影响大
微流控技术 快速, 高效, 高灵敏度, 可实现样本的自动化处理和集成分析 对设备和材料要求较高, 需要进一步标准化和优化
人工智能辅助检测 提高数据分析和处理速度, 自动化程度高, 可处理大量样本数据 需要大量数据支持和高性能计算设备, 依赖算法的准确性
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食源性致病菌快速检测方法的研究进展
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凌春榕 , 秦剑冉 , 牟康义 , 陈芳 , 胡小松 , 董丽 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:食源性致病菌检测与防控 2025,16(16): 100-112
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:食源性致病菌检测与防控 2025, 16(16): 100-112
食源性致病菌快速检测方法的研究进展
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凌春榕 , 秦剑冉, 牟康义, 陈芳, 胡小松, 董丽*
作者信息
  • 中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院, 国家果蔬加工工程技术研究中心, 农业部果蔬加工重点实验室, 北京 100083
  • 凌春榕(1997—), 女, 博士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品生物技术。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 董丽(1984—), 女, 高级实验师, 主要研究方向为食品微生物控制理论、加工有害物的毒理学和干预机制。E-mail:
Research progress on the rapid detection technology for foodborne pathogens
Chun-Rong LING , Jian-Ran QIN, Kang-Yi MU, Fang CHEN, Xiao-Song HU, Li DONG*
Affiliations
  • College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
出版时间: 2025-08-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250203001
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食源性致病菌是引发食源性疾病的主要原因之一, 对全球公共健康构成严重威胁。目前, 食品中致病菌的检测主要依赖传统平板培养法及辅助手段, 如显色培养基和生化鉴定。然而, 这些方法周期长、操作烦琐且易产生假阳性, 难以满足现代食品安全对快速、准确检测的需求。因此快速有效的检测技术对于及时发现、控制和消除这些致病菌的污染至关重要。本文以大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(Salmonella typhimurium)、单增李斯特菌(Listeria monocytogenes)和金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)等食品中几种常见的致病菌为例, 详细分析了各类方法的原理、应用现状以及优缺点, 并探讨了未来检测技术的发展趋势。该研究为优化现有检测方法和开发新型快速检测技术提供了理论支持和实践指导, 以更好地应对食品安全挑战。

食源性致病菌  /  食品安全  /  快速检测

Foodborne pathogenic bacteria are one of the main causes of foodborne illness, and pose a serious threat to global public health. At present, the detection of pathogenic bacteria in food primarily relies on conventional plate culture method and auxiliary means, such as chromogenic medium and biochemical identification. However, these methods are long-term, cumbersome and prone to false positives, making them inadequate to meet the demands of modern food safety for rapid and accurate detection. Therefore, the development of rapid and effective detection technologies is crucial for the timely detection, control and elimination of bacterial contamination. This paper took several common foodborne pathogenic bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus, as examples to provide a detailed analysis of the principles, applications, advantages and limitations of various detection methods, and discussed the development trend of detection technology in the future. This study provides both theoretical support and practical guidance for enhancing existing detection methods and the developing new rapid detection technologies, with the goal of more effectively tackling challenges related to food safety.

foodborne pathogens  /  food safety  /  rapid detection technology
凌春榕, 秦剑冉, 牟康义, 陈芳, 胡小松, 董丽. 食源性致病菌快速检测方法的研究进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (16) : 100 -112 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250203001
Chun-Rong LING, Jian-Ran QIN, Kang-Yi MU, Fang CHEN, Xiao-Song HU, Li DONG. Research progress on the rapid detection technology for foodborne pathogens[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (16) : 100 -112 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250203001
根据世界卫生组织的统计, 全球范围内, 食源性疾病对人类健康造成了严重威胁, 每年全世界近十分之一的人在食用受污染的食物后生病, 导致超过42万人死亡[1]。同时, 对经济社会也产生严重的冲击, 世界银行关于食源性疾病经济负担的报告指出, 每年不安全食品造成的生产力和医疗费用的损失达1100亿美金[2]。细菌污染是引发食源性疾病的主要原因, 占比高达66%, 其中大肠杆菌O157:H7、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌、单核细胞李斯特菌及金黄色葡萄球菌等是主要的食源性致病菌[3], 并被列为出口产品必检项目。这是由于食用致病菌污染的食物后, 致病菌产生的毒素会引起恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻等不良反应, 严重时甚至会造成死亡[4]。因此, 致病菌引起的食源性疾病是全球重要的公共卫生安全问题。
目前, 食源性致病菌的检测方法以平板培养为主, 同时结合显色培养基、鉴别培养基或全自动生化鉴定系统进行菌株鉴定和确认。例如, 金黄色葡萄球菌的检测需要经过富集培养、分离纯化、形态观察和生化鉴定等步骤, 整个过程耗时约4~7 d, 步骤烦琐且易产生假阳性结果[5]; 大肠杆菌O157:H7的国标检测方法主要是平板计数法, 但需对待测样品进行多次稀释, 并依赖肉眼计数, 操作流程复杂、枯燥且易出错[6]。传统检测方法存在检测周期长、灵敏度低、流程烦琐且费时费力等不足, 难以快速反映待测食品的实际情况, 无法满足食品行业对高效便捷检测技术的需求。
因此, 研发适用于致病菌的快速、准确且稳定的检测方法, 对保障食品安全、保护人类健康及提升致病菌检测效率具有重要意义。本文系统介绍了国内外食品中致病菌的多种快速检测技术, 阐述其原理和应用, 并探讨未来检测技术的发展趋势, 并将不同方法的优缺点总结在表1, 为新型快速检测技术的开发提供参考。
聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction, PCR)技术是一种体外迅速扩增DNA片段的分子检测技术。根据检测方式的不同, 可分为实时荧光定量PCR、多重PCR、酶联免疫吸附-聚合酶链式反应(enzyme-linked immunosorbent polymerase chain reaction, ELISA-PCR)等。例如, 陈玉珍等[7]根据沙门氏菌外膜蛋白C (outer membrane protein C, ompC)保守序列设计特异性引物和TaqMan探针, 通过荧光定量PCR检测方法从餐饮中快速筛查检测沙门氏菌, 检出限为15 CFU/mL。林艳艳等[8]根据hlyA基因设计引物, 建立了检测单增李斯特菌的实时PCR技术, 检测浓度至10拷贝/μL, 且全程耗时35 min, 比已有大部分研究报道更为快速。
随着技术的不断更新, 一种新型富含靶标的多重PCR技术可同时检测单增李斯特菌、大肠杆菌O157:H7金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门氏菌, 克服常规多重PCR分析中引物竞争导致的扩增差异, 显示出对靶细菌的高度特异性, 检出限低于2.0×102 CFU/mL[9]。LIANG等[10]将脱氧胆酸钠和单叠氮化丙锭与多重实时PCR技术相结合, 建立了大肠杆菌O157:H7、克罗诺杆菌和沙门氏菌的快速检测方法, 检出限为102 CFU/mL, 可以消除假阳性结果。
为了更快捷地检测, PCR技术与其他快速检测方法相结合的方法层出不穷。例如, 杨小鹃等[11]将免疫磁珠(immune magnetic beads, IMB)和荧光定量PCR相结合, 建立了沙门氏菌检测方法, 可检测初始含菌量最低为6.5 CFU/25 g的食品样品, 阳性检出率是国标法的2倍, 全程约需8 h; 大肠杆菌进行多重PCR扩增后, 利用寡核苷酸芯片检测, 灵敏度能达到104 CFU/mL[12]; 一种新型的金纳米颗粒(gold nanoparticles, AuNPs)辅助的多重PCR检测技术, 可快速检测鼠伤寒沙门氏菌、单增李斯特菌和大肠杆菌, 其检出限为10~50 pg/μL[13]。还有可用于微量样本检测的双链液滴数字PCR技术(droplet digital PCR, ddPCR), 使用矿物油饱和的聚二甲基硅氧烷芯片克服液滴蒸发的问题, 使液滴在芯片上集成, 通过设计差异标记的TaqMan荧光探针, 可同时检测致病性大肠杆菌和单核李斯特菌[14]。还有将PCR技术与酶联免疫反应相结合的PCR-ELISA技术, 实现引物和探针双标记, 灵敏度和特异性强, 有效减少假阴性和假阳性结果[15]
总的来说, PCR技术在不断创新和升级。传统PCR技术易受污染而引起假阳性, 而实时荧光定量PCR技术有效解决了这些问题, 有效预防PCR产物之间的相互污染。新型数字PCR技术准确度高, 灵敏度更优, 并可进行微量样本检测[16]。此外, PCR技术与酶联免疫、基因芯片、免疫磁珠等技术相结合, 可以提高检测的准确性和高效性, 避免杂菌及样品中其他因素的干扰。
环介导等温扩增技术(loop-mediated isothermal amplification, LAMP)是Notomi团队建立的一种新型核酸片段扩增技术[17], 其针对靶基因的多个区域设计不同引物, 在恒温条件下利用DNA聚合酶进行反应以实现目标基因的高效扩增[18]。核酸合成的反应体系中, 脱氧核糖核苷三磷酸(deoxy-ribonucleoside triphosphate, dNTP)释放的焦磷酸根离子与Mg2+结合, 形成副产物—焦磷酸镁沉淀, 可以通过肉眼直接观察、凝胶电泳分离显色法、实时浊度法等方法检测[19]
为了进行定量分析, 实时荧光定量PCR与LAMP技术被结合应用。基于特定的目标基因建立了金黄色葡萄球菌的实时荧光LAMP快速检测体系, 灵敏度可达1 μg/L[20]; 根据假单胞菌16S rDNA基因序列设计引物, 纯菌和人工污染样品的实时荧光LAMP检出限分别为36 CFU/mL和1.73×103 CFU/g[21]; 牡蛎中的创伤弧菌在不富集的条件下可检测到6.4×104 CFU/g[22]; 利用实时环介导等温扩增方法对牛奶中单增李斯特菌的检出限为103 CFU/mL, 相较于API鉴定法和实时PCR法测定, 该法更简单、迅速、特异性高[23]
与PCR方法相比, LAMP反应在恒温条件下进行, 不需要反复热变性和升降温的操作, 反应体系相对稳定可靠, 灵敏性和特异性较高, 杂菌污染和干扰片段并不会影响目标菌的检测。但反应所需引物为4条, 易造成假阳性[24-25]
为了改变LAMP的引物局限性, MAO等[26]研发了一种新型核酸扩增方法竞争性互补介导的等温扩增技术(competitive annealing mediated isothermal amplification, CAMP)。其基本原理与LAMP相似, 但此技术使用具有链置换活性的DNA聚合酶和稍加修饰的PCR引物, 合成具有自我延伸能力的竞争性互补单链核酸, 可通过加速等温扩增并减少检测时间来提高扩增效率和灵敏度。
LI等[27]建立了一种基于CAMP的单增李斯特菌检测方法, hlyA基因作为特异性检测靶点, 纯菌检出限为1.0×102 CFU/mL, 比普通PCR (1.0×103 CFU/mL)高10倍。同时, CAMP技术被用于检测人工污染牛奶样品中的李斯特菌, 发现分析时间显著减短, 且其检出限可达1 CFU/mL。沙门氏菌的CAMP检测方法可以将时间缩短15 min, 检出限为10 CFU/mL, 比PCR方法(103 CFU/mL)高100倍[28]
与LAMP相比, CAMP具有相似的快速性、特异性和敏感性, 但其引物设计的原理更加简单, 所需的核酸片段更短。但是, 由于反应体系中存在较多引物, CAMP的稳定性弱于PCR技术, 易获得较高的假阳性率。
成簇的规律间隔短回文重复序列(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats, CRISPR)及相关的Cas核酸酶是一种细菌和古细菌中的基于核酸的显著特征[29]。CRISPR-Cas技术在食品、环境、医疗和生命科学等领域展现出巨大的应用前景, 被认为是有前途的核酸即时检测(point-of-care testing, POCT)工具[30]。目前, 基于CRISPR-Cas技术的病原体检测技术已被用于食源性致病菌的检测中, 通过对靶标的识别和切割, 使信号发生变化来实现检测。为了克服CRISPR-Cas系统单独使用时的低灵敏度(pmol级)和使用的方便, 在核酸扩增的基础上与实时荧光、目视比色、电化学和其他信号输出模式联合使用(图1)。据统计, Cas12、Cas13和Cas9在基于CRISPR的POCT领域占主导地位; 在输出的信号方面, 荧光和颜色信号最为常见[30]
在输出信号方面, 荧光因高灵敏度和高抗样品基质干扰能力而被广泛应用, 即使在低浓度靶标下也能进行精确检测[38]。利用Cas蛋白对靶标存在下触发反式切割活性, 剪切体系内的荧光探针, 释放荧光信号[33]。ZHOU等[35]开发的基于CRISPR-Cas12a的新型荧光增强侧向层析生物传感器(CRISPR-based recombinase-aided amplification coupled with lateral flow biosensor, CRA-LFB), 选择量子点作为信号输出材料,, 可在70 min内获得高分辨率、高强度的荧光信号, 金黄色葡萄球菌的检出限为75 amol/L。颜色信号则因其直观性而受到关注, 基于酶的催化或贵金属纳米颗粒(noble metal nanoparticles, NP)的性质, 引起颜色变化[31]。YIN等[39]开发了一种基于智能手机的G-四链体CRISPR-Cas12a病原菌检测方法, 不仅利用了CRISPR-Cas12a的高灵敏度和高特异性, 还结合了DNA酶的比色信号输出, 既可以肉眼识别, 也可以用智能手机辅助定量分析, 实现了针对病原菌的POCT。与传统的输出信号相比, 电信号因其低成本和快速传输的特点被关注[40]。基于CRISPR-Cas系统的电化学检测主要是通过检测阻抗、电流等电化学信号的变化来获取检测结果[36]。ZHANG等[41]利用CRISPR-Cas12a系统开发了基于hpDNA的高度灵敏型电化学DNA生物传感器, 在最佳条件下, 60 min内可检测低至30 pmol/L的靶目标DNA。
此外, 基于CRISPR-Cas系统的检测方法中, 也采用其他新型的信号输出模式。表面增强拉曼光谱(surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, SERS)是一种新兴的超灵敏检测方法, 以其操作简单、耗时少、高灵敏度等优点在化学、食品和环境等多个领域被广泛应用[42]。KIM等[37]结合CRISPR系统特异性识别目标基因的能力、SERS高灵敏度和磁性纳米颗粒的简单分离特性, 开发一种多重耐药性细菌的检测方法, 在能够不进行纯化或基因扩增的情况下成功检测金黄色葡萄球菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和肺炎克雷伯菌3种多重耐药性细菌, 检出限达fmol/L级别。该方法展示了利用三维纳米针阵列实现原位细菌捕获和CRISPR-SERS检测的能力, 为现场诊断提供了新的可能性。
CRISPR驱动的生物传感器系统正逐渐成为POCT的新型核酸检测工具, 由于其便携的信号输出方式, 在许多检测场景中展现出一定的优势。尽管这些平台和方法在不断发展, 但要满足现场采样、便携分析和快速反馈的实际需求, 单靠便携式信号读出远远不够。关键在于有效整合样品预处理、靶标物识别和信号处理, 以优化整体设备[30]。通过优化整合和标准化流程, 未来这类技术有望在快速检测和现场应用中发挥重要作用。
基因芯片技术,又称DNA微阵列, 是一种利用电子芯片为载体, 通过分析探针的杂交信号获取目标核苷酸序列表达的方法[43]。基因芯片通常由一个固体基质组成, 其表面固定由成千上万个已知序列的DNA片段(探针), 可以是短的寡核苷酸或较长的cDNA或寡核苷酸片段, 因此可以同时检测分析多种核酸分子, 提升在处理大量样本和数据时效率。当标记有荧光标记物的样本DNA或RNA(靶标)与芯片上的探针接触时, 互补的序列会通过碱基配对进行杂交, 通过检测与探针杂交的靶标的荧光信号, 可以确定样本中特定基因的存在和表达水平[44]
该技术所需样本量较少, 检测效率较高。SARENGAOWA等[45]开发了一种原位合成的基因芯片, 该检测技术可在鲜切哈密瓜和生菜上检出5种病原体, 检出限为3 log CFU/mL。王乃福等[46]将多重PCR与基因芯片技术相结合, 可特异性地检测多种致泻性大肠杆菌, 检出限可达104 CFU/mL。除了检测致病菌本身, 基因芯片还可用于筛查致病菌的毒力基因和耐药基因[47], 能够更全面地了解致病菌的致病机制和耐药性, 为公共卫生防控提供重要依据。此外, 基因芯片还可以对致病菌进行基因型分析, 有助于溯源食品污染的来源。
基因芯片技术具有高通量、高灵敏性和高特异性的优点, 但目前由于芯片制作烦琐、测定设备昂贵等缺点, 该方法并没有被广泛使用, 同时, 其在建立标准化程序、简化样品制备过程等方面还需要进一步改进[44]
变性高效液相色谱技术(denaturing high performance liquid chromatography, DHPLC)根据样品中不同核苷酸片段对固定相的亲和力差异性, 洗脱时会产生不同的移动速率, 进而达到分离目的[48]。目前, 多将DHPLC与PCR相结合, 以食源性致病菌特有基因序列设计特异性引物, 序列扩增后利用DHPLC区分不同的DNA片段, 此方法可同时分析数百样本, 以达到高通量检测的目的。
HURTLE等[49]将DHPLC检测序列变异的能力与rRNA基因分型分析的原理相结合, 证明该方法可以特异性鉴定鼠疫耶尔森氏菌(Yersiniapestis)和炭疽杆菌(Bacillusanthracis)。徐君怡等[50]将PCR与DHPLC结合, 对于4种致泻性大肠杆菌进行检测, 最低检出限可达到25 CFU/mL, 特异性较好且灵敏度高。
DHPLC技术具有良好的特异性, 且灵敏度较高, 操作安全并可以同时检测多个样品, 但对仪器要求较高, 更适合实验室操作。目前, 该方法常与PCR技术结合使用, 融合了PCR的快捷、特异与DHPLC的灵敏、实时和高通量, 使检测效率大大提高。
免疫分析法是基于抗原-抗体特异性结合的原理, 将抗原或抗体先结合到某种固相载体表面, 再将受检样品结合固相载体上的抗原或抗体形成复合物, 随后通过不同的显色方法进行检测。胶体金免疫层析技术(colloidal gold immunochromatographic assay, GICA)利用金标记法使免疫层析结果可视化, 通过观察胶体金的大量聚集所形成的红色条带以实现检测目的[51]
该技术操作简单, 无需复杂仪器支持, 广泛应用于食源性致病菌的快速筛查和检测。黄岭芳等[52]对大肠杆菌O157:H7单克隆抗体进行胶体金标记, 最终通过胶体金显色情况反映细菌含量, 检出限值为105 CFU/mL; ZHANG等[53]还研制出检测大肠杆菌O157:H7的无标记双读数免疫色谱试纸, 标记物被吸附到细菌表面形成结​​合物, 然后被固定在测试线上的特异性抗体捕获形成明显的黄色条带, 可实现103和102 CFU/mL的检测值。相比于其他快检方法, GICA在检测时间、简便性和现场适用性方面具有明显优势。
当前, GICA的主要发展趋势是实现多个目标物的高效检测。夏诗琪等[54]开发的多目标免疫检测试纸, 可同时检测5种典型沙门氏菌, 检出限为105~106 CFU/mL。
传统GICA对于低浓度目标物的检测能力有限, 结合纳米技术、光学增强技术, GICA正朝灵敏度更高、适用范围更广的方向发展。GONG等[55]建立了基于AuNPs的简单快速多线式侧向流动免疫分析法检测鼠伤寒沙门氏菌, 提高了敏感度和准确性, 降低了假阳性的可能, 并通过液体食品样品(牛奶和橙汁)来验证其可靠性。目前, GICA也开始与便携式数字化设备(如智能手机)联用, 可实现现场快速定量分析, 弥补传统肉眼检测的不足[56]
GICA在抗体特异性、抗原稳定性以及复杂基质中干扰物对检测结果的影响等方面仍需进一步优化。未来, 随着纳米材料、生物传感器以及人工智能技术的融合发展, GICA有望成为食源性致病菌现场快速检测和预警的更加高效的工具。
酶联免疫吸附法(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)基于免疫学原理, 将酶与抗原或抗体结合形成具有免疫活性的复合物, 通过抗原决定簇与抗体结合位点的特异性反应, 利用酶催化底物产生发光或荧光信号, 放大免疫效果, 实现对目标物质的高灵敏度、高特异性定性或定量检测, 其精确性依赖于合格试剂和标准化操作[57]。HE等[58]首先开发了一种基于纳米抗体的免疫测定法, 在牛奶、橙汁和碎牛肉等食品样品中实现大肠杆菌O157:H7的检测, 检出限为8.7×103 CFU/mL。与传统抗体相比, 纳米抗体在热稳定性和特异性上表现优越, 适用于复杂基质中的免疫测定。段霞等[59]针对单增李斯特氏菌的inlA基因, 建立了ELISA快速检测方法, 最低限值为1.7×105 CFU/mL, 比传统检测方法省时省力; ABUKNESHA等[60]将大肠杆菌β-半乳糖苷酶与合成酶底物结合使用, 建立的ELISA检测法可以在2 h内检测到10~108 CFU/mL的大肠杆菌O157:H7。
目前研究中多将ELISA法与其他检测方法联用, 例如使用AuNPs连接ELISA, 通过观察AuNPs的颜色变化进行检测, 大肠杆菌O157:H7的检测灵敏度可达到6.8×102~6.8×103 CFU/mL[61]; 将ELISA方法与PCR技术相结合, 使金黄色葡萄球菌的检测敏感性达到10 CFU/mL [62]; IMB技术与ELISA联用可检测低浓度的单增李斯特菌, 通过IMB对菌体的富集, 缩短待测样品的增菌时间, 可在24 h内完成检测[63]
免疫磁珠分离技术(immunomagnetic beads separation, IMBS)是利用致病菌特定抗体与抗原间亲和反应形成磁珠, 通过磁响应作用, 从复杂样品中分离到目标致病菌[64], 该方法的最大优势是可以有效地富集到样品中的少量致病菌[65]。徐金亭等[66]确定了羟基修饰磁珠与多克隆抗体的最佳偶联条件, 该IMB捕获率可达到77%, 将其应用于单增李斯特菌的检测, 检测时间将比常规的平板培养显色法缩短至少20 h。
另外, 因IMBS对致病菌的高效富集作用, 其被用于和PCR、免疫层析、ELISA等检测手段相结合。吕观等[67]将IMBS与LAMP相联合对牛肉中金黄色葡萄球菌和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌进行检测, 利用生物素标记的抗体进行检测, 沙门氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的检出限分别为1.2和4.4 CFU/mL。WANG等[68]开发了基于LAMP和CRSIPR/Cas12b的检测方法, 结合IMB技术, 显著缩短样本富集时间, 总检测时间少于4 h。
IMBS具有分离速度快、富集性强、可重复性好和操作简单等优点, 但也存在一定的局限性。抗原靶标需要具有较强特异性才能高效富集目标菌株, 同时其昂贵价格也制约了它的广泛使用。
生物传感器主要由分子识别元件和信号转化装置组成, 通过光、电、热等方式将生物化学信号进行接收和输出[69-70]。多种传感器被研究和应用于大肠杆菌O157:H7的快速检测中。斯城燕等[71]选用金表面葡聚糖修饰的CM5芯片, 建立相应单位(response unit, RU)值变化和浓度对数相关的标准曲线, 对大肠杆菌O157:H7的检出限为3×105 CFU/mL; HUANG等[72]采用光谱表面等离子传感器增强荧光信号, 使检测时间缩短为40 min, 检出限达10 CFU/mL; DWEIK等[73]建立了交叉指型微金电极阻抗传感器检测方法, 通过阻抗的改变值计算电极表面附着的大肠杆菌含量, 检测范围为2.5×104~2.5×107 CFU/mL。
近几年研究中, 由于材料学方面的创新, 具有优异导电性、磁性和生物兼容性的纳米材料被用于改进生物传感器的检测性能。ABDALHAI等[74]利用电化学基因传感器, 通过分析硫化镉纳米颗粒(cadmium sulfide nanoparticles, CdSNPs)的信号峰值电流与tDNA浓度间的线性关系, 实现大肠杆菌的快速检测; CHENG等[75]通过将酪氨酸酶(tyrosinase, TYR)固定在多壁碳纳米管(multi-walled carbon nanotubes, MWNTs)-壳聚糖复合改性玻璃碳电极表面上, 制备了TYR生物传感器, 根据其与大肠杆菌的标志物β-半乳糖苷酶发生的一系列电还原反应, 可以检测到10 CFU/mL大肠杆菌。QUINTELA等[76]使用具有寡核苷酸功能的AuNPs开发了一种新光学生物传感器平台的比色检测方法, 该方法具有较高的生物灵敏度, 对19株沙门氏菌的检出率为100%, 最低检出限为10 CFU/mL; APPATURI等[77]使用还原石墨烯氧化物-碳纳米管开发了一种生物传感器, 对大肠杆菌的最低检出限为10 CFU/mL。
生物传感器只针对特定的底物起反应, 专一性较强, 且稳定性好, 分析精度高, 易于现场快速检测[78]。但大多数生物传感器的检测特异性主要依赖于抗体, 还需进一步研发其他特异性识别分子。随着技术的不断发展, 生物传感器领域出现了新的亮点, 特别是与CRISPR-Cas技术、微流控技术、人工智能、深度学习、机器学习等先进技术联合使用, 技术的融合不仅提高了检测的灵敏度和特异性, 还推动小型化、自动化和现场检测设备的开发, 为致病菌的实时检测提供更加高效的解决方案。
流式细胞技术(flow cytometry, FCM)可以对高速流动的单细胞或颗粒进行快速定量分析[79], 当待测单细胞或颗粒依次通过检测区时, 荧光标记的细胞激发出的光信号转换成电信号, 进而被捕获[80]。目前该技术已经在食源性致病菌特异性检测中取得一定的研究成果。XUE等[81]基于16S rRNA探针, 利用流式细胞术在杂菌存在的情况下可精确检测到大肠杆菌, 检测时间相较传统方法短, 检出限可达到103 CFU/mL; 黄生权等[82]采用荧光染色试剂SYTO-9对单增李斯特菌细胞悬液进行染色, 利用流式细胞仪测量其红色荧光, 最低检出限可达1.2×104 CFU/mL; 董晓琳等[83]使用荧光素标记的特异性适配体进行细菌识别, 利用流式细胞仪在40 min内即可对108 CFU/mL以上的金黄色葡萄球菌完成检测。
FCM具有耗时短、低检出限、高灵敏度等优点, 但该技术所需仪器的成本较高, 操作人员需经过专业培训, 检测样品的广度有限, 在检测食源性致病菌领域尚不成熟[84], 具有很大的前景与发展空间。
红外光谱技术是通过检测致病菌的傅里叶变换红外光谱来鉴定其种类和状态[85], 因为致病菌功能基团的差异致使不同菌株的红外光谱存在差异, 如峰的形状、数量及特定峰的相对强度[86]。SIRIPATRAWAN等[87]将近红外光谱技术与化学计量学相结合, 使用判别因子区分大肠杆菌ATCC25922和K12两种菌株, 对其进行定量分析检测, 基于人工神经网络通过反向传播算法从红外光谱数据中预测细胞浓度, 与菌落计数法相比, 该方法可在更短时间内准确执行, 且无需进行大量的样品前处理。
拉曼光谱技术是通过接收待测物质上的单色光散射光谱, 以确定分子水平的化学结构, 进而实现待测物质的定性和定量分析[88]。目前, 拉曼光谱的信号强度是需解决的主要问题, 表面增强拉曼光谱(surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, SERS)是最常使用的信号增强方式, 主要是通过各种化学材料增强拉曼散射信号来提高对低浓度样品的检测能力, 可用于需要灵敏和靶向分析物的检测[89]。李欢欢[90]使用AuNPs棒作为SERS的基底来增强拉曼信号, 使鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的检出限达到9 CFU/mL; MI等[91]构建了基于双适配体识别的SERS生物传感器, 能够同时检测金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌, 采用捕获-富集-标记策略, 整个过程简单快速, 并且具有高选择性和灵敏度, 检出限为1 CFU/mL, 优于同类型SERS生物传感器。此外, 激光共振拉曼光谱及共聚焦显微拉曼光谱等技术的发展也有所改善[92]
拉曼光谱技术具有样本用量少、预处理简便、检测能力强、菌体损伤小、分离和鉴定可同时进行等优点[93], 但也存在很多的不足, 如菌株光谱的识别问题、拉曼高敏感性的干扰因素等[94]。总之, 该技术在菌种检测方面具有巨大潜力, 还可以扩大光谱数据库, 大力开发特异性强、活性高的拉曼探针, 发展便携式拉曼检测仪, 实现细菌的现场快速检测。
因细菌生长繁殖过程中, 碳水化合物、蛋白质等大分子电惰性物质被代谢为具有电活性的小分子物质, 从而改变培养基的电阻抗值。电阻抗测定法是通过检测细菌培养基的电阻抗变化情况判定细菌的生长繁殖情况[95]。GAMELLA等[96]利用凝集素与致病菌表面碳水化合物的选择性相互作用进行菌种鉴定, 该方法可以选择性检测凝集素与大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和牛分枝杆菌3种不同细菌间形成的复合物阻抗反应, 最后对表面附着细菌的β-半乳糖苷酶活性进行电化学监测, 用于区分3种菌株。
ATP生物发光法是将生物化学信号转化为光信号的一种检测方法, 通过酶促反应使细菌细胞破裂释放的ATP产生磷光, 光强度值代表细菌菌落总数[97]。张艳珍等[98]通过与国家标准平板计数法的对比, 进一步证实了ATP生物发光法可用于冷鲜肉中菌落总数的快速检测。郭立芸等[99]建立了便携式ATP发光快速检测系统, 在实验室条件下分析了短乳杆菌的生长繁殖情况。易琳[100]利用Fe3O4纳米粒子作为化学发光的检测目标, 建立了酸奶中乳酸菌含量、化学发光值和ATP量之间的正相关模型。
ATP生物发光法具有操作简单、快速灵敏、绿色环保等优点, 但该方法检测相对光单位值的稳定性极易受到食品添加剂种类和周围环境的影响。目前该方法只用于食品加工企业自我卫生监控, 极大提高了环境清洁检测的时效性和准确性, 但在致病菌快速检测方面还具有很大的发展潜力。
微流控技术指将流体流动和传质缩小到微米或纳米尺度, 将许多操作包括样品制备、试剂操作、生物识别和检测缩小到一个平台上, 这是一个“微总分析系统”(micro total analysis system, μTAS)[101], 也被称作“芯片实验室”(lab-on-a-chip)[102], 能够实现(生物)化学分析的小型化、集成化、自动化和并行化[103]。微流控技术的出现, 为食源性致病菌检测提供了一个高效、快速的检测平台。
微流控芯片用于检测时, 靶标的识别和信号的输出可以同时进行。针对复杂样品时, 靶标被识别后先进行分离, 再进行检测, 常用的有效识别和捕获病原体的生物识别分子有抗体、肽、适体、抗生素和噬菌体等(图2A)。通过抗原-抗体的特异性相互作用来分离高亲和力致病菌是微流控技术中使用最为广泛的场景, 通常用磁性纳米颗粒包被靶标抗体形成IMB, 使其在磁场的作用下发挥作用。KIM等[113]运用特异性抗体与沙门氏菌表面的抗原结合, 集成核酸提取、等温扩增和检测等步骤于一个微流控芯片上, 实现全自动化操作和高效识别, 在30 min内完成检测, 在牛奶样品中沙门氏菌的检出限为102 CFU/mL。此外, 利用惯性和离心力的分离技术也被集成到微流控生物传感器中, 来实现致病菌的分离(图2B)。无需外加磁场, 根据尺寸大小完成靶标的分选, 具有简单性和低成本的优势。
微流控芯片可与各种检测技术相结合, 包括光学、电化学和质谱等(图2C)。拉曼光谱已经被证明与微流体高度兼容, 在分析病原菌方面特别有利, 对生物样品进行无损检测[114]。ZHUANG等[115]结合CRISPR-Cas12a和SERS首次开发了一种纸质微流控装置(microfluidic paper-based analytical devices, μPAD), 该系统集成了重组聚合酶扩增, 大大提高了检测灵敏度, 同时利用CRISPR-Cas12a的转切割活性作为生物催化信号放大器, 实现了样品的直接检测。该装置可在45 min内对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌进行超灵敏、特异性和定量检测, 对加标牛奶和肉类样品的检出限约为3~4 CFU/mL, 动态检测范围为1~108 CFU/mL, 可以作为一个新颖而强大的细菌即时需求(point-of-need, PON)检测平台。
当前微流控技术在食品检测领域仍处于实验室或小规模阶段, 但其具有灵敏度、便携性等优势, 使其受到极大的关注, 微流控技术的大规模产业将会成为未来的发展趋势[116]。尽管前景广阔, 但是微流控技术在食品安全分析领域存在一些局限。比如, 食品成分的复杂性, 带来了烦琐的预处理和专业操作的要求, 因此一方面需要建立标准化操作方法, 另一方面需开发无需预处理的微流控平台[117]
人工智能(artificial intelligent, AI)是一个快速发展的新兴领域, 能够为各行各业带来技术创新和效率提升。机器学习(machine learning, ML)是AI的一个子集, 使计算机能够在没有明确编程指令的情况下自主地从数据中学习并作出预测和决策, 可用于食品中致病菌的检测[118]。ML驱动的致病菌检测过程从数据收集开始, 经过处理和分析后, 用于训练机器学习模型; 此后, 模型进入模式识别阶段, 即可识别潜在致病菌存在的特定指标, 预测病原体的存在; 最后评估风险的严重性, 在决策阶段指导预防措施和警告等行动, 确保及时干预以减少致病菌带来的危害[119]。AI和生物传感器联用是一种新的检测模式, 利用复杂的AI算法将传感器获得的信息, 转化为决策过程, 具有更高的准确性和智能性[120]。YI等[121]开发了一个AI生物传感体系, 通过建立以实验室培养细菌训练的AI模型, 能快速检测和定量分析液体食品和农业用水中的大肠杆菌。该框架可在5.5 h内完成细菌富集、检测和定量, 检出限为10 CFU/mL, 在椰子水、菠菜清洗水、灌溉水等复杂水样中的致病菌检测准确率为80%~100%, 展现了其在食品和农业用水中致病菌检测的潜力。
与传统模型相比, ML模型的主要优势在于它们(1)能够处理来自不同来源的大量复杂数据, 创建准确预测模型; (2)能够识别病原体和潜在污染物, 并实时准确评估食品污染和食源性疾病爆发的风险[119]。ML在致病菌检测中通过分析复杂数据集和实时监测, 显著提高了检测的效率和准确性, 可被应用于环境检测、食品安全风险评估和致病菌识别, 为公共健康提供有效的检测方案。
综上所述, 目前的研究方法均存在其优缺点, 仍需进行结合使用或者部分方面的技术改进。生物检测方面, 荧光定量PCR比常规PCR更灵敏, 更快速, 且特异性更高, 更适用于定量检测; LAMP方法的特异性和灵敏度优于荧光定量PCR, 但复杂的引物设计使其具有一定的局限性; CAMP技术相比于LAMP技术, 其引物设计更简单, 所需核酸片段更短, 但目前尚处于探索阶段, 且可能由于样品中引物复杂而造成假阳性现象。免疫学方法虽然具有重现性好、灵敏度高、特异性强的优点, 但操作烦琐, 且在检测中易出现假阳性的结果; 基因芯片能同时检测多种致病菌, 但其成本较高, 在国内未能广泛使用。生物传感器的分析速度较快, 灵敏度高, 能在复杂体系中进行快速在线连续监测, 但是不同菌种的标志物不同, 所需的生物传感器类型也不同, 同时对细菌浓度的要求也不同。物理化学方面, 光谱分析法、电阻抗测定和流式细胞技术都需要特殊的仪器设备, 成本较高。DHPLC更适合实验室操作, 而化学发光法操作快速简便, 可进行现场即时检测, 但其检出限较高, 较低含量的细菌无法检测。
近年来, 新兴检测技术在食源性致病菌检测领域展现出巨大的应用潜力。微流控技术通过集成化、微型化和高效化的特点, 可实现样品的快速处理和检测, 结合免疫分析、核酸扩增等多种检测手段, 能够在短时间内完成致病菌的精准定量检测, 同时显著降低试剂消耗和操作复杂性。AI及其子领域(机器学习和深度学习)在数据分析和结果解读中发挥了重要作用, 通过对复杂数据的快速分析和模式识别, AI技术可以提高检测的准确性和灵敏度, 并实现对多种致病菌的同时识别和风险预测。
迄今为止, 国际标准化组织、食品药品监督管理局和欧洲食品安全局等国际组织对检测技术的应用制定了一系列标准。标准涵盖多种检测技术, 包括PCR、免疫学等技术, 从样品处理到数据分析, 均需遵循标准化流程, 以确保结果的可比性, 保证检测结果的全球互认。现有标准以传统培养法为主, 仍缺乏新兴检测技术的标准和具体立法, 导致结果的可比性和可靠性受到影响。例如微流控技术, 适用于快速、高通量检测, 但对其微型化设计和操作要求不明确; AI在数据检测与处理分析及结果解读中具有潜力, 但对其算法验证和数据隐私保护的规定较少。随着新兴检测技术的快速发展, 相信国际标准会不断更新和完善, 以适应技术的多样性、复杂性及其的快速发展。
另外, 新兴的食源性致病菌快速检测方法在我国进行大规模应用, 还需要克服以下缺点: (1)检测设备核心材料和试剂还依赖进口, 需国产化和标准化; (2)检测方法的抗干扰能力不足, 需优化; (3)标准化和验证体系缺失。在通过解决上述技术瓶颈问题中, 构建“材料-方法-标准化”协同创新体系, 对实现《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》中“食品安全风险检测与食源性疾病报告网络实现全覆盖”[122]的战略目标提供技术支撑。
总之, 致病菌快速检测方法仍需进一步改进和完善, 多种检测方法结合能够有效弥补单一技术的局限性, 提升检测灵敏度、准确性和广泛适用性。未来, 便携、快速、高效的检测方法和设备将成为食品安全检测领域的迫切需要和重要发展方向。与此同时, 结合新兴技术的智能化和自动化检测系统, 有望进一步推动食品安全检测向实时化、精准化和可视化方向发展, 为食源性致病菌的快速检测、预警及风险控制提供更加有力的技术支持和保障。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFF1000700)
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2025年第16卷第16期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250203001
  • 接收时间:2025-02-03
  • 首发时间:2026-01-13
  • 出版时间:2025-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-03
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国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFF1000700)
作者信息
    中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院, 国家果蔬加工工程技术研究中心, 农业部果蔬加工重点实验室, 北京 100083

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* 董丽(1984—), 女, 高级实验师, 主要研究方向为食品微生物控制理论、加工有害物的毒理学和干预机制。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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