Article(id=1217781124420518544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217779717386715826, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241202005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1733068800000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768271245340, onlineDateStr=2026-01-13, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768271245340, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768271245340, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768271245340, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217779717386715826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768270909877, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768299620707, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217900139386163208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217779717386715826, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217900139386163209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217779717386715826, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=263, endPage=271, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217781124785423010, articleId=1217781124420518544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research on the brewing technology and hypouricemic properties of Grossedentata tea flavored beer, columnId=1151895321719223288, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Processing and Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To optimize the brewing process of Grossedentata tea flavored beer and evaluate its effect on reducing uric acid. Methods With Grossedentata tea and malt as the main raw materials, the brewing process of Grossedentata tea flavored beer was optimized through single-factor experiments and response surface optimization experiments. Meanwhile, the physical and chemical indicators of Grossedentata tea flavored beer, such as alcohol content, diacetyl, total phenols, and total flavonoids, were determined. A high-uric-acid mouse model was established through animal experiments to detect the uric acid levels and liver function and other biochemical levels of mice after consuming Grossedentata tea flavored beer and ordinary beer, and to evaluate the uric acid-lowering effect of Grossedentata tea flavored beer. Results The optimal brewing process of Grossedentata tea flavored beer was 10 g/L of Grossedentata tea powder, 28% of malt addition, and 4% of yeast addition. Under these conditions, the alcohol content of this beer was 1.57%vol, the diacetyl content was 0.08 mg/L, the total phenol content was 12.41 mg/mL, the total flavonoid content was 86.12 μg/mL, the pH was 4.4, and the sugar content was 7°Brix. Animal experiments indicated that compared with ordinary beer, Grossedentata tea flavored beer could reduce serum uric acid, hepatic xanthine oxidase activity, and hepatic malondialdehyde levels. Compared with the positive control group, the activity retention of hepatic superoxide dismutase and catalase was higher, and it could reduce the content of pro-inflammatory factors, restore the level of anti-inflammatory factors, and had less side effects on the liver than the positive control group. Conclusion Grossedentata tea flavored beer has a clear and bright color, harmonious aroma, rich foam, delicate taste, and a tea aroma aftertaste. The overall sensory experience conforms to the public taste and has the health care effect of reducing uric acid.

, correspAuthors=Yi-Feng GUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yi-Feng GUO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1217781126857409271, articleId=1217781124420518544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=藤茶风味啤酒的酿造工艺及其降尿酸特性研究, columnId=1151895322281734685, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品加工与工艺, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 优化藤茶风味啤酒的酿造工艺, 并评价其降尿酸功效。方法 以藤茶和大麦芽为主要原料, 通过单因素实验与响应面优化实验分析优化藤茶风味啤酒的酿造工艺; 同时测定藤茶风味啤酒的酒精度、双乙酰、总酚、总黄酮等理化指标; 通过动物实验建立高尿酸小鼠模型, 对藤茶风味啤酒与普通啤酒对小鼠尿酸水平及肝功能等生化水平进行检测, 评价藤茶风味啤酒的降尿酸功效。结果 藤茶风味啤酒的最佳酿造工艺为藤茶粉10 g/L, 麦芽添加量28%, 酵母添加量4%, 在此条件下, 本啤酒的酒精度为1.57%vol, 双乙酰含量为0.08 mg/L, 总酚含量为12.41 mg/mL, 总黄酮含量为86.12 μg/mL, pH为4.4, 糖度为7°Brix。动物实验表明, 藤茶风味啤酒较于普通啤酒有降低血清血酸、肝黄嘌呤氧化酶活性与肝丙二醛水平; 与阳性对照组相比肝超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性保留度更高, 并且可以降低促炎因子含量、恢复抑炎因子水平, 对肝脏副作用小于阳性对照组。结论 藤茶风味啤酒酒色泽清亮, 香味协调, 泡沫丰富, 入口细腻, 饮用后有茶香回味, 符合大众口感, 且具有降尿酸的保健效果。

, correspAuthors=郭懿锋, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*郭懿锋(1979—), 男, 硕士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为富硒藤茶。E-mail:
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注: 图中不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05), 下同。

, figureFileSmall=YsrnF5BYVgLKpfid7QXibg==, figureFileBig=I35pLKo1rt7oV4kjszJGwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217891533668405648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781124420518544, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Response surface plots for the interaction of each factor, figureFileSmall=eWYz16Fk8CYbeSbfTV4t+A==, figureFileBig=JQDVydK+j3FpxmmuGWa8Rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217891533752291729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781124420518544, language=CN, label=图3, caption=各因素交互作用的响应面图, figureFileSmall=eWYz16Fk8CYbeSbfTV4t+A==, figureFileBig=JQDVydK+j3FpxmmuGWa8Rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217891533848760722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781124420518544, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of Grossedentata tea flavored beer on blood UA, CRE, BUN and hepatic XOD activity in model mice, figureFileSmall=F4nhKsMBqJODElsNSSG8fg==, figureFileBig=e/4ZKL605deihCWDuecU5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217891533932646803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781124420518544, language=CN, label=图4, caption=藤茶风味啤酒对模型小鼠血UA、CRE、BUN和肝 XOD活性的影响, figureFileSmall=F4nhKsMBqJODElsNSSG8fg==, figureFileBig=e/4ZKL605deihCWDuecU5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217891534008144276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781124420518544, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effects of Grossedentata tea flavored beer on liver antioxidant activity in model mice, figureFileSmall=4GfvLAD9oouhm9pGMeK1Vg==, figureFileBig=kxqw0WmUXzBBUjn+iSXWYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217891534083641749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781124420518544, language=CN, label=图5, caption=藤茶风味啤酒对模型小鼠肝脏抗氧化性的影响, figureFileSmall=4GfvLAD9oouhm9pGMeK1Vg==, figureFileBig=kxqw0WmUXzBBUjn+iSXWYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217891534180110742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781124420518544, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effects of Grossedentata tea flavored beer on inflammatory factors in model mice, figureFileSmall=sWRVJ+Yz5XRbfa0CaAuBfw==, figureFileBig=yvNlwgmyptYUGxPSsYapCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217891534280774039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781124420518544, language=CN, label=图6, caption=藤茶风味啤酒对模型小鼠炎症因子的影响, figureFileSmall=sWRVJ+Yz5XRbfa0CaAuBfw==, figureFileBig=yvNlwgmyptYUGxPSsYapCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217891534356271512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781124420518544, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Factors and levels of response surface test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平 A(藤茶粉添加量)
/(g/L)
B(麦芽添加量)
/%
C(酵母添加量)
/%
-1 6 25 3
0 8 30 5
1 10 35 7
), ArticleFig(id=1217891535631339929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781124420518544, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

响应面实验因素和水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平 A(藤茶粉添加量)
/(g/L)
B(麦芽添加量)
/%
C(酵母添加量)
/%
-1 6 25 3
0 8 30 5
1 10 35 7
), ArticleFig(id=1217891535748780442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781124420518544, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sensory evaluation standards of Grossedentata tea flavor beer

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 满分 评分标准 分值
外观 15 酒体稳定, 色泽淡黄明亮, 无悬浮物无沉淀 12~15
酒体欠稳定, 色泽较差, 无悬浮物无沉淀 9~11
酒体不稳定, 色泽差呈暗淡状, 悬浮物、沉淀多 1~8
泡沫 10 气足, 泡沫丰富, 洁白细腻, 挂杯时间长 8~10
泡沫不结白、不丰富, 挂杯时间短 6~7
不起泡, 泡沫暗淡粗糙、不挂杯 1~5
气味 15 酒香浓郁, 无其他异味 12~15
酒香淡不明显, 稍有异味 9~11
无酒香, 有异味 1~8
口感 60 酒体柔和, 味道醇厚, 爽口, 无异味 50~60
酒体适中, 协调较差, 无异味 35~49
酒体粗糙, 不爽口, 有异味 1~34
), ArticleFig(id=1217891535836860827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781124420518544, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

藤茶风味啤酒感官评分标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 满分 评分标准 分值
外观 15 酒体稳定, 色泽淡黄明亮, 无悬浮物无沉淀 12~15
酒体欠稳定, 色泽较差, 无悬浮物无沉淀 9~11
酒体不稳定, 色泽差呈暗淡状, 悬浮物、沉淀多 1~8
泡沫 10 气足, 泡沫丰富, 洁白细腻, 挂杯时间长 8~10
泡沫不结白、不丰富, 挂杯时间短 6~7
不起泡, 泡沫暗淡粗糙、不挂杯 1~5
气味 15 酒香浓郁, 无其他异味 12~15
酒香淡不明显, 稍有异味 9~11
无酒香, 有异味 1~8
口感 60 酒体柔和, 味道醇厚, 爽口, 无异味 50~60
酒体适中, 协调较差, 无异味 35~49
酒体粗糙, 不爽口, 有异味 1~34
), ArticleFig(id=1217891535912358300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781124420518544, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Design and results of response surface test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号 A(藤茶粉添加量) B(麦芽添加量) C(酵母添加量) Y(感官评分)
1 -1 -1 0 78.3
2 1 -1 0 79.7
3 -1 1 0 71.4
4 1 1 0 81.2
5 -1 0 -1 72.6
6 1 0 -1 83.4
7 -1 0 1 70.4
8 1 0 1 70.1
9 0 -1 -1 76.7
10 0 1 -1 79.8
11 0 -1 1 72.6
12 0 1 1 69.8
13 0 0 0 85.3
14 0 0 0 84.2
15 0 0 0 85.1
16 0 0 0 84.5
17 0 0 0 85.4
), ArticleFig(id=1217891535992050077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781124420518544, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

响应面分析实验设计与结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号 A(藤茶粉添加量) B(麦芽添加量) C(酵母添加量) Y(感官评分)
1 -1 -1 0 78.3
2 1 -1 0 79.7
3 -1 1 0 71.4
4 1 1 0 81.2
5 -1 0 -1 72.6
6 1 0 -1 83.4
7 -1 0 1 70.4
8 1 0 1 70.1
9 0 -1 -1 76.7
10 0 1 -1 79.8
11 0 -1 1 72.6
12 0 1 1 69.8
13 0 0 0 85.3
14 0 0 0 84.2
15 0 0 0 85.1
16 0 0 0 84.5
17 0 0 0 85.4
), ArticleFig(id=1217891536054964638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781124420518544, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Results of analysis of variance

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 平方和 自由度 均方 F P 显著性
模型 569.09 9 63.23 80.96 <0.0001 **
A 58.86 1 58.86 75.36 <0.0001 **
B 3.25 1 3.25 4.16 0.0807
C 109.52 1 109.52 140.22 <0.0001 **
AB 17.64 1 17.64 22.58 0.0021 *
AC 30.80 1 30.80 39.44 0.0004 **
BC 8.70 1 8.70 11.14 0.0125 *
A2 64.87 1 64.87 83.05 <0.0001 **
B2 46.55 1 46.55 59.60 0.0001 **
C2 197.57 1 197.57 252.95 <0.0001 **
残差 5.47 7 0.7811
失拟项 4.37 3 1.46 5.29 0.0706
误差项 1.10 4 0.2750
总和 574.56 16
), ArticleFig(id=1217891536164016543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781124420518544, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

方差分析结果

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变量 平方和 自由度 均方 F P 显著性
模型 569.09 9 63.23 80.96 <0.0001 **
A 58.86 1 58.86 75.36 <0.0001 **
B 3.25 1 3.25 4.16 0.0807
C 109.52 1 109.52 140.22 <0.0001 **
AB 17.64 1 17.64 22.58 0.0021 *
AC 30.80 1 30.80 39.44 0.0004 **
BC 8.70 1 8.70 11.14 0.0125 *
A2 64.87 1 64.87 83.05 <0.0001 **
B2 46.55 1 46.55 59.60 0.0001 **
C2 197.57 1 197.57 252.95 <0.0001 **
残差 5.47 7 0.7811
失拟项 4.37 3 1.46 5.29 0.0706
误差项 1.10 4 0.2750
总和 574.56 16
), ArticleFig(id=1217891536226931104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781124420518544, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Measurement results of physical and chemical indexes of products

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 酒精度
/%vol
双乙酰
/(mg/L)
总酸
/(mg/mL)
总黄酮
/(μg/mL)
pH 糖度
/°Brix
色泽 泡持性/s
未添加藤茶的啤酒 1.32±0.07 0.13±0.02 15.23±0.45 41.39±1.32 4.8±0.1 9 16.8
EBC
140±2
藤茶风味啤酒 1.57±0.04 0.08±0.01 12.41±0.31 86.12±1.07 4.4±0.1 7 18.9
ESC
148±3
), ArticleFig(id=1217891536298234273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781124420518544, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

产品理化指标测定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 酒精度
/%vol
双乙酰
/(mg/L)
总酸
/(mg/mL)
总黄酮
/(μg/mL)
pH 糖度
/°Brix
色泽 泡持性/s
未添加藤茶的啤酒 1.32±0.07 0.13±0.02 15.23±0.45 41.39±1.32 4.8±0.1 9 16.8
EBC
140±2
藤茶风味啤酒 1.57±0.04 0.08±0.01 12.41±0.31 86.12±1.07 4.4±0.1 7 18.9
ESC
148±3
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藤茶风味啤酒的酿造工艺及其降尿酸特性研究
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郭懿锋 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品加工与工艺 2025,16(12): 263-271
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品加工与工艺 2025, 16(12): 263-271
藤茶风味啤酒的酿造工艺及其降尿酸特性研究
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郭懿锋*
作者信息
  • 恩施职业技术学院, 恩施 445000

通讯作者:

*郭懿锋(1979—), 男, 硕士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为富硒藤茶。E-mail:
Research on the brewing technology and hypouricemic properties of Grossedentata tea flavored beer
Yi-Feng GUO*
Affiliations
  • Enshi Polytechnic, Enshi 445000, China
出版时间: 2025-06-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241202005
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目的 优化藤茶风味啤酒的酿造工艺, 并评价其降尿酸功效。方法 以藤茶和大麦芽为主要原料, 通过单因素实验与响应面优化实验分析优化藤茶风味啤酒的酿造工艺; 同时测定藤茶风味啤酒的酒精度、双乙酰、总酚、总黄酮等理化指标; 通过动物实验建立高尿酸小鼠模型, 对藤茶风味啤酒与普通啤酒对小鼠尿酸水平及肝功能等生化水平进行检测, 评价藤茶风味啤酒的降尿酸功效。结果 藤茶风味啤酒的最佳酿造工艺为藤茶粉10 g/L, 麦芽添加量28%, 酵母添加量4%, 在此条件下, 本啤酒的酒精度为1.57%vol, 双乙酰含量为0.08 mg/L, 总酚含量为12.41 mg/mL, 总黄酮含量为86.12 μg/mL, pH为4.4, 糖度为7°Brix。动物实验表明, 藤茶风味啤酒较于普通啤酒有降低血清血酸、肝黄嘌呤氧化酶活性与肝丙二醛水平; 与阳性对照组相比肝超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性保留度更高, 并且可以降低促炎因子含量、恢复抑炎因子水平, 对肝脏副作用小于阳性对照组。结论 藤茶风味啤酒酒色泽清亮, 香味协调, 泡沫丰富, 入口细腻, 饮用后有茶香回味, 符合大众口感, 且具有降尿酸的保健效果。

藤茶  /  风味啤酒  /  响应面实验  /  高尿酸血症小鼠实验  /  降尿酸

Objective To optimize the brewing process of Grossedentata tea flavored beer and evaluate its effect on reducing uric acid. Methods With Grossedentata tea and malt as the main raw materials, the brewing process of Grossedentata tea flavored beer was optimized through single-factor experiments and response surface optimization experiments. Meanwhile, the physical and chemical indicators of Grossedentata tea flavored beer, such as alcohol content, diacetyl, total phenols, and total flavonoids, were determined. A high-uric-acid mouse model was established through animal experiments to detect the uric acid levels and liver function and other biochemical levels of mice after consuming Grossedentata tea flavored beer and ordinary beer, and to evaluate the uric acid-lowering effect of Grossedentata tea flavored beer. Results The optimal brewing process of Grossedentata tea flavored beer was 10 g/L of Grossedentata tea powder, 28% of malt addition, and 4% of yeast addition. Under these conditions, the alcohol content of this beer was 1.57%vol, the diacetyl content was 0.08 mg/L, the total phenol content was 12.41 mg/mL, the total flavonoid content was 86.12 μg/mL, the pH was 4.4, and the sugar content was 7°Brix. Animal experiments indicated that compared with ordinary beer, Grossedentata tea flavored beer could reduce serum uric acid, hepatic xanthine oxidase activity, and hepatic malondialdehyde levels. Compared with the positive control group, the activity retention of hepatic superoxide dismutase and catalase was higher, and it could reduce the content of pro-inflammatory factors, restore the level of anti-inflammatory factors, and had less side effects on the liver than the positive control group. Conclusion Grossedentata tea flavored beer has a clear and bright color, harmonious aroma, rich foam, delicate taste, and a tea aroma aftertaste. The overall sensory experience conforms to the public taste and has the health care effect of reducing uric acid.

Grossedentata tea  /  flavored beer  /  response surface test  /  hyperuricemia mice experiment  /  uric acid lowering
郭懿锋. 藤茶风味啤酒的酿造工艺及其降尿酸特性研究. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (12) : 263 -271 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241202005
Yi-Feng GUO. Research on the brewing technology and hypouricemic properties of Grossedentata tea flavored beer[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (12) : 263 -271 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241202005
尿酸(uric acid, UA)是嘌呤代谢的最终产物[1], 正常情况下人体可以通过肝肾代谢将其排出体外, 健康的生理状态离不开UA的生成、肾脏排泄和肠道吸收3者的动态平衡[2], 一旦失去平衡, 就会导致高尿酸血症(hyperuricemia, HUA)的发作; 同时, HUA会导致痛风、慢性肾病、代谢综合征等多种疾病的发生[3]
藤茶(Grossedentata tea), 最早在《茶经》中出现, 具有抗衰老、保肝护肝解酒等保健功效。二氢杨梅素(dihydromyricetin, DMY)是藤茶中含量最高且生物活性最高的成分[4]有研究表明DMY可以显著降低HUA小鼠的UA水平[5]。且藤茶作为一种发酵饮品, 可以与部分益生菌进行共同作用, 具有抗氧化、抗黑色素瘤和抗炎作用, 并具有作为益生菌茶的保健潜力[6]。因此, 藤茶可以作为一种天然的辅助手段, 在一定程度上控制UA水平, 并对肝肾功能起到保护作用。
啤酒作为世界第三饮料[7], 在全球范围内受众繁多, 但啤酒口味较为单一, 且痛风患者饮用啤酒会加剧症状[8]。而在啤酒酿造过程中加入茶粉, 不仅可以赋予啤酒以茶的风味, 还引入了茶的功能成分, 在丰富茶啤酒风味的同时增加了其营养价值。目前, 已有部分学者开始将茶与啤酒这两种发酵饮品进行结合, 出现了新型饮品—茶啤酒。市场上已出现诸如康普茶SCOPY与酵母共发酵饮品[9]、安远茶啤酒[10]等茶啤酒; 近期亦有学者探究出植物性啤酒, 例如蒲公英精酿啤酒[11]、桂花风味啤酒[12]与山楂风味啤酒[13]等, 其独特风味与健康益处吸引了越来越多的消费者。
鉴于此, 本研究创新性地将天然藤茶引入啤酒, 将藤茶与大麦芽创新性融合, 以感官评分为主要指标探究藤茶粉、麦芽添加量与酵母添加量的最佳配比, 提升茶啤酒的营养价值, 打造出一种新型具有藤茶风味的啤酒饮品, 并与未加藤茶的普通啤酒进行对比, 探究藤茶风味啤酒的降UA功效, 丰富啤酒的种类、风味和生理功效, 满足市场对高品质、特色化啤酒的需求。
藤茶粉(80目筛显齿蛇葡萄叶, 湖南省张家界诺康生态茶业有限公司); 麦芽(EBC45-155四季红麦芽, 青岛青麦精酿啤酒有限公司); 啤酒花(1 kg装90型青岛大花, 青岛啤酒平原有限公司); 酵母(100 g装啤酒活性干酵母CN36, 湖北安琪酵母股份有限公司); 雄性KM小鼠[湖南斯莱克景达实验动物有限公司, 动物使用许可证编号: SCXK(湘)2021-0002]。
盐酸、氢氧化钠(分析纯, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司); 邻苯二胺(分析纯, 药大制药有限公司); 重铬酸钾、亚硝酰铁氢化钠(分析纯, 成都市科隆化学品有限公司); 氧嗪酸钾(potassium oxonate, PO)、羧甲基纤维素钠(sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, CMC-Na)(分析纯, 默克化工技术有限公司); 碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, ALP)、次黄嘌呤(hypoxanthine, HX)、黄嘌呤氧化酶(xanthine oxidase, XOD)、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH)(分析纯, 美国Sigma公司); 血清UA、肌酐(creatinine, CRE)、尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen, BUN)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)、过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)及肝XOD测定试剂盒(南京建成生物工程研究所); 肿瘤坏死因子α (tumor necrosis factor alpha, TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6 (interleukin-6, IL-6)、白细胞介素-10 (interleukin-10, IL-10)酶联免疫试剂盒(杭州联科生物技术股份有限公司)。
9684 麦芽研磨器(山东工大机械有限公司); KOGV328A高精度恒温糖化锅(杭州正久机械制造股份有限公司); LQJ304不锈钢冷却盘管(深圳市海新莱实业有限公司); UV 5500PC型紫外可见分光光度计(上海分析仪器有限公司); AX224ZH/E电子分析天平(精度0.001 g, 美国奥豪斯仪器常州有限公司); ST3100型pH仪(上海奥豪斯仪器有限公司); LB90A型手持糖度仪(杭州陆恒生物科技有限公司); EBC啤酒比色仪(上海昕瑞仪器仪表有限公司)。
藤茶风味啤酒酿造流程如图1所示, 具体操作为取28%大麦芽用水浸润后粉碎, 以1:3.5 (g:mL)的料水比放入加热至52 ℃糖化桶中, 注意麦芽粉浸水完全并充分搅拌, 搅拌后保温40 min, 加热至65 ℃保温70 min, 再加热至72 ℃保温10 min, 持续加热至78 ℃完成糖化过程; 过滤洗槽得麦汁, 将麦汁煮沸, 煮沸后10 min加酒花0.5 g, 30 min加酒花1 g, 60 min加酒花0.5 g与藤茶粉10 g/L, 继续煮沸10 min; 过滤并控制麦汁浓度在(12±0.5)°P, 麦汁温度下降至22 ℃装入消毒后的1 L饮料瓶中接种4%活化后的安琪酵母, 将瓶子放入20 ℃恒温培养箱中进行主发酵, 待日失重小于0.2 g时结束发酵, 拧紧瓶盖置于4 ℃冰箱后发酵7 d, 过滤得成品啤酒。不添加藤茶粉即为普通啤酒对照组。藤茶粉需在紫外下照射30 min做灭菌处理。
(1)藤茶粉添加量的确定
设置藤茶粉添加量分别为0、2、4、6、8、10 g/L, 麦芽添加量为20%, 酵母接种量7%, 进行啤酒发酵, 发酵完成后, 对啤酒进行感官评定, 考察不同藤茶粉添加量对藤茶风味啤酒感官品质的影响。
(2)麦芽添加量的确定
设置藤茶风味啤酒的麦芽添加量分别为10%、15%、20%、25%、30%, 藤茶粉添加量为6 g/L, 酵母接种量7%, 进行啤酒发酵, 发酵完成后, 对啤酒进行感官评定, 考察不同发酵温度对藤茶风味啤酒感官品质的影响。
(3)酵母接种量的确定
设置酵母接种量为3%、5%、7%、9%、11%, 藤茶粉添加量为6 g/L, 麦芽添加量为20%, 进行啤酒发酵, 发酵完成后, 对啤酒进行感官评定, 考察不同藤茶汁添加量对藤茶风味啤酒感官品质的影响。
根据单因素实验结果, 依据Box-Behnken中心实验设计原理设计响应面实验, 以感官评分为响应值, 以藤茶粉添加量、麦芽添加量、酵母添加量作为自变量, 实验因素和水平见表1
将发酵后的成品酒低温贮藏6 d以上, 确保酒体风味稳定后参照GB/T 4927—2008, 运用综合评分法从外观、泡沫、气味、口感4个方面对藤茶风味啤酒进行感官评定。评定小组为固定6人组成, 其包括各年龄段(18~65岁)成员, 男女各半, 并对其进行专业的感官评价培训。评审时选择固定房间, 各评审人员互不干扰。具体评分细则如表2
酒精度: 按照GB/T 4928—2008中密度瓶法进行测定; 双乙酰: 按成冬冬等[13]的方法进行测定; 总酸含量: 按照GB/T 12456—2021《食品安全国家标准 食品中总酸的测定》中的第一法; 总黄酮含量: 按ZŁOTEK等[16]的方法进行; pH: 采用ST3100型pH仪进行测定; 糖度: 采用LB90A型手持糖度仪进行测定; 色泽: 使用EBC啤酒比色仪进行测定; 泡持性: 采用GB 4927—2008《啤酒》中的第二法秒表法进行测定。
依据文献[17-18], 本研究饲养50只体重30~35 g的健康雄性小鼠培养至适应期结束后, 随机分为正常对照组(简称C组)、模型对照组(简称V组; 250 mg/kg PO联合200 mg/kg HX)、阳性对照组[碱性磷酸酶, alkaline phosphatase, 简称ALP组; 3 mg/(kg·d) ALP]、无藤茶添加啤酒对照组[简称OB组; 0.107 mL/(g·d)无藤茶添加啤酒]与藤茶风味啤酒实验组[简称AB组; 0.107 mL/(g·d)藤茶风味啤酒], 每组10只。
除空白组(C组)外, 其余4组用250 mg/(kg·d) PO联合200 mg/(kg·d) HX在每天上午按时灌胃造模; 造模同时, 除模型组(V组)外, 阳性对照组(ALP组)给予ALP 3 mg/(kg·d), 无藤茶添加啤酒对照组[OB组; 0.107 mL/(g·d)无藤茶添加啤酒]与藤茶风味啤酒实验组[AB组; 0.107 mL/(g·d)藤茶风味啤酒]。所有药物均以0.5% CMC-Na为溶剂溶解。OB组与AB组的灌胃剂量与《中国居民膳食指南(2016)》中推荐的啤酒饮用量相当。整个实验过程中空白组每天灌胃相应体积的0.5% CMC-Na。灌胃时间固定于每日上午9时, 连续灌胃4周。在实验期间小鼠的环境温度与光照时间无特殊要求。从处死前夜至处死当天禁食12 h后, 按前述剂量行最后一次灌胃, 不禁水。于灌胃1 h后眼球取血, 再脱颈致死, 解剖, 取完整器官称重, 计算器官系数。
测定肝脏系数见公式(1), 肾脏系数见公式(2):

肝脏系数=肝脏重量(mg)/小鼠体重(g)

肾脏系数=肾脏重量(mg)/小鼠体重(g)

血液UA、CRE、BUN和炎症因子水平, 肝XOD活性、MDA含量均用试剂盒进行测定。
本研究中所有实验均进行3次平行实验。使用Origin 2021进行实验数据统计及图表绘制, 使用Design-Expert 13进行响应面实验设计的二次回归分析及方差分析。
图2a可知, 随着藤茶粉添加量的增加, 藤茶风味啤酒的感官评分在总体上呈现先增加后降低的趋势, 藤茶粉的添加直接影响到啤酒中的藤茶风味物质的产生[19], 黄酮类化合物是藤茶风味及药理作用的主要来源[20], 需要把控好藤茶粉添加量以协调啤酒的整体口感及对人体的功能性是本研究的主要内容。在藤茶粉添加量为8 g/L时感官评价达到最值, 此时啤酒酒体稳定, 柔和爽口, 且清亮醇香, 无异味。因此选择藤茶粉添加量为6、8、10 g/L进行后续实验。
图2b可知, 麦芽添加量对藤茶风味啤酒的感官评价影响较大。麦芽添加量会影响酵母活性, 低麦芽添加量会导致低酵母活性, 从而发酵程度不彻底, 没有明显酒香; 而高麦芽添加量会延长发酵周期, 并且得到的啤酒的泡沫性能变差, 40%的麦芽添加量是泡沫呈浑浊样且不挂杯, 与赵芳等[11]、罗跃中等[21]的研究结果相吻合。因此, 选择麦芽添加量为25%、30%、35%进行后续实验。
图2c可知, 随着酵母添加量的增大藤茶风味啤酒的感官评价出现了平稳上升再下降的情况。实际实验中, 随着酵母添加量的增加酒香味逐步增大, 酵母添加3%时有较淡酒香出现, 增加至5%酒香醇厚, 风味最佳, 再增大酵母的添加量后开始出现异味, 酵母量增大至9%时, 酒体开始浑浊, 酒香被异味掩盖。因此, 选择酵母添加量为3%、5%、7%进行后续实验。
通过Design-Expert软件对藤茶风味啤酒发酵工艺进行优化实验设计分析, 响应面实验结果见表3, 方差分析结果见表4
通过多元回归分析, 得到二次多项拟合方程为Y=84.9+2.71A-0.6375B-3.7C+2.1AB-2.78AC-1.47BC-3.93A2 -3.33B2-6.85C2
表4可知, 多元二次模型P<0.0001, 表明本回归模型极显著; 失拟项P=0.0706>0.05, 差异显著; 相关系数r2=0.9904, RPre2RAdj2的差值<0.2, 信噪比=23.586>4, 说明该方程拟合度好, 可用该模型预测藤茶风味啤酒感官评分的变化。而显著性检验结果表明ACABACBCA2B2C2影响显著, 而B项对藤茶风味啤酒的感官品质的影响不显著。各因素对藤茶风味啤酒感官品质的影响次序依次为酵母添加量(C)>藤茶粉(A)>麦芽添加量(B), 即藤茶粉添加量与酵母添加量对藤茶风味啤酒的感官评分起着不可忽视的作用。
各因素交互作用的响应面图见图3。响应曲面图可直观反映各因素交互作用对藤茶风味啤酒感官品质的影响程度, 曲面越陡峭说明影响越大[22]。由图3可以看出, 藤茶粉添加量与麦芽添加量、藤茶粉添加量与酵母添加量之间交互 作用的响应面较陡峭, 说明藤茶粉添加量与麦芽添加量、藤茶粉添加量与酵母添加量交互作用显著, 这与方差分析结果一致, 再次证明了本研究优化的可靠性。
根据模型拟合, 得到最佳的工艺参数为藤茶粉9.755 g/L, 麦芽添加量28.775%, 酵母添加量3.904%, 得到的藤茶风味啤酒感官评分为84.871。为了方便实际操作, 调整最佳工艺参数为藤茶粉添加量10 g/L, 麦芽添加量28%, 酵母添加量4%, 进行3次平行验证实验, 结果表明, 得到的藤茶风味啤酒感官评分为84.6±0.23。实验结果与模型预测值相近, 说明实验设计预测的实验参数比较精准, 证明结果合理可靠。经实验得到的藤茶风味啤酒酒体呈淡黄色, 清澈透亮、无悬浮物无沉淀、泡沫洁白绵密有一定机械强度、麦芽香中伴随有藤茶香气, 口感香醇有爽口感。
对未添加藤茶与最优工艺下制得的藤茶风味啤酒的理化指标进行对比分析, 结果见表5。在此工艺下的啤酒的酒精度为1.57%vol, 双乙酰含量为0.08 mg/L, 总酸含量为12.41 mg/mL, 总黄酮含量为(86.12±1.07) μg/mL, pH 4.4±0.1, 糖度为7°Brix。
表5可知, 藤茶风味啤酒的酒精度与总黄酮含量有一定提升, 黄酮含量影响着啤酒的风味与色泽, 本啤酒色泽淡黄清亮, 且较高的黄酮含量可以降低氧化伤害, 将较长地维持本啤酒的贮藏期[23]; 双乙酰含量低于一般啤酒, 在GB/T 4928—2008中优级啤酒双乙酰含量应≤0.10 mg/L, 本啤酒已达到优级水平; 啤酒中的总酸含量反映了啤酒的新鲜度[24], 藤茶风味啤酒酸度较低, 给人以清爽的感觉; pH是一个检验啤酒等级的标准之一, 合适的pH可以保持啤酒的风味并防止有害微生物的生长, 啤酒一般呈酸性, pH在4.3~4.6内的为优质啤酒, 口感最佳, 藤茶风味啤酒达到优质标准; 糖度反映了啤酒发酵前可发酵糖分的含量, 藤茶风味啤酒糖度在7°Brix, 结合酒精度来看, 属于清凉饮品, 贮藏期较短; 藤茶风味啤酒色泽较深于普通啤酒, 原因是藤茶茶汤一般为橙黄色, 略重于淡黄色普通啤酒, 本研究将藤茶与啤酒结合, 得到产品成色趋于二者之间, 略深于小麦啤酒, 浅于藤茶茶汤。在GB 4927—2008中给出的普通啤酒泡持性一般在130~180 s, 啤酒品质越高泡持性时间越长, 藤茶风味啤酒与普通啤酒泡持性相当, 符合要求。
图4a可知, ALP组的肝肾器官系数均最高, 说明别嘌呤醇作为典型降UA药物对肝肾存在一定副作用, 而藤茶风味啤酒组(AB组)的器官系数接近空白组, 表明其食用安全性高, 对器官基本无副作用[25]。从图4b4c可知, 模型组小鼠的血UA水平和肝XOD活性显著更高, 说明高UA小鼠造模成功。
OB组中小鼠UA含量明显高于空白组, 具体原因为酒精代谢产物是乳酸, 会竞争性抑制UA的代谢, 导致UA排泄减少[26]; 此外, 啤酒中含有一定量的嘌呤, 在体内代谢中会转化为UA, 使得UA进行积累[27-28], 代谢量减少的同时体内又在积累UA, 导致OB组小鼠UA含量高于空白组。AB组与OB组相比UA指数明显下降, 与空白组相差不大, 甚至低于空白组, 这归因于藤茶的降UA作用, 藤茶中的有效成分主要包括DMY、杨梅素、藤茶素等, 可以高效结合UA相关靶点(URAT1、GLUT9、ABCG2等), 可以干预UA转运蛋白的活性, 从而降低UA水平[29]; 从图4d图4e可以看出AB组与模型组相比小鼠血清CRE水平显著降低, 与空白组处于相近水平, 表明藤茶风味啤酒可以较好地维持肾脏功能, 结合藤茶中的类黄酮[30]可以调节UA转运蛋白的表达, 减少UA盐在肾脏的积累, 对肾脏提供一定的保护作用[31-32], 与图4a的结论一致。
XOD 催化黄嘌呤和HX生成UA的同时产生活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS), 同时MDA含量会迅速增高, 从而导致体内出现氧化损伤[33]。如图5所示, 模型组中肝脏MDA含量明显高于空白组; OB组由于有大量UA积累, 肝脏MDA含量虽不及模型组但仍略高于空白组; AB组中MDA含量在整个实验中为最低水平, 可以看出藤茶的加入使得肝脏受损程度大大减少; SOD和CAT活性在模型组与OB组中都有所下降, 在AB组与ALP组中有一定提升。由此可见, 藤茶风味啤酒可以有效减轻肝脏的氧化程度, 提高SOD活性, 且效果优于ALP。
机体炎症的出现是由于体内UA增多激活了NLRP3小体与TLR4/NF-κB信号通路, 使得炎症因子表达增多, 机体出现炎症[34]。如图6所示, 模型组与OB组的血清促炎因子IL-6和TNF-α含量增加明显, 有肾脏炎症出现可能。而ALP组与AB组IL-6和TNF-α的含量较模型组显著下降, 抑炎因子IL-10含量较模型组显著上升, 有效控制了机体炎症的出现。说明藤茶的加入将HUA小鼠体内促炎因子与抑炎因子的表达进行了调节, 并且与传统降UA药物ALP效果相近, 都可以有效缓解机体炎症的产生; 其主要原因为: 藤茶中高含量的DMY, DMY能够抑制炎症因子的释放, 如IL-1β、IL-6以及肿瘤坏死因子TNF-α, 使得机体炎症得到缓解[35]
本研究以感官评分为指标, 采用单因素实验与响应面优化实验将藤茶风味啤酒的发酵工艺进行了优化, 在藤茶粉添加量10 g/L, 麦芽添加量28%, 酵母添加量4%, 得到的藤茶风味啤酒色泽淡黄清亮无悬浮物、伴有啤酒香与藤茶香气、泡沫绵密有挂杯现象, 感官评分为84.6±0.23, 本工艺为藤茶风味啤酒发酵提供了一个有效参考; 同时, 对在此工艺下的啤酒基本理化性质进行了测定, 酒精度为1.57%vol, 双乙酰含量为0.08 mg/L, 总酸含量为12.41 mg/mL, 总黄酮含量为(86.12±1.07) μg/mL, pH 4.4±0.1, 糖度为7°Brix, 其中双乙酰含量符合GB 4927—2008中优质啤酒的要求。
高UA动物模型实验证实了藤茶风味啤酒与普通啤酒相比可以有效降低小鼠血清UA水平和肝XOD活性, 且对血CRE和BUN水平没有影响; 与ALP相比有较好的改善肝脏抗氧化能力, 减轻肾脏受损程度的作用。
综合来说, 藤茶风味啤酒一种新型的是具有良好降血UA效果和肝肾保护作用的天然植物提取来源的茶啤酒饮品, 同时也是一种将传统啤酒与藤茶相结合的创新饮品, 具有与传统啤酒不同的茶啤酒风味与健康益处, 为消费者提供了更加多样化和个性化的选择。研究结果为茶啤酒增添功能性生产提供了一定帮助。
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241202005
  • 接收时间:2024-12-02
  • 首发时间:2026-01-13
  • 出版时间:2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-02
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恩施州科技术计划项目
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    恩施职业技术学院, 恩施 445000

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*郭懿锋(1979—), 男, 硕士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为富硒藤茶。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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