Article(id=1217781123942367881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217779717386715826, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250318002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1742227200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768271245227, onlineDateStr=2026-01-13, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768271245227, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768271245227, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768271245227, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217779717386715826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768270909877, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768299620707, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217900139386163208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217779717386715826, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217900139386163209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217779717386715826, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=272, endPage=279, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217781124315660941, articleId=1217781123942367881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research on optimizing the process of convenient mixed grain rice by response surface methodology, columnId=1151895321719223288, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Processing and Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To study the optimization of convenient mixed grain rice process through response surface methodology. Methods Using purple rice, black rice, oatmeal rice and red rice as the main raw materials, the pregelatinization process was determined by the water absorption and pasting degree of the miscellaneous grains. To optimize the production process of convenient omnivorous rice through single-factor and response surface tests using sensory evaluation as an index. Results The result showed that the pregelatinization process of mixed grains was soaking at 23 ℃ for 120 min and steaming for 20 min; the suitable parameters of the process for the convenient mixed grain rice were 27% of mixed grain rice addition, 54 min of cooking time, and 1:1.30 of rice-water ratio. This time, it was possible to produce a convenient mixed grain rice with superior flavor, tissue state, texture and color. Conclusion In this study, a convenient and flavorful rice of convenient mixed grains was developed. This provides a certain theoretical basis for pre-cooking treatment in the processing of mixed grain rice and promotes the industrialization of mixed grain food.

, correspAuthors=Ya-Xing FENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ya-Xing FENG, Shao-Feng WANG, Yong-Xin LI, Li-Xian BIAN, Jun YIN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1217781125569757885, articleId=1217781123942367881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=响应面法优化方便杂粮饭工艺研究, columnId=1151895322281734685, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品加工与工艺, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 通过响应面法来优化方便杂粮饭工艺。方法 以紫米、黑米、燕麦米、红米为主要原料, 通过杂粮吸水率和糊化度确定预糊化工艺, 通过单因素和响应面试验, 以感官评价为指标, 优化方便杂粮饭制作工艺。结果 杂粮预熟化工艺为23 ℃浸泡120 min, 蒸煮20 min; 方便杂粮饭的适宜工艺参数为杂粮米添加量27%, 蒸煮时间54 min, 米水比1:1.3, 此时制得一款风味、组织状态、口感和色泽较优的方便杂粮饭。结论 本研究开发出一款便捷、口感丰富的方便杂粮饭, 为预熟化处理在杂粮饭加工过程中提供一定理论基础, 对杂粮食品的工业化发展起到一定的促进作用。

, correspAuthors=封亚星, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*封亚星(1998—), 女, 硕士, 主要研究方向为食品加工。E-mail:
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Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2024, 15(21): 243-251., articleTitle=Optimization of total flavonoids extraction process from Hippophae rhamnoides L. leaves based on response surface methodology, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1217833927742505727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781123942367881, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217833927750894337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781123942367881, companyId=1217833927742505727, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Shijiazhuang Huikang Food Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050800, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217833927759282948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781123942367881, companyId=1217833927742505727, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=石家庄市惠康食品有限公司, 石家庄 050800)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1217833932192661561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781123942367881, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effects of different soaking times on water absorption of mixed grains, figureFileSmall=mmCCDi/PIWfs5sl/0BGCTw==, figureFileBig=1JfYrKCMKeLPqf5BRiW1TA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217833932310102078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781123942367881, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同浸泡时间对杂粮吸水率的影响, figureFileSmall=mmCCDi/PIWfs5sl/0BGCTw==, figureFileBig=1JfYrKCMKeLPqf5BRiW1TA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217833932473679944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781123942367881, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of different cooking times on the pasteurization and sensory scores of mixed grains, figureFileSmall=k4oLr2R4gSAIbyHKLHN7iw==, figureFileBig=UlNrI6QX8hnngJuchyv7bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217833932624674896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781123942367881, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同蒸煮时间对杂粮糊化度和感官评分的影响, figureFileSmall=k4oLr2R4gSAIbyHKLHN7iw==, figureFileBig=UlNrI6QX8hnngJuchyv7bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217833932767281242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781123942367881, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of factors on sensory scores, figureFileSmall=MNiJt5YiooueDxem1u5kOg==, figureFileBig=OhGI0QLR/2XBZwRiumClAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217833932905693283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781123942367881, language=CN, label=图3, caption=各因素对感官评分的影响

注: 不同小写字母表示具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=MNiJt5YiooueDxem1u5kOg==, figureFileBig=OhGI0QLR/2XBZwRiumClAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217833933048299628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781123942367881, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Surface and contour plots of the effects of different factor interactions on the sensory scores of convenient mixed grain rice, figureFileSmall=u2fwtK86iEu3nocL//cwHg==, figureFileBig=bTUQIsj2NXJwDsvZzYoPAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217833933178323059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781123942367881, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同因素交互作用对方便杂粮饭感官评分影响的曲面图和等高线图, figureFileSmall=u2fwtK86iEu3nocL//cwHg==, figureFileBig=bTUQIsj2NXJwDsvZzYoPAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217833933429981309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781123942367881, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Factors and levels of Box-Behnken experimental design

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平 A(杂粮米添加量)/% B(蒸煮时间)/min C(米水比)
-1 20 40 1:1.0
0 25 50 1:1.3
1 30 60 1:1.6
), ArticleFig(id=1217833933555810438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781123942367881, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Box-Behnken试验设计因素与水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平 A(杂粮米添加量)/% B(蒸煮时间)/min C(米水比)
-1 20 40 1:1.0
0 25 50 1:1.3
1 30 60 1:1.6
), ArticleFig(id=1217833933673250953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781123942367881, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sensory evaluation criteria for pre-cooked mixed grain rice

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 评分明细 分值
/分
风味
(30分)
风味香气协调浓郁, 无异味 25~30
有特有风味香气, 无异味 15~24
特有风味香气不明显, 有异味 0~14
组织状态
(30分)
颗粒饱满完整, 基本无碎粒, 米粒结构紧密完整 25~30
颗粒较干或出现爆花, 有少量碎粒, 米粒大部分结构紧密完整 15~24
颗粒干瘪或出现爆花, 有大量碎粒, 整体形态不均匀 0~14
口感
(20分)
口感软弹适中, 基本全部与大米同熟 15~20
口感较硬或较软, 大部分与大米同熟 8~14
口感过硬或过软, 口感夹生 0~7
色泽
(20分)
色泽均一, 正常光泽 15~20
色泽一般, 表面颜色较暗 8~14
色泽差, 表面颜色过暗 0~7
), ArticleFig(id=1217833933786497167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781123942367881, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

预熟化杂粮饭感官评价标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 评分明细 分值
/分
风味
(30分)
风味香气协调浓郁, 无异味 25~30
有特有风味香气, 无异味 15~24
特有风味香气不明显, 有异味 0~14
组织状态
(30分)
颗粒饱满完整, 基本无碎粒, 米粒结构紧密完整 25~30
颗粒较干或出现爆花, 有少量碎粒, 米粒大部分结构紧密完整 15~24
颗粒干瘪或出现爆花, 有大量碎粒, 整体形态不均匀 0~14
口感
(20分)
口感软弹适中, 基本全部与大米同熟 15~20
口感较硬或较软, 大部分与大米同熟 8~14
口感过硬或过软, 口感夹生 0~7
色泽
(20分)
色泽均一, 正常光泽 15~20
色泽一般, 表面颜色较暗 8~14
色泽差, 表面颜色过暗 0~7
), ArticleFig(id=1217833933954269335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781123942367881, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Sensory evaluation criteria for instant omnivorous rice

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 评分明细 分值
/分
风味
(30分)
风味香气协调浓郁, 特有风味、甜感明显 25~30
特有风味香气, 甜感较浓或较淡 15~24
特有风味香气, 甜感过浓或过淡 0~14
组织状态
(30分)
颗粒饱满完整, 基本无碎粒, 米粒结构紧密完整 25~30
颗粒较干或出现爆花, 有少量碎粒, 米粒大部分结构紧密完整 15~24
颗粒干瘪或出现爆花, 有大量碎粒, 整体形态不均匀 0~14
口感
(20分)
口感软弹适中, 有黏性, 不黏牙 15~20
口感较硬或较软, 黏性较低或较高 8~14
口感过硬或过软, 黏性过低或过高 0~7
色泽
(20分)
色泽良好, 表面颜色深浅适中, 表面具有明显光泽 15~20
色泽一般, 表面颜色较深或较淡, 表面光泽不明显 8~14
色泽差, 表面颜色过深或过淡, 表面无光泽 0~7
), ArticleFig(id=1217833934046544032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781123942367881, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

方便杂粮饭感官评价标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 评分明细 分值
/分
风味
(30分)
风味香气协调浓郁, 特有风味、甜感明显 25~30
特有风味香气, 甜感较浓或较淡 15~24
特有风味香气, 甜感过浓或过淡 0~14
组织状态
(30分)
颗粒饱满完整, 基本无碎粒, 米粒结构紧密完整 25~30
颗粒较干或出现爆花, 有少量碎粒, 米粒大部分结构紧密完整 15~24
颗粒干瘪或出现爆花, 有大量碎粒, 整体形态不均匀 0~14
口感
(20分)
口感软弹适中, 有黏性, 不黏牙 15~20
口感较硬或较软, 黏性较低或较高 8~14
口感过硬或过软, 黏性过低或过高 0~7
色泽
(20分)
色泽良好, 表面颜色深浅适中, 表面具有明显光泽 15~20
色泽一般, 表面颜色较深或较淡, 表面光泽不明显 8~14
色泽差, 表面颜色过深或过淡, 表面无光泽 0~7
), ArticleFig(id=1217833934143013035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781123942367881, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Test scheme and results of response surface

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号 A(杂粮米
添加量)/%
B(蒸煮时间)
/min
C(米水比) 感官评分
/分
1 20 40 1:1.3 61.2
2 30 40 1:1.3 68.1
3 20 60 1:1.3 65.7
4 30 60 1:1.3 75.8
5 20 50 1:1.0 58.3
6 30 50 1:1.0 74.1
7 20 50 1:1.6 68.5
8 30 50 1:1.6 70.2
9 25 40 1:1.0 60.4
10 25 60 1:1.0 70.4
11 25 40 1:1.6 64.8
12 25 60 1:1.6 74.6
13 25 50 1:1.3 82.4
14 25 50 1:1.3 81.5
15 25 50 1:1.3 79.5
16 25 50 1:1.3 80.3
17 25 50 1:1.3 82.0
), ArticleFig(id=1217833934277230770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781123942367881, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

响应面试验方案及结果

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试验号 A(杂粮米
添加量)/%
B(蒸煮时间)
/min
C(米水比) 感官评分
/分
1 20 40 1:1.3 61.2
2 30 40 1:1.3 68.1
3 20 60 1:1.3 65.7
4 30 60 1:1.3 75.8
5 20 50 1:1.0 58.3
6 30 50 1:1.0 74.1
7 20 50 1:1.6 68.5
8 30 50 1:1.6 70.2
9 25 40 1:1.0 60.4
10 25 60 1:1.0 70.4
11 25 40 1:1.6 64.8
12 25 60 1:1.6 74.6
13 25 50 1:1.3 82.4
14 25 50 1:1.3 81.5
15 25 50 1:1.3 79.5
16 25 50 1:1.3 80.3
17 25 50 1:1.3 82.0
), ArticleFig(id=1217833934415642809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781123942367881, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Analysis of variance and significance test

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来源 平方和 自由度 均方 F P 显著性
模型 996.81 9 110.76 56.33 <0.0001 **
A(杂粮米添加量) 148.78 1 148.78 75.66 <0.0001 **
B(蒸煮
时间)
128.00 1 128.00 65.09 <0.0001 **
C(米水比) 27.75 1 27.75 14.11 0.0071 **
AB 2.56 1 2.56 1.30 0.2914
AC 49.70 1 49.70 25.28 0.0015 **
BC 0.010 1 0.010 5.09×10-3 0.9451
A2 183.83 1 183.83 93.49 <0.0001 **
B2 196.56 1 196.56 99.96 <0.0001 **
C2 192.27 1 192.27 97.78 <0.0001 **
残差 13.76 7 1.97
失拟项 7.91 3 2.64 1.80 0.2862 不显著
纯误差 5.85 4 1.46
总和 1010.58 16
), ArticleFig(id=1217833934549860548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781123942367881, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

方差分析和显著性检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源 平方和 自由度 均方 F P 显著性
模型 996.81 9 110.76 56.33 <0.0001 **
A(杂粮米添加量) 148.78 1 148.78 75.66 <0.0001 **
B(蒸煮
时间)
128.00 1 128.00 65.09 <0.0001 **
C(米水比) 27.75 1 27.75 14.11 0.0071 **
AB 2.56 1 2.56 1.30 0.2914
AC 49.70 1 49.70 25.28 0.0015 **
BC 0.010 1 0.010 5.09×10-3 0.9451
A2 183.83 1 183.83 93.49 <0.0001 **
B2 196.56 1 196.56 99.96 <0.0001 **
C2 192.27 1 192.27 97.78 <0.0001 **
残差 13.76 7 1.97
失拟项 7.91 3 2.64 1.80 0.2862 不显著
纯误差 5.85 4 1.46
总和 1010.58 16
), ArticleFig(id=1217833934667301065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781123942367881, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Reliability analysis of regression model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 标准差 变异系数 R2 R2Adj 信噪比
数值 1.40 1.96 0.9864 0.9689 21.446
), ArticleFig(id=1217833934788935891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781123942367881, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

回归模型的可信度分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 标准差 变异系数 R2 R2Adj 信噪比
数值 1.40 1.96 0.9864 0.9689 21.446
), ArticleFig(id=1217833934902182105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781123942367881, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Microbiological indicators of mixed grain rice (CFU/g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 数量 GB 19295—2021
菌落总数 55 ≤10000
大肠杆菌 7 ≤10
金黄色葡萄球菌 未检出 不得检出
沙门氏菌 未检出 不得检出
), ArticleFig(id=1217833936189833438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781123942367881, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

杂粮饭的微生物指标(CFU/g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 数量 GB 19295—2021
菌落总数 55 ≤10000
大肠杆菌 7 ≤10
金黄色葡萄球菌 未检出 不得检出
沙门氏菌 未检出 不得检出
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响应面法优化方便杂粮饭工艺研究
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封亚星 * , 王少锋 , 李永新 , 边丽贤 , 阴俊
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品加工与工艺 2025,16(12): 272-279
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品加工与工艺 2025, 16(12): 272-279
响应面法优化方便杂粮饭工艺研究
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封亚星* , 王少锋, 李永新, 边丽贤, 阴俊
作者信息
  • 石家庄市惠康食品有限公司, 石家庄 050800

通讯作者:

*封亚星(1998—), 女, 硕士, 主要研究方向为食品加工。E-mail:
Research on optimizing the process of convenient mixed grain rice by response surface methodology
Ya-Xing FENG* , Shao-Feng WANG, Yong-Xin LI, Li-Xian BIAN, Jun YIN
Affiliations
  • Shijiazhuang Huikang Food Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050800, China
出版时间: 2025-06-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250318002
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目的 通过响应面法来优化方便杂粮饭工艺。方法 以紫米、黑米、燕麦米、红米为主要原料, 通过杂粮吸水率和糊化度确定预糊化工艺, 通过单因素和响应面试验, 以感官评价为指标, 优化方便杂粮饭制作工艺。结果 杂粮预熟化工艺为23 ℃浸泡120 min, 蒸煮20 min; 方便杂粮饭的适宜工艺参数为杂粮米添加量27%, 蒸煮时间54 min, 米水比1:1.3, 此时制得一款风味、组织状态、口感和色泽较优的方便杂粮饭。结论 本研究开发出一款便捷、口感丰富的方便杂粮饭, 为预熟化处理在杂粮饭加工过程中提供一定理论基础, 对杂粮食品的工业化发展起到一定的促进作用。

方便杂粮饭  /  预糊化  /  响应面法

Objective To study the optimization of convenient mixed grain rice process through response surface methodology. Methods Using purple rice, black rice, oatmeal rice and red rice as the main raw materials, the pregelatinization process was determined by the water absorption and pasting degree of the miscellaneous grains. To optimize the production process of convenient omnivorous rice through single-factor and response surface tests using sensory evaluation as an index. Results The result showed that the pregelatinization process of mixed grains was soaking at 23 ℃ for 120 min and steaming for 20 min; the suitable parameters of the process for the convenient mixed grain rice were 27% of mixed grain rice addition, 54 min of cooking time, and 1:1.30 of rice-water ratio. This time, it was possible to produce a convenient mixed grain rice with superior flavor, tissue state, texture and color. Conclusion In this study, a convenient and flavorful rice of convenient mixed grains was developed. This provides a certain theoretical basis for pre-cooking treatment in the processing of mixed grain rice and promotes the industrialization of mixed grain food.

convenient mixed grain rice  /  pregelatinization  /  response surface methodology
封亚星, 王少锋, 李永新, 边丽贤, 阴俊. 响应面法优化方便杂粮饭工艺研究. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (12) : 272 -279 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250318002
Ya-Xing FENG, Shao-Feng WANG, Yong-Xin LI, Li-Xian BIAN, Jun YIN. Research on optimizing the process of convenient mixed grain rice by response surface methodology[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (12) : 272 -279 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250318002
随着现代化进程的发展, 人们对食品的营养性与健康性都提出了要求, 具有营养性的快捷方便米饭受到了消费者的青睐。方便米饭是指经过工业化生产后, 消费者只需经过简单的复热或直接食用的速食产品[1]。对于日常主食的选择, 多数人群会选择加工精细的白面、大米, 然而单一的主食结构不利于人体的健康[2]。近年来, 我国一些慢性病发病率提高, 如糖尿病、心血管疾病、肥胖、结肠癌等, 这些疾病的产生可能是由于消费者常吃过于精细的粮食[3]。《中国居民膳食指南》提倡要平衡膳食来促进人体健康, 强调饮食结构要以谷类为主, 蔬菜、奶、畜禽等制品为辅, 同时注意粗细搭配, 多吃粗粮、杂粮和全谷类食品[4]。杂粮中含有大量的膳食纤维, 其能够有效预防心血管疾病、提高人体免疫等, 对人体健康有着十分重要的作用[3]
我国是农业大国, 有着丰富的杂粮资源[5], 据统计, 我国2022年杂粮的总产量约68653万t[3]。杂粮具有较好的营养价值, 能够发挥食疗食补功效, 在现代人类饮食结构中起到重要的作用[6-7]。杂粮因其口味独特、饱腹感强、营养物质丰富等受到人们的日益关注, 其中, 紫米、黑米、燕麦米、红米深受消费者喜爱。紫米富含蛋白质、矿物质和花色苷等营养物质, 具有一定的保健功效, 能够抗糖尿病、抗炎、抗肥胖等, 被认为具有较大的商品和经济价值[8]; 黑米富含淀粉、蛋白质和矿物质等营养成分, 其麸皮中含有较多的花色苷, 能够有效控制高血脂、高血压等疾病[9]; 燕麦富含蛋白质、膳食纤维等营养成分, 其能够较好控制糖尿病等慢性疾病, 此外丰富的膳食纤维能够使消费者快速产生饱腹感, 能够改善肠道环境、预防肥胖等[10-11]; 红米富含蛋白质、矿物质及丰富的B族维生素, 含有较多的黄酮类、花青素等生物活性物质, 具有较好的控制血糖、抗氧化能力[12]
将杂粮米与大米复配蒸煮是近年来兴起的新型健康营养主食[13], 能够补充大米缺少的赖氨酸, 增加米饭营养、使其口感更饱满, 色泽更丰富鲜明[14]。然而杂粮的质地较硬, 在与白米共同蒸煮过程中, 需提前花费较长时间浸泡杂粮, 这给杂粮饭的生产带来了诸多不便[15], 因此对杂粮进行预熟化处理, 实现与大米同煮共熟, 能够提高杂粮饭生产制作的方便性, 此外预熟化处理还能够保留杂粮外观品质, 组织状态与营养成分[16]。本研究以杂粮和粳米为原料, 对杂粮的预熟化进行测试, 确定杂粮预熟化工艺, 分析方便杂粮饭的工业化生产配方及工艺、确定杂粮饭的适宜工艺参数, 为开发健康的方便主食工业化生产提供一定的理论基础, 对开发功能性预制食品具有重要的现实意义。
稻花香2号、紫米、黑米、燕麦米、红米(建平县朱碌科镇丰源杂粮加工厂)。
氢氧化钾、碘、碘化钾、盐酸(分析纯, 天津市科密欧化学试剂有限公司); 平板计数琼脂培养基(北京索莱宝科技有限公司)。
AR423CN电子天平[精度0.01 g, 奥豪斯仪器(上海)有限公司]; HDJDG-28C电蒸箱(山东惠当家电器有限公司); DT-100A电热鼓风干燥箱(重庆银河试验仪器有限责任公司); SPX型智能生化培养箱(宁波东南仪器有限公司); DGL-35G高压灭菌锅(湖南立辰仪器科技有限公司); SW-CJ-2D超净工作台(苏州净化仪器公司)。
杂粮淘洗→预糊化→干燥→杂粮、大米混合→蒸煮→成品预冷→装盒→急速冷冻。
(1)浸泡条件
参照朱益清等[6]的试验方法并做修改。各称取100 g紫米、黑米、燕麦米和红米于器皿中, 清洗2次后向器皿中各加入300 mL蒸馏水, 23 ℃浸泡30、60、90、120、150 min。
(2)蒸煮条件
将浸泡后的杂粮米置于电蒸箱中, 100 ℃汽蒸5、10、15、20、25 min。将蒸煮后的样品于55 ℃电热鼓风干燥箱中烘干6 h, 装袋备用。
(3)杂粮饭蒸煮方法
将20 g干燥后的杂粮米与80 g白米按照1:1.3 (g:mL, 下同)米水比在电蒸箱中100 ℃蒸煮60 min, 将制得的预熟化杂粮饭进行感官分析。
将干燥后的杂粮与大米按照一定比例混合, 加入一定质量的蒸馏水, 将杂粮与大米充分离散, 平铺于托盘中, 米粒厚度约1 cm, 放入电蒸箱中, 100 ℃汽蒸一段时间。将制得的方便杂粮饭预冷后装盒, 于-35 ℃急速冷冻储存。
准确称取100 g混合杂粮米, 加入蒸馏水, 利用电蒸箱100 ℃加热一定时间, 通过感官评价, 分别考察杂粮米添加量(10%、15%、20%、25%、30%)、米水比(1:1.0、1:1.3、1:1.6、1:1.9、1:2.2)和蒸煮时间(20、30、40、50、60 min)对杂粮饭的影响。
在单因素试验的基础上, 以杂粮饭感官评分为响应值, 根据Box-Behnken试验设计原理, 对杂粮米添加量、蒸煮时间和米水比采用3因素3水平通过响应面法对杂粮饭生产工艺进行优化, 响应面试验设计见表1
(1)吸水率测定
参照倪萍等[17]的方法, 每组取3份10 g紫米、黑米、燕麦米、红米置于容器中, 加入20 mL蒸馏水各浸泡30、60、90、120、150 min, 每次取1份杂粮, 测定不同时长杂粮吸水后的质量m1。吸水率按公式(1)计算。
$\text { 吸水率 } / \%=\frac{m_{1}-10}{10} \times 100 \%$
(2)糊化度测定
参照朱文静[4]的方法, 将预糊化后的杂粮饭干燥磨粉后, 取0.1 g样品加入蒸馏水49 mL, 加入10 mol/L 氢氧化钾溶液1 mL, 搅匀后, 4000 r/min离心10 min, 取上清液0.2 mL, 向其中加入0.2 mol/L盐酸溶液0.2 mL, 加入蒸馏水15 mL, 最后加入0.2 mL碘溶液, 用紫外分光光度计测定吸光度A1, 波长为600 nm。另取0.1 g样品加入蒸馏水47.5 mL, 加入10 mol/L氢氧化钾溶液2.5 mL, 搅匀后, 4000 r/min离心10 min, 取上清液0.2 mL, 加入0.5 mol/L盐酸溶液0.2 mL, 加入蒸馏水15 mL, 加入0.2 mL碘溶液, 用紫外分光光度计测定吸光度A2。糊化度按公式(2)计算。
$\text { 糊化度 } / \%=\frac{A_{1}}{A_{2}} \times 100 \%$
(3)感官评价分析
将冷冻储存的方便杂粮饭用微波炉复热8 min至全熟, 选择10位(5男5女)有食品专业背景的专业人员组成评分小组, 根据GB/T 15682—2008《粮油检验 稻谷、大米蒸煮食用品质感官评价方法》的规定分别对预熟化杂粮饭及方便杂粮饭的各项指标进行评价, 评价标准见表2表3
分别参照GB 4789.2—2022《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 菌落总数测定》、GB 4789.3—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 大肠菌群计数》、GB 4789.10—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 金黄色葡萄球菌检验》对方便杂粮饭的微生物指标进行测定。
所有数据的整理使用软件Excel 2010, 统计学分析使用软件SPSS 26.0, 显著性分析采用Duncan’s多重比较, 图像处理使用软件OriginPro 2021。
图1为不同杂粮米在浸泡不同时长后的吸水率, 随着浸泡时间的增长杂粮米的吸水率增加, 这是由于经过浸泡后的杂粮, 水分分布更加均匀, 水分渗透杂粮细胞, 促进淀粉与水结合, 从而促进杂粮中淀粉的糊化[18-19], 这能够实现后期杂粮与大米共煮同熟; 此外, 浸泡时长过长将会带来一定的不良影响, 如米中的钙, 铁等营养物质会发生损失[20], 也可能会影响米的风味物质[21]。由图1可知, 紫米、燕麦米、黑米和红米在浸泡120 min后吸水率基本不变, 此时杂粮浸泡吸水达到饱和值, 为保证杂粮在蒸煮前能够充分吸水, 节省后期杂粮烹饪时间, 保持杂粮中的营养物质, 故选取吸水率基本不变时的时间120 min作为杂粮浸泡预处理时间。
图2可知, 紫米、燕麦米、黑米和红米的糊化度随蒸煮时间的延长而增加, 这是由于在蒸煮过程中, 米中的淀粉颗粒吸水膨胀, 其内部晶体结构被破坏, 分子排列变为无序状态, 易被淀粉酶分解, 从而加速糊化进程[16,22]。4种杂粮米感官评分随着汽蒸时间的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势, 紫米在汽蒸15 min时感官评分最高, 而燕麦米、黑米和红米在20 min时感官评分最高。当汽蒸时间较短时, 杂粮米无法与大米实现同煮共熟; 然而当时间超过20 min时, 紫米、黑米会吸收过多的水分变得泡软黏稠, 这可能是由于随着汽蒸时间的延长, 杂粮米出现糊化过度的现象, 部分淀粉降解为可溶性碳水化合物, 使杂粮口感变差[23-25]。结合生产的实际需要, 为节省时间与资源, 故4种杂粮米预处理汽蒸时间为20 min。
图3(a)为杂粮米添加量对杂粮饭感官评分的影响, 随着杂粮米的添加感官评分呈先上升后下降的趋势, 当杂粮添加量为25%时, 感官评分最高。当杂粮米添加量较少时, 由于白米量较大, 杂粮饭颜色较浅, 口感较软、质地黏稠; 当杂粮米添加量较多时, 杂粮饭颜色较深, 口感过硬, 质地较为松散。许晓兰等[26]研究发现当杂粮米饭配比为粳米:燕麦:高粱:黑米:薏仁:荞麦=12:1:2:2:1:2时, 能够制得颜色柔和均一的杂粮米饭, 与本研究结果趋势一致。故选取杂粮米添加量20%、25%、30%作为响应面试验的3个水平。
图3(b)为杂粮饭蒸煮时间对感官评分的影响, 感官评分随蒸煮时间的延长呈先上升后下降的趋势, 当蒸煮时间为50 min时, 感官评分最高。当蒸煮时间较短时, 杂粮与大米吸水不充分, 米中淀粉糊化不均匀, 因此会出现杂粮米心较硬、夹生的情况, 杂粮饭口感较硬; 随着蒸煮时间的逐渐延长, 杂粮米吸收过量水分, 这会导致米的过度糊化, 出现爆花、破碎现象, 杂粮饭口感过软、黏稠, 咀嚼性差[23]。马莉莎等[27]研究发现当对米饭进行二次蒸煮50 min时, 即食米饭的口感较好, 软硬度适中, 不易老化, 与本研究结果趋势一致。故选取蒸煮时间40、50、60 min作为响应面试验的3个水平。
图3(c)为米水质量比对方便杂粮饭感官评分的影响, 随着水添加量的增加, 杂粮饭感官评分呈先上升后下降的趋势, 米水质量比为1:1.3时, 杂粮饭感官评分最高。当水量较少时, 杂粮饭硬度较高且饭粒松散; 随着水添加量的增加, 杂粮饭硬度逐渐降低, 米粒间黏性开始增强, 然而水量过多将会使杂粮饭的口感过软, 米粒由于过度吸水使得结构溶胀破裂, 口感软烂, 嚼劲不足。这可能是由于当杂粮与大米吸水不足时, 米粒外层受热强于内层, 从而使米的内层淀粉不能完全糊化[28]; 随着过量水的添加, 米饭糊化程度过高, 米饭结构破坏程度强, 使杂粮饭破裂严重[29]。沙文轩等[30]研究发现当米水比为1:1.3~1:1.5时, 米饭的食味品质相对较高, 与本研究结果趋势一致。故选取米水质量比1:1.0、1:1.3、1:1.6作为响应面试验的3个水平。
根据单因素试验结果, 选取杂粮米添加量、蒸煮时间和米水质量比3个因素作为自变量, 响应面法实验设计及其对杂粮饭品质影响的结果见表4。通过对表4进行多元回归拟合分析, 得出杂粮饭感官评分与3因素变量之间的二次回归方程为Y=81.14+4.31A+4.00B+1.86C+0.80AB- 3.52AC-0.05BC-6.61A2-6.83B2-6.76C2
表5为该模型的方差分析与显著性检验, 表6为模型的可信度分析结果。该试验模型值P<0.0001, 属于极显著范围, 失拟项P=0.2862, 属于不显著范围, 决定系数R2=0.9864, 修正相关系数R2Adj=0.9689, 信噪比为21.446, 一次项杂粮米添加量(A)、蒸煮时间(B)、米水比(C)对结果影响极显著(P<0.01)[31], 交互项AC对结果影响极显著(P<0.01), 二次项A2B2C2对结果影响极显著(P<0.01)。通过F大小, 获得各因素对杂粮饭感官评分的影响程度由大到小顺序为杂粮米添加量(A)>蒸煮时间(B)>米水比(C)。
根据回归方程利用Design Expert 8.0.6软件绘制各因素对杂粮饭感官评分的响应面分析图及等高线图。响应面图能够反映各因素的最佳水平范围, 坡面越陡可反应该因素的改变对响应值的影响越大, 坡面越缓影响越小[32]; 等高线图能够反映交互作用的强弱, 当等高线图呈椭圆形表示两因素交互作用显著, 而圆形表示交互作用不显著。如图4所示, 随着杂粮米添加量(A)、蒸煮时间(B)、米水比(C)的增加, 感官评分均呈先上升后下降的趋势, 这与单因素结果保持一致; 此外AC组间的等高线图呈椭圆形, 表示杂粮米添加量与米水比的交互作用极显著(P<0.01), 这与方差分析结果一致。
经过Design Expert 8.0.6分析, 获得适宜制备方便杂粮饭的工艺参数为杂粮米添加量27%, 蒸煮时间53.84 min, 米水比1:1.29, 此参数下杂粮饭感官评分预测值为82.43分。考虑到实际操作的方便性, 适宜工艺参数选择杂粮米添加量27%, 蒸煮时间54 min, 米水比1:1.3, 在此条件下进行验证试验, 最终结果为(81.33±2.05)分, 与模型预测值差异较小, 表明该工艺参数可以用于方便杂粮饭的生产。
杂粮饭的微生物指标检验参照GB 19295—2021《食品安全国家标准 速冻面米与调制食品》进行, 优化后杂粮饭产品质量指标结果如表7所示。检测发现杂粮饭的微生物检测结果符合国家标准, 所制得的杂粮饭产品微生物安全性可靠。
本研究以紫米、黑米、燕麦米和红米4种杂粮为原料, 经过浸泡、汽蒸预处理后, 能够与大米同熟, 通过杂粮米的吸水率、糊化度和感官评分的分析得出杂粮米经23 ℃浸泡120 min, 汽蒸20 min, 在此条件下杂粮米能够较好地实现与大米同煮共熟。在单因素基础上, 通过Box-Behnken响应面分析法确定方便杂粮饭的适宜工艺配方:杂粮米添加量27%, 蒸煮时间54 min, 米水比1:1.3, 在此工艺参数下方便杂粮饭感官评分较高。本研究能够建立较为完善的方便杂粮米加工流程, 制得外观形态及口感良好、籽粒完整、营养丰富、适合不同大众需求的方便杂粮饭。
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2025年第16卷第12期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250318002
  • 接收时间:2025-03-18
  • 首发时间:2026-01-13
  • 出版时间:2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-18
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    石家庄市惠康食品有限公司, 石家庄 050800

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*封亚星(1998—), 女, 硕士, 主要研究方向为食品加工。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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