Article(id=1217781120612094285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217779717386715826, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250407003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1743955200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768271244432, onlineDateStr=2026-01-13, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768271244432, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768271244432, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768271244432, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217779717386715826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768270909877, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768299620707, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217900139386163208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217779717386715826, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217900139386163209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217779717386715826, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=175, endPage=183, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217781120972804435, articleId=1217781120612094285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Effects of ultrasound-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis on sensory characteristics and metabolomic profiles in Dosidicus gigas viscera, columnId=1151895321388347923, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Analysis and Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the effects of ultrasound-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis on the sensory properties and metabolomics profiles of Dosidicus gigas viscera. Methods Three experimental groups were established: Autolytic group (B), exogenous enzymatic hydrolysis group (C) and ultrasound-assisted exogenous enzymatic hydrolysis group (U). Sensory evaluation, amino nitrogen content determination, and non-targeted metabolomics analysis were conducted to systematically compare the protein conversion efficiency under different hydrolysis strategies. Results Ultrasonic pretreatment significantly improved hydrolysis efficiency. The umami score and amino nitrogen content [(0.12±0.00) g/100 mL] of the hydrolysate in the ultrasound-assisted group (U) surpassed those of the conventional exogenous enzymatic group (C). Non-targeted metabolomics showed that the metabolites in the ultrasound-assisted exogenous enzymatic hydrolysis group (U) and the self-enzymatic hydrolysis group (B) were significantly different, and the number of differential metabolites was greater than that in the conventional exogenous enzymatic hydrolysis group (C). Primarily enriched in pathways related to plant secondary metabolite biosynthesis and ABC transporters. These findings indicated that ultrasound pretreatment enhanced enzymatic efficiency by altering protein conformation and metabolic networks. Conclusion Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis effectively improves the sensory characteristics of Dosidicus gigas viscera, promotes protein degradation and metabolite production, and enhances the high-value utilization and industrial production efficiency of Dosidicus gigas by-products. This study provides theoretical support and technical guidance for optimizing the processing of aquatic by-products.

, correspAuthors=Zhong-Jie YU, Wei JIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Lei TAO, Qian-Cheng WU, Yi-Peng HU, Xian-Yuan ZHOU, Di SUN, Yu LIU, Zhong-Jie YU, Wei JIANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1217781123426472383, articleId=1217781120612094285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=超声辅助酶解对鱿鱼内脏感官特性与代谢组学的影响, columnId=1151895321958773274, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品分析与检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 探讨超声辅助酶解对鱿鱼内脏感官特性及代谢组学的影响。方法 实验设置自身酶解组(B)、外源性酶解组(C)及超声辅助外源性酶解组(U), 通过感官评定、氨基酸态氮含量测定和非靶向代谢组学分析, 系统比较不同酶解方式对鱿鱼内脏蛋白质的转化效果。结果 超声预处理显著提高了酶解效率, 酶解液鲜味评分和氨基酸态氮含量[(0.12±0.00) g/100 mL]均优于外源性酶解组(C)。非靶向代谢组学显示, 超声辅助外源性酶解组(U)与自身酶解组(B)的代谢物差异显著, 且差异代谢物数量多于常规外源性酶解组(C)。差异代谢物主要富集在植物次级代谢物生物合成和ABC转运蛋白等通路中, 表明超声预处理通过改变蛋白质结构和代谢网络, 显著提升了酶解效率。结论 超声辅助酶解可有效改善鱿鱼内脏感官特性, 促进蛋白质降解及代谢产物生成, 提升鱿鱼内脏的高值化利用和工业化生产的效率, 为水产副产物加工利用提供了理论支持与工艺优化方向。

, correspAuthors=余中节, 姜维, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*余中节(1990—), 男, 博士, 助理研究员, 主要研究方向为发酵水产品加工技术。E-mail: ;
姜维(1987—), 男, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为食品加工与贮藏。E-mail:
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陶磊(1999—), 男, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为发酵水产品加工。E-mail:

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陶磊(1999—), 男, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为发酵水产品加工。E-mail:

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注: 不同小写字母表示具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。

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注: A. B vs C vs U; B. B vs C; C. B vs U。

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注: A. B vs C; B. B vs U。

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注: A. B vs C; B. B vs U。regulated: 差异表达; up: 上调; down: 下调; unchanged: 未变化; P value: P值; Fold Change: 差异倍数。

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注: A. B vs C; B. B vs U。

, figureFileSmall=UQ/uetqsH3dzMaDisIKV3A==, figureFileBig=1UAXKj8J/35l0ur4uVKcMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217833941856342772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781120612094285, language=CN, label=图8, caption=酶解液差异代谢物的相关性分析, figureFileSmall=UQ/uetqsH3dzMaDisIKV3A==, figureFileBig=1UAXKj8J/35l0ur4uVKcMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217833942057669373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781120612094285, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Radar chart of differential metabolites in enzymolysis solution

注: A. B vs C; B. B vs U。

, figureFileSmall=wdgjJhX/x/KT27X0bSqPIA==, figureFileBig=JwVXIiDMHDE/fUVa4KFZlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217833942267384582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781120612094285, language=CN, label=图9, caption=酶解液差异代谢物雷达图, figureFileSmall=wdgjJhX/x/KT27X0bSqPIA==, figureFileBig=JwVXIiDMHDE/fUVa4KFZlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217833942460322574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781120612094285, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Enrichment pathway of differential metabolites in enzymolysis solution

注: A. B vs C; B. B vs U。

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Table of sensory score

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评价
指标
感官描述及分值
5 4 3 2 1
色泽 棕黄色, 无变质 棕黄色, 略暗沉, 无变质 深褐色, 无变质 深褐色, 略微变质 颜色变黑, 严重变质
状态 鱿鱼内脏状态松散,
上清浑浊
鱿鱼内脏状态略微松散,
上清浑浊
鱿鱼内脏状态略微松散, 上清略微浑浊 鱿鱼内脏状态较为紧密,
上清略微浑浊
鱿鱼内脏状态紧密,
上清澄清
腥味 有浓烈鱼腥味 有明显的鱼腥味 有鱼腥味 有轻微鱼腥味 无鱼腥味
氨味 有浓烈氨味 有明显的氨味 有氨味 有轻微氨味 无氨味
鲜味 有浓烈的鱼露鲜味 有明显的鱼露鲜味 有鱼露鲜味 有轻微鱼露鲜味 无鱼露鲜味
), ArticleFig(id=1217833943043330845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781120612094285, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

感官评分表

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评价
指标
感官描述及分值
5 4 3 2 1
色泽 棕黄色, 无变质 棕黄色, 略暗沉, 无变质 深褐色, 无变质 深褐色, 略微变质 颜色变黑, 严重变质
状态 鱿鱼内脏状态松散,
上清浑浊
鱿鱼内脏状态略微松散,
上清浑浊
鱿鱼内脏状态略微松散, 上清略微浑浊 鱿鱼内脏状态较为紧密,
上清略微浑浊
鱿鱼内脏状态紧密,
上清澄清
腥味 有浓烈鱼腥味 有明显的鱼腥味 有鱼腥味 有轻微鱼腥味 无鱼腥味
氨味 有浓烈氨味 有明显的氨味 有氨味 有轻微氨味 无氨味
鲜味 有浓烈的鱼露鲜味 有明显的鱼露鲜味 有鱼露鲜味 有轻微鱼露鲜味 无鱼露鲜味
), ArticleFig(id=1217833943206908708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781120612094285, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Specific analysis conditions of gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometer

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项目 参数
进样量/μL 1
分流模式 不分流
隔垫吹扫流速/(mL/min) 3
载气 氦气
色谱柱 DB-5MS (30 m×250 μm, 0.25 μm)
柱流速/(mL/min) 1
柱箱升温程序 50 ℃保持1 min, 以10 ℃/min的速率升温至310 ℃, 保持8 min
前进样口温度/℃ 280
传输线温度/℃ 280
离子源温度/℃ 250
电离电压/eV -70
质量范围(m/z) 50~500
扫描速率/(spectra/s) 20
溶剂延迟/min 6.27
), ArticleFig(id=1217833943471149865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217781120612094285, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

气相色谱-飞行时间质谱仪的具体分析条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 参数
进样量/μL 1
分流模式 不分流
隔垫吹扫流速/(mL/min) 3
载气 氦气
色谱柱 DB-5MS (30 m×250 μm, 0.25 μm)
柱流速/(mL/min) 1
柱箱升温程序 50 ℃保持1 min, 以10 ℃/min的速率升温至310 ℃, 保持8 min
前进样口温度/℃ 280
传输线温度/℃ 280
离子源温度/℃ 250
电离电压/eV -70
质量范围(m/z) 50~500
扫描速率/(spectra/s) 20
溶剂延迟/min 6.27
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超声辅助酶解对鱿鱼内脏感官特性与代谢组学的影响
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陶磊 1 , 吴谦诚 2 , 胡逸鹏 1 , 周先媛 2 , 孙迪 2 , 刘宇 2 , 余中节 2, * , 姜维 1, 2, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025,16(12): 175-183
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025, 16(12): 175-183
超声辅助酶解对鱿鱼内脏感官特性与代谢组学的影响
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陶磊1 , 吴谦诚2, 胡逸鹏1, 周先媛2, 孙迪2, 刘宇2, 余中节2, * , 姜维1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 浙江海洋大学食品与药学学院, 舟山 316022
  • 2 浙江海洋大学国家海洋设施养殖工程技术研究中心, 舟山 316022
  • 陶磊(1999—), 男, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为发酵水产品加工。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*余中节(1990—), 男, 博士, 助理研究员, 主要研究方向为发酵水产品加工技术。E-mail: ;
姜维(1987—), 男, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为食品加工与贮藏。E-mail:
Effects of ultrasound-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis on sensory characteristics and metabolomic profiles in Dosidicus gigas viscera
Lei TAO1 , Qian-Cheng WU2, Yi-Peng HU1, Xian-Yuan ZHOU2, Di SUN2, Yu LIU2, Zhong-Jie YU2, * , Wei JIANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
  • 2 National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
出版时间: 2025-06-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250407003
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目的 探讨超声辅助酶解对鱿鱼内脏感官特性及代谢组学的影响。方法 实验设置自身酶解组(B)、外源性酶解组(C)及超声辅助外源性酶解组(U), 通过感官评定、氨基酸态氮含量测定和非靶向代谢组学分析, 系统比较不同酶解方式对鱿鱼内脏蛋白质的转化效果。结果 超声预处理显著提高了酶解效率, 酶解液鲜味评分和氨基酸态氮含量[(0.12±0.00) g/100 mL]均优于外源性酶解组(C)。非靶向代谢组学显示, 超声辅助外源性酶解组(U)与自身酶解组(B)的代谢物差异显著, 且差异代谢物数量多于常规外源性酶解组(C)。差异代谢物主要富集在植物次级代谢物生物合成和ABC转运蛋白等通路中, 表明超声预处理通过改变蛋白质结构和代谢网络, 显著提升了酶解效率。结论 超声辅助酶解可有效改善鱿鱼内脏感官特性, 促进蛋白质降解及代谢产物生成, 提升鱿鱼内脏的高值化利用和工业化生产的效率, 为水产副产物加工利用提供了理论支持与工艺优化方向。

超声预处理  /  酶解  /  鱿鱼内脏  /  代谢

Objective To investigate the effects of ultrasound-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis on the sensory properties and metabolomics profiles of Dosidicus gigas viscera. Methods Three experimental groups were established: Autolytic group (B), exogenous enzymatic hydrolysis group (C) and ultrasound-assisted exogenous enzymatic hydrolysis group (U). Sensory evaluation, amino nitrogen content determination, and non-targeted metabolomics analysis were conducted to systematically compare the protein conversion efficiency under different hydrolysis strategies. Results Ultrasonic pretreatment significantly improved hydrolysis efficiency. The umami score and amino nitrogen content [(0.12±0.00) g/100 mL] of the hydrolysate in the ultrasound-assisted group (U) surpassed those of the conventional exogenous enzymatic group (C). Non-targeted metabolomics showed that the metabolites in the ultrasound-assisted exogenous enzymatic hydrolysis group (U) and the self-enzymatic hydrolysis group (B) were significantly different, and the number of differential metabolites was greater than that in the conventional exogenous enzymatic hydrolysis group (C). Primarily enriched in pathways related to plant secondary metabolite biosynthesis and ABC transporters. These findings indicated that ultrasound pretreatment enhanced enzymatic efficiency by altering protein conformation and metabolic networks. Conclusion Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis effectively improves the sensory characteristics of Dosidicus gigas viscera, promotes protein degradation and metabolite production, and enhances the high-value utilization and industrial production efficiency of Dosidicus gigas by-products. This study provides theoretical support and technical guidance for optimizing the processing of aquatic by-products.

ultrasonic pretreatment  /  enzymatic hydrolysis  /  Dosidicus gigas viscera  /  metabolism
陶磊, 吴谦诚, 胡逸鹏, 周先媛, 孙迪, 刘宇, 余中节, 姜维. 超声辅助酶解对鱿鱼内脏感官特性与代谢组学的影响. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (12) : 175 -183 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250407003
Lei TAO, Qian-Cheng WU, Yi-Peng HU, Xian-Yuan ZHOU, Di SUN, Yu LIU, Zhong-Jie YU, Wei JIANG. Effects of ultrasound-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis on sensory characteristics and metabolomic profiles in Dosidicus gigas viscera[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (12) : 175 -183 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250407003
鱿鱼加工过程中产生的大量内脏副产物富含优质蛋白质资源(蛋白质含量可达干重的60%~75%, 且含有人体必需氨基酸)[1-2], 然而由于这些副产物存在腥味物质、自溶酶活性高易腐败等特性, 当前利用率不足常导致资源浪费与环境污染问题[3-4]。酶解技术作为蛋白质资源高值化利用的有效手段[5-6], 可通过特异性水解作用释放具有抗氧化、降血压等功能性肽段[7-10], 但其酶解效率常受制于底物结构特性与酶解工艺参数[11]。近年来, 物理预处理技术(如超声波)因其可诱导蛋白质构象改变、提高酶解位点可及性而备受关注[12-15], 但其协同酶解机制在海洋生物副产物处理中的应用仍需深入探讨。
本研究基于前期响应面优化确定的碱性蛋白酶最佳酶解参数[16][加酶量1.50%、液料比4:1 (mL:g)、温度45 ℃、时间5 h], 通过非靶向代谢组学系统比较不同酶促水解方式对鱿鱼内脏蛋白质的转化效果, 并通过建立自身酶解组(B)、外源性酶解组(C)及超声辅助外源性酶解组(U)的对比实验体系, 重点考察900 W间歇式超声处理对酶解过程的增效机制, 拟为水产加工副产物的绿色高效利用提供理论依据, 同时为工业化生产功能性蛋白肽原料开发新型预处理工艺技术提供参考。
鱿鱼内脏(中国水产舟山海洋渔业有限公司)。
碱性蛋白酶(分析纯, 南宁东恒华道生物科技有限责任公司); 盐酸、氢氧化钠(分析纯, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司); 甲醇(色谱纯, 上海安谱实验科技股份有限公司); 氯仿、吡啶(色谱纯, 上海阿达玛斯试剂有限公司); 甲氧铵盐(分析纯, 东京化成工业株式会社); 核糖醇(分析纯, 美国西格玛-奥德里奇公司); 双(三甲基硅基)三氟乙酰胺[bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide, BSTFA](分析纯, 瑞吉斯科技公司); 饱和脂肪酸甲酯(分析纯, 埃伦斯托费尔博士公司)。
HC-3018R型冷冻离心机(安徽中科中佳科学仪器有限公司); DW-86L388超低温冰箱(青岛海尔股份有限公司); SHZ-B恒温振荡水浴锅(上海博迅实业有限公司医疗设备厂); EL204-IC电子天平(精度0.0001 g, 上海梅特勒-托利多仪器有限公司); HC-3018R超声细胞破碎机(安徽中科大宗基亚科学仪器有限公司); DB-5MS色谱柱(30 m×250 μm, 0.25 μm)、7890B气相色谱仪(美国Agilent公司); PEGASUS HT质谱仪(美国力可公司); JXFSTPRP-24研磨仪(上海净信科技有限公司); 明澈D24 UV纯水仪(德国Merck Millipore公司); PS-60AL超声仪(深圳市雷德邦电子有限公司); DHG-9023A烘箱(上海一恒科学仪器有限公司); TNG-T98真空干燥仪(太仓市华美生化仪器厂)。
鱿鱼内脏酶解物的制备采用CAI等[16]方法并修改。将鱿鱼内脏保藏在-80 ℃冰箱中, 使用时在4 ℃冰箱中冷藏解冻。将鱿鱼内脏打成匀浆, 采用1 mol/L浓度的盐酸溶液与氢氧化钠溶液进行pH调节, 调节至碱性蛋白酶的最适pH域后, 加入碱性蛋白酶, 置于恒温振荡水浴锅中进行反应[前期响应面优化结果: 加酶量1.50%, 液料比4:1 (mL:g), 酶解温度45 ℃, 酶解时间5 h]。之后灭酶15 min(沸水浴), 冷却至室温后在4 ℃、5000 r/min下离心20 min, 收集上清液。
以不添加蛋白酶为自身酶解组(B)、添加碱性蛋白酶的为外源性酶解对照组(C)、超声(冰浴, 900 W, 超声3 s, 间隔2 s) 40 min预处理并添加碱性蛋白酶为超声辅助外源性酶解组(U)。
感官评价采用定量描述性分析法(quantitative descriptive analysis, QDA)[17], 参考GB/T 42463—2023《鱼露质量通则》的感官特性要求并修改, 设置打分制(5分制), 详见表1, 0代表海产品中没有该味道, 分值越高表明海产品中该味道的感觉越强烈。将酶解液的整体风味主要分为氨味、鲜味、腥味、色泽和状态。邀请10位志愿者参与感官评价(5男5女, 年龄20~35岁)。
准确吸取5 mL鱿鱼内脏酶解上清样液, 根据酸度计法[18]测定。空白实验用80 mL蒸馏水滴定, 其余操作一致。
取鱿鱼内脏酶解上清样液(30±1) mg于2 mL微量离心管中, 随后加入0.24 mL提取液(甲醇与水体积比为3:1的混合溶液)。将10 μL核糖醇溶液注入体系, 涡旋混匀操作持续30 s。若干瓷珠粒投入管中, 研磨仪以45 Hz频率处理4 min, 冰水浴条件下超声破碎持续5 min。上清液经4 ℃低温环境, 13000 r/min转速离心15 min。取0.18 mL上清液移入2 mL的进样瓶(进样瓶已进行甲烷硅基化处理)。实验样本中取25 μL混合形成质控样本。采用真空浓缩装置对提取物实施干燥处理, 随后向干燥完成的代谢产物中加入30 μL甲氧胺盐溶液(由甲氧胺盐酸盐配制而成, 溶解于吡啶介质中, 质量浓度达20 mg/mL)。混合过程需轻轻操作, 继而置于恒温烘箱内进行孵育(温度设定80 ℃, 时长维持30 min)。于每份样品中加入50 μL BSTFA溶液(含1%三甲基氯硅烷, V:V), 70 ℃条件下混合物持续加热1.5 h完成衍生化。降至室温后, 向混合体系中引入5 μL饱和脂肪酸甲酯标准溶液, 其中饱和脂肪酸甲酯标准品(C8~C16组分质量浓度1 mg/mL, C18~C24组分质量浓度0.5 mg/mL)溶解于氯仿介质。检测顺序经随机化处理后实施上机分析。上机检测参数见表2
代谢物数据集被导入SIMCA多变量数据分析软件(v16.0.2)进行多变量统计分析和差异代谢物筛选。主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)用于降低数据的维度, 明确样本的变化模式。数据集中的异常值是根据PCA分数图中95%的置信区间确定。利用正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis, OPLS-DA)的变量重要性投影(variable importance in projection, VIP)得分来确定变量的重要性, 并指出重要的代谢物。差异代谢物的确定采用以下标准: VIP>1且P<0.05(通过t检验确定)。最后, 利用京都基因和基因组百科全书(kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes, KEGG)和MetaboAnalyst (http://www.metaboanalyst.ca/)对这些差异代谢物进行通路富集分析。
每组实验重复测定3次。使用IBM SPSS Statistics 27对实验数据进行单因素方差分析, 采用两两比较采用最小显著性差异(least significant difference test, LSD)检验, P<0.05为显著性。对所有数据进行分析, 以确保解释的一致性和可靠性。通过LECO公司开发的ChromaTOF软件(版本号4.3x)对质谱数据处理, 涉及峰提取操作、基线校正过程、解卷积运算以及峰对齐分析等多个环节。在物质定性方面, 采用LECO-Fiehn Rtx5数据库系统, 包含质谱与保留时间指数匹配。采用Origin 2019b软件、 https://www.chiplot.online/绘图, 结果以平均值±标准偏差表示。
鱿鱼内脏酶解后可提高其附加值, 例如董志俭等[19]利用鱿鱼内脏酶解液制备鱿鱼味香精; 张慧芳等[20]利用鱿鱼内脏水解液美拉德反应优化后, 其氨基酸水平发生显著变化并影响了其风味。如图1所示, 鱿鱼内脏经碱性蛋白酶酶解后, 外源性酶解组比自身酶解组具有更高的鲜味, 组织状态更为细密, 腥味和氨味变化不大, 颜色不透亮, 碱性蛋白酶酶解对鱿鱼内脏具有显著影响。值得注意的是, 经超声40 min辅助外源性酶解组对比自身酶解组和外源性酶解组, 鲜味具有更大的提升且组织状态更加细腻, 颜色更深, 意味着对蛋白影响更大, 超声预处理辅助酶解对鱿鱼内脏的蛋白降解更为有效。
氨基酸态氮作为游离氨基酸的间接指示物, 与蛋白质降解和发酵风味均有关系[21]。如图2所示, 超声40 min辅助外源性酶解组具有更高的氨基酸态氮含量, 为(0.12±0.00) g/100 mL, 其次是外源性酶解组和自身酶解组, 分别为(0.10±0.00) g/100 mL和(0.09±0.00) g/100 mL。超声预处理辅助酶解有助于降解鱿鱼内脏的蛋白质, 同时产生更多的氨基酸态氮, 提高了碱性蛋白酶的酶活性, 比只添加碱性蛋白酶的酶解效率更高。万婕等[22]研究了超声波技术辅助酶解鸡骨架, 发现超声破坏了蛋白的网络结构, 蛋白分子的活性位点被更多的暴露, 使得酶解过程中的活性肽段释放效率和鲜味得到提升。超声波技术辅助酶解还具有其他优势, 如方晓彤等[23]发现采用超声波辅助酶法处理百香果可以显著提升百香果出汁率及品质。刘超等[24]发现超声波-酶法协同制备梅花鹿鹿血肽, 可以明显提高运动后小鼠机体代谢活动, 增强其抗疲劳能力。
图3A所示, 自身酶解组、外源性酶解组与超声辅助外源性酶解组明显区分, 代谢物具有显著差异。其中第一主成分(PC1)贡献率达48.34%, 外源性酶解组、超声辅助外源性酶解组与自身酶解组距离较远, 具有显著差异。第二主成分(PC2)贡献率为16.07%, 超声辅助外源性酶解组与其他两组差异更大。根据图3B, 第一主成分贡献率为60.12%, 自身酶解组与外源性酶解组距离较远, 代谢物具有较大差异。如图3C所示, 第一主成分贡献率为62.58%, 自身酶解组与超声辅助外源性酶解组代谢物具有很大差异。添加外源酶酶解对水产品的代谢产物具有影响, 如曹实等[25]研究发现, 酶解大豆分离蛋白替代鱼粉对花鲈的脂肪代谢具有影响。超声波预处理工艺影响鱿鱼内脏的物质代谢, 如在发酵过程中, 王红梅等[26]研究发现, 超声波对发酵苹果汁和草莓汁过程中酚类等物质代谢具有影响。
OPLS-DA代谢组学又称代谢物组学, 是研究机体代谢产物谱变化的一种新系统方法[27-28]。如图4A所示, 自身酶解组与外源性酶解组组间代谢物差异较大, 同时自身酶解组3个平行样本更为接近, 组内差异更小, 反之外源性酶解组具有更大的组内差异。根据图4B, 超声辅助外源性酶解组与自身酶解组具有较大的组间差异, 且预处理酶解组代谢物组内差异明显。
图5所示, 3组中共有的差异代谢物有34种, 其中超声辅助外源性酶解组和自身酶解组的差异代谢物数量明显多于外源性酶解组和自身酶解组, 分别为25种和8种, 表明在超声预处理40 min的作用下, 对鱿鱼内脏的降解效果更好, 产生了更多的代谢产物。
有研究表明, 超声处理对咸鱼肌肉结构和小分子代谢物具有影响, 蛋白构象发生改变, 碳水化合物及其代谢物上调[29]。如图6A为自身酶解组与外源性酶解组的代谢物火山图, 大部分代谢物呈现显著上调(红色点, 99个), 而少数代谢物显著下调(蓝色点, 9个), 未显著变化的代谢物有127个(灰色点)。显著上调的代谢物有山嵛酸、反式-3,5-二甲氧基-4-羟基肉桂醛和4-氨基酚, 可能与碱性蛋白酶的促进作用有关, 醛类和酚类通常赋予食品清香、果香和特殊香气, 而山嵛酸等长链脂肪酸过量可能产生油脂氧化异味。显著下调的有核糖和庚二酸, 说明添加碱性蛋白酶影响了该代谢产物的生成。图6B为自身酶解组与超声辅助外源性酶解组的代谢物, 代谢物的发生了显著变化, 其中112个代谢物显著上调, 21个代谢物显著下调, 102个代谢物未显著变化, 显著上调的代谢物数量远多于下调的代谢物。显著上调的代谢物包括: 康杜里醇B环氧化物、麦芽糖、21-羟基孕烯醇酮和龙胆二糖(一种糖类)。鱿鱼内脏含有一定量的糖类物质, 酶解后生成的麦芽糖等小分子糖可能增加甜味, 同时参与美拉德反应, 产生烘烤或焦香风味; 康杜里醇B环氧化物和21-羟基孕烯醇酮可能与鱿鱼内脏中的脂类代谢相关。显著下调的为核糖。VIP较高的代谢物(如康杜里醇B环氧化物和麦芽糖)在模型中具有更高的重要性, 可能是超声辅助外源性酶解鱿鱼内脏的关键代谢物。
聚类热图是一种展示聚类结果的常见表示方法[30], 通常将待分析的数据矩阵按数值大小映射成不同深浅的颜色色块, 并按照行/列层次聚类结果进行排序展示。如图7所示, 自身酶解组3个平行样品与外源性酶解组和超声辅助外源性酶解组差异显著, 呈现大面积绿色, 说明碱性蛋白酶确实对鱿鱼内脏蛋白降解产生的代谢产物有显著影响, 显然添加碱性蛋白酶有助于更多代谢物的产生。聚类分析得到外源性酶解组与超声辅助外源性酶解组更为相似, 但也存在部分代谢物的Z值差异, 超声40 min预处理对鱿鱼内脏的降解具有影响。
不同代谢物之间具有协同或互斥关系, 比如某类代谢物变化趋势相同, 则为正相关; 与某类代谢物变化趋势相反, 则为负相关。如图8A所示, 在自身酶解组与外源性酶解组相关性分析中, 核糖、庚二酸和maleamate与其他代谢物呈负相关, 其他绝大部分代谢物之间呈显著正相关, 说明自身酶解组与外源性酶解组的代谢物变化趋势相同, 代谢通路具有相似性。在图8B中, 康杜里醇B环氧化物、21-羟基孕烯醇酮和龙胆二糖与其他大部分代谢物呈正相关, 这些代谢产物产生脂香和甜味, 有助于复杂风味的形成。葡萄糖酸内酯与N-乙酰-L-谷氨酸和其他大多数代谢物呈负相关, 在自身酶解组和超声辅助外源性酶解组中, 代谢物部分变化趋势相反, 说明, 在酶解处理鱿鱼内脏(特别是采用超声辅助外源性酶解的方式)时对鱿鱼蛋白的降解产生巨大影响。另外, 有研究表明, 超声波与酶联合处理枸杞全果还可以产生更多生物活性成分并提高抗氧化能力[31]
对差异代谢物的定量值计算对应的比值, 挑选前10个代谢物进行绘制雷达图。如图9A所示, 为自身酶解组与外源性酶解组的代谢物雷达图, 麦芽糖在酶解条件下表达水平最高, 表明其在实验处理中可能起到了关键作用, 可为酶解物提供甜味。另外, 康杜里醇B环氧化物、反式-3,5-二甲氧基-4-羟基肉桂醛、前列腺素A2、甘露糖、D-塔罗糖等代谢物在酶解条件下也表现出较高的表达水平, 提供脂香、木香和甜味。如图9B所示, 为自身酶解组与超声辅助外源性酶解组代谢物雷达图, 可知, 康杜里醇B环氧化物表达水平最高, 数值接近6.60, 表明其在超声40 min辅助酶解处理中可能起到了关键作用, 可能反映了对代谢网络的调控作用。综合来看, 酶解处理鱿鱼内脏与自身酶解之间的差异代谢物种类和含量具有相似性, 但经超声辅助外源性酶解鱿鱼内脏后, 其代谢物的种类和含量都发生了较大变化, 康杜里醇B环氧化物变化明显, 为酶解物提供脂香, 但其具体作用需进一步研究。有研究表明, 超声对酶的积极作用, 有利于代谢产物、聚合物产生[32]
利用KEGG数据库对差异代谢物进行注释, 选取通路中注释到差异代谢物最多的top 20条目信息, 绘制汇总条形图见图10。如图10A所示, 化学结构转化图中代谢通路有4条, 分别为植物次级代谢物的生物合成、苯丙素类化合物的生物合成、植物激素的生物合成和来自莽草酸途径的生物碱的生物合成。其中植物次级代谢物的生物合成代谢通路代谢物数量最多(12), 包括多种次级代谢物的合成, 如酚类化合物、生物碱等, 鱿鱼内脏酶解后产生大量小分子氨基酸(如苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸), 是酚类化合物的合成前体, 同时酶解过程可能通过渗透压变化影响酚类合成酶的表达。其次为膜转运中的ABC转运蛋白通路中的代谢物(11), 包括ABC转运蛋白在物质运输中的作用。在图10B中, 膜转运中ABC转运蛋白和化学结构转化图中植物次级代谢物的生物合成代谢通路中代谢物数量最多, 分别为16种和14种。综合来看, 超声辅助外源性酶解组(U)和自身酶解组(B)的差异代谢物数量多于外源性酶解组(B)和自身酶解组(C), 说明超声辅助酶解能产生更多的代谢产物, 且通过改变蛋白质结构和代谢网络, 显著提升了酶解效率。
本研究通过对鱿鱼内脏进行添加碱性蛋白酶外源性酶解及超声预辅助外源性酶解, 分析了其感官特性、氨基酸态氮含量及非靶向代谢组学变化。结果表明, 超声预辅助外源性酶解提升了鱿鱼内脏的鲜味和组织细腻度, 同时显著提高了氨基酸态氮含量(0.12 g/100 mL)。代谢组学分析显示, 超声预处理酶解组与自身酶解组的差异代谢物数量最多(25种), 其中次级代谢物的生物合成通路代谢物数量最多(14个), ABC转运蛋白通路代谢物数量达16个, 表明超声预处理显著影响了鱿鱼内脏的代谢网络, 增强了蛋白质降解和代谢产物的生成。研究表明, 超声辅助外源性酶解能有效促进鱿鱼内脏蛋白降解, 产生更多代谢产物, 提升其风味及附加值, 为鱿鱼内脏的资源化利用提供了科学依据。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(32402034)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(32402261)
  • 大学生科技成果推广项目(2024R411B044)
  • 定海区科技计划项目(2022C31007)
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2025年第16卷第12期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250407003
  • 接收时间:2025-04-07
  • 首发时间:2026-01-13
  • 出版时间:2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-07
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(32402034)
国家自然科学基金项目(32402261)
大学生科技成果推广项目(2024R411B044)
定海区科技计划项目(2022C31007)
作者信息
    1 浙江海洋大学食品与药学学院, 舟山 316022
    2 浙江海洋大学国家海洋设施养殖工程技术研究中心, 舟山 316022

通讯作者:

*余中节(1990—), 男, 博士, 助理研究员, 主要研究方向为发酵水产品加工技术。E-mail: ;
姜维(1987—), 男, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为食品加工与贮藏。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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