Article(id=1217779725532053551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217779717386715826, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250331003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1743350400000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768270911820, onlineDateStr=2026-01-13, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768270911820, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768270911820, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768270911820, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217779717386715826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768270909877, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768299620707, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217900139386163208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217779717386715826, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217900139386163209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217779717386715826, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=151, endPage=160, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217779725943095359, articleId=1217779725532053551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research progress on instrumental and bioanalytical techniques for the analysis of Bos grunniens meat, columnId=1151895321388347923, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Analysis and Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Owing to the high protein content, low fat levels, and rich amino acid profile of Bos grunniens meat, market demand has been steadily increasing. Due tohigh breeding costs, low production yields, and widespread adulteration practices have hindered the industrial development of Bos grunniens meat. Analysis technologies have played a crucial role in ensuring the safety of the supply of Bos grunniens meat products. This paper reviewed the analytical techniques applied to Bos grunniens meat assessment over the past 20 years, namely chromatography, mass spectrometry (MS), biological and spectroscopic techniques. In particular, chromatography, MS and their coupled techniques had proven effective in characterizing the composition and structure of Bos grunniens meat. Biological techniques, notably polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, DNA sequencing (DNA-seq), and related methods, were applicable to species identification and genetic analysis. Furthermore, immunoassay (IA) demonstrate high sensitivity in monitoring veterinary drug residues, whileloop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) could be employed for adulterant detection. Spectroscopic techniques exhibited outstanding performance in compositional analysis, freshness evaluation and geographical origin tracing. The integration of chemometrics with spectroscopic techniques showed great promise forrapid analysis and accurate identification of Bos grunniens meat components, driving the evolution of Bos grunniens analysis toward eco-friendly, non-invasive and automated paradigms. It provides comprehensive technical references and theoretical support for quality improvement, market supervision, scientific research, and the sustainable development of the Bos grunniens industry.

, correspAuthors=Xi-Hui BIAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chang-Kun AI, Shu-Ning ZHANG, Yu-Xiang WEI, Yang XIANG, Peng LIU, Xi-Hui BIAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1217779726983282819, articleId=1217779725532053551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=牦牛肉仪器分析和生物分析技术研究进展, columnId=1151895321958773274, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品分析与检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

牦牛肉因具有高蛋白、低脂肪、富含多种氨基酸等特点, 市场需求持续增长。由于牦牛养殖成本高、产量低, 同时市场上牦牛肉掺假现象严重, 其产业发展受阻。精准分析技术是保障牦牛肉供给安全的关键。本文系统总结了近20年用于牦牛肉的分析技术即色谱、质谱(mass spectrometry, MS)、生物和光谱技术。其中色谱、MS及其联用技术可有效分析牦牛肉成分与结构; 生物技术中的聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction, PCR)技术、DNA测序技术(DNA sequencing, DNA-seq)等可用于物种鉴定、基因分析, 免疫分析技术(immunoassay, IA)能有效检测牦牛肉兽药残留, 环介导等温扩增技术(loop-mediated isothermal amplification, LAMP)可用于牦牛肉掺假检测; 光谱技术在牦牛肉成分分析、新鲜度和产地鉴别等方面效果显著。化学计量学与光谱技术的结合有望实现牦牛肉成分的快速分析与准确鉴别, 推动牦牛品质分析朝着绿色、无损、智能方向发展, 为牦牛产业的科学研究、质量提升、市场监管以及可持续发展提供理论支撑与技术支持。

, correspAuthors=卞希慧, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*卞希慧(1983—), 女, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为化学计量学算法及其在食品、环境、医药等领域的应用研究。E-mail:
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艾长坤(2004—), 男, 主要研究方向为化学计量学算法及其在食品领域中的应用研究。E-mail:

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2002 to 2025, figureFileSmall=54Vji3P15ZYu4VT8gTtUyQ==, figureFileBig=dkHuSO/equMC3zz3DK6ZQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217833932314296385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779725532053551, language=CN, label=图3, caption=2002—2025年牦牛肉品质分析研究的文献统计数, figureFileSmall=54Vji3P15ZYu4VT8gTtUyQ==, figureFileBig=dkHuSO/equMC3zz3DK6ZQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217833932444319813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779725532053551, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of chromatography, MS and their coupling techniques for Bos grunniens meat analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术类型 具体技术 分析目的 优点 缺点
色谱技术 GC 脂肪酸含量分析 分离效率高、样品用量少 定性分析效果较差、无法直接分析蛋白质等大分子
HPLC 蛋白质、氨基酸、核苷酸、维生素等营养成分分析 灵敏度高、分辨率强 成本高、分析过程复杂
基于MS
分析技术
MALDI-TOF/TOF 差异表达的蛋白质 高通量、分子量测定精确 分辨率有限
DART-MS 蛋白质和氨基酸的种类和相对含量 无需复杂样品处理, 分析速度快 校准困难、抗干扰性较差
IRMS 通过分析同位素及矿物元素指纹图谱鉴定牦牛肉地理起源 抗干扰能力强、高精度同位素分析 样品前处理复杂、设备昂贵
ICP-MS 测定矿物元素含量实现产地溯源 精密度高、分析效率高 样品前处理要求高、维护成本高
色谱-MS技术 GC-MS 分析牦牛肉煎炸过程中产生的挥发性风味成分 灵敏度高、自动化程度高 对非挥发性或热不稳定性化合物的分析能力有限
LC-MS 测定牦牛肉中非挥发性成分的含量、组成及序列结构 高选择性、适用范围广 数据解析复杂度高
), ArticleFig(id=1217833932603703374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779725532053551, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

用于牦牛肉分析的色谱、MS及其联用技术对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术类型 具体技术 分析目的 优点 缺点
色谱技术 GC 脂肪酸含量分析 分离效率高、样品用量少 定性分析效果较差、无法直接分析蛋白质等大分子
HPLC 蛋白质、氨基酸、核苷酸、维生素等营养成分分析 灵敏度高、分辨率强 成本高、分析过程复杂
基于MS
分析技术
MALDI-TOF/TOF 差异表达的蛋白质 高通量、分子量测定精确 分辨率有限
DART-MS 蛋白质和氨基酸的种类和相对含量 无需复杂样品处理, 分析速度快 校准困难、抗干扰性较差
IRMS 通过分析同位素及矿物元素指纹图谱鉴定牦牛肉地理起源 抗干扰能力强、高精度同位素分析 样品前处理复杂、设备昂贵
ICP-MS 测定矿物元素含量实现产地溯源 精密度高、分析效率高 样品前处理要求高、维护成本高
色谱-MS技术 GC-MS 分析牦牛肉煎炸过程中产生的挥发性风味成分 灵敏度高、自动化程度高 对非挥发性或热不稳定性化合物的分析能力有限
LC-MS 测定牦牛肉中非挥发性成分的含量、组成及序列结构 高选择性、适用范围广 数据解析复杂度高
), ArticleFig(id=1217833932737921106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779725532053551, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of different spectral analysis techniques used for Bos grunniens meat analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
光谱 分析目的 优点 缺点
FS 测定牦牛肉中水分、脂肪及蛋白质含量 多指标同步分析、非破坏性 实际样品分析易受干扰, 测量数据存在噪声和误差
Raman 鉴别牦牛肉新
鲜度
微量分析、稳定
性强
检测成本较高, 对样本要求高, 获取信息复杂, 难于辨别
HSI 对牦牛肉新鲜度进行定量分析 分辨率高、光谱
信息丰富
数据采集速度相对较慢; 对操作人员专业素养和技能要求高
NIR 鉴别牦牛肉的不
同饲养方式、
进行产地溯源
快速、无损, 且能
快速给出检测
结果
光谱存在信号弱、谱峰重叠严重
), ArticleFig(id=1217833932888916064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779725532053551, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

用于牦牛肉分析的不同光谱分析技术对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
光谱 分析目的 优点 缺点
FS 测定牦牛肉中水分、脂肪及蛋白质含量 多指标同步分析、非破坏性 实际样品分析易受干扰, 测量数据存在噪声和误差
Raman 鉴别牦牛肉新
鲜度
微量分析、稳定
性强
检测成本较高, 对样本要求高, 获取信息复杂, 难于辨别
HSI 对牦牛肉新鲜度进行定量分析 分辨率高、光谱
信息丰富
数据采集速度相对较慢; 对操作人员专业素养和技能要求高
NIR 鉴别牦牛肉的不
同饲养方式、
进行产地溯源
快速、无损, 且能
快速给出检测
结果
光谱存在信号弱、谱峰重叠严重
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牦牛肉仪器分析和生物分析技术研究进展
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艾长坤 1 , 张舒宁 1 , 卫昱翔 2 , 项洋 3 , 刘鹏 1 , 卞希慧 1, 4, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025,16(12): 151-160
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025, 16(12): 151-160
牦牛肉仪器分析和生物分析技术研究进展
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艾长坤1 , 张舒宁1, 卫昱翔2, 项洋3, 刘鹏1, 卞希慧1, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1 天津工业大学化学工程与技术学院, 天津市绿色化工过程工程重点实验室, 天津 300387
  • 2 天津工业大学材料科学与工程学院, 天津 300387
  • 3 青海大学畜牧兽医科学院, 青海省高原放牧家畜动物营养与饲料科学重点实验室, 西宁 810016
  • 4 宜宾学院材料与化学工程学院, 过程分析与控制四川省高校重点实验室, 宜宾 644000
  • 艾长坤(2004—), 男, 主要研究方向为化学计量学算法及其在食品领域中的应用研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*卞希慧(1983—), 女, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为化学计量学算法及其在食品、环境、医药等领域的应用研究。E-mail:
Research progress on instrumental and bioanalytical techniques for the analysis of Bos grunniens meat
Chang-Kun AI1 , Shu-Ning ZHANG1, Yu-Xiang WEI2, Yang XIANG3, Peng LIU1, Xi-Hui BIAN1, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Tianjin Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Process Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
  • 2 School of Material Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
  • 3 Key Laboratory of Plateau Grazing Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Qinghai Province, Academy of Animal Science and Veterinar, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
  • 4 Key Laboratory of Process Analysis and Control of Sichuan Universities, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, China
出版时间: 2025-06-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250331003
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牦牛肉因具有高蛋白、低脂肪、富含多种氨基酸等特点, 市场需求持续增长。由于牦牛养殖成本高、产量低, 同时市场上牦牛肉掺假现象严重, 其产业发展受阻。精准分析技术是保障牦牛肉供给安全的关键。本文系统总结了近20年用于牦牛肉的分析技术即色谱、质谱(mass spectrometry, MS)、生物和光谱技术。其中色谱、MS及其联用技术可有效分析牦牛肉成分与结构; 生物技术中的聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction, PCR)技术、DNA测序技术(DNA sequencing, DNA-seq)等可用于物种鉴定、基因分析, 免疫分析技术(immunoassay, IA)能有效检测牦牛肉兽药残留, 环介导等温扩增技术(loop-mediated isothermal amplification, LAMP)可用于牦牛肉掺假检测; 光谱技术在牦牛肉成分分析、新鲜度和产地鉴别等方面效果显著。化学计量学与光谱技术的结合有望实现牦牛肉成分的快速分析与准确鉴别, 推动牦牛品质分析朝着绿色、无损、智能方向发展, 为牦牛产业的科学研究、质量提升、市场监管以及可持续发展提供理论支撑与技术支持。

牦牛肉  /  色谱分析  /  质谱分析  /  生物技术  /  光谱分析

Owing to the high protein content, low fat levels, and rich amino acid profile of Bos grunniens meat, market demand has been steadily increasing. Due tohigh breeding costs, low production yields, and widespread adulteration practices have hindered the industrial development of Bos grunniens meat. Analysis technologies have played a crucial role in ensuring the safety of the supply of Bos grunniens meat products. This paper reviewed the analytical techniques applied to Bos grunniens meat assessment over the past 20 years, namely chromatography, mass spectrometry (MS), biological and spectroscopic techniques. In particular, chromatography, MS and their coupled techniques had proven effective in characterizing the composition and structure of Bos grunniens meat. Biological techniques, notably polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, DNA sequencing (DNA-seq), and related methods, were applicable to species identification and genetic analysis. Furthermore, immunoassay (IA) demonstrate high sensitivity in monitoring veterinary drug residues, whileloop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) could be employed for adulterant detection. Spectroscopic techniques exhibited outstanding performance in compositional analysis, freshness evaluation and geographical origin tracing. The integration of chemometrics with spectroscopic techniques showed great promise forrapid analysis and accurate identification of Bos grunniens meat components, driving the evolution of Bos grunniens analysis toward eco-friendly, non-invasive and automated paradigms. It provides comprehensive technical references and theoretical support for quality improvement, market supervision, scientific research, and the sustainable development of the Bos grunniens industry.

Bos grunniens meat  /  chromatographic analysis  /  mass spectrometry analysis  /  biological techniques  /  spectroscopic analysis
艾长坤, 张舒宁, 卫昱翔, 项洋, 刘鹏, 卞希慧. 牦牛肉仪器分析和生物分析技术研究进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (12) : 151 -160 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250331003
Chang-Kun AI, Shu-Ning ZHANG, Yu-Xiang WEI, Yang XIANG, Peng LIU, Xi-Hui BIAN. Research progress on instrumental and bioanalytical techniques for the analysis of Bos grunniens meat[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (12) : 151 -160 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250331003
牦牛肉以其高蛋白、低脂肪、富含多种氨基酸的特性[1-3], 以及鲜美口感, 在国内外市场广受欢迎, 价格也相对较高。然而, 与其他常见肉类相比, 牦牛肉相关的分析及科学研究起步较晚, 牦牛产业发展面临诸多困境。在养殖环节, 牦牛养殖成本高、繁殖周期长、产量相对较低, 限制了牦牛肉的供应规模; 在市场流通环节, 牦牛肉掺假、以次充好等问题时有发生, 严重扰乱了市场秩序, 也阻碍了牦牛产业的健康发展。目前, 针对牦牛肉的分析技术在深度和广度上仍存在不足, 难以满足产业发展的需求。传统的牦牛肉分析方法[2], 如感官评价和简单的理化分析, 存在明显的局限性。感官评价依赖人的主观判断, 易受评价者个体差异影响, 难以提供精确、量化的数据; 简单理化分析检测指标有限, 无法全面反映牦牛肉的复杂特性。
随着科技的飞速发展, 现代分析技术逐渐应用于牦牛肉分析领域。在生物技术方面[4-9], 聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction, PCR)技术、DNA测序技术(DNA sequencing, DNA-seq)、环介导等温扩增技术(loop-mediated isothermal amplification, LAMP)、免疫分析技术(immunoassay, IA)在牦牛肉物种鉴定、基因分析、掺假检测等方面发挥着重要作用。在仪器分析技术领域, 色谱技术、质谱技术(mass spectrometry, MS)、光谱技术等[10-14]技术逐渐应用于牦牛肉分析。其中, 气相色谱(gas chromatography, GC)技术被用于比较牦牛与日本牛动物性食品的脂肪酸含量差异。高效液相色谱技术(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)在牦牛肉蛋白质、氨基酸、核苷酸和维生素等营养成分分析中发挥优势; MS能测定样品中化合物的分子量并推测结构信息; 气相色谱-质谱技术(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS)和液相色谱-质谱技术(liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, LC-MS), 融合了色谱的分离能力与MS的检测能力, 可对牦牛肉复杂组分进行高效、准确地分析。同时, 光谱技术因具有快速、无损的优势, 近年来也被引入牦牛肉分析, 如荧光光谱技术(fluorescence spectroscopy, FS)、拉曼光谱技术(Raman spectroscopy, Raman)、高光谱成像技术(hyperspectral imaging, HSI)、近红外光谱技术(near infrared spectroscopy, NIR)。这些光谱技术在牦牛肉成分分析、新鲜度和产地鉴别等方面取得了一定成果。图1显示了用于牦牛肉分析的主要方法。然而, 光谱技术存在信号弱、谱峰重叠严重、冗余变量等问题, 直接对复杂样本的数据进行定性定量分析难度大。在此背景下, 化学计量学的应用为解决这些问题提供了有效途径[15]
通过搜索并统计2002年以来牦牛肉分析的相关文献, 包括中文文献73篇、英文文献31篇, 合计104篇, 得到了不同分析技术在牦牛肉分析领域的文献数目, 如图2所示。其中, 采用PCR技术的研究最多, 其次是MS。NIR、FS等分析技术近年来才被用于牦牛肉分析。进一步对2002—2025年期间的文献的分析目的进行归纳, 发现牦牛肉分析研究主要聚焦于组分分析(38%)、基因检测(20%)、真实性检测(18%)、产地溯源(13%)、掺假鉴别(5%)这5个方面, 占据了全部文献的94%。进一步探究这些分析目的的应用发展历程可以发现, 组分分析始终是研究重点, 相关文献数量占比相对较高; 基因检测相关文献数量在前期平稳增长, 近年来增长趋势加快; 真实性检测文献数量相对稳定; 掺假鉴别及产地溯源方面的研究起步相对较晚, 但近年来文献数量呈显著上升趋势, 如图3所示。总体而言, 牦牛肉分析研究呈现出从侧重基础成分分析, 逐渐向基因研究、产地溯源和掺假鉴别等多元化方向发展的趋势。
目前, 前人的综述大多针对单一技术在牦牛肉分析中的应用展开, 缺乏系统性和全面性。本文系统地对色谱、MS、色谱-MS技术、生物技术、光谱技术以及化学计量学等多种技术在牦牛肉分析中的应用进行综合阐述, 并对未来化学计量学与人工智能在牦牛肉分析中的应用进行展望, 期望为牦牛肉产业的质量提升、市场监管以及相关科学研究提供技术参考, 推动牦牛产业朝着标准化、智能化、可持续化方向发展。
GC和HPLC是牦牛肉分析过程中最为常用的色谱技术。GC常用于牦牛肉脂肪酸含量的分析[16-17]。张永辉等[17]采用GC对大通牦牛肌间脂肪酸进行甲酯化, 并与当地大通黄牛肉进行比较。结果表明大通牦牛肌间脂肪中饱和脂肪酸总含量显著低于大通黄牛。由此可以通过GC来检测牦牛肉中的脂肪酸含量, 从而达到区分牦牛肉与其他品种牛肉的目的。
HPLC用于牦牛肉蛋白质、氨基酸、维生素营养成分的分析[18-22]。在蛋白质的分析中[18], 利用蛋白质与固定相表面的疏水性差别进行分离。在氨基酸的分析中[19], 由于大部分氨基酸本身检测信号较弱, 衍生后增强信号, 再依据静电或疏水作用的差别进行分离。在核苷酸的分析中[20], HPLC按照核苷酸的极性进行分离。在维生素的分析中[21], 考虑不同维生素的溶解性不同, 其中水溶性维生素常用反相色谱技术, 脂溶性维生素常用正相色谱技术, 依照不同的作用进行分离。
MS的高分辨率是MS类仪器的关键性指标之一, 除此之外, MS类仪器还可以检测出低浓度的样品组成成分[23-27]。在牦牛肉分析过程中, 质辅助激光解吸/电离飞行时间质谱法(matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight to time of fight, MALDI-TOF/TOF)可以鉴定出差异表达的蛋白质。例如, 在牦牛的生长过程中, 某些与肌肉发育相关的蛋白质表达量可能会发生变化, 通过蛋白质组学分析可以发现这些变化, 从而深入了解牦牛肌肉生长和发育的分子机制。
实时直接分析质谱法(direct analysis in real time-mass spectrometry, DART-MS)是无需复杂样品处理就能实现对样品的直接快速分析的MS方式[24], 其可以在短时间内迅速对牦牛肉中蛋白质和氨基酸种类和相对含量等信息进行提取, 对牦牛肉的品质评价和营养成分分析都是一种行之有效、快速准确的分析方式[24]
电感耦合等离子体质谱法(inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, ICP-MS)可对牦牛肉中的多种矿物元素, 如Fe、Se、Zn等物质进行鉴别。不同产地的环境因素差异使牦牛肉元素组成和含量不同, ICP-MS分析牦牛肉元素特征指纹图谱, 结合产地元素数据库和多元统计分析, 可实现对牦牛肉产地的准确溯源和鉴别。
稳定同位素比值质谱法(stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry, IRMS)测定不同产地的牦牛肉及当地环境样品(土壤、水等)的同位素质谱组成[25-27]。项洋等[26]通过同位素质谱仪分析了青藏高原牦牛肉样品中稳定性同位素及矿物质的含量, 结果表明稳定性同位素与矿物元素指纹图谱组合技术可作为鉴定牦牛肉地理起源的有效方法。IRMS通过测试待测牦牛肉样品中同位素的相对组成, 与不同产地牦牛肉的数据库比对统计分析, 并建立判别模型来判定样品牦牛肉的产地[25-27], 以提高牦牛肉品质和地理来源的真实性。
色谱-MS技术将色谱技术优异的分离性能与MS特异的检测能力相结合。如图2所示, 色谱-MS技术使用的频率高于色谱、MS单个技术的使用频率, 这是由于色谱-MS技术中的色谱部分可以对样品中的不同成分进行分离, 减少了样品前处理过程中可能出现的误差; MS则为每个分离出的组分提供独有的MS信息, 二者结合, 达到高效分析效果。牦牛肉中存在众多化学组分, 如蛋白质、脂肪、氨基酸、维生素、矿物质以及风味物质等, 其组分复杂多样。色谱-MS技术在对牦牛肉复杂组分分析中能够起到重要作用。GC-MS通过对不同风味成分分析[28-30], 就可以对该牦牛肉风味形成的原因深入研究, 并为牦牛肉加工过程中改善风味提供依据。在测定牦牛肉中非挥发性的成分多肽、脂肪酸等时[31-32], LC-MS具有鲜明优势。HPLC可根据非挥发性的成分极性、分子大小等特点进行分离, MS可用于判断其准确分子量和结构; 因此, 可用LC-MS来准确测定牦牛肉不同种类的脂肪酸含量与组成及多肽的序列结构[31-32], 以此来评价牦牛肉的营养价值和品质特性。在牦牛肉分析过程中, 色谱技术、基于MS的分析技术及色谱-MS技术各有优劣, 具体对比如表1所示。相比于单一指标定性溯源, 多指标联合分析模型分析多产地牦牛肉的成分具有更加代表性的区别[33]
生物技术从分子和遗传等层面, 为牦牛肉品质评估、真伪鉴别和安全检测注入了新活力。这些生物技术如PCR技术、LAMP、DNA-seq、IA, 能够深度切入牦牛肉复杂的微观世界, 从多维度解析其内在特性, 为产业发展与科学研究提供了多维度的支撑。
PCR技术凭借其快速、简便、特异性强的优势, 在众多领域广泛应用。随着科技发展, 一系列衍生技术不断涌现, 在牦牛肉分析方面发挥了重要作用。在物种鉴定与掺假检测方面, GIRISH等[34]运用PCR技术结合测序分析, 对牛、水牛、绵羊、山羊、大额牛、牦牛和猪等多种肉类的线粒体12S rRNA基因展开研究, 高效鉴别出肉类的物种来源。CHEN等[35]建立基于线粒体12S rRNA基因的聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态性(polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism, PCR-RFLP)分析方法, 能准确鉴定5种家畜肉类, 成功用于商业牛肉干的物种鉴别, 并发现部分牦牛肉干存在掺假现象。QIAN等[36]构建的多重PCR方法, 可一次性同步鉴别水牛、黄牛和牦牛肉, 大大提高了检测效率, 减少了样本用量和检测时间。然而, 该技术作为一种衍生技术[37-40], 研发成本较高, 且对实验设备的精度要求严格, 需配备专业设备才能实现。吴姗等[41]建立的单重、双重和三重实时荧光定量PCR方法, 能够同步检测黄牛、水牛和牦牛成分, 为市场监管提供了可靠技术支持。
在基因研究方面[42-45], 杨勤等[46]利用PCR技术成功克隆类乌齐牦牛ACTA1基因, 并借助实时荧光定量PCR技术检测该基因在类乌齐牦牛心脏、臀肌、臀脂、脾脏、大脑、肺脏、肝脏和乳腺8种组织中的表达情况, 为深入探究该基因在牦牛肌肉发育中的作用奠定基础。白佳灵等[47]采用逆转录聚合酶链式反应(reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, RT-PCR)方法克隆牦牛CSRP3基因CDS区, 并通过实时荧光定量PCR技术检测该基因在牦牛不同组织中的表达量, 为研究该基因对牦牛肉品质的影响提供关键数据。RT-PCR方法在克隆基因方面[48-53]较为常用, 不过也面临着样本易受污染、结果易出现偏差的问题, 实时荧光定量PCR技术[54-58]则很好地弥补了定量分析的不足, 却伴随着设备成本高的缺点。
在微生物分析领域, 童京京等[59]利用PCR技术对川西北牦牛肉中的产志贺毒素大肠杆菌(shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, STEC)进行检测、鉴定和基因分析, 有助于深入了解其潜在致病性和传播风险, 为掌握牦牛肉中STEC的污染状况提供重要依据。
综上所述, PCR技术及其衍生技术在牦牛肉分析中扮演着极为关键的角色, 从物种鉴定、掺假检测, 延伸至基因研究、微生物分析。PCR技术及其衍生技术具有快速简便、特异性强、灵敏度高的优势, 且应用灵活, 其衍生技术如多重PCR、实时荧光定量PCR技术可实现多成分同步检测或精准定量。然而, 该类技术所面临的样本处理流程繁杂、设备需求成本高昂以及易受外界干扰等问题, 成为阻碍其在部分场景广泛应用的原因。基于PCR技术持续创新的快速鉴定方法不断涌现, 其中LAMP凭借其独特优势, 为牦牛肉分析工作注入了全新活力, 带来了新的发展契机。
在PCR技术为牦牛肉分析奠定核酸扩增基础, 却因操作复杂、设备依赖等问题阻碍其进一步普及的背景下, 基于PCR技术的快速鉴定方法在肉类鉴定领域掀起了创新浪潮。LAMP作为其中极具代表性的技术, 在多方面展现出优于传统PCR技术的显著特性, 有利于在大规模检测场景中推广应用。目前, 牦牛肉市场掺假现象较为严重。部分不法商家为追求高额利润, 在牦牛肉中掺入其他肉类, 如牛肉、羊肉等, 严重损害了消费者的利益, 也扰乱了市场秩序。为有效解决这一问题, 众多研究致力于开发可靠的检测方法。其中, LAMP在牦牛肉掺假检测方面展现出巨大潜力。
ZHAO等[60]采用环介导等温扩增-羟基萘酚蓝技术(loop-mediated isothermal amplification method coupled with hydroxy naphthol blue, LAMP-HNB)鉴定牦牛肉潜在的掺假物质, 并对牦牛源成分进行特异性和灵敏度测试。研究发现, LAMP-HNB对牦牛来源的DNA的检测灵敏度高达1 pg/μL, 能够有效实现对牦牛源成分的监测。与PCR技术相比, LAMP在操作便捷性、设备要求和检测成本上实现了重大突破, 弥补了PCR技术的部分短板。但LAMP在检测复杂样本时, 可能会因样本基质干扰导致颜色判断困难。总体而言, LAMP为牦牛肉物种鉴定和掺假检测提供了一种高效、低成本的解决方案, 与PCR技术形成了优势互补的关系。
DNA-seq作为深度解析牦牛肉遗传特征与规律的核心手段, 在揭示遗传多态性与肉品质关联等关键领域不断取得突破性进展。在研究遗传多态性与肉品质关系方面, 众多学者展开了深入探索。陆惠娴等[61]对92头四川牦牛SLC27A6基因进行DNA直接测序, 在第4内含子中发现5个SNPs位点。经测序结果分析, 确定了各多态性位点的基因型和等位基因频率, 并进行连锁不平衡分析。通过对不同基因型和单倍型组合与肉品质性状的关联分析, 发现5个SNPs位点和H1H2单倍型组合可作为牦牛宰后pH45 min和蒸煮损失性状的分子遗传标记和最优单倍型组合。单晓雨等[62]用DNA直接测序法检测93头四川牦牛PRSS2基因的遗传多态性, 在该基因中发现6个SNPs位点, 部分位点与剪切力、蒸煮损失、pH等肉品质性状相关, H4H4、H1H3、H2H3和H1H1单倍型组合可作为筛选牦牛肉色、系水力和嫩度的最优单倍型组合。阮梦茹等[63]用DNA-seq检测102头四川牦牛ACOT12基因的多态性, 在ACOT12基因外显子1上发现3个SNPs位点, 其中E1-603T>A、E1-675C>G位点分别与pH45 min、背膘厚性状显著相关。
这些研究利用DNA-seq对牦牛肉相关基因进行分析, 在多个基因中发现了SNPs位点, 明确了各多态性位点的基因型和等位基因频率, 分析了其与肉品质性状的相关性, 筛选出了与肉品质相关的分子遗传标记和最优单倍型组合, 为牦牛肉品质改良、遗传育种以及牦牛肉品质相关研究提供了重要支撑。与PCR技术和LAMP相比, DNA-seq在获取遗传信息的深度和广度上具有无可比拟的优势, 能够为牦牛肉遗传特性研究提供最直接、最详尽的数据。但高昂的成本、复杂的操作以及严苛的实验条件, 限制了其大规模应用。
IA在牦牛肉检测领域, 尤其是兽药残留检测方面[64-65], 占据着不可或缺的地位。其中, 时间分辨荧光免疫分析技术(time-resolved fluorescence immunochromatography, TRFIA)表现尤为突出, 它能有效检测牦牛肉中磺胺类、阿维菌素、四环素类、喹诺酮类、莱克多巴胺等多种兽药残留。
TRFIA, 作为近年来新兴的检测手段, 在牦牛肉检测中崭露头角。黄文颖等[64]运用TRFIA检测青海牦牛肉中磺胺类药物残留。结果显示, 该方法检测牦牛肉中磺胺类药物的定量限低于2 µg/kg, 样品添加回收率在90%~115%, 批内离散系数低于10%、批间离散系数低于13%, 与仪器法测定盲样结果符合率为100%。赵维章等[65]运用TRFIA研制多种牦牛肉兽药残留快速检测卡。该技术与传统方法检测结果符合率高, 能有效检测牦牛肉中阿维菌素、四环素类、磺胺类、喹诺酮类、莱克多巴胺等兽药残留。这些研究建立的TRFIA检测牦牛肉兽药残留的方法, 不仅可有效检测牦牛肉中多种兽药残留, 还能为预防养殖过程中兽药的不当使用提供有力支持, 对保障牦牛肉的质量安全具有重要的实际应用价值。
与PCR技术、LAMP以及DNA-seq关注遗传物质不同, IA聚焦于牦牛肉中的兽药残留, 从食品安全角度完善了牦牛肉分析的技术体系。但其自身在检测特异性和保存条件方面的问题, 也促使研究人员不断探索更完善的检测方案。
在牦牛肉分析中, 常用的光谱技术有: FS、Raman、HIS、NIR, 这些技术多用于牦牛肉水分、脂肪、蛋白质、新鲜度、不同饲养方式以及产地溯源的鉴别, 不同光谱分析技术对比如表2所示, 由此, 可根据检测对象选择合适的光谱技术对牦牛肉进行分析。
FS是基于物质的荧光现象得到的, 不同的物质因为分子结构不同, 其荧光特性也不同, 因此可用来作为牦牛肉样品中某一特有物质定性和定量分析。FS主要运用于牦牛肉中水分、脂肪和蛋白质含量的测定[66]。牦牛肉在FS分析过程中受诸多因素的干扰, 测量数据存在噪声和误差, 因此需要使用主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)、偏最小二乘法回归(partial least squares regression, PLS)、偏最小二乘法判别分析(partial least squares-discriminant analysis, PLS-DA)等化学计量学方法对原始数据做降维操作[66-67]。OZBEKOVA等[67]根据荧光发射光谱预测了肉样的水分、脂肪和蛋白质含量, 在此基础上应用PCA等化学计量学方法处理获得的光谱, 使检测数据更加清晰、精准。通过PCA可以了解不同牦牛肉样品在FS特征上的聚类情况, 找到样品的内在相关性和差异性, 结果发现牦牛肉因品种、产地、饲养方式等因素的影响而存在的一些差异, 可为牦牛肉的品质评价、溯源提供更多的线索。
Raman多用于牦牛肉新鲜度的鉴别, 根据某些成分特征变化, 从而达到对牦牛肉新鲜度的快速、无损、精准的鉴别。Raman是基于光和分子振动耦合散射的光谱方法, 不同的分子具有不同的振动模式, 所生成的拉曼散射光的频率也各不相同, 因此, 可用以反映分子结构与化学键信息。例如在牦牛肉新鲜度判定时, 牦牛肉中的化学成分: 蛋白质、脂肪、糖类等会出现一系列的物理、化学变化。这些变化引发分子的结构与化学键的变化, 致使产生不同特征峰的拉曼光谱的特征峰位置、强度和宽度等参数发生改变, 通过获取特征峰的变化可实现牦牛肉的新鲜度判定[68]
不同新鲜度的牦牛肉在表面、内部具有不同的化学成分的分布特征以及不同光学特性的区别, HSI能够显示这些细微差别[69]。例如, 新鲜牦牛肉和变质牦牛肉中的血红蛋白、肌红蛋白等色素类物质在数量和形态上存在差异, 它们在可见光、近红外的吸收光谱中也会有所不同, 同时因微生物代谢产物、水分含量等, 存在形式发生变化也会导致光谱信息的变化。因此对高光谱图像中每一个像素点的光谱信息进行分析, 建立光谱特征与新鲜度之间对应关系, 可以达到对牦牛肉新鲜度实现可视化、定量化分析[69]
NIR可用来鉴别不同饲养方式的牦牛肉中的成分差异和品质差异[70-71]。NIR会对牦牛肉中所含的多种成分, 例如蛋白质、脂肪、氨基酸等含氢基团产生一定作用, 进而形成一定的光谱信号[70-71]。各地区不同产地所饲养的牦牛肉由于地理环境和气候的影响, 会导致其牦牛肉中内部成分的种类和含量存在差异, 进而会导致NIR不同, 通过大量的不同产地饲养的牦牛肉的NIR分析, 并建立相应的数据库, 通过大量数据的运算比对, 找到不同产地所存在的光谱特征信息, 从而达到对牦牛肉产地的溯源[72-74]
然而光谱技术仍存在信号弱、谱峰重叠严重、冗余变量等问题, 直接对复杂样本的数据进行定性定量分析非常困难。因此, 借助化学计量学手段建立数学模型对优化分析过程至关重要[75-77]。化学计量学在牦牛肉分析中, 从定性和定量两方面发挥作用。
在定性分析方面, PLS-DA和PCA应用较为广泛[78-79]。HAO等[80]、宗万里等[73]运用PCA, NIE等[25]、ZONG等[27]运用PLS-DA, 对牦牛肉进行产地溯源分析; ZHOU等[81]和蔡雨静等[82]借助PCA分析挥发性化合物的差异, 从而有效鉴别不同部位的牦牛肉; 张浩等[83]和LI等[84]利用PCA和PLS-DA, 对牦牛肉中的特征风味物质展开分析; XIANG等[77]则采用PLS-DA区分不同饲养方式的牦牛肉。
在定量分析方面, 目前相关研究相对较少, PLS[85]是一种常用的定量分析方法。张浩等[86]采用PLS对不同温度烧烤牦牛肉的挥发性化合物成分进行了定量分析, 以此来探究不同温度烧烤牦牛肉的风味差异; 张婧年等[87]运用PLS对牦牛不同部位肉中的挥发性化合物成分进行定量分析, 从而筛选出影响牦牛部位肉风味差异的标志性化合物。
随着人工智能的快速发展, 深度学习、机器学习、宽度学习等前沿技术[88-89]有望为牦牛肉分析带来更多突破。利用深度学习挖掘牦牛肉数据中更细微的特征, 从而提升鉴别精度; 机器学习算法可优化化学计量学模型, 实现对牦牛肉品质更精准的预测;宽度学习的快速学习特性, 则能加快分析速度。这些技术协同发展, 有望构建更智能、更高效的牦牛肉分析体系, 推动牦牛产业进一步发展。
本文全面概括了近20多年以来针对牦牛肉品质与安全性的多种分析技术: 涵盖色谱和MS技术包括GC、HPLC、MS、色谱-MS技术; 生物技术包括PCR技术、LAMP、DNA-seq、IA; 光谱技术包括FS、Raman、HIS、NIR; 化学计量学包括PCA、PLS、PLS-DA。牦牛肉品质与安全性分析工作主要围绕以下方向展开: (1)组分分析, 运用GC、HPLC、MS等技术, 对牦牛肉中的脂肪酸、蛋白质、氨基酸、核苷酸、维生素等营养成分进行定性定量分析, 明确其含量与组成; (2)真伪及产地溯源鉴别, 利用PCR、LAMP、IRMS等技术, 精准鉴定牦牛肉的物种来源, 判断其是否掺假, 并确定牦牛肉的地理来源, 维护地方特色产业和消费者权益; (3)安全检测, 采用IA检测牦牛肉中的兽药残留, 保障食品安全; (4)品质评估, 借助光谱技术和相关化学计量学方法、DNA-seq等, 评估牦牛肉的新鲜度、嫩度等品质特性, 鉴别不同部位和饲养方式牦牛肉以及产地溯源, 还能通过研究基因与肉品质性状的关联, 筛选出有利于品质改良的遗传标记。
未来, 人工智能与化学计量学有望为牦牛肉分析带来新方向。化学计量学在处理海量复杂数据方面具有独特优势, 结合NIR、电子鼻等先进检测技术, 能够更精准地鉴别牦牛肉的养殖方式、新鲜度等关键品质指标, 为牦牛肉质量评估提供更科学、更全面的依据。人工智能凭借强大的学习和预测能力, 机器学习算法可通过对大量牦牛肉品质数据的深度分析, 精准预测牦牛肉品质变化趋势, 实现对牦牛肉生产过程的智能化监控。将光谱技术与化学计量学有机结合, 构建智能高效的分析体系, 是未来牦牛肉研究的重要方向。这不仅能推动牦牛产业标准化、智能化、可持续发展, 提升牦牛肉产品竞争力, 还能满足消费者对高品质牦牛肉的需求, 具有重要的研究价值和应用前景, 值得科研人员深入探索与实践。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(21105125)
  • 过程分析与控制四川省高校重点实验室开放基金项目(GCFX2024003)
  • 天津市大学生创新创业训练计划项目(202410058086)
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2025年第16卷第12期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250331003
  • 接收时间:2025-03-31
  • 首发时间:2026-01-13
  • 出版时间:2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-31
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(21105125)
过程分析与控制四川省高校重点实验室开放基金项目(GCFX2024003)
天津市大学生创新创业训练计划项目(202410058086)
作者信息
    1 天津工业大学化学工程与技术学院, 天津市绿色化工过程工程重点实验室, 天津 300387
    2 天津工业大学材料科学与工程学院, 天津 300387
    3 青海大学畜牧兽医科学院, 青海省高原放牧家畜动物营养与饲料科学重点实验室, 西宁 810016
    4 宜宾学院材料与化学工程学院, 过程分析与控制四川省高校重点实验室, 宜宾 644000

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*卞希慧(1983—), 女, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为化学计量学算法及其在食品、环境、医药等领域的应用研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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