Article(id=1217779724638671569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217779717386715826, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241230001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1735488000000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768270911607, onlineDateStr=2026-01-13, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768270911607, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768270911607, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768270911607, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217779717386715826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768270909877, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768299620707, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217900139386163208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217779717386715826, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217900139386163209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217779717386715826, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=34, endPage=39, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217779725049713390, articleId=1217779724638671569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Study on the influencing factors of stable hydrogen isotopes in grains and cereals, columnId=1217779718456263351, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Highlight: “The 14th Five-Year Plan” National Key Research and Development Program of China—Key Technology Research and Standardized Application for Panoramic Analysis of Food Authenticity, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the difference of hydrogen isotope ratio between whole grains and cereals flour and their components and the influence of drying conditions and moisture on the determination of hydrogen isotope ratio in grains and cereals. Methods High temperature cracking/elemental analysis-stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry (TC/EA-IRMS) was used to determine the δ2H values of whole grains and cereals flour (maize, rice, wheat and sorghum) and the fractions (starch, defatted portion, fat, crude fiber and protein). The effects of different drying conditions on the δ2H values of grain were analyzed, and the influence of exchangeable hydrogen on the determination of starch hydrogen isotope ratios was explored. Results The δ2H values of various fractions in the grains and cereals were different. Drying the grain samples at 105 °C to a constant weight was the best water removal effect. After being treated with different standard water samples under the optimal drying conditions, the maximum difference in δ2H of grains and starch was 12.11‰ and 18.41‰. This indicates that exchangeable hydrogen had a significant effect on the δ2H value of starch (P<0.001). Conclusion The isotopic fractionation of sugar, fat, protein and cellulose during the growth of grain makes the distribution of hydrogen isotopes in samples not uniform. Organic compounds contain exchangeable hydrogen, which will exchange isotopes with the water in the environment where the sample is located, affecting the accurate analysis. When measuring the hydrogen isotope ratio in grain, it is necessary to exclude the interference of water. This study provides an effective reference for the determination of hydrogen isotope ratios in grain starch and the study of grain traceability in the future.

, correspAuthors=Dao-Bing WANG, Qi-Ding ZHONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shan-Shan ZHAO, Zhen-Wei BAI, Di FENG, Hong-Mei AN, Guo-Hui LI, Zhu-Ying WU, Hong-Wei YUE, Dao-Bing WANG, Qi-Ding ZHONG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1217779726031180599, articleId=1217779724638671569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=粮谷中氢稳定同位素的影响因素研究, columnId=1217779718691144379, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期重点:“十四五”国家重点研发计划——食品真实性全景分析关键技术研究与标准化应用, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 探究粮谷全粉及各组分间氢同位素比值的差异以及干燥条件和水分对粮谷中氢同位素比值测定的影响。方法 采用高温裂解/元素分析—稳定同位素比值质谱法(high temperature cracking/elemental analysis-stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry, TC/EA-IRMS)测定粮谷全粉(玉米、大米、小麦和高粱)及各组分(淀粉、脱脂部分、脂肪、粗纤维和蛋白质)的δ2H值, 分析不同干燥条件对粮谷中δ2H值的影响, 探讨可交换氢对淀粉氢同位素比值测定的影响。结果 粮谷籽粒与各组分中的δ2H值存在差异, 粮谷在105 ℃烘干至恒重后除水效果最佳。在最佳干燥条件下被不同标准水样处理后, 粮谷和淀粉的δ2H值最大差值分别为12.11‰和18.41‰, 这表明可交换氢对淀粉的δ2H值具有显著影响(P<0.001)。结论 糖、脂肪、蛋白质、纤维素在粮谷生长过程中存在同位素分馏, 使样品的氢同位素不是均一性分布。有机物中含有可交换氢, 会与样品所处环境中的水进行同位素交换, 影响准确分析, 测定粮谷氢同位素比值时需排除水的干扰。本研究为后续粮谷淀粉中氢同位素比值的测定及粮谷溯源研究提供了有效的参考依据。

, correspAuthors=王道兵, 钟其顶, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*王道兵(1987—), 男, 博士, 正高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品真实性检测。E-mail: ;
钟其顶(1980—), 男, 博士, 正高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品真实性检测。E-mail:
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赵姗姗(1990—), 女, 硕士, 主要研究方向为食品真实性检测。E-mail:

, authorsList=赵姗姗, 白真维, 冯迪, 安红梅, 李国辉, 武竹英, 岳红卫, 王道兵, 钟其顶)}, authors=[Author(id=1217833925716660259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779724638671569, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=1356184034@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1217833925834100783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779724638671569, authorId=1217833925716660259, language=EN, stringName=Shan-Shan ZHAO, firstName=Shan-Shan, middleName=null, lastName=ZHAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 Technology Innovation Center of Light Industrial Consumption Goods Quality and Safety, State Administration for Market Regulation (SAMRTIC-LICGQS), Beijing 100015, China
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赵姗姗(1990—), 女, 硕士, 主要研究方向为食品真实性检测。E-mail:

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注: 不同字母表示组间具有显著性差异, P<0.05。

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Sample informations

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YX-2 河南省新乡县小吉镇都富村
YX-3 河南省信阳市平桥区, 田间
YX-4 河南省信阳市浉河区谭家河乡刘河村
大米 RX-1 河南省新乡县小吉镇都富村
RX-2 河南省信阳市平桥区, 田间
RX-3 河南省信阳市浉河区谭家河乡刘河村
小麦 WX-1 河南省南阳市南召县小店乡大曹庄村
WX-2 河南省新乡县小吉镇都富村
WX-3 河南省信阳市平桥区, 田间
高粱 SX-1 河南省南阳市南召县小店乡大曹庄村
SX-2 河南省信阳市浉河区谭家河乡刘河村
淀粉 GB3167 南京甘汁园糖业有限公司
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样品信息

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样品名称 样品编号 样品产地
玉米 YX-1 河南省南阳市南召县小店乡大曹庄村
YX-2 河南省新乡县小吉镇都富村
YX-3 河南省信阳市平桥区, 田间
YX-4 河南省信阳市浉河区谭家河乡刘河村
大米 RX-1 河南省新乡县小吉镇都富村
RX-2 河南省信阳市平桥区, 田间
RX-3 河南省信阳市浉河区谭家河乡刘河村
小麦 WX-1 河南省南阳市南召县小店乡大曹庄村
WX-2 河南省新乡县小吉镇都富村
WX-3 河南省信阳市平桥区, 田间
高粱 SX-1 河南省南阳市南召县小店乡大曹庄村
SX-2 河南省信阳市浉河区谭家河乡刘河村
淀粉 GB3167 南京甘汁园糖业有限公司
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Grains and cereals dehydration rate under different drying conditions

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干燥条件 样品编号 G1/g G2/g R
70 ℃烘干48 h 1 0.20 0.18 0.10
2 0.19 0.17 0.11
3 0.24 0.22 0.08
4 0.22 0.20 0.09
5 0.22 0.20 0.09
105 ℃烘干至恒重 1 0.20 0.18 0.10
2 0.20 0.17 0.15
3 0.20 0.18 0.10
4 0.20 0.18 0.10
5 0.24 0.21 0.13
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不同干燥条件下粮谷除水率

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干燥条件 样品编号 G1/g G2/g R
70 ℃烘干48 h 1 0.20 0.18 0.10
2 0.19 0.17 0.11
3 0.24 0.22 0.08
4 0.22 0.20 0.09
5 0.22 0.20 0.09
105 ℃烘干至恒重 1 0.20 0.18 0.10
2 0.20 0.17 0.15
3 0.20 0.18 0.10
4 0.20 0.18 0.10
5 0.24 0.21 0.13
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δ2H values in grains and cereals treated with different standard water samples (‰, n=3)

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分组 标准水样中δ2H值 粮谷中δ2H值 标准偏差
WSD-8 -3.14 -34.80 1.4
WSD-7 -142.31 -46.91 0.8
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被不同标准水样处理后的粮谷中δ2H值(‰, n=3)

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分组 标准水样中δ2H值 粮谷中δ2H值 标准偏差
WSD-8 -3.14 -34.80 1.4
WSD-7 -142.31 -46.91 0.8
), ArticleFig(id=1217833934784746033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779724638671569, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

δ2H values in starch treated with different standard water samples (n=3)

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分组 标准水样中δ2H值
/‰
淀粉中δ2H值
/‰
标准偏差/‰
WSD-8 -3.14 -27.73 0.8
WSD-6 -46.13 -33.35 1.3
WSD-7 -142.31 -46.14 0.9
), ArticleFig(id=1217833934902186551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779724638671569, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

被不同标准水样处理后的淀粉中δ2H值(n=3)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分组 标准水样中δ2H值
/‰
淀粉中δ2H值
/‰
标准偏差/‰
WSD-8 -3.14 -27.73 0.8
WSD-6 -46.13 -33.35 1.3
WSD-7 -142.31 -46.14 0.9
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粮谷中氢稳定同位素的影响因素研究
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赵姗姗 1, 2 , 白真维 1, 2 , 冯迪 1, 2, 3 , 安红梅 1, 2 , 李国辉 1, 2 , 武竹英 1, 2 , 岳红卫 1, 2 , 王道兵 1, 2, 4, * , 钟其顶 1, 2, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期重点:“十四五”国家重点研发计划——食品真实性全景分析关键技术研究与标准化应用 2025,16(12): 34-39
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期重点:“十四五”国家重点研发计划——食品真实性全景分析关键技术研究与标准化应用 2025, 16(12): 34-39
粮谷中氢稳定同位素的影响因素研究
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赵姗姗1, 2 , 白真维1, 2, 冯迪1, 2, 3, 安红梅1, 2, 李国辉1, 2, 武竹英1, 2, 岳红卫1, 2, 王道兵1, 2, 4, * , 钟其顶1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 国家市场监督管理总局技术创新中心(轻工消费品质量安全), 北京 100015
  • 2 中轻技术创新中心有限公司, 北京 100015
  • 3 北京工业大学化学与生命科学学院, 北京 100122
  • 4 中轻检验认证(太原)有限公司, 太原 030404
  • 赵姗姗(1990—), 女, 硕士, 主要研究方向为食品真实性检测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*王道兵(1987—), 男, 博士, 正高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品真实性检测。E-mail: ;
钟其顶(1980—), 男, 博士, 正高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品真实性检测。E-mail:
Study on the influencing factors of stable hydrogen isotopes in grains and cereals
Shan-Shan ZHAO1, 2 , Zhen-Wei BAI1, 2, Di FENG1, 2, 3, Hong-Mei AN1, 2, Guo-Hui LI1, 2, Zhu-Ying WU1, 2, Hong-Wei YUE1, 2, Dao-Bing WANG1, 2, 4, * , Qi-Ding ZHONG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Technology Innovation Center of Light Industrial Consumption Goods Quality and Safety, State Administration for Market Regulation (SAMRTIC-LICGQS), Beijing 100015, China
  • 2 Sinolight Technology Innovation Center Co., Ltd., Beijing 100015, China
  • 3 College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100122, China
  • 4 Sinolight Inspection & Certification (Taiyuan) Co., Ltd., Taiyuan 030404, China
出版时间: 2025-06-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241230001
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目的 探究粮谷全粉及各组分间氢同位素比值的差异以及干燥条件和水分对粮谷中氢同位素比值测定的影响。方法 采用高温裂解/元素分析—稳定同位素比值质谱法(high temperature cracking/elemental analysis-stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry, TC/EA-IRMS)测定粮谷全粉(玉米、大米、小麦和高粱)及各组分(淀粉、脱脂部分、脂肪、粗纤维和蛋白质)的δ2H值, 分析不同干燥条件对粮谷中δ2H值的影响, 探讨可交换氢对淀粉氢同位素比值测定的影响。结果 粮谷籽粒与各组分中的δ2H值存在差异, 粮谷在105 ℃烘干至恒重后除水效果最佳。在最佳干燥条件下被不同标准水样处理后, 粮谷和淀粉的δ2H值最大差值分别为12.11‰和18.41‰, 这表明可交换氢对淀粉的δ2H值具有显著影响(P<0.001)。结论 糖、脂肪、蛋白质、纤维素在粮谷生长过程中存在同位素分馏, 使样品的氢同位素不是均一性分布。有机物中含有可交换氢, 会与样品所处环境中的水进行同位素交换, 影响准确分析, 测定粮谷氢同位素比值时需排除水的干扰。本研究为后续粮谷淀粉中氢同位素比值的测定及粮谷溯源研究提供了有效的参考依据。

粮谷  /  氢同位素  /  淀粉  /  可交换氢  /  产地溯源

Objective To investigate the difference of hydrogen isotope ratio between whole grains and cereals flour and their components and the influence of drying conditions and moisture on the determination of hydrogen isotope ratio in grains and cereals. Methods High temperature cracking/elemental analysis-stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry (TC/EA-IRMS) was used to determine the δ2H values of whole grains and cereals flour (maize, rice, wheat and sorghum) and the fractions (starch, defatted portion, fat, crude fiber and protein). The effects of different drying conditions on the δ2H values of grain were analyzed, and the influence of exchangeable hydrogen on the determination of starch hydrogen isotope ratios was explored. Results The δ2H values of various fractions in the grains and cereals were different. Drying the grain samples at 105 °C to a constant weight was the best water removal effect. After being treated with different standard water samples under the optimal drying conditions, the maximum difference in δ2H of grains and starch was 12.11‰ and 18.41‰. This indicates that exchangeable hydrogen had a significant effect on the δ2H value of starch (P<0.001). Conclusion The isotopic fractionation of sugar, fat, protein and cellulose during the growth of grain makes the distribution of hydrogen isotopes in samples not uniform. Organic compounds contain exchangeable hydrogen, which will exchange isotopes with the water in the environment where the sample is located, affecting the accurate analysis. When measuring the hydrogen isotope ratio in grain, it is necessary to exclude the interference of water. This study provides an effective reference for the determination of hydrogen isotope ratios in grain starch and the study of grain traceability in the future.

grains and cereals  /  hydrogen isotopes  /  starch  /  exchangeable hydrogen  /  traceability of origin
赵姗姗, 白真维, 冯迪, 安红梅, 李国辉, 武竹英, 岳红卫, 王道兵, 钟其顶. 粮谷中氢稳定同位素的影响因素研究. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (12) : 34 -39 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241230001
Shan-Shan ZHAO, Zhen-Wei BAI, Di FENG, Hong-Mei AN, Guo-Hui LI, Zhu-Ying WU, Hong-Wei YUE, Dao-Bing WANG, Qi-Ding ZHONG. Study on the influencing factors of stable hydrogen isotopes in grains and cereals[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (12) : 34 -39 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241230001
随着社会经济的快速发展, 人们对粮谷安全和品质的要求日益提高。然而, 市场上粮谷产地标识错标等问题层出不穷, 不仅损害了消费者的权益和品牌的形象, 还扰乱了粮谷作物的市场秩序。因此, 开展高精度产地溯源研究, 已成为确保食品质量安全、维护消费者权益的当务之急。稳定同位素技术能够挖掘产品自身固有的天然属性且该属性认为不可修改, 被认为是食品产地溯源等领域具有显著优势的检测手段之一[1], 在稻米[2-5]、小麦[6-9]、大豆[10-12]、枸杞[13]等作物的产地溯源中被广泛应用。
粮谷一般指谷类粮食, 常见的有小麦、大米、玉米、高粱等。具体成分通常包括碳水化合物(淀粉、其他糖类)、蛋白质、脂肪、矿物质、维生素、膳食纤维(纤维素、半纤维素)。在农产品产地溯源的研究中, 粮谷的前处理方法日益受到很多学者的关注。有部分研究通过直接粉碎粮谷样品进行检测[14-15], 有些研究则进一步探讨了粮谷组分间同位素分馏现象。例如, 刘宏艳[16]发现小麦全粉及小麦各组分的δ2H值具有显著差异, 且脱脂小麦的δ2H值与成熟期0~20 cm的土壤水中的δ2H值成显著正相关关系。郭波莉等[17]分析了稳定氢同位素用于牛肉产地溯源的可行性, 得出不同地区牛组织中的δ2H值差异显著。谢建军等[11]测定了4个产地60份大豆样品的水溶性蛋白中δ2H值, δ2H值的溯源模型中对产地识别的贡献度(variable importance in projection, VIP)值为1.045, 识别准确率为100%。这些研究均表明, 通过分析特征组分的稳定氢同位素比值, 可以有效追遡其地理来源。
然而, 在对粮谷进行氢同位素分析时存在一些局限。主要挑战之一是前处理条件对粮谷中氢同位素分析结果的影响, 如粮谷的烘干温度和除水效率。目前, 最佳前处理条件不明确, 不适当的处理可能会改变样品的同位素特征。此外, 在粮谷进行除水处理之后, 还需考虑有机物中可交换氢的特征。有机物中氢同位素分为可交换氢和不可交换氢, 同一有机物中的可交换氢可与环境中的水分子发生交换, 进而改变有机物氢同位素的特征。大多复杂有机物中存在的可交换氢对其氢同位素具有显著影响[18]。因此, 即使进行了除水处理, 有机物的可交换氢也已经具有了不同来源水的氢同位素特征, 增加了分析的复杂性。
在多数粮谷产地溯源相关研究中, 不同地区粮谷样品的δ2H值基本相差10左右[19-21], 有时δ2H值的差异过小导致无法确定水与有机物间是否发生了氢的交换。目前, 关于可交换氢的报道还相对较少。为了消除可交换氢的影响, BRICOUT等[22]通过硝化反应去除糖中的可交换氢, 分析了橙汁中的糖和甜菜糖δ2H值在气候上的差异; CHAMBERLAIN等[23]通过对羽毛角蛋白进行平衡交换实验, 分析了可交换氢对羽毛氢同位素组成的影响。EHLERINGER等[24]结合了头发氨基酸中可交换氢和不可交换氢等影响因素, 预测头发中角蛋白的δ2H和δ18O, 建立了一个基于头发稳定同位素组成预测人类地理起源区域的模型。由此可见, 考虑可交换氢对氢同位素分析的影响在各研究领域都具有重要意义。
国内在粮谷氢稳定同位素比值测定的前处理方面尚未充分考虑各影响因素, 导致无法准确测定粮谷中的氢同位素比值。基于此, 本研究利用高温裂解/元素分析—稳定同位素比值质谱法(high temperature cracking/elemental analysis-stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry, TC/EA-IRMS)测定了粮谷全粉及各组分的δ2H值, 通过单因素方差分析(one-way analysis of variance, ANOVA)和t检验分析了粮谷全粉及各组分氢同位素比值的差异以及被不同标准水样处理后粮谷和淀粉中的δ2H值差异, 同时比较不同干燥条件对粮谷的除水效果, 为后续探讨粮谷中氢同位素提供了一定的参考依据。
玉米(4份)、大米(3份)、小麦(3份), 高粱(2份), 淀粉(1份)。样品信息见表1
氯仿、甲醇(色谱纯, 德国默克公司); WSD-6(水, δ2Hv-smow=-46.13‰)、WSD-7(水, δ2Hv-smow=-142.31‰)、WSD-8(水, δ2Hv-smow=-3.14‰)(中轻技术创新中心有限公司); USGS-62(咖啡因, δ2Hv-smow=-156.1‰)(美国地质调查局); IAEA-CH-7(聚乙烯箔, δ2Hv-smow=-100.1‰)、NBS-22(油, δ2Hv-smow=-120‰±1.0‰)(国际原子能机构)。
DHG-9140A电热鼓风干燥箱(上海一恒科学仪器有限公司); TCEA高温裂解元素分析仪、Delta V Advantage稳定同位素比值质谱仪、5 mm×3.5 mm银杯(德国赛默飞世尔科技有限公司); XS205分析天平(精度0.1 mg, 瑞士Mettler-Toledo公司); Sigma3-18K高速冷冻离心机(德国Sigma公司); HR2864搅拌机(荷兰皇家飞利浦公司); HH-S4电热恒温水浴箱(北京科委永兴仪器有限公司); EOFO-945601Talboys基本型涡旋混合器(上海安普实验室科技股份有限公司)。
全粉: 将粮谷籽粒用粉碎机粉碎, 保存备用。
脂肪: 称取3 g粮谷全粉放入50 mL离心管, 取氯仿:甲醇(V:V=2:1)的溶液15 mL加入离心管, 涡旋10 min, 以转速5000 r/min离心5 min, 收集脂肪上清液。溶剂清洗重复两次, 将收集的脂肪上清液烘干, 待测。
脱脂部分: 将剩余脱脂沉淀冷冻干燥, 保存备用。
淀粉和粗纤维: 将脱脂部分按照1:10的固液比(m:V)加入去离子水, 涡旋振荡3~4 min。向样品中加入1 mol/L NaOH溶液, 调整pH至11, 并在5000 r/min的离心速度下进行10 min, 收集蛋白上清液, 保存备用。以上步骤均重复2至3次, 确保有效成分完全回收。最后用1:3 (m:V)的蒸馏水洗涤剩余淀粉沉淀2~3次, 每次洗涤前需静置30 min。经过冷冻干燥处理后, 利用100目和120目筛去除粗纤维和其他杂质, 收集淀粉与粗纤维, 待测。
蛋白质: 将收集的蛋白上清液中加入1 mol/L HCl, 调pH至4.5, 以5000 r/min的转速离心5 min, 促使蛋白质发生等电点沉淀。重复此过程2~3次, 回收蛋白质沉淀进行冷冻干燥处理后, 待测。
从同一批次中随机选取5个粮谷样品, 确保样品具有代表性。将粮谷籽粒粉碎后均分为3组, 每组样品重量尽可能一致。第一组不做除水处理, 待测。第二组按照GB 5009.3—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中水分的测定》中的直接干燥法105 ℃干燥至恒重, 待测。第三组对粮谷进行70 ℃烘干48 h, 待测。除水率R计算见公式(1):

R/‰=(G1-G2)/G1×100‰

式中, G1为试验前样品的质量, G2为试验后样品的质量。
从同一批次中随机选取一个样品, 称取两组等量的样品置于105 ℃烘干至恒重, 分别按固液比1:4 (m:V)的比例加入两个标准水样WSD-7、WSD-8, 涡旋振荡处理后, 放入水浴锅中80 ℃加热4 h, 常温下静置24 h。样品冷冻干燥后, 待测。
选一个纯淀粉样品作为研究对象, 取适量的样品分为3组, 每组样品按固液比1:4 (m:V)的比例分别加入3个标准水样WSD-6、WSD-7、WSD-8, 涡旋振荡, 水浴锅80 ℃加热4 h, 常温下静置24 h。样品冷冻干燥后, 待测。
δ2H值的测定: 称取0.38~0.48 mg淀粉样品, 用银杯包好, 按顺序放入自动进样器, 自动进样器将样品送入高温裂解元素分析仪中, 样品经燃烧炉1450 ℃高温裂解后, 转换成氢气, 经高纯氦气稀释后进入同位素质谱仪进行检测。在分析过程中, 氦气吹扫流量定为125 mL/min, 同位素比质谱检测时间为950 s, 参考气为氢气(>99.999%)。
由于元素重同位素自然丰度相对较低, 仪器获取的稳定同位素比率值(R)极小, 国际上通常采用将已知同位素比率的标准品作为参照, 计算未知样本中稳定同位素比率的相对值。稳定性同位素比率δ计算见公式(2):

δ/‰=[(R样品/R标准)-1]×1000‰

式中, R样品为所测样品中重同位素与轻同位素丰度比, 即2H/1H; R标准为国际参考标准V-SMOW中重同位素与轻同位素丰度比。样品的稳定同位素比值经国际标准品USGS-62、IAEA-CH-7、NBSS-22进行3点校正, 校正回归系数R2大于0.99。
利用SPSS 22.0对粮谷全粉及不同组分中δ2H值进行单因素方差分析; 对不同干燥条件下粮谷中的δ2H值和除水率、不同标准水样处理后的粮谷和淀粉中δ2H值进行t检验, 显著性水平设定为0.05。利用GraphPad Prism 9绘制单因素方差分析图。
本研究分析了粮谷全粉及不同组分(淀粉、脱脂部分、脂肪、粗纤维和蛋白质)中氢同位素的比值。如图1所示, 粮谷各组分中δ2H值的范围为-44.79‰至-177.98‰。粮谷全粉及不同组分的δ2H值由大到小依次为: δ2H淀粉>δ2H脱脂部分> δ2H全粉>δ2H蛋白质>δ2H粗纤维>δ2H脂肪, 其中脂肪中δ2H平均值为-139.82‰, 与其他各组分的δ2H值具有显著差异(P<0.0001)。全粉、脱脂部分、蛋白质之间的δ2H值差异不显著。淀粉的氢同位素比值最高, 平均值为-57.39‰。各组分的氢同位素差异关系与刘宏艳[16]研究中所述基本相符。脂肪分子是由甘油和3个脂肪酸长链通过酯键结合形成, 蛋白质是由20种不同的氨基酸通过肽键连接形成的长链分子。相比之下, 淀粉是一种由葡萄糖单体组成的简单多糖。鉴于淀粉的结构相对简单性, 因此, 淀粉可作为粮谷判别产地溯源的特征组分[25]
由于粮谷作物中含有一定的水分[26], 为了尽可能排除水分的干扰, 本研究通过测定不同干燥条件下粮谷样品的δ2H值及除水率判断最佳干燥条件。不同干燥条件下粮谷样品的δ2H值存在差异, 70 ℃烘干48 h, 粮谷的δ2H值为-66.45‰, 未除水条件下粮谷的δ2H值最高(-62.33‰), 105 ℃烘干至恒重最低(-77.64‰), 未除水与105 ℃烘干至恒重条件下处理后的粮谷样品的δ2H值差异显著(P<0.001), 表明水分的彻底去除对于实现更准确的δ2H测定至关重要。由表2可知, 除1号样品外, 在105 ℃烘干至恒重条件下粮谷的除水率R大于70 ℃烘干48 h条件下的除水率。研究结果表明, 此条件不仅缩短了烘干时间, 而且较高的温度可以加速水分蒸发, 同时有效降低样品中的δ2H值, 使测定结果更接近真实值。因此, 应采用105 ℃烘干至恒重的方法作为粮谷样品的最佳干燥条件, 确保样品处理的效率与结果的准确性。
为验证在测定粮谷氢同位素时是否已完全消除水的影响, 本研究采用氢同位素比值不同的标准水样对同一个样品进行处理, 结果如表3所示, 粮谷样品中δ2H值随着水中δ2H的值增加而增加, 粮谷两组样品的δ2H值存在显著差异(P<0.001), 最大差异达到12.11‰。表明即使将粮谷中的水分完全除去, 不同来源的水与粮谷样品可能已经发生了部分氢同位素的交换。因此, 应考虑可交换氢对粮谷中氢同位素测定的影响。
为探究淀粉能否作为产地溯源的特征组分, 并验证可交换氢对淀粉氢同位素测定的影响, 本研究以淀粉作为研究对象, 考察了不同δ2H值的水处理后淀粉样品中δ2H值的变化趋势。如图2表4所示, 淀粉中的δ2H值随水中δ2H值的增加而增加, 淀粉中的δ2H值与水中δ2H值之间存在显著的正相关关系(R2=0.914), 经不同δ2H值的水处理后, 淀粉中δ2H值的最大差值达到18.41‰, 表明淀粉中的可交换氢与水中的氢同位素发生了有效的交换, 证实了水中δ2H值对淀粉氢同位素比值有显著影响。因此, 在测定淀粉中氢同位素比值时, 消除可交换氢的影响至关重要。
本研究选取了具有代表性的粮谷样品(玉米、大米、小麦和高粱), 分析了粮谷全粉及各组分(淀粉、脱脂部分、脂肪、粗纤维和蛋白质)的氢同位素比值差异。结果表明, 粮谷中的脂肪与其他组分的δ2H值存在显著差异。粮谷的全粉与不同组分间存在同位素分馏现象, 这种现象会导致各组分间的同位素富集程度不同[27]。而淀粉相较于脂肪和蛋白质结构更为简单, 因此可以对淀粉的氢同位素比值进行单体化合物分析。在粮谷前处理方法中, 考虑水分影响的研究相对较少。干燥是测定粮谷稳定同位素前处理步骤之一, 其中干燥温度是极为重要的参数。不同的干燥温度水分蒸发的程度不同[28], 而不同产地的粮谷中水分含量、水的氢同位素比值均不相同, 因此在测定时需排除水的干扰。根据GB 5009.3—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中水分的测定》, 粮谷干燥法采用的是105 ℃对样品进行烘干, 但大多数研究中的前处理温度基本在70 ℃或者70 ℃以下。为了在粮谷的氢同位素比值测定中尽可能排除水的干扰, 本研究比较了3种不同温度条件下粮谷中的δ2H值, 发现105 ℃烘干至恒重处理后粮谷的δ2H值最低, 除水效果更佳。
可交换氢的交换速率取决于交换环境、pH、温度和空间可行性[29]。由于土壤水、地表水和地下水具有相似氢同位素的组成, 大气降水会与当地的土壤水、地下水等进行交换[30]。KELLY等[31]发现在人的头发中至少有9%的总氢在25 ℃发生交换。CHAMBERLAIN等[23]得出羽毛中的δ2H值变化为6.5‰, 该变化小于方法分析中的不确定度(约为±10‰), 因此不会对样品的分析结果产生显著影响。然而, 在本研究中, 使用不同标准水样处理粮谷样品和淀粉后, 观察到处理后样品的差值均超过10‰。本研究结果揭示了水中存在的可交换氢还会与粮谷中氢同位素发生交换, 从而对测定值造成一定的影响。目前, 关于如何消除此类影响的方法还尚未提出, 因此需要进一步探究淀粉与水中的氢同位素交换机制。另外, 虽然本次研究的试验步骤较为烦琐、选择样品数量较少, 但仍为粮谷的产地溯源提供了新的研究方向, 后续可加大样品的品种和数量, 结合对现有数据再进行优化分析。
本研究发现, 粮谷全粉及各组分中的氢同位素比值存在分馏差异; 脂肪的δ2H值与其他各组分均存在显著差异。其中, 脂肪的δ2H值最低, 淀粉中的δ2H值最高。为了排除水对粮谷中氢同位素测定的影响, 进一步对比3种不同温度条件下粮谷的δ2H值及除水率, 结果表明105 ℃烘干至恒重条件下粮谷的除水效果最佳。但不同标准水样对粮谷样品和淀粉处理后仍存在显著差异, 主要原因是有机物中还存在可交换氢的影响。本研究系统性分析了粮谷氢同位素测定中的干扰因素, 为粮谷淀粉中氢同位素比值的测定及产地溯源的进一步研究与应用提供了参考依据。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFF1104700)
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2025年第16卷第12期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241230001
  • 接收时间:2024-12-30
  • 首发时间:2026-01-13
  • 出版时间:2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-30
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国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFF1104700)
作者信息
    1 国家市场监督管理总局技术创新中心(轻工消费品质量安全), 北京 100015
    2 中轻技术创新中心有限公司, 北京 100015
    3 北京工业大学化学与生命科学学院, 北京 100122
    4 中轻检验认证(太原)有限公司, 太原 030404

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*王道兵(1987—), 男, 博士, 正高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品真实性检测。E-mail: ;
钟其顶(1980—), 男, 博士, 正高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品真实性检测。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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