Article(id=1217779723455877786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217779717386715826, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250312004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1741708800000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768270911324, onlineDateStr=2026-01-13, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768270911324, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768270911324, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768270911324, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217779717386715826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768270909877, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768299620707, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217900139386163208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217779717386715826, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217900139386163209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217779717386715826, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=161, endPage=167, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217779723917251244, articleId=1217779723455877786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research on the revision of key indicators in the new national standard for Haematococcus pluvialis powder, columnId=1151895321388347923, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Analysis and Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As a crucial source of natural astaxanthin, Haematococcus pluvialis powder holds a significant position in the global food, health products and feed industries. The scientificity and rationality of its quality standards are not only crucial for the market competitiveness of the products but also directly impact the health and safety of consumers. Although the national standard GB/T 30893—2014 Haematococcus pluvialis powder issued in 2014 played a pivotal role in the early stages of industrial development, technological advancements and evolving market demands have made some technical indicators inadequate for the current high-quality industry development. To address this, the National Standardization Management Committee issued the national standard GB/T 30893—2024 Haematococcus pluvialis powder in 2024, which will be officially implemented on April 1st, 2025, replacing the 2014 standard. This paper systematically introduced the basic framework of the new standard and provides an in-depth analysed of the basis for establishing key technical indicators such as total astaxanthin, all-trans astaxanthin, protein, moisture and ash. It also compared the main changes before and after the standard revision in detail. The research findings of this paper offered precise theoretical basis and technical reference for quality supervision departments, manufacturers and traders, aiding in promoting the high-quality and sustainable development of China’s Haematococcus pluvialis powder industry in the global market. Simultaneously, the implementation of the new standard will inject strong momentum into the efficient utilization of microalgae biological resources and the vigorous development of the big health industry in China, further enhancing China’s influence and competitiveness in the global microalgae industry.

, correspAuthors=Lin YAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wen-Jia ZHU, Wei-Hong SUN, Ying-Ying GUO, Na LI, Yan-Hua JIANG, Lian-Zhu WANG, Lin YAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1217779724345070276, articleId=1217779723455877786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=雨生红球藻粉新国家标准关键指标修订研究, columnId=1151895321958773274, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品分析与检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

雨生红球藻粉作为天然虾青素的重要来源, 在全球食品、保健品和饲料行业中占据重要地位。其质量标准的科学性与合理性不仅关乎产品的市场竞争力, 更直接影响消费者的健康与安全。尽管2014年发布的GB/T 30893—2014《雨生红球藻粉》国家标准在产业发展初期发挥了关键作用, 但随着技术进步和市场需求的演变, 部分技术指标已难以满足当前产业高质量发展的需求。为此, 国家标准化管理委员会于2024年发布了GB/T 30893—2024《雨生红球藻粉》国家标准, 该标准已于2025年4月1日正式实施, 全面替代2014版标准。本文系统介绍了新版标准的基本框架, 并深入剖析了总虾青素、全反式虾青素、蛋白质、水分和灰分等关键技术指标的确立依据, 详细对比了标准修订前后的主要变化内容。本文的研究成果为质量监管部门、生产企业和贸易商提供了精准的理论依据与技术参考, 有助于推动我国雨生红球藻粉产业在全球市场实现高质量、可持续发展。同时, 新标准的实施将为我国微藻生物资源的高效利用与大健康产业的蓬勃发展注入强劲动力, 进一步提升我国在全球微藻产业中的影响力和竞争力。

, correspAuthors=姚琳, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*姚琳(1980—), 男, 研究员, 主要研究方向为水产品质量安全检测与评价。E-mail:
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朱文嘉(1984—), 女, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为水产品质量安全与标准化。E-mail:

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Food Science, 2006, 27(1): 258-262., articleTitle=Review on antioxidant effects of astaxanthin and its application in nutriology and pharmacology, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217833943869604418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779723455877786, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=26, issue=5, pageStart=42, pageEnd=47, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=55, authorNames=邱月, 赵晓燕, 刘红开, journalName=粮油食品科技, refType=null, unstructuredReference=邱月, 赵晓燕, 刘红开, 等. 雨生红球藻中蛋白质的研究进展及开发利用现状[J]. 粮油食品科技, 2018, 26(5): 42-47., articleTitle=雨生红球藻中蛋白质的研究进展及开发利用现状, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217833945157255747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779723455877786, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=26, issue=5, pageStart=42, pageEnd=47, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=56, authorNames=QIU Y, ZHAO XY, LIU HK, journalName=Science and Technology of Cereals, Oils and Foods, refType=null, unstructuredReference=QIU Y, ZHAO XY, LIU HK, et al. 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Bioresource Technology, 2016, 200: 147., articleTitle=Haematococcus astaxanthin soluble proteins: Extraction, rhararterization, concentration/ fractionation and emulsifying properties, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217833945304056393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779723455877786, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=45, issue=18, pageStart=142, pageEnd=145, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=58, authorNames=王裕玉, 董浩, 孙爱华, journalName=饲料研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王裕玉, 董浩, 孙爱华, 等. 雨生红球藻的营养价值及其在虾蟹饵料中的应用研究进展[J]. 饲料研究, 2022, 45(18): 142-145., articleTitle=雨生红球藻的营养价值及其在虾蟹饵料中的应用研究进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217833945371165261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779723455877786, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=45, issue=18, pageStart=142, pageEnd=145, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=59, authorNames=WANG YY, DONG H, SUN AIH, journalName=Feed Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG YY, DONG H, SUN AIH, et al. Research ReIarch progress on nutritional value of Haematococcus pluvialis and its application in shrimp and crab feed[J]. Feed Research, 2022, 45(18): 142-145., articleTitle=Research ReIarch progress on nutritional value of Haematococcus pluvialis and its application in shrimp and crab feed, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1217833936479240433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779723455877786, awardId=32061133008, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金国际(地区)合作与交流项目(32061133008), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1217833936579903735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779723455877786, awardId=CARS-50, language=CN, fundingSource=现代农业产业技术体系专项(CARS-50), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1217833927356629715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779723455877786, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217833927360824021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779723455877786, companyId=1217833927356629715, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Product Quality and Safety Testing and Evaluation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao 266071, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217833927377601238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779723455877786, companyId=1217833927356629715, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所, 农业农村部水产品质量安全检测与评价重点实验室, 青岛 266071)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1217833933199294583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779723455877786, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Provisions of announcement No.17[30]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中文名称 雨生红球藻
拉丁名称 Haematococcus pluvialis
基本信息 种属: 绿藻门、团藻目、红球藻属
生产工艺简述 选育优良雨生红球藻藻体进行人工养殖, 采收
雨生红球藻孢子, 经破壁、干燥等工艺制成
食用量 小于等于0.8 g/d
质量要求 性状 红色或深红色粉末
蛋白质含量 大于等于15%
总虾青素含量
(以全反式虾青素计)
大于等于1.5%
全反式虾青素含量 大于等于0.8%
水分 小于等于10%
灰分 小于等于15%
其他需要说明的情况 使用范围不包括婴幼儿食品
), ArticleFig(id=1217833933434175615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779723455877786, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

第17号公告的规定[30]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中文名称 雨生红球藻
拉丁名称 Haematococcus pluvialis
基本信息 种属: 绿藻门、团藻目、红球藻属
生产工艺简述 选育优良雨生红球藻藻体进行人工养殖, 采收
雨生红球藻孢子, 经破壁、干燥等工艺制成
食用量 小于等于0.8 g/d
质量要求 性状 红色或深红色粉末
蛋白质含量 大于等于15%
总虾青素含量
(以全反式虾青素计)
大于等于1.5%
全反式虾青素含量 大于等于0.8%
水分 小于等于10%
灰分 小于等于15%
其他需要说明的情况 使用范围不包括婴幼儿食品
), ArticleFig(id=1217833933560004742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779723455877786, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of sensory requirements of Haematococcus pluvialis powder (2014 version and 2024 version)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价指标 GB/T 30893—2014 GB/T 30893—2024
外观 片状或均匀粉末 均匀粉末状, 无结块
色泽 红色或暗红色 红色或暗红色
气味 具有雨生红球藻粉的
固有鲜味, 无异味
具有雨生红球藻粉的
固有气味, 无异味
杂质 无肉眼可见外来杂质 无正常视力可见外来杂质
), ArticleFig(id=1217833933685833866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779723455877786, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

雨生红球藻粉感官要求对比(2014版与2024版)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价指标 GB/T 30893—2014 GB/T 30893—2024
外观 片状或均匀粉末 均匀粉末状, 无结块
色泽 红色或暗红色 红色或暗红色
气味 具有雨生红球藻粉的
固有鲜味, 无异味
具有雨生红球藻粉的
固有气味, 无异味
杂质 无肉眼可见外来杂质 无正常视力可见外来杂质
), ArticleFig(id=1217833933845217427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779723455877786, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Statistical analysis of the total astaxanthin content in Haematococcus pluvialis powder

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
总虾青素含量区间/% 样本数/个 所占比例/% 样品类别
0~4.1 42 100 /
[0, 1.5) 17 40.5 不合格
[1.5, 2.0) 11 26.2 合格
[2.0, 4.5) 14 33.3 合格
最大值 4.1
最小值 0
平均值 1.7
), ArticleFig(id=1217833934004600987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779723455877786, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

雨生红球藻粉中总虾青素含量的统计分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
总虾青素含量区间/% 样本数/个 所占比例/% 样品类别
0~4.1 42 100 /
[0, 1.5) 17 40.5 不合格
[1.5, 2.0) 11 26.2 合格
[2.0, 4.5) 14 33.3 合格
最大值 4.1
最小值 0
平均值 1.7
), ArticleFig(id=1217833934109458596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779723455877786, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Statistical analysis of the all-trans astaxanthin content in Haematococcus pluvialis powder

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
全反式虾青素含量区间/% 样本数/个 所占比例/% 样品类别
0~3.01 34 100.0 /
[0,0.8) 8 23.5 不合格
[0.8,1.5) 14 41.2 合格
[1.5,3.5) 12 35.3 优级
最大值 3.01
最小值 0
平均值 1.30
), ArticleFig(id=1217833934260453548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779723455877786, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

雨生红球藻粉中全反式虾青素含量的统计分析

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全反式虾青素含量区间/% 样本数/个 所占比例/% 样品类别
0~3.01 34 100.0 /
[0,0.8) 8 23.5 不合格
[0.8,1.5) 14 41.2 合格
[1.5,3.5) 12 35.3 优级
最大值 3.01
最小值 0
平均值 1.30
), ArticleFig(id=1217833934398865589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779723455877786, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Statistical analysis of the protein content in Haematococcus pluvialis powder

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
蛋白质含量区间/(g/100 g) 样本数/个 所占比例/% 样品类别
11.8~32.7 30 100.0 /
[0,15) 2 6.7 不合格
[15,30) 19 63.3 合格
[30,35) 9 30.0 合格
最大值 32.7
最小值 11.8
平均值 26.4
), ArticleFig(id=1217833934528889024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779723455877786, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

雨生红球藻粉中蛋白质含量的统计分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
蛋白质含量区间/(g/100 g) 样本数/个 所占比例/% 样品类别
11.8~32.7 30 100.0 /
[0,15) 2 6.7 不合格
[15,30) 19 63.3 合格
[30,35) 9 30.0 合格
最大值 32.7
最小值 11.8
平均值 26.4
), ArticleFig(id=1217833934629552330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779723455877786, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Statistical analysis of the moisture content in Haematococcus pluvialis powder

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水分含量区间/(g/100 g) 样本数/个 所占比例/% 样品类别
1.5~10 42 100.0 /
(0,7] 41 97.6 优级
(7,10] 1 2.4 合格
最大值 10.0
最小值 1.5
平均值 4.2
), ArticleFig(id=1217833934797324498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779723455877786, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

雨生红球藻粉中水分含量的统计分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水分含量区间/(g/100 g) 样本数/个 所占比例/% 样品类别
1.5~10 42 100.0 /
(0,7] 41 97.6 优级
(7,10] 1 2.4 合格
最大值 10.0
最小值 1.5
平均值 4.2
), ArticleFig(id=1217833934910570714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779723455877786, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Statistical analysis of the ash content in Haematococcus pluvialis powder

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
灰分含量区间/(g/100 g) 样本数/个 所占比例/% 样品类别
0.9~30.2 42 100.0 /
(0,10] 28 66.7 优级
(10,15] 8 19.0 合格
(15,30.2] 6 14.3 不合格
最大值 30.2
最小值 0.9
平均值 9.0
), ArticleFig(id=1217833936194027744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779723455877786, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

雨生红球藻粉中灰分含量的统计分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
灰分含量区间/(g/100 g) 样本数/个 所占比例/% 样品类别
0.9~30.2 42 100.0 /
(0,10] 28 66.7 优级
(10,15] 8 19.0 合格
(15,30.2] 6 14.3 不合格
最大值 30.2
最小值 0.9
平均值 9.0
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雨生红球藻粉新国家标准关键指标修订研究
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朱文嘉 , 孙伟红 , 郭莹莹 , 李娜 , 江艳华 , 王联珠 , 姚琳 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025,16(12): 161-167
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025, 16(12): 161-167
雨生红球藻粉新国家标准关键指标修订研究
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朱文嘉 , 孙伟红, 郭莹莹, 李娜, 江艳华, 王联珠, 姚琳*
作者信息
  • 中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所, 农业农村部水产品质量安全检测与评价重点实验室, 青岛 266071
  • 朱文嘉(1984—), 女, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为水产品质量安全与标准化。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*姚琳(1980—), 男, 研究员, 主要研究方向为水产品质量安全检测与评价。E-mail:
Research on the revision of key indicators in the new national standard for Haematococcus pluvialis powder
Wen-Jia ZHU , Wei-Hong SUN, Ying-Ying GUO, Na LI, Yan-Hua JIANG, Lian-Zhu WANG, Lin YAO*
Affiliations
  • Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Product Quality and Safety Testing and Evaluation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao 266071, China
出版时间: 2025-06-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250312004
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雨生红球藻粉作为天然虾青素的重要来源, 在全球食品、保健品和饲料行业中占据重要地位。其质量标准的科学性与合理性不仅关乎产品的市场竞争力, 更直接影响消费者的健康与安全。尽管2014年发布的GB/T 30893—2014《雨生红球藻粉》国家标准在产业发展初期发挥了关键作用, 但随着技术进步和市场需求的演变, 部分技术指标已难以满足当前产业高质量发展的需求。为此, 国家标准化管理委员会于2024年发布了GB/T 30893—2024《雨生红球藻粉》国家标准, 该标准已于2025年4月1日正式实施, 全面替代2014版标准。本文系统介绍了新版标准的基本框架, 并深入剖析了总虾青素、全反式虾青素、蛋白质、水分和灰分等关键技术指标的确立依据, 详细对比了标准修订前后的主要变化内容。本文的研究成果为质量监管部门、生产企业和贸易商提供了精准的理论依据与技术参考, 有助于推动我国雨生红球藻粉产业在全球市场实现高质量、可持续发展。同时, 新标准的实施将为我国微藻生物资源的高效利用与大健康产业的蓬勃发展注入强劲动力, 进一步提升我国在全球微藻产业中的影响力和竞争力。

雨生红球藻粉  /  国家标准  /  修订  /  解读  /  虾青素

As a crucial source of natural astaxanthin, Haematococcus pluvialis powder holds a significant position in the global food, health products and feed industries. The scientificity and rationality of its quality standards are not only crucial for the market competitiveness of the products but also directly impact the health and safety of consumers. Although the national standard GB/T 30893—2014 Haematococcus pluvialis powder issued in 2014 played a pivotal role in the early stages of industrial development, technological advancements and evolving market demands have made some technical indicators inadequate for the current high-quality industry development. To address this, the National Standardization Management Committee issued the national standard GB/T 30893—2024 Haematococcus pluvialis powder in 2024, which will be officially implemented on April 1st, 2025, replacing the 2014 standard. This paper systematically introduced the basic framework of the new standard and provides an in-depth analysed of the basis for establishing key technical indicators such as total astaxanthin, all-trans astaxanthin, protein, moisture and ash. It also compared the main changes before and after the standard revision in detail. The research findings of this paper offered precise theoretical basis and technical reference for quality supervision departments, manufacturers and traders, aiding in promoting the high-quality and sustainable development of China’s Haematococcus pluvialis powder industry in the global market. Simultaneously, the implementation of the new standard will inject strong momentum into the efficient utilization of microalgae biological resources and the vigorous development of the big health industry in China, further enhancing China’s influence and competitiveness in the global microalgae industry.

Haematococcus pluvialis powder  /  national standard  /  revision  /  interpretation  /  astaxanthin
朱文嘉, 孙伟红, 郭莹莹, 李娜, 江艳华, 王联珠, 姚琳. 雨生红球藻粉新国家标准关键指标修订研究. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (12) : 161 -167 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250312004
Wen-Jia ZHU, Wei-Hong SUN, Ying-Ying GUO, Na LI, Yan-Hua JIANG, Lian-Zhu WANG, Lin YAO. Research on the revision of key indicators in the new national standard for Haematococcus pluvialis powder[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (12) : 161 -167 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250312004
雨生红球藻(Haematococcus pluvialis)隶属于绿藻门(Chlorophyta)红球藻属(Haematococcus)[1], 是一种具有重要经济价值的淡水单细胞绿藻。在环境胁迫条件下, 该藻可大量积累类胡萝卜素等次生代谢产物, 其中虾青素(astaxanthin)及其酯类含量可占总类胡萝卜素的80%以上[2]。已有研究证实, 雨生红球藻中虾青素的含量水平可达1.0%至5.0%[3], 显著高于甲壳动物和酵母类生物(0.15%~ 0.40%)[4], 使其成为自然界中生产天然虾青素的最优生物资源[5-7]。虾青素作为强效抗氧化剂, 其活性约为维生素E的500倍, 因而被科学界誉为“超级维生素E”[8]。除显著的抗氧化特性外, 近年来的研究还证实了虾青素在延缓衰老[9]、预防心血管疾病[10]、降血糖[11]、降血脂[12]、抗肿瘤[13]、抗疲劳[14]以及增强免疫功能[15-17]等方面具有多重生物活性, 在食品、医药、化妆品及水产养殖等领域具有广泛应用前景[18-21]。2010年, 雨生红球藻在我国被批准为新资源食品[22], 推动产业快速发展。目前, 我国已成为全球主要产能国[23]
随着产业规模的扩大和应用领域的拓展, 对雨生红球藻粉的质量控制和安全性评估提出了更高要求。然而, GB/T 30893—2014《雨生红球藻粉》(以下简称2014版标准)在实施过程中暴露出诸多问题: 技术指标滞后于生产工艺革新, 检测方法准确性和效率不足, 产品质量评价体系亟待完善。这些问题不仅制约了产业的健康发展, 也影响了我国雨生红球藻产品在国际市场的竞争力。
基于行业发展需求, 国家标准化管理委员会启动了标准修订工作。本次标准修订具有重要的理论意义和实践价值: 首先, 系统评估了我国主要产区雨生红球藻粉的质量现状, 为产品质量控制提供数据支撑; 其次, 创新性地引入酶解破壁技术, 显著提高了虾青素检测的准确性和效率, 解决了传统方法中手工破壁效率低下、标准品依赖进口等问题; 最后, 通过建立分级评价体系, 为产品差异化发展提供科学依据, 促进产业升级, 提升我国雨生红球藻产品的国际竞争力。新版标准GB/T 30893—2024《雨生红球藻粉》(以下简称2024版标准)已于2025年4月1日起实施。
本文从标准修订者的视角, 系统介绍新版标准的基本框架, 深入剖析关键技术指标的确立依据, 并对比分析标准修订前后的主要变化与差异, 以期为雨生红球藻粉生产企业优化生产工艺、检验机构完善检测方法以及贸易商规范市场行为提供重要参考, 对推动我国雨生红球藻产业的规范化、标准化发展具有重要的理论和实践意义。
与2014版标准相比, 2024版标准在技术内容上进行了以下重要改进和优化。
2014版标准中的安全指标与GB 19643—2016《食品安全国家标准 藻类及其制品》的规定一致。根据《中华人民共和国食品安全法》的相关规定, 食品安全指标应严格遵循相应的食品安全国家标准。因此, 2024版标准中不再引用食品安全指标, 这一修订不仅确保了标准体系的协调性和一致性, 也避免了标准间的重复和潜在冲突, 使标准更加聚焦于产品质量核心指标。
2024版标准取消了生产加工条件的具体规定, 这一修订旨在适应不同企业的生产实际和技术特点, 增强标准的灵活性和适用性, 从而更好地满足企业的多样化需求, 促进产业升级和可持续发展, 避免因过于细化的规定而限制企业的创新和发展, 为企业的技术进步和产业升级提供更大的空间。
针对现行检测方法GB/T 31520—2015《红球藻中虾青素的测定 液相色谱法》存在的诸多问题, 2024版标准进行了重要改进。首先, 传统方法采用的手工破壁方式效率低下, 且13-顺虾青素、9-顺虾青素标准品价格昂贵、依赖进口, 严重制约了检测效率和经济性。其次, 随着藻种选育、养殖和加工技术的进步[24], 雨生红球藻粉中总虾青素含量显著提升, 原有皂化法已无法满足高含量样品的检测需求。基于雨生红球藻厚壁孢子的结构特点[25-26]及其对溶剂萃取的阻碍作用[27-28], 新标准重点优化了破壁和提取工艺。研究表明, 酶解法作为一种新型破壁方法, 能够显著提高虾青素的提取效率[29]。因此, 2024版标准采用了更先进的酶解破壁技术, 并优化了检测流程, 不仅提高了检测的准确性和实用性, 还显著提升了检测效率, 更好地满足了企业的实际需求。
2024版标准对判定规则进行了科学调整, 使其更加符合实际生产和检测需求。具体而言: 当检验项目全部合格时, 判定该批产品质量符合相应等级规定。若检验项目出现不合格情况, 应重新从同批产品中抽取两倍量样品进行复检, 并以复检结果为准。若复检后仍有不合格项目, 则判定该批产品不符合标准规定。这一判定规则的调整与最新发布的水产国家标准保持一致, 体现了标准的科学性、实用性和系统性。同时, 这一改进也为产品质量控制提供了更加严谨和规范的评价体系, 有利于提高产品质量和市场竞争力。
GB/T 30893—2024构建了一个完整的质量控制体系, 全面规范了雨生红球藻粉产品的各项技术要求。标准框架主要包括以下几个核心要素: (1)基础性要求。包括术语和定义、原料要求等基础性内容, 为标准的理解和实施提供了明确的依据; (2)质量指标体系。涵盖感官要求、理化指标等核心质量参数, 其中总虾青素和全反式虾青素含量作为关键指标, 直接反映了产品的核心价值; (3)检测方法体系。详细规定了感官检验、总虾青素、全反式虾青素、水分、灰分、净含量等指标的检验方法, 确保检测结果的科学性、准确性和可重复性; (4)质量保障体系。包括检验规则、标签标识、包装要求、运输和贮存条件等, 为产品质量的全过程控制提供了保障。
标准的编制严格遵循GB/T 1.1—2020《标准化工作导则 第1部分: 标准化文件的结构和起草规则》和GB/T 20001.10—2014《标准编写规则 第10部分: 产品标准》的要求, 确保了标准文本的规范性、科学性和可操作性。
在产品分级方面, 2024版标准创新性地采用了二级分类体系: (1)合格品。严格遵循中华人民共和国原卫生部“关于批准雨生红球藻等新资源食品的公告(2010年第17号)”(以下简称第17号公告, 详见表1)中的相关规定, 确保产品达到基本安全性和质量要求; (2)优级品。在合格品的基础上, 进一步提高了关键质量指标, 如总虾青素含量、全反式虾青素含量等, 以满足高端市场需求。这种分级制度不仅体现了标准的科学性, 也为产品差异化发展提供了指导, 有利于促进产业升级和产品结构优化。
通过这种系统化的框架设计, 2024版标准构建了一个完整的质量控制体系, 既保证了产品的基本质量要求, 又为优质产品的发展预留了空间, 充分体现了标准的科学性、先进性和实用性。
《雨生红球藻粉》国家标准(2024版)明确界定了其适用范围, 即适用于以雨生红球藻藻体及孢子为原料, 经破壁、干燥等工序制成的雨生红球藻粉。这一界定与第17号公告中“选育优良雨生红球藻藻体进行人工养殖, 采收雨生红球藻孢子, 经破壁、干燥等工艺制成”的描述保持高度一致, 确保了标准与现行法规的协调性。
为确保研究结果的代表性和可靠性, 本研究采用系统抽样方法, 采集了来自云南、山东等主要产区的42个不同规格、品牌和含量的雨生红球藻粉样品。所有样品均按照以下标准方法进行检测: 蛋白质含量采用GB 5009.5——2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中蛋白质的测定》, 水分含量采用GB 5009.3—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中水分的测定》, 灰分含量采用GB 5009.4—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中灰分的测定》, 总虾青素含量和全反式虾青素含量采用GB/T 30893—2024国家标准附录A的方法。
感官评价作为一种快速、直观的质量评估方法, 在食品质量控制中具有独特优势。研究表明, 基于色泽、气味、组织结构及形态等感官指标的综合评价, 与理化指标和微生物指标具有显著相关性(r>0.85), 且与消费者实际感知的一致性高达90%以上[31]。雨生红球藻粉的感官特征主要体现在以下几个方面: (1)外观。反映产品的物理状态和加工质量; (2)色泽。红色或暗红色, 是虾青素含量的直观体现; (3)气味。体现产品的新鲜度和加工工艺水平; (4)杂质。反映产品的纯净度和加工精细度。
与2014版标准相比, 2024版标准在感官要求方面进行了以下重要修改(详见表2): (1)外观要求。将“片状或均匀粉末”修改为“均匀粉末, 无结块”。这一修订反映了生产工艺的进步, 消除了“片状”这一描述, 增加了“无结块”的明确要求, 更符合现代产品质量控制需求; (2)气味描述。将“固有鲜味”改为“固有气味”。这一修改消除了主观性描述, 使评价标准更加客观、可操作, 有利于提高评价结果的一致性和可靠性; (3)杂质判定。将“肉眼”改为“正常视力”。这一修订采用更加科学的表述方式, 明确了评价条件, 避免了因个体视力差异导致的评价偏差, 使产品质量评估更加客观、准确。
天然虾青素(C₄₀H52O₄), 化学名称为3,3’-二羟基-4,4’-二酮基-β,β’-胡萝卜素, 是一种重要的次生类胡萝卜素[32]。作为雨生红球藻中最主要的活性成分, 总虾青素含量是评价雨生红球藻粉质量的核心指标。
本研究对42个具有代表性的雨生红球藻粉样品进行了系统检测。结果显示, 伪劣产品(主要来源于网络购物渠道)的总虾青素含量极低, 部分样品甚至低于方法检出限。总虾青素含量分布呈现明显差异(详见表3), 低于1.5%的雨生红球藻粉占样品总量的40.5%, 1.5%~2.0%的样品占26.2%, 2.0%~4.5%的样品占33.3%。
基于第17号公告的规定和实际检测结果, 2024版标准将总虾青素含量的最低限值设定为≥1.5%。这一指标的确定既考虑了质量控制的基本要求, 又兼顾了标准的可操作性。同时, 标准暂不划分等级, 为未来技术发展和标准修订预留了空间。
虾青素存在3种主要几何异构体: 全反式、9-顺式和13-顺式[33]。研究表明, 雨生红球藻中的虾青素以全反式构型为主(>90%), 显著高于合成虾青素(<25%)[34-35]。藻源虾青素主要以酯化形式存在, 其中单酯(70%)、双酯(10%~15%)和游离态(4%~5%)的比例与水生动物机体高度相似[36], 这使其抗氧化活性和生物吸收利用率显著高于合成虾青素[37-38]
市场调查发现, 人工合成虾青素与天然藻源虾青素在化学结构上具有相似性, 但在来源、生产工艺、生物活性及成本方面存在显著差异。一些不法商家通过化学结构模仿、混合使用天然与合成虾青素、误导性宣传等手段进行掺假。为规范市场秩序, 2024版标准特别规定了全反式虾青素(all-trans astaxanthin)的含量要求。标准修订工作组对34个样品进行了检测(详见表4), 结果显示, 全反式虾青素含量范围为0%~3.01%。其中, 含量小于0.8%的雨生红球藻粉占样品总量的23.5%, 介于0.8%~1.5%的占41.2%, 介于1.5%~3.5%的占35.3%。
基于第17号公告的要求, 2024版标准对全反式虾青素含量作出规定, 优级品大于等于1.5%, 合格品大于等于0.8%。这一分级不仅延续了2014版标准的科学要求, 还通过设立优级品指标, 引导行业向高质量方向发展, 有利于提升我国雨生红球藻粉产品的国际竞争力。
雨生红球藻粉是一种潜在的优质蛋白质来源[39], 其蛋白质组成包含15种氨基酸[40], 其必需氨基酸的组成模式与联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织推荐的理想模式接近, 具有良好的吸收利用性[41]。这一特性使其在食品和营养补充剂领域具有重要的应用价值。
为全面评估雨生红球藻粉中蛋白质含量的分布特征, 标准修订工作组对30个具有代表性的样品进行了系统检测(详见表5)。检测结果表明, 雨生红球藻粉中蛋白质含量呈现显著差异, 范围为11.8~32.7 g/100 g。具体分布如下: 蛋白质含量小于15 g/100 g的样品占总样品量的6.7%; 介于15~30 g/100 g的样品占63.3%; 介于30~35 g/100 g的样品占30.0%。
基于第17号公告的规定和实际检测结果, 2024版标准维持了2014版标准中蛋白质含量的最低限值要求, 即大于等于15 g/100 g。这一指标的设定既保证了产品的基本营养价值, 又考虑了实际生产的可行性。
水分含量是影响雨生红球藻粉品质稳定性和货架期的关键因素。合理控制水分含量对于防止产品在贮藏、运输和销售过程中发生霉变具有重要意义。2024版标准在制定水分指标时, 综合考虑了当前干燥技术水平、工艺成本控制以及实际市场需求。
标准修订工作组对42个雨生红球藻粉样品进行了水分含量检测(详见表6)。检测结果显示, 水分含量范围为1.5~10 g/100 g。具体分布如下: 小于等于7 g/100 g的雨生红球藻粉占样品总量的97.6%, 介于7~10 g/100g的样品占2.4%。综合考虑产品的生产工艺、贮藏性和检测结果, 2024版标准对水分含量作出规定, 优级品小于等于7 g/100 g, 合格品小于等于10 g/100 g。这一分级与2014版标准保持一致, 既保证了产品质量, 又为不同等级产品的市场定位提供了依据。
灰分含量是评价雨生红球藻粉纯净度和加工工艺水平的重要指标。过高的灰分含量往往提示生产过程中可能存在杂质混入或工艺控制不当等问题。
标准修订工作组对42个雨生红球藻粉样品进行了灰分含量检测(详见表7)。检测结果显示, 雨生红球藻粉的灰分含量差异较大, 范围为0.9~30.2 g/100 g。具体分布如下: 小于等于4 g/100 g的样品占总样品量的66.7%; 介于10~15 g/100 g的样品占19.0%; 介于15~30.2 g/100 g的样品占14.3%。
基于第17号公告的规定和实际检测结果, 2024版标准对灰分含量作出规定, 合格品小于等于15 g/100 g, 优级品小于等于10 g/100 g。这一分级指标的制定, 不仅延续了2014版标准的科学要求, 还通过设立更严格的优级品指标, 引导企业提升生产工艺水平, 推动行业向高质量发展。同时, 分级管理也有利于实现优质优价, 促进市场良性竞争。
本研究通过对GB/T 30893—2024的深入解读与系统分析, 全面阐释了该标准在规范雨生红球藻粉生产、质量控制和市场流通中的重要作用。然而, 国际上没有相关标准, 研究样本来源主要集中于国内主要产区, 可能无法完全反映全球雨生红球藻粉的质量现状, 需进一步扩大样本范围并跟踪评估标准实施效果。尽管存在这些局限性, 本研究的成果仍具有重要的理论和实践价值。新版标准的实施为雨生红球藻粉的生产者提供了明确的生产规范, 有助于提高产品质量的一致性和稳定性。同时, 也为监管部门提供了清晰的执法依据, 有效保障了消费者权益。
基于当前研究, 未来研究方向可重点关注以下几个方面: (1)标准持续优化。随着技术进步和产业发展, 定期评估和更新标准内容; (2)应用领域拓展。深入挖掘雨生红球藻粉在食品、保健品和饲料等领域的潜在价值; (3)国际标准接轨。积极参与国际标准制定, 提升我国在全球微藻产业中的话语权; (4)质量控制体系完善。建立从原料到成品的全过程质量控制体系; (5)检测技术革新。开发更加快速、准确的检测方法, 提高质量控制效率。
本标准的制定和实施为雨生红球藻粉产业的规范化发展提供了科学指导, 通过持续优化标准、加强质量控制和拓展应用领域, 将推动产业可持续发展, 提升我国在全球微藻产业的影响力, 为人类健康和经济增长作出更大贡献。
  • 国家自然科学基金国际(地区)合作与交流项目(32061133008)
  • 现代农业产业技术体系专项(CARS-50)
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2025年第16卷第12期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250312004
  • 接收时间:2025-03-12
  • 首发时间:2026-01-13
  • 出版时间:2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-12
基金
国家自然科学基金国际(地区)合作与交流项目(32061133008)
现代农业产业技术体系专项(CARS-50)
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    中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所, 农业农村部水产品质量安全检测与评价重点实验室, 青岛 266071

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*姚琳(1980—), 男, 研究员, 主要研究方向为水产品质量安全检测与评价。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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