Article(id=1217779721711043410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217779717386715826, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250317008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1742140800000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768270910909, onlineDateStr=2026-01-13, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768270910909, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768270910909, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768270910909, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217779717386715826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768270909877, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768299620707, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217900139386163208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217779717386715826, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217900139386163209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217779717386715826, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=97, endPage=105, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217779722042393446, articleId=1217779721711043410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Degradation dynamics and safety evaluation of sodium dichloroisocyanurate, prochloraz and its metabolites in Myrica rubra Sieb. & Zucc storage and preservation, columnId=1217529311867883548, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Highlight: Analysis and Monitoring of Toxic and Harmful Substances in Food, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To evaluate the residue dissipation dynamics and dietary intake risks of sodium dichloroisocyanurate (DCCNa), prochloraz and its metabolites in Myrica rubra Sieb. & Zucc. Methods The residue dynamics of DCCNa, prochloraz and its metabolite 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in Myrica rubra Sieb. & Zucc under room temperature and cold storage conditions were quantitatively analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), dietary intake risks were further assessed. Results There was a positive correlation between the concentration and residual amount of DCCNa and prochloraz in fruit soaking, indicating that higher dipping concentrations resulted in greater initial residues. The dissipation dynamics of both pesticides in Myrica rubra Sieb. & Zucc followed the first-order kinetics. The half-lives of DCCNa were 0.5-0.9 days at room temperature and 0.8-1.1 days under refrigeration, while those of prochloraz were 1.1-1.3 days and 1.5-2.1 days respectively. Additionally, the content of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, a metabolite of prochloraz, exhibited an increasing trend during storage. Dietary risk assessment demonstrated that when Myrica rubra Sieb. & Zucc were treated with DCCNa (15 mg/L and 60 mg/L) or prochloraz (45 mg/L and 180 mg/L) solutions for preservation respectively, the acute dietary exposure risks of both pesticides in at the highest residue levels remained within the acceptable limits. Moreover, acute dietary risk values of DCCNa and prochloraz in commercially available Myrica rubra Sieb. & Zucc were lower than those in the experimental treatment groups, with all acute dietary exposure risks below 100%, indicating controllable exposure levels. Conclusion This study clarifies the degradation patterns of sodium DCCNa, prochloraz and their metabolites during the storage and preservation process of Myrica rubra Sieb. & Zucc, providing a theoretical basis for the scientific and standardized use of fungicidal preservatives as well as quality and safety regulation.

, correspAuthors=Wei DING, Dou WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Sa GAO, Ran-Ran SHI, Ling TENG, Wei-Tao WANG, Yu-Ting DU, Ting LUO, Gui-Ling YANG, Xin-Quan WANG, Wei DING, Dou WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1217779722881254300, articleId=1217779721711043410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=二氯异氰尿酸钠、咪鲜胺及其代谢物在杨梅贮藏保鲜中的消解动态及安全评价, columnId=1217529312056627244, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期重点:食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 评估二氯异氰尿酸钠(sodium dichloroisocyanurate, DCCNa)、咪鲜胺及其代谢物在杨梅中的残留消解动态及其膳食摄入风险。方法 采用液相色谱-串联质谱法(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS)对常温和冷藏贮藏条件下杨梅中DCCNa、咪鲜胺及其代谢物2,4,6-三氯苯酚的残留动态进行定量分析, 并评估其膳食摄入风险。结果 DCCNa、咪鲜胺浸果的浓度与残留量之间存在正相关, 即浸果浓度越高, 初始残留量越高。两种农药在杨梅中的消解动态均符合一级动力学方程, 其中DCCNa在常温与冷藏条件下的半衰期分别为0.5~0.9 d和0.8~1.1 d, 而咪鲜胺分别为1.1~1.3 d和1.5~2.1 d, 且咪鲜胺的代谢物2,4,6-三氯苯酚的含量在贮藏期间呈现增加趋势。膳食风险评估结果显示, 用质量浓度为15 mg/L、60 mg/L的DCCNa和45 mg/L、180 mg/L的咪鲜胺溶液分别浸泡杨梅保鲜, 最高残留水平下杨梅中两种农药的急性膳食摄入风险均在可接受的范围内; 市售杨梅中DCCNa和咪鲜胺的残留水平低于实验处理组最终残留量, 且急性膳食摄入风险值小于100%, 处于可控范围内。结论 本研究通过阐明DCCNa、咪鲜胺及其代谢物在杨梅贮藏保鲜过程中的降解规律, 为杀菌保鲜剂的科学规范使用和质量安全监管提供理论依据。

, correspAuthors=丁伟, 王豆, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*丁伟(1968—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为农药生态安全。E-mail: ;
王豆(1990—), 女, 博士, 助理研究员, 主要研究方向为农产品质量安全风险评估。E-mail:
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高萨(2000—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为农药学。E-mail:

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Degradation dynamics and risk assessment of dietary exposure to iprodione, prochloraz and its metabolites during fresh-keeping storage of Hami cantaloupe[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2024, 15(7): 62-67., articleTitle=Degradation dynamics and risk assessment of dietary exposure to iprodione, prochloraz and its metabolites during fresh-keeping storage of Hami cantaloupe, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217833943022354972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779721711043410, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=45, authorNames=DANIELLE MP, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DANIELLE MP. 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Chinese Journal of Pesticide Science, 2021, 23(1): 146-153., articleTitle=Dietary risk assessment of 4 pesticides residue in bayberries and effect ofhoushold washing method on residue removal, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1217833936839950598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779721711043410, awardId=GJFP20230202, language=CN, fundingSource=农业农村部农产品质量安全风险评估项目(GJFP20230202), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1217833923304931798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779721711043410, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217833923317514710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779721711043410, companyId=1217833923304931798, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217833923325903320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779721711043410, companyId=1217833923304931798, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 东北农业大学植物保护学院, 哈尔滨 150000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1217833923443343839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779721711043410, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217833923460121056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779721711043410, companyId=1217833923443343839, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Institute of Agricultural Products Quality Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217833923468509664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779721711043410, companyId=1217833923443343839, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 浙江省农业科学院农产品质量安全与营养研究所, 杭州 310021)]), AuthorCompany(id=1217833923564978668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779721711043410, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217833923573367278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779721711043410, companyId=1217833923564978668, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 Hangzhou Rural Revitalization Service Center, Hangzhou 310020, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217833923581755886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779721711043410, companyId=1217833923564978668, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 杭州市乡村振兴服务中心, 杭州 310020)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1217833932469485638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779721711043410, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Degradation dynamics of sodium dichloroisocyanurate in Myrica rubra Sieb. & Zucc, figureFileSmall=yFXrnQLaBKapFB3VlIeMiA==, figureFileBig=oOy46d3Zu7Niq4E/6JSO/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217833932612091982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779721711043410, language=CN, label=图1, caption=二氯异氰尿酸钠在杨梅中的降解动态

注: a. 冷藏条件, b. 常温条件, 下同。

, figureFileSmall=yFXrnQLaBKapFB3VlIeMiA==, figureFileBig=oOy46d3Zu7Niq4E/6JSO/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217833932775669850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779721711043410, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Degradation dynamics of prochloraz in Myrica rubra Sieb. & Zucc, figureFileSmall=s4sygWu6trZ8YqGVUrP63g==, figureFileBig=0VqCVkvaI/9qaKk7c7W6HA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217833932909887588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779721711043410, language=CN, label=图2, caption=咪鲜胺在杨梅中的降解动态, figureFileSmall=s4sygWu6trZ8YqGVUrP63g==, figureFileBig=0VqCVkvaI/9qaKk7c7W6HA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217833933044105322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779721711043410, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Degradation dynamics of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in Myrica rubra Sieb. & Zucc, figureFileSmall=F7SZudo/PNntRF9pNRDIrw==, figureFileBig=dns248SlwRioKsmllslMlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217833933161545839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779721711043410, language=CN, label=图3, caption=2,4,6-三氯苯酚在杨梅中的降解动态, figureFileSmall=F7SZudo/PNntRF9pNRDIrw==, figureFileBig=dns248SlwRioKsmllslMlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217833933392232569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779721711043410, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Mass spectrometry conditions of sodium dichloroisocyanurate

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 参数
离子源类型 负ESI (MRM)
毛细管电压/kV -4.5
雾化气流速/(L/min) 2.9
干燥气流速/(L/min) 10
加热气流速/(L/min) 10
接口温度/℃ 300
脱溶剂管线DL温度/℃ 250
加热块温度/℃ 400
碰撞电压/eV 17; 13
母离子(m/z) 128
子离子(m/z) 41.95; 84.95
), ArticleFig(id=1217833933547421831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779721711043410, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

二氯异氰尿酸钠的质谱条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 参数
离子源类型 负ESI (MRM)
毛细管电压/kV -4.5
雾化气流速/(L/min) 2.9
干燥气流速/(L/min) 10
加热气流速/(L/min) 10
接口温度/℃ 300
脱溶剂管线DL温度/℃ 250
加热块温度/℃ 400
碰撞电压/eV 17; 13
母离子(m/z) 128
子离子(m/z) 41.95; 84.95
), ArticleFig(id=1217833933694222478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779721711043410, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Program of gradient elution

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
梯度时间/min 流动相A/% 流动相B/%
0.0 70.0 30.0
1.0 70.0 30.0
2.0 0.0 100.0
5.0 0.0 100.0
5.1 70.0 30.0
), ArticleFig(id=1217833933853606036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779721711043410, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

梯度洗脱程序

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
梯度时间/min 流动相A/% 流动相B/%
0.0 70.0 30.0
1.0 70.0 30.0
2.0 0.0 100.0
5.0 0.0 100.0
5.1 70.0 30.0
), ArticleFig(id=1217833934012989598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779721711043410, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Mass spectral parameters of prochloraz and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物 母离子(m/z) 子离子(m/z) 去簇电压/V 碰撞电压/eV
咪鲜胺 376.1 308* 140 17
266 140 23
2,4,6-三氯苯酚 196.8 160.9* -75 -28
94.9 -75 -45
), ArticleFig(id=1217833934126235816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779721711043410, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

咪鲜胺及2,4,6-三氯苯酚的质谱参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物 母离子(m/z) 子离子(m/z) 去簇电压/V 碰撞电压/eV
咪鲜胺 376.1 308* 140 17
266 140 23
2,4,6-三氯苯酚 196.8 160.9* -75 -28
94.9 -75 -45
), ArticleFig(id=1217833934268842158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779721711043410, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Linear equation, correlation coefficient, LODs and LOQs of sodium dichloroisocyanurate, prochloraz and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in Myrica rubra Sieb. & Zucc

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
农药名称 线性方程 相关、系数(r2) LODs
/(mg/kg)
LOQs
/(mg/kg)
二氯异氰
尿酸钠
Y=-3135.2+1025.9X 0.9440 0.0085 0.0280
咪鲜胺 Y=9886.4+3441.7X 0.9987 0.0011 0.0036
2,4,6-三氯苯酚 Y=1763.2+825.54X 0.9988 0.0011 0.0036
), ArticleFig(id=1217833934407254201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779721711043410, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

杨梅中二氯异氰尿酸钠、咪鲜胺及2,4,6-三氯苯酚的线性方程、相关系数、LODs及LOQs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
农药名称 线性方程 相关、系数(r2) LODs
/(mg/kg)
LOQs
/(mg/kg)
二氯异氰
尿酸钠
Y=-3135.2+1025.9X 0.9440 0.0085 0.0280
咪鲜胺 Y=9886.4+3441.7X 0.9987 0.0011 0.0036
2,4,6-三氯苯酚 Y=1763.2+825.54X 0.9988 0.0011 0.0036
), ArticleFig(id=1217833934524694719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779721711043410, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Spiked recoveries and precision of sodium dichloroisocyanurate, prochloraz and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in Myrica rubra Sieb. & Zucc

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
农药名称 添加水平/(mg/kg) 回收率/% RSDs/%
二氯异氰尿酸钠 0.1 60.2±1.2 2.7
0.2 65.3±2.3 3.1
0.5 70.6±1.1 5.5
咪鲜胺 0.0250 86.6±1.2 3.7
0.0625 89.2±0.6 4.3
0.1250 92.7±1.1 3.2
2,4,6-三氯苯酚 0.0250 87.4±0.5 5.6
0.0625 88.3±1.2 3.6
0.1250 89.9±0.8 4.2
), ArticleFig(id=1217833934629552328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779721711043410, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

杨梅中二氯异氰尿酸钠、咪鲜胺及2,4,6-三氯苯酚的加标回收率及精密度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
农药名称 添加水平/(mg/kg) 回收率/% RSDs/%
二氯异氰尿酸钠 0.1 60.2±1.2 2.7
0.2 65.3±2.3 3.1
0.5 70.6±1.1 5.5
咪鲜胺 0.0250 86.6±1.2 3.7
0.0625 89.2±0.6 4.3
0.1250 92.7±1.1 3.2
2,4,6-三氯苯酚 0.0250 87.4±0.5 5.6
0.0625 88.3±1.2 3.6
0.1250 89.9±0.8 4.2
), ArticleFig(id=1217833934793130194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779721711043410, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Elimination equations and half-lives of sodium dichloroisocyanurate and prochloraz in Myrica rubra Sieb. & Zucc

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
农药
名称
贮藏
条件
质量浓度/(mg/L) 消解方程 相关系数(r2) 半衰期/d
二氯异氰尿酸钠 冷藏 15 Ct=0.086e-0.0059t 0.8065 0.8
60 Ct=0.125e-0.011t 0.9564 1.1
常温 15 Ct=0.052e-0.0044t 0.9754 0.5
60 Ct=0.112e-0.0128t 0.9774 0.9
咪鲜胺 冷藏 45 Ct=2.96e-0.1167t 0.9289 1.5
180 Ct=4.21e-0.0722t 0.9351 2.1
常温 45 Ct=2.72e-0.2241t 0.9557 1.1
180 Ct=3.53e-0.2825t 0.9276 1.3
), ArticleFig(id=1217833934902182104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779721711043410, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

二氯异氰尿酸钠和咪鲜胺在杨梅中的消解方程及半衰期

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
农药
名称
贮藏
条件
质量浓度/(mg/L) 消解方程 相关系数(r2) 半衰期/d
二氯异氰尿酸钠 冷藏 15 Ct=0.086e-0.0059t 0.8065 0.8
60 Ct=0.125e-0.011t 0.9564 1.1
常温 15 Ct=0.052e-0.0044t 0.9754 0.5
60 Ct=0.112e-0.0128t 0.9774 0.9
咪鲜胺 冷藏 45 Ct=2.96e-0.1167t 0.9289 1.5
180 Ct=4.21e-0.0722t 0.9351 2.1
常温 45 Ct=2.72e-0.2241t 0.9557 1.1
180 Ct=3.53e-0.2825t 0.9276 1.3
), ArticleFig(id=1217833936198222049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779721711043410, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Results of dietary exposure evaluation of sodium dichloroisocyanurate and prochloraz on Myrica rubra Sieb. & Zucc at different storage temperatures

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
贮藏
温度
二氯异氰尿酸钠 咪鲜胺
15 mg/L 60 mg/L 45 mg/L 180 mg/L
最高残留值/(mg/kg) %ARfD/% 最高残留值/(mg/kg) %ARfD/% 最高残留值/(mg/kg) %ARfD/% 最高残留值/(mg/kg) %ARfD/%
冷藏 0.048 6.19 0.119 15.3 3.81 34.6 3.84 34.9
常温 0.074 9.49 0.098 12.6 2.53 22.9 3.34 30.3
), ArticleFig(id=1217833936365994219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779721711043410, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

不同贮藏温度下二氯异氰尿酸钠和咪鲜胺在杨梅上的膳食暴露评估结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
贮藏
温度
二氯异氰尿酸钠 咪鲜胺
15 mg/L 60 mg/L 45 mg/L 180 mg/L
最高残留值/(mg/kg) %ARfD/% 最高残留值/(mg/kg) %ARfD/% 最高残留值/(mg/kg) %ARfD/% 最高残留值/(mg/kg) %ARfD/%
冷藏 0.048 6.19 0.119 15.3 3.81 34.6 3.84 34.9
常温 0.074 9.49 0.098 12.6 2.53 22.9 3.34 30.3
), ArticleFig(id=1217833936487629045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779721711043410, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Results of dietary exposure evaluation of of sodium dichloroisocyanurate and prochloraz in commercially available Myrica rubra Sieb. & Zucc

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
杀菌保鲜剂 最高残留值/(mg/kg) ARfD
/(mg/kg)
%ARfD/%
二氯异氰尿酸钠 0.9274 14.2 0.12
咪鲜胺 0.8633 0.2 7.83
), ArticleFig(id=1217833936592486649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779721711043410, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

市售杨梅中二氯异氰尿酸钠和咪鲜胺的膳食暴露评估结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
杀菌保鲜剂 最高残留值/(mg/kg) ARfD
/(mg/kg)
%ARfD/%
二氯异氰尿酸钠 0.9274 14.2 0.12
咪鲜胺 0.8633 0.2 7.83
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二氯异氰尿酸钠、咪鲜胺及其代谢物在杨梅贮藏保鲜中的消解动态及安全评价
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高萨 1, 2 , 史冉冉 2 , 滕玲 3 , 王炜涛 2 , 杜雨婷 2 , 罗婷 2 , 杨桂玲 2 , 王新全 2 , 丁伟 1, * , 王豆 2, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期重点:食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测 2025,16(12): 97-105
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期重点:食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测 2025, 16(12): 97-105
二氯异氰尿酸钠、咪鲜胺及其代谢物在杨梅贮藏保鲜中的消解动态及安全评价
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高萨1, 2 , 史冉冉2, 滕玲3, 王炜涛2, 杜雨婷2, 罗婷2, 杨桂玲2, 王新全2, 丁伟1, * , 王豆2, *
作者信息
  • 1 东北农业大学植物保护学院, 哈尔滨 150000
  • 2 浙江省农业科学院农产品质量安全与营养研究所, 杭州 310021
  • 3 杭州市乡村振兴服务中心, 杭州 310020
  • 高萨(2000—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为农药学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*丁伟(1968—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为农药生态安全。E-mail: ;
王豆(1990—), 女, 博士, 助理研究员, 主要研究方向为农产品质量安全风险评估。E-mail:
Degradation dynamics and safety evaluation of sodium dichloroisocyanurate, prochloraz and its metabolites in Myrica rubra Sieb. & Zucc storage and preservation
Sa GAO1, 2 , Ran-Ran SHI2, Ling TENG3, Wei-Tao WANG2, Yu-Ting DU2, Ting LUO2, Gui-Ling YANG2, Xin-Quan WANG2, Wei DING1, * , Dou WANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150000, China
  • 2 Institute of Agricultural Products Quality Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
  • 3 Hangzhou Rural Revitalization Service Center, Hangzhou 310020, China
出版时间: 2025-06-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250317008
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目的 评估二氯异氰尿酸钠(sodium dichloroisocyanurate, DCCNa)、咪鲜胺及其代谢物在杨梅中的残留消解动态及其膳食摄入风险。方法 采用液相色谱-串联质谱法(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS)对常温和冷藏贮藏条件下杨梅中DCCNa、咪鲜胺及其代谢物2,4,6-三氯苯酚的残留动态进行定量分析, 并评估其膳食摄入风险。结果 DCCNa、咪鲜胺浸果的浓度与残留量之间存在正相关, 即浸果浓度越高, 初始残留量越高。两种农药在杨梅中的消解动态均符合一级动力学方程, 其中DCCNa在常温与冷藏条件下的半衰期分别为0.5~0.9 d和0.8~1.1 d, 而咪鲜胺分别为1.1~1.3 d和1.5~2.1 d, 且咪鲜胺的代谢物2,4,6-三氯苯酚的含量在贮藏期间呈现增加趋势。膳食风险评估结果显示, 用质量浓度为15 mg/L、60 mg/L的DCCNa和45 mg/L、180 mg/L的咪鲜胺溶液分别浸泡杨梅保鲜, 最高残留水平下杨梅中两种农药的急性膳食摄入风险均在可接受的范围内; 市售杨梅中DCCNa和咪鲜胺的残留水平低于实验处理组最终残留量, 且急性膳食摄入风险值小于100%, 处于可控范围内。结论 本研究通过阐明DCCNa、咪鲜胺及其代谢物在杨梅贮藏保鲜过程中的降解规律, 为杀菌保鲜剂的科学规范使用和质量安全监管提供理论依据。

二氯异氰尿酸钠  /  咪鲜胺  /  2,4,6-三氯苯酚  /  杨梅  /  贮藏  /  保鲜  /  消解动态  /  膳食风险评估

Objective To evaluate the residue dissipation dynamics and dietary intake risks of sodium dichloroisocyanurate (DCCNa), prochloraz and its metabolites in Myrica rubra Sieb. & Zucc. Methods The residue dynamics of DCCNa, prochloraz and its metabolite 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in Myrica rubra Sieb. & Zucc under room temperature and cold storage conditions were quantitatively analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), dietary intake risks were further assessed. Results There was a positive correlation between the concentration and residual amount of DCCNa and prochloraz in fruit soaking, indicating that higher dipping concentrations resulted in greater initial residues. The dissipation dynamics of both pesticides in Myrica rubra Sieb. & Zucc followed the first-order kinetics. The half-lives of DCCNa were 0.5-0.9 days at room temperature and 0.8-1.1 days under refrigeration, while those of prochloraz were 1.1-1.3 days and 1.5-2.1 days respectively. Additionally, the content of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, a metabolite of prochloraz, exhibited an increasing trend during storage. Dietary risk assessment demonstrated that when Myrica rubra Sieb. & Zucc were treated with DCCNa (15 mg/L and 60 mg/L) or prochloraz (45 mg/L and 180 mg/L) solutions for preservation respectively, the acute dietary exposure risks of both pesticides in at the highest residue levels remained within the acceptable limits. Moreover, acute dietary risk values of DCCNa and prochloraz in commercially available Myrica rubra Sieb. & Zucc were lower than those in the experimental treatment groups, with all acute dietary exposure risks below 100%, indicating controllable exposure levels. Conclusion This study clarifies the degradation patterns of sodium DCCNa, prochloraz and their metabolites during the storage and preservation process of Myrica rubra Sieb. & Zucc, providing a theoretical basis for the scientific and standardized use of fungicidal preservatives as well as quality and safety regulation.

sodium dichloroisocyanurate  /  prochloraz  /  2,4,6-trichlorophenol  /  Myrica rubra Sieb. & Zucc  /  storage  /  preservation  /  degradation dynamics  /  dietary risk assessment
高萨, 史冉冉, 滕玲, 王炜涛, 杜雨婷, 罗婷, 杨桂玲, 王新全, 丁伟, 王豆. 二氯异氰尿酸钠、咪鲜胺及其代谢物在杨梅贮藏保鲜中的消解动态及安全评价. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (12) : 97 -105 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250317008
Sa GAO, Ran-Ran SHI, Ling TENG, Wei-Tao WANG, Yu-Ting DU, Ting LUO, Gui-Ling YANG, Xin-Quan WANG, Wei DING, Dou WANG. Degradation dynamics and safety evaluation of sodium dichloroisocyanurate, prochloraz and its metabolites in Myrica rubra Sieb. & Zucc storage and preservation[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (12) : 97 -105 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250317008
杨梅(Myrica rubra Sieb. & Zucc)作为我国南方特有的时令水果, 主要分布在浙江、江苏等多个省, 其中浙江是主产区[1-2]。杨梅果实具有高含水量、丰富的纤维素及抗氧化类活性物质等特点, 其色泽鲜艳, 口感酸甜, 深受消费者青睐[3-8]。然而, 由于杨梅皮薄且无外果皮包被, 采后极易受微生物侵染而腐烂变质[9-10]。经市场调研发现, 存在部分商家通过浸泡或喷洒保鲜类杀菌剂以防止果实受到病毒和细菌侵害的现象。
二氯异氰尿酸钠是一种高效广谱杀菌剂、消毒剂, 被广泛用于果蔬病害防治、饮用水及家庭用消毒, 其溶于水后迅速水解生成氰尿酸, 并以次氯酸形式释放游离有效氯, 对病毒、细菌芽孢及真菌等致病微生物具有强效杀灭作用[11-13]。咪鲜胺是一种广谱、高效、低毒的咪唑类杀菌剂, 其通过抑制菌体内麦角甾醇的生物合成, 破坏病菌细胞壁, 从而发挥保鲜和杀菌防腐功效[14-16]。目前, GB 2763—2021《食品安全国家标准 食品中农药最大残留限量》尚未对杨梅中二氯异氰尿酸钠的最大残留限量作出明确规定, 咪鲜胺残留量则以其母体及代谢产物2,4,6-三氯苯酚的总和计, 最大残留限量为7 mg/kg。咪鲜胺代谢产物2,4,6-三氯苯酚具有潜在致癌性和致突变性, 可能对人类神经系统和呼吸系统造成不良影响, 如诱发慢性支气管炎、咳嗽及肺功能改变等[17-18]。鉴于其危害性, 2,4,6-三氯苯酚已被美国环境保护署列为优先管控污染物, 我国《水体优先控制污染物名录》亦将其纳入重点监控名单[19-20]
二氯异氰尿酸钠和咪鲜胺为杨梅生产登记用药, 分别用于杨梅树白腐病和褐斑病的防治。然而, 调研发现部分商贩在杨梅采后环节违规使用这两种农药, 通过浸泡、喷洒等方式进行防腐保鲜, 增加了杨梅果实的农药残留风险。2022年, 浙江省市场监督管理局联合浙江省农业农村厅印发了《浙江省杨梅、桑葚食品安全专项治理方案》(浙市监食检(2022)16号)[21], 专项整治发现存在部分商户使用田间防治杀菌剂用于杨梅采后保鲜的现象。此类化学物质并未在杨梅采后保鲜中取得合法登记, 其代谢产物可能通过杨梅无外果皮保护的果肉组织渗透至果肉, 导致农药残留安全隐患。因此开展其农药残留动态及膳食暴露风险的系统研究具有重要意义。ZHAO等[22]研究了不同温度和浓度下咪鲜胺在柑桔贮藏保鲜中的残留消解动态, 结果表明, 温度和咪鲜胺处理浓度对其在柑桔中的残留消解过程均产生显著影响, 不同温度条件下咪鲜胺的消解速率存在差异; FANG等[23]则探讨了不同处理浓度下咪鲜胺及其代谢物2,4,6-三氯苯酚在苹果贮藏过程中的消解动态及膳食风险, 发现其消解符合一级动力学方程, 半衰期为57.8 d, 且膳食风险处于可接受水平; 吴静娜等[24]研究了咪鲜胺及其代谢物在荔枝贮藏保鲜中的残留动态及安全性, 发现咪鲜胺残留量与浸果浓度呈正相关, 浸泡后第7 d达到峰值后逐渐消解, 且慢性膳食摄入风险处于可接受范围。然而, 关于二氯异氰尿酸钠在杨梅中的残留动态及其膳食风险评估的研究鲜见报道。
因此, 本研究采用液相色谱-串联质谱(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS)技术对贮藏期间杨梅中二氯异氰尿酸钠、咪鲜胺及其代谢产物的残留总量展开定量分析, 通过系统探究两种杀菌保鲜剂在杨梅中的降解动力学特征并进行膳食暴露风险评估, 旨在科学评价其安全性, 进而为规范用药和杨梅质量安全监管提供科学依据。
消解实验的杨梅试样采摘于浙江省余姚市杨梅园, 选择果实形态完整、大小均匀、无机械损伤及病虫害侵染的果实作为供试材料; 同时于2023—2024年5—6月期间对云南省、福建省、广东省、山东省、浙江省等5个省9个市的市售杨梅随机抽样, 共采集农贸市场和超市杨梅样品166批次, 用于评估实际市场残留水平的人群膳食风险。
二氯异氰尿酸钠可溶性粉剂(有限成分含量50%, 山东省曲阜市尔福农药厂); 咪鲜胺水乳剂(有效成分含量450 g/L, 浙江天丰生物科学有限公司); 甲醇、乙腈(色谱纯, 德国Merck公司); 氯化钠、无水硫酸镁、柠檬酸二钠盐倍半水合物、柠檬酸钠二水合物(分析纯, 上海麦克林生化科技有限公司); 甲酸(优级纯, 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司); 石墨化碳黑(raphitized carbon black, GCB) (40~120 μm, 青云化学科技有限公司); C18、乙二胺-N-丙基硅烷化硅胶吸附剂(primary secondary amine, PSA) (40~60 μm, 天津博纳艾杰尔科技有限公司); 实验用水为娃哈哈水(一级水, 购自京东超市)。
LC-MS/MS-8050液相色谱质谱联用仪(日本岛津公司); DXW-2500涡旋振荡仪(齐威仪器厂家); 2011F145-1电子天平(精度0.01~0.0001 g)(苏州丹斯特电子有限公司); KQ-250DE数控超声波清洗器(杭州微米派科技有限公司); KH20R高速冷冻高速离心机(湖南凯达科学仪器有限公司); LB-12S/24S水浴氮吹仪(青岛明成环保科技有限公司); 色谱柱ACQUITY UPLC® BEH HILIC (2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 µm)、色谱柱ACQUITY UPLC® BEH C18 (2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 µm)(美国Waters公司)。
本研究参照NY/T 788—2018《农作物中农药残留试验准则》开展。将杨梅果实进行预冷处理, 用娃哈哈水浸泡1 min后捞出沥干, 以消除杨梅自身带的热量。
实验采用双因素设计, 共设置两个温度梯度: 冷藏(4 ℃±1 ℃)和常温(20 ℃±1 ℃); 同时设置5个处理组, 包括空白对照组(清水浸泡)、15 mg/L二氯异氰尿酸钠组、60 mg/L二氯异氰尿酸钠组、45 mg/L咪鲜胺组和180 mg/L咪鲜胺组, 每个处理设3个重复。将预冷后的杨梅果实分别按照以上质量浓度处理1 min, 自然晾干后使用透气的专用杨梅包装盒分装。其中一组样品放入温度为4 ℃±1 ℃、相对湿度为80%~90%的冰箱中贮藏; 另一组样品放置于20 ℃±1 ℃、相对湿度为45%~60%的常温环境中贮藏。
采样期设置为: 2 h和1、2、3、4、5、6 d。每个间隔期取样, 样品经去核匀浆后装入50 mL离心管中, 于-20 ℃条件下冷冻贮藏, 待后续分析检测。
(1)样品预处理
二氯异氰尿酸钠前处理方法: 准确称取5 g均质后的杨梅样品, 置于50 mL离心管中, 再加入25 mL 0.35%氨水乙腈溶液, 涡旋1 min, 超声提取20 min, 在6500 r/min条件下离心10 min。取0.750 mL提取液, 加入到2 mL净化管中(C18 50 mg, PSA 50 mg), 再加入0.750 mL乙腈, 涡旋1 min, 在6500 r/min条件下离心5 min, 吸取1 mL上清液过0.22 µm尼龙滤膜, 上机检测残留量。
咪鲜胺前处理方法: 准确称取10 g均质后的杨梅样品于50 mL离心管中, 加入5颗陶瓷均质子, 然后加入20 mL含10%乙酸的乙腈、6 g氯化钠, 摇匀后用涡旋仪涡旋10 min, 于常温6500 r/min离心5 min; 吸取上清液10 mL至另一离心管, 加入900 mg无水硫酸镁、100 mg PSA和100 mg GCB, 二次涡旋10 min, 离心5 min; 准确吸取5 mL上清液于5 mL离心管中, 氮吹近干, 加入2 mL乙腈复溶, 超声1 min, 吸取1 mL上清液过0.22 µm尼龙滤膜, 上机检测残留量。
(2)仪器检测条件
二氯异氰尿酸钠液相条件: 色谱柱ACQUITY UPLC® BEH HILIC (2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 µm)。流动相为10 mmol/L乙酸铵水溶液(A)和乙腈(B), 等度洗脱(A:B=50:50, V:V), 总流速为0.2 mL/min, 柱温箱30 ℃, 进样体积为10 µL。
二氯异氰尿酸钠质谱条件如表1所示。
咪鲜胺液相色谱条件: 色谱柱ACQUITY UPLC® BEH C18 (2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 µm)。流动相为一级水(A)和甲醇(B), 总流速为0.4 mL/min, 柱温箱40 ℃, 进样体积为10 µL。梯度洗脱程序见表2
咪鲜胺质谱条件: 电离方式为: ESI正、负离子模式, 采用MRM; 正负离子质谱条件见表3
(3)质量控制和方法验证
本研究采用外标法对两种杀菌保鲜剂进行浓度分析和质量控制。分别配制溶剂标准溶液和杨梅基质匹配标准溶液, 其浓度梯度设置为0.01~0.50 mg/kg。基于溶剂标准溶液的仪器响应值, 以3倍信噪比(S/N)作为方法检出限(limit of detection, LOD)的判定标准。
为评估方法的准确度与精密度, 开展添加回收实验。选取无目标农药残留的杨梅样品作为空白基质, 准确称取3份平行样品(每份5.00 g±0.01 g), 分别添加0.1、0.2和0.5 mg/kg 3个浓度梯度的二氯异氰尿酸钠标准溶液; 对于咪鲜胺的分析, 同样准确称取3份杨梅平行样品(每份10.00 g±0.01 g), 分别添加0.0250、0.0625和0.1250 mg/kg 3个浓度水平的咪鲜胺标准溶液。以上实验均设置5个重复, 通过计算各浓度水平下的加标回收率及相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation, RSD), 以RSD值评估方法的精密度。
急性膳食暴露风险是基于一餐或1 d内食用杨梅的暴露量, 当其超过一定水平的农药残留量时可能导致的风险[25]。本研究不考虑其他膳食摄入, 仅估算杨梅中二氯异氰尿酸钠和咪鲜胺残留可能导致的人体急性膳食暴露风险, 用式(1)估计每日摄入量(estimated short-term intakes, ESTI):
$\text{ESTI=}\frac{\text{LP}\times \text{HR}}{\text{bw}}$
式中: ESTI为短期摄入量估计值, mg/(kg bw·d); LP为成人大份餐数据(large portion, LP), kg/d; HR为杨梅残留消解实验中农药的最高残留值(maximum residue levels, HR), mg/kg; bw为体重(body weight), kg。
急性摄入风险(%ARfD)用每日摄入量的估计值与急性参考剂量(acute reference dose, ARfD)的比值表示, 按式(2)计算:
$\text{%ARfD=}\frac{\text{ESTI}}{\text{ARfD}}\times \text{100%}$
式中: ARfD为急性参考剂量, mg/(kg bw·d)。当%ARfD≤1时, 表示风险可以接受; 当%ARfD≥1时, 表示有不可接受的风险。
实验数据的统计分析与可视化处理分别采用Origin 64和Microsoft Office Excel 2019软件完成, 所有结果均以均值±标准偏差的形式呈现。
二氯异氰尿酸钠、咪鲜胺及其代谢物在最优条件下的方法线性关系、LOD、定量限(limit of quantitation, LOQ)如表4所示, 回收率和精密度结果如表5。分析物在0.01~0.50 mg/kg浓度范围内均呈现良好的线性关系, 其线性相关性通过相关系数(r2)进行评估。结果显示, 两种杀菌保鲜剂的r2均大于0.9, 其中二氯异氰尿酸钠的LOD和LOQ值分别为0.0085 mg/kg和0.0280 mg/kg, 咪鲜胺及代谢物2,4,6-三氯苯酚的LOD和LOQ值均分别为0.0011 mg/kg和0.0036 mg/kg, 方法灵敏度较高。
在加标回收率实验中, 杨梅样品中二氯异氰尿酸钠在0.1、0.2和0.5 mg/kg 3个添加浓度水平下的回收率为60.2%~70.6%; 咪鲜胺及2,4,6-三氯苯酚在0.0250、0.0625和0.1250 mg/kg 3个添加浓度水平下的回收率为86.6%~92.7%, 两种杀菌保鲜剂的RSDs均小于9.9%, 表明方法具有较好的精密度。上述回收率和RSDs结果均满足NY/T 788—2018的技术要求, 表明所建立的方法满足目标分析物的精准定量检测。
本研究系统考察了杨梅果实分别经15 mg/L和60 mg/L二氯异氰尿酸钠、45 mg/L和180 mg/L咪鲜胺处理后, 在不同贮藏环境下的残留消解动力学特征。其中咪鲜胺的残留量为咪鲜胺及其代谢物2,4,6-三氯苯酚的总和。实验结果表明, 根据公式Ct=C0×ekt计算的二氯异氰尿酸钠和咪鲜胺在杨梅中的降解动态均符合一级反应动力学方程, Ct表示农药在t时刻的残留浓度(单位: mg/kg), C0表示农药的初始残留浓度(单位: mg/kg), k表示降解速率常数, t为降解时间(单位: d)(相关动力学参数及半衰期见表6)。二氯异氰尿酸钠在常温和冷藏条件下的半衰期分别为0.5~0.9 d、0.8~1.1 d, 低于咪鲜胺在相应贮藏条件下的半衰期(常温: 1.1~1.3 d; 冷藏: 1.5~2.1 d)。结果表明咪鲜胺在杨梅中具有更强的稳定性。此外, 对比不同贮藏温度下的降解速率发现, 两种杀菌保鲜剂在常温条件下的半衰期均短于冷藏条件, 这可能是由于低温环境抑制了杀菌保鲜剂的降解速率[26-27]。上述研究结果为杨梅采后杀菌保鲜剂的安全使用及残留控制提供了重要的理论依据。
图1所示, 在冷藏和常温贮藏条件下, 二氯异氰尿酸钠的残留量均随时间呈下降趋势。常温贮藏组在3 d时即出现果实腐烂变质现象, 导致无法继续进行残留量检测。杨梅中二氯异氰尿酸钠的初始沉积量在不同贮藏条件下存在显著差异。实验结果表明, 60 mg/L高浓度处理的杨梅在冷藏条件下的初始沉积量高于常温条件; 在冷藏条件下的储藏后期, 二氯异氰尿酸钠的残留量持续维持较高水平, 表明低温能有效降低杨梅果实中农药的降解速率。实验结果体现出低温贮藏条件对杨梅品质维持和农药残留检测的重要性。
图2所示, 杨梅中咪鲜胺的残留动态趋势与二氯异氰尿酸钠基本一致。结果显示, 45 mg/L咪鲜胺处理组在冷藏和常温条件下的初始沉积量分别为3.82 mg/kg和2.53 mg/kg; 而180 mg/L处理组在相应条件下的初始沉积量分别为3.84 mg/kg和3.53 mg/kg。在贮藏过程中, 常温条件下贮藏至第3 d时, 咪鲜胺残留量降至1.18 mg/kg; 相比之下, 冷藏条件下贮藏6 d后, 45 mg/L和180 mg/L处理组的残留量分别为1.31 mg/kg和2.64 mg/kg。结果同样表明, 贮藏温度对咪鲜胺的降解速率具有显著影响, 低温条件更有利于维持咪鲜胺的稳定性。
图3所示, 咪鲜胺代谢产物2,4,6-三氯苯酚在两种贮藏条件下的残留量均随着贮藏时间延长而增加。这一发现与杜文瑜等[28]在对哈密瓜中2,4,6-三氯苯酚降解动态研究的结果相一致。通过对比不同浓度咪鲜胺处理组的代谢物累积特征发现, 在相同贮藏时间节点, 常温条件下两个浓度处理组的2,4,6-三氯苯酚残留水平均显著高于冷藏条件, 这一现象可能与温度对代谢过程的影响有关, 即较高的环境温度可能促进了咪鲜胺向2,4,6-三氯苯酚的转化速率, 从而导致代谢物积累量的增加。
本研究参照粮世卫组织农药残留联席会议(Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues, JMPR)最新农药残留数据, 确定咪鲜胺的ARfD为0.2 mg/(kg bw·d)。其中二氯异氰尿酸钠的ARfD值尚未明确, 本次评估参照美国国家环境保护局(Environmental Protection Agency, EPA)农药毒理学评估规范[29]及化学品安全技术说明书(material safety data sheet, SDS)[30], 采用传统毒理学评估方法, 将大鼠经口半数致死量(median lethal dose, LD50)值1420 mg/kg作为NOAEL (no observed adverse effect level)值, 除以100倍不确定因子, 推导其理论ARfD值为14.2 mg/(kg bw·d)。杨梅单次最大膳食摄入量参考赵慧宇等[31]基于我国东南地区消费习惯的调研数据, 确定大份餐膳食暴露量为1.144 kg/d。
表7是两个浓度处理下的咪鲜胺(包括其代谢产物)和二氯异氰尿酸钠在杨梅果实中的膳食暴露风险结果。研究结果表明: 整个贮藏期间, 咪鲜胺和二氯异氰尿酸钠对于普通人群的急性风险熵值分别为: 冷藏和常温条件下, 45 mg/L和180 mg/L咪鲜胺处理组及15 mg/L和60 mg/L二氯异氰尿酸钠处理组的%ARfD值均小于100%。这些结果表明, 不同温度下, 两种浓度的咪鲜胺和二氯异氰尿酸钠处理在杨梅中的残留量所导致的膳食风险较低, 均处于可接受的安全水平。
基于前期抽检的166批次市售杨梅样品分析, 二氯异氰尿酸钠的检出率和检出浓度均值分别为63.3%和0.3402 mg/kg, 咪鲜胺的检出率和检出浓度均值分别为51.8%和0.2452 mg/kg。采用点评估法对市售杨梅果实中二氯异氰尿酸钠和咪鲜胺(包括其代谢产物)进行急性膳食暴露风险评估(表8)。研究结果表明: 二氯异氰尿酸钠和咪鲜胺对于普通人群的急性风险熵值分别为: 0.12%和7.83%, 二氯异氰尿酸钠和咪鲜胺的残留水平低于实验处理组最终残留量, 且急性膳食摄入风险值%ARfD小于100%, 处于可接受的安全水平。
本研究通过LC-MS/MS技术测定杨梅中二氯异氰尿酸钠、咪鲜胺及其代谢物2,4,6-三氯苯酚的残留量, 方法验证结果表明: 二氯异氰尿酸钠和咪鲜胺在0.01~0.50 mg/kg浓度范围内线性关系良好(r2>0.9), 其中二氯异氰尿酸钠的LODs和LOQs值分别为0.0085 mg/kg和0.028 mg/kg; 咪鲜胺及代谢物2,4,6-三氯苯酚的LODs和LOQs值均分别为0.0011 mg/kg和0.0036 mg/kg。3个添加浓度水平下的平均回收率为60.2%~92.7%, RSDs均小于9.9%, 符合农药残留分析的技术要求。
动力学实验研究表明, 二氯异氰尿酸钠和咪鲜胺在杨梅基质中的降解过程均遵循一级反应动力学规律。在贮藏期内, 60 mg/L二氯异氰尿酸钠处理的杨梅在冷藏条件下的初始沉积量高于常温条件, 且在常温和冷藏条件下的半衰期(0.5~0.9 d、0.8~1.1 d)低于咪鲜胺在相应贮藏条件下的半衰期(常温: 1.1~1.3 d; 冷藏: 1.5~2.1 d), 结果表明低温能有效抑制杨梅果实中两种农药的降解速率, 且咪鲜胺在杨梅中具有更强的稳定性。2,4,6-三氯苯酚作为咪鲜胺的主要代谢产物, 其残留量呈现明显的累积趋势, 且常温贮藏条件下的累积量高于冷藏条件。通过急性膳食风险评估发现, 即使在最高浓度处理下, 杨梅在常温和冷藏过程中二氯异氰尿酸钠和咪鲜胺的膳食暴露风险均处于可接受水平; 市售杨梅中二氯异氰尿酸钠和咪鲜胺的急性膳食风险值低于实验处理组, 且%ARfD小于100%, 处于可控范围内。鉴于二氯异氰尿酸钠目前在我国仅登记用于杨梅采前病虫害防治, 但仍存在采后违规使用的潜在风险, 因此建议监管部门构建涵盖代谢产物毒理学评估的杨梅采后杀菌保鲜剂全链条安全评价体系, 并基于残留动态数据制定科学的使用规范及限量标准, 以规范杀菌保鲜剂应用并保障产品质量安全与消费者健康。
  • 农业农村部农产品质量安全风险评估项目(GJFP20230202)
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2025年第16卷第12期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250317008
  • 接收时间:2025-03-17
  • 首发时间:2026-01-13
  • 出版时间:2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-17
基金
农业农村部农产品质量安全风险评估项目(GJFP20230202)
作者信息
    1 东北农业大学植物保护学院, 哈尔滨 150000
    2 浙江省农业科学院农产品质量安全与营养研究所, 杭州 310021
    3 杭州市乡村振兴服务中心, 杭州 310020

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*丁伟(1968—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为农药生态安全。E-mail: ;
王豆(1990—), 女, 博士, 助理研究员, 主要研究方向为农产品质量安全风险评估。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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