Article(id=1217529313470104310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217529305693864468, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250421002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1745164800000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768211208931, onlineDateStr=2026-01-12, pubDate=1752508800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768211208931, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768211208931, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768211208931, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217529305693864468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='13', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768211207077, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768212057891, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217532874337730593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217529305693864468, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217532874337730594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217529305693864468, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=135, endPage=143, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217529315076522847, articleId=1217529313470104310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Quantitative detection of furosine in milk by microwave hydrolysis-ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, columnId=1217529307778438039, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Highlight: Application of Modern Analysis Instrument in Food Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To establish a method for the detection of furosine in milk by microwave hydrolysis-ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Methods The optimal conditions for microwave hydrolysis were optimized by single factor experiments and response surface methodology. The hydrolysis solution obtained under the optimal hydrolysis conditions was filtered to a constant volume. The hydrolysate was diluted 10-fold with 6.0 g/L ammonium acetate solution and then analyzed. Gradient elution was performed with 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution and methanol solution as mobile phases, and the separation was carried out on a T3 liquid chromatography column (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.8 μm). Under the positive ion mode of electrospray ion source (ESI+), multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was selected for detection and external standard method was used for quantification. Results The optimal microwave hydrolysis conditions for furosine in milk were hydrolysis temperature of 160 ℃, hydrochloric acid concentration of 8.1 mol/L, and hydrolysis time of 52 min. The primary-to-secondary order of influencing factors was hydrochloric acid concentration>hydrolysis time>hydrolysis temperature. Furosine in milk showed a good linear relationship within the range of 0.005-0.500 µg/mL, with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9958. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) were 0.20 µg/mL and 0.07 µg/mL, respectively. The average recoveries were 89.09%-97.33%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 3.37%-7.02% (n=6). Conclusion This method is efficient and accurate. Compared with the traditional hydrolysis methods(12-24 hours), microwave hydrolysis shortens the hydrolysis time to 52 minutes, and there is no significant difference (P>0.05) in the detection results compared with the conventional hydrolysis methods in the industry standard NY/T 939—2016 Identification of reconstituted milk in pasteurized and UHT milk. It can provide technical reference for quality control and heat treatment process evaluation of dairy products.

, correspAuthors=Yun LING, Xiu-Li XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Gui-Hong YAO, Chao LIANG, Mei-Yi YAO, Shi-Ge XING, Xiao-Xu HAN, Ming-Ge WU, Yun LING, Xiu-Li XU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1217529318901727338, articleId=1217529313470104310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=微波消解-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法定量检测牛乳中糠氨酸, columnId=1217529307954598811, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期重点:现代分析仪器在食品检测中的应用, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 建立微波消解-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS)检测牛乳中糠氨酸含量的方法。方法 运用单因素试验及响应面法优化微波水解最佳条件。在最佳水解条件下获得的水解液过滤定容后, 滤液经6.0 g/L的乙酸铵溶液稀释10倍后进样分析, 以0.1%甲酸水溶液和甲醇溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱, T3液相色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.8 μm)进行分离, 在电喷雾离子源正离子模式(the positive ion mode of electrospray ion source, ESI+)下, 选用多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring, MRM)模式检测, 外标法定量。结果 牛乳中糠氨酸的最佳微波水解条件为水解温度160 ℃、盐酸浓度8.1 mol/L、水解时间52 min, 影响因素主次顺序为盐酸浓度>水解时间>水解温度。牛乳基质中糠氨酸在0.005~0.500 µg/mL质量浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系, 相关系数(r)为0.9958。定量限(limit of quantitation, LOQ)和检出限(limit of detection, LOD)分别为0.20 µg/mL和0.07 µg/mL。平均加标回收率为89.09%~97.33%, 相对标准偏差(relative standard deviations, RSDs)为3.37%~7.02% (n=6)。结论 该方法高效、准确, 与传统的水解方法(12~24 h)相比, 微波水解将水解时间缩短至52 min, 且与NY/T 939—2016《巴氏杀菌乳和UHT灭菌乳中复原乳的鉴定》中常规水解方法对比, 检测结果无显著差异(P>0.05), 可为乳制品质量控制及热处理工艺评估提供技术参考。

, correspAuthors=凌云, 许秀丽, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*凌云(1979—), 女, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为食品质量与安全。E-mail: ;
许秀丽(1983—), 女, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为食品质量与安全。E-mail:
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#姚桂红和梁超为共同第一作者

姚桂红(1987—), 女, 硕士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为食品质量与安全。E-mail:

梁超(1984—), 男, 硕士, 中级工程师, 主要研究方向为乳品加工技术。E-mail:

, authorsList=姚桂红, 梁超, 姚美伊, 邢仕歌, 韩晓旭, 吴明鸽, 凌云, 许秀丽)}, authors=[Author(id=1217901249857504230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529313470104310, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=yghh1226@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1217901249995916277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529313470104310, authorId=1217901249857504230, language=EN, stringName=Gui-Hong YAO, firstName=Gui-Hong, middleName=null, lastName=YAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, #, address=1 Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Quality and Inspection & Testing, Beijing 100176, China
2 Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, State Administration for Market Regulation, Beijing 100176, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1217901250121745404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529313470104310, authorId=1217901249857504230, language=CN, stringName=姚桂红, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, #, address=1 中国质量检验检测科学研究院食品安全研究所, 北京 100176
2 国家市场监督管理总局重点实验室(食品质量与安全), 北京 100176, bio={"content":"

姚桂红(1987—), 女, 硕士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为食品质量与安全。E-mail:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

姚桂红(1987—), 女, 硕士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为食品质量与安全。E-mail:

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梁超(1984—), 男, 硕士, 中级工程师, 主要研究方向为乳品加工技术。E-mail:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

梁超(1984—), 男, 硕士, 中级工程师, 主要研究方向为乳品加工技术。E-mail:

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1217901249651983319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529313470104310, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217901249664566232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529313470104310, companyId=1217901249651983319, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Hohhot 010110, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217901249677149145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529313470104310, companyId=1217901249651983319, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 国家乳业技术创新中心, 呼和浩特 010110)])]), Author(id=1217901250729918503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529313470104310, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1217901250868330552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529313470104310, authorId=1217901250729918503, language=EN, stringName=Mei-Yi YAO, firstName=Mei-Yi, middleName=null, lastName=YAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Quality and Inspection & Testing, Beijing 100176, China
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2 Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, State Administration for Market Regulation, Beijing 100176, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1217901251321315434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529313470104310, authorId=1217901251073851469, language=CN, stringName=邢仕歌, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 中国质量检验检测科学研究院食品安全研究所, 北京 100176
2 国家市场监督管理总局重点实验室(食品质量与安全), 北京 100176, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1217901249412907960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529313470104310, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217901249442268091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529313470104310, companyId=1217901249412907960, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Quality and Inspection & Testing, Beijing 100176, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217901249450656700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529313470104310, companyId=1217901249412907960, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国质量检验检测科学研究院食品安全研究所, 北京 100176)]), AuthorCompany(id=1217901249551320007, 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Feed Research, 2025(4): 92-97., articleTitle=Study on response surface optimization of ultrasonic-assistedextraction of total flavonoids from epimedium and its antioxidant activity, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217901267733626885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529313470104310, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=16, issue=5, pageStart=94, pageEnd=103, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=41, authorNames=陈衍真, 满文娟, 程雷娜, journalName=食品安全质量检测学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈衍真, 满文娟, 程雷娜, 等. 响应面法优化肉苁蓉多糖提取液的脱色工艺及其抗氧化活性研究[J]. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025, 16(5): 94-103., articleTitle=响应面法优化肉苁蓉多糖提取液的脱色工艺及其抗氧化活性研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217901267830095881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529313470104310, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=16, issue=5, pageStart=94, pageEnd=103, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=42, authorNames=CHEN YZ, MAN WJ, CHEN LN, journalName=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN YZ, MAN WJ, CHEN LN, et al. 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Response surface method optimization ultrasonic-assisted acid extraction process and physicochemical properties of jackfruit peel pectin[J]. Guangdong Chemical Industry, 2025, 52(5): 50-54, 69., articleTitle=Response surface method optimization ultrasonic-assisted acid extraction process and physicochemical properties of jackfruit peel pectin, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217901268132085786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529313470104310, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=14, issue=9, pageStart=9, pageEnd=17, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=45, authorNames=葛麒, 朱春燕, 陈湖南, journalName=食品安全质量检测学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=葛麒, 朱春燕, 陈湖南, 等. 松茸蛋白抗氧化肽制备及构效关系研究[J]. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2023, 14(9): 9-17., articleTitle=松茸蛋白抗氧化肽制备及构效关系研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217901268245332001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529313470104310, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=14, issue=9, pageStart=9, pageEnd=17, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=46, authorNames=GE Q, ZHU CY, CHEN HN, journalName=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GE Q, ZHU CY, CHEN HN, et al. Research on preparation and structure-activity relationship of Tricholoma matsutake protein antioxidant peptide[J]. 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Optimization of enzyme assisted-ultrasonic extraction of sinigrin in thlaspi arvense seeds by response surface methodology[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2024, 26(4): 225-233., articleTitle=Optimization of enzyme assisted-ultrasonic extraction of sinigrin in thlaspi arvense seeds by response surface methodology, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1217901259835753126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529313470104310, awardId=2023-KFKT-27, language=CN, fundingSource=国家乳业技术创新中心项目(2023-KFKT-27), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1217901249412907960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529313470104310, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217901249442268091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529313470104310, companyId=1217901249412907960, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Quality and Inspection & Testing, Beijing 100176, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217901249450656700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529313470104310, companyId=1217901249412907960, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国质量检验检测科学研究院食品安全研究所, 北京 100176)]), AuthorCompany(id=1217901249551320007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529313470104310, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217901249559708617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529313470104310, companyId=1217901249551320007, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, State Administration for Market Regulation, Beijing 100176, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217901249568097227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529313470104310, companyId=1217901249551320007, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 国家市场监督管理总局重点实验室(食品质量与安全), 北京 100176)]), AuthorCompany(id=1217901249651983319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529313470104310, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217901249664566232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529313470104310, companyId=1217901249651983319, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Hohhot 010110, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217901249677149145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529313470104310, companyId=1217901249651983319, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 国家乳业技术创新中心, 呼和浩特 010110)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1217901255683391928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529313470104310, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Chromatogram of the furosine standard solution (0.2 µg/mL), figureFileSmall=vi6seQHiZTst+wnJoqKDbg==, figureFileBig=zAxnQtxbtrMR29j8Pla9Fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217901255805026760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529313470104310, language=CN, label=图1, caption=糠氨酸标准溶液(0.2 µg/mL)色谱图, figureFileSmall=vi6seQHiZTst+wnJoqKDbg==, figureFileBig=zAxnQtxbtrMR29j8Pla9Fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217901255968604641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529313470104310, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of hydrochloric acid concentration (A), microwave hydrolysis temperature (B) and microwave hydrolysis time (C) on the determination of the content of furosine, figureFileSmall=c2gKbrTrRtVeQ0WTXsvoFA==, figureFileBig=EdzqgZPFG5qy1yRlT1y+Kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217901256102822378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529313470104310, language=CN, label=图2, caption=盐酸浓度(A)、微波水解温度(B)和微波水解时间(C)对糠氨酸含量测定的影响

注: 不同小写字母表示具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=c2gKbrTrRtVeQ0WTXsvoFA==, figureFileBig=EdzqgZPFG5qy1yRlT1y+Kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217901256232845816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529313470104310, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Response surfaces and contour lines of the interaction effects of various factors, figureFileSmall=rdc9ik+W/MbrM51xt6mydg==, figureFileBig=2xgFQxcKsIUuJZnA7eDnmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217901256379646464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529313470104310, language=CN, label=图3, caption=各因素交互作用响应面和等高线分析图, figureFileSmall=rdc9ik+W/MbrM51xt6mydg==, figureFileBig=2xgFQxcKsIUuJZnA7eDnmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217901256580973072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529313470104310, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Chromatograms of furosine detected in milk by using the method of microwave hydrolysis method (A) and conventional hydrolysis method (B), figureFileSmall=UAsng8UZZ0bTGryv4L2EFQ==, figureFileBig=p8QMinSMBeXops44enxmmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217901256752939546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529313470104310, language=CN, label=图4, caption=应用微波消解法(A)和常规水解方法(B)测定牛乳样品中糠氨酸色谱图, figureFileSmall=UAsng8UZZ0bTGryv4L2EFQ==, figureFileBig=p8QMinSMBeXops44enxmmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217901256849408548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529313470104310, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Factors and levels design of response surface test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平 因素
X1(水解温度)
/℃
X2(盐酸浓度)
/(mol/L)
X3(水解时间)
/min
-1 150 7 20
0 160 8 40
1 170 9 60
), ArticleFig(id=1217901256971043373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529313470104310, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

响应面试验因数与水平设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平 因素
X1(水解温度)
/℃
X2(盐酸浓度)
/(mol/L)
X3(水解时间)
/min
-1 150 7 20
0 160 8 40
1 170 9 60
), ArticleFig(id=1217901258371940918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529313470104310, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Mass spectrometry analysis parameters of furosine

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物 母离子(m/z) 子离子(m/z) 碰撞能/eV
糠氨酸 255.1 130 12
84* 28
192 12
), ArticleFig(id=1217901258480992832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529313470104310, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

糠氨酸质谱分析参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物 母离子(m/z) 子离子(m/z) 碰撞能/eV
糠氨酸 255.1 130 12
84* 28
192 12
), ArticleFig(id=1217901258606821963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529313470104310, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Design and test results of response surface scheme

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 X1/℃ X2/(mol/L) X3/min 糠氨酸含量/(µg/mL)
1 170 9 40 5.630
2 150 8 20 5.152
3 160 7 60 5.193
4 170 8 20 4.804
5 160 8 40 6.056
6 160 7 20 4.452
7 150 7 40 5.168
8 150 9 40 6.072
9 170 8 60 5.536
10 160 9 60 5.860
11 160 8 40 5.994
12 150 8 60 5.982
13 170 7 40 4.702
14 160 9 20 5.385
15 160 8 40 6.152
), ArticleFig(id=1217901258829120091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529313470104310, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

响应面方案设计及试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 X1/℃ X2/(mol/L) X3/min 糠氨酸含量/(µg/mL)
1 170 9 40 5.630
2 150 8 20 5.152
3 160 7 60 5.193
4 170 8 20 4.804
5 160 8 40 6.056
6 160 7 20 4.452
7 150 7 40 5.168
8 150 9 40 6.072
9 170 8 60 5.536
10 160 9 60 5.860
11 160 8 40 5.994
12 150 8 60 5.982
13 170 7 40 4.702
14 160 9 20 5.385
15 160 8 40 6.152
), ArticleFig(id=1217901258963337830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529313470104310, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Results of analysis of variance and significance test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源 平方和 自由度 均方 F P 显著性
模型 4.20 9 0.47 64.82 0.0001 **
X1 0.36 1 0.36 50.30 0.0009 **
X2 1.47 1 1.47 204.54 <0.0001 **
X3 0.96 1 0.96 134.01 <0.0001 **
X1X2 0.01E-2 1 0.01E-2 0.02 0.8930
X1X3 0.24E-2 1 0.24E-2 0.33 0.5886
X2X3 0.02 1 0.02 2.46 0.1778
X1² 0.26 1 0.26 35.79 0.0019 **
X2² 0.62 1 0.62 86.30 0.0002 **
X3² 0.70 1 0.70 96.91 0.0002 **
残差 0.04 5 0.72E-2
失拟项 0.02 3 0.78E-2 1.23 0.4786
纯误差 0.01 2 0.63E-2
总误差 4.24 14
R2=0.9915 R2Adj=0.9762 信噪比=24.3610
), ArticleFig(id=1217901259072389744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529313470104310, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

方差分析及显著性检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源 平方和 自由度 均方 F P 显著性
模型 4.20 9 0.47 64.82 0.0001 **
X1 0.36 1 0.36 50.30 0.0009 **
X2 1.47 1 1.47 204.54 <0.0001 **
X3 0.96 1 0.96 134.01 <0.0001 **
X1X2 0.01E-2 1 0.01E-2 0.02 0.8930
X1X3 0.24E-2 1 0.24E-2 0.33 0.5886
X2X3 0.02 1 0.02 2.46 0.1778
X1² 0.26 1 0.26 35.79 0.0019 **
X2² 0.62 1 0.62 86.30 0.0002 **
X3² 0.70 1 0.70 96.91 0.0002 **
残差 0.04 5 0.72E-2
失拟项 0.02 3 0.78E-2 1.23 0.4786
纯误差 0.01 2 0.63E-2
总误差 4.24 14
R2=0.9915 R2Adj=0.9762 信噪比=24.3610
), ArticleFig(id=1217901259185635962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529313470104310, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Spiked recovery rates and RSDs of furosine (n=6)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物 本底值
/(µg/mL)
添加水平
/(µg/mL)
测定值
/(µg/mL)
平均回收率
/%
RSDs
/%
1.89 0.75 2.62 97.33 3.37
糠氨酸 1.89 2.20 3.95 93.64 7.02
1.89 4.40 5.81 89.09 5.34
), ArticleFig(id=1217901259307270786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529313470104310, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

糠氨酸的加标回收率和RSDs (n=6)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物 本底值
/(µg/mL)
添加水平
/(µg/mL)
测定值
/(µg/mL)
平均回收率
/%
RSDs
/%
1.89 0.75 2.62 97.33 3.37
糠氨酸 1.89 2.20 3.95 93.64 7.02
1.89 4.40 5.81 89.09 5.34
), ArticleFig(id=1217901259433099916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529313470104310, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Comparison of furosine content determination by microwave hydrolysis method and conventional agricultural standard hydrolysis method

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 含量/(µg/mL) P
微波消解法 常规水解法
样品1 28.79±1.02 30.72±2.17 0.09
样品2 54.11±2.99 59.04±2.80 0.06
样品3 3.22±0.26 3.33±0.18 0.48
), ArticleFig(id=1217901259554734742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529313470104310, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

微波水解法与农业标准常规水解法测定糠氨酸含量对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 含量/(µg/mL) P
微波消解法 常规水解法
样品1 28.79±1.02 30.72±2.17 0.09
样品2 54.11±2.99 59.04±2.80 0.06
样品3 3.22±0.26 3.33±0.18 0.48
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微波消解-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法定量检测牛乳中糠氨酸
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姚桂红 1, 2, # , 梁超 3, # , 姚美伊 1, 2 , 邢仕歌 1, 2 , 韩晓旭 3 , 吴明鸽 3 , 凌云 1, 2, * , 许秀丽 1, 2, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期重点:现代分析仪器在食品检测中的应用 2025,16(13): 135-143
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期重点:现代分析仪器在食品检测中的应用 2025, 16(13): 135-143
微波消解-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法定量检测牛乳中糠氨酸
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姚桂红1, 2, # , 梁超3, # , 姚美伊1, 2, 邢仕歌1, 2, 韩晓旭3, 吴明鸽3, 凌云1, 2, * , 许秀丽1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 中国质量检验检测科学研究院食品安全研究所, 北京 100176
  • 2 国家市场监督管理总局重点实验室(食品质量与安全), 北京 100176
  • 3 国家乳业技术创新中心, 呼和浩特 010110
  • 姚桂红(1987—), 女, 硕士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为食品质量与安全。E-mail:

    梁超(1984—), 男, 硕士, 中级工程师, 主要研究方向为乳品加工技术。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*凌云(1979—), 女, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为食品质量与安全。E-mail: ;
许秀丽(1983—), 女, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为食品质量与安全。E-mail:
Quantitative detection of furosine in milk by microwave hydrolysis-ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
Gui-Hong YAO1, 2, # , Chao LIANG3, # , Mei-Yi YAO1, 2, Shi-Ge XING1, 2, Xiao-Xu HAN3, Ming-Ge WU3, Yun LING1, 2, * , Xiu-Li XU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Quality and Inspection & Testing, Beijing 100176, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, State Administration for Market Regulation, Beijing 100176, China
  • 3 National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Hohhot 010110, China
出版时间: 2025-07-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250421002
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目的 建立微波消解-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS)检测牛乳中糠氨酸含量的方法。方法 运用单因素试验及响应面法优化微波水解最佳条件。在最佳水解条件下获得的水解液过滤定容后, 滤液经6.0 g/L的乙酸铵溶液稀释10倍后进样分析, 以0.1%甲酸水溶液和甲醇溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱, T3液相色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.8 μm)进行分离, 在电喷雾离子源正离子模式(the positive ion mode of electrospray ion source, ESI+)下, 选用多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring, MRM)模式检测, 外标法定量。结果 牛乳中糠氨酸的最佳微波水解条件为水解温度160 ℃、盐酸浓度8.1 mol/L、水解时间52 min, 影响因素主次顺序为盐酸浓度>水解时间>水解温度。牛乳基质中糠氨酸在0.005~0.500 µg/mL质量浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系, 相关系数(r)为0.9958。定量限(limit of quantitation, LOQ)和检出限(limit of detection, LOD)分别为0.20 µg/mL和0.07 µg/mL。平均加标回收率为89.09%~97.33%, 相对标准偏差(relative standard deviations, RSDs)为3.37%~7.02% (n=6)。结论 该方法高效、准确, 与传统的水解方法(12~24 h)相比, 微波水解将水解时间缩短至52 min, 且与NY/T 939—2016《巴氏杀菌乳和UHT灭菌乳中复原乳的鉴定》中常规水解方法对比, 检测结果无显著差异(P>0.05), 可为乳制品质量控制及热处理工艺评估提供技术参考。

微波消解  /  高效液相色谱-串联质谱法  /  牛乳  /  糠氨酸  /  响应面优化

Objective To establish a method for the detection of furosine in milk by microwave hydrolysis-ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Methods The optimal conditions for microwave hydrolysis were optimized by single factor experiments and response surface methodology. The hydrolysis solution obtained under the optimal hydrolysis conditions was filtered to a constant volume. The hydrolysate was diluted 10-fold with 6.0 g/L ammonium acetate solution and then analyzed. Gradient elution was performed with 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution and methanol solution as mobile phases, and the separation was carried out on a T3 liquid chromatography column (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.8 μm). Under the positive ion mode of electrospray ion source (ESI+), multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was selected for detection and external standard method was used for quantification. Results The optimal microwave hydrolysis conditions for furosine in milk were hydrolysis temperature of 160 ℃, hydrochloric acid concentration of 8.1 mol/L, and hydrolysis time of 52 min. The primary-to-secondary order of influencing factors was hydrochloric acid concentration>hydrolysis time>hydrolysis temperature. Furosine in milk showed a good linear relationship within the range of 0.005-0.500 µg/mL, with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9958. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) were 0.20 µg/mL and 0.07 µg/mL, respectively. The average recoveries were 89.09%-97.33%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 3.37%-7.02% (n=6). Conclusion This method is efficient and accurate. Compared with the traditional hydrolysis methods(12-24 hours), microwave hydrolysis shortens the hydrolysis time to 52 minutes, and there is no significant difference (P>0.05) in the detection results compared with the conventional hydrolysis methods in the industry standard NY/T 939—2016 Identification of reconstituted milk in pasteurized and UHT milk. It can provide technical reference for quality control and heat treatment process evaluation of dairy products.

microwave hydrolysis  /  ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry  /  milk  /  furosine  /  response surface optimization
姚桂红, 梁超, 姚美伊, 邢仕歌, 韩晓旭, 吴明鸽, 凌云, 许秀丽. 微波消解-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法定量检测牛乳中糠氨酸. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (13) : 135 -143 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250421002
Gui-Hong YAO, Chao LIANG, Mei-Yi YAO, Shi-Ge XING, Xiao-Xu HAN, Ming-Ge WU, Yun LING, Xiu-Li XU. Quantitative detection of furosine in milk by microwave hydrolysis-ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (13) : 135 -143 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250421002
牛乳富含蛋白质、乳糖和矿物质等营养物质, 是人类膳食中重要的营养来源[1]。但是原料乳中含有大量的微生物, 在上市前需进行热处理(如巴氏杀菌、超高温灭菌)杀菌, 以确保产品的安全和稳定[2]。然而, 热加工会引发美拉德反应, 促使蛋白质中的氨基与还原糖发生非酶促糖基化反应, 生成呋喃类和糠醛类等产物, 导致食品颜色褐变、风味改变, 并可能伴随营养价值的降低或潜在有害物质的形成[3-4]。在美拉德反应中, 赖氨酸的ε-氨基基团与还原糖(如葡萄糖)的羰基发生反应, 生成席夫碱, 进而经过Amadori重排反应形成Amadori产物, 经酸水解转换成更稳定的糠氨酸[5-7]。糠氨酸作为美拉德反应的标志性产物之一, 已被广泛用于监测乳制品灭菌和贮存过程中的热损伤程度[8-10]。此外, 通过体内小鼠模型和体外细胞试验证实, 糠氨酸可通过调控CEP55/NF-κB/PI3K/AKT/ FOXO1/TNF-α通路对原代支持细胞产生毒性作用, 并通过激活RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL通路引发肝细胞坏死性凋亡, 证实了糠氨酸的肝毒性、肾毒性和生殖毒性[11-12]。因此, 准确测定牛乳中糠氨酸的含量, 对消费者健康和乳制品质量控制具有重要意义。
目前, 牛乳中糠氨酸的检测通常基于酸性水解预处理结合色谱分析技术[13-15]。在常规方法中, 酸水解在110 °C的烘箱中进行12~24 h, 耗时长, 难以满足当下对牛乳品质高效率分析的需求[16]。微波加热是一种直接的加热方式, 可通过极性分子在微波场中的快速摆动和碰撞, 将电磁能转化为热能, 实现样品快速均匀升温, 可大幅缩短水解时间[7,17]。WANG等[16]使用微波消解仪在40 min内完成了牛乳样品的水解。然而, 糠氨酸含量的测定主要受微波消解温度、消解时间和酸浓度的影响, 传统单因素试验设计难以有效解析多参数间的交互作用, 可能导致优化结果的偏差。响应面法作为一种高效的试验优化策略, 可在单因素试验的基础上解析各因素间的交互作用, 并通过建立的数学模型获得各因素的最优解, 进而提高方法的稳定性和准确性[18-19]。另一方面, 牛乳基质的复杂性(如高脂肪、高蛋白含量)对糠氨酸的检测灵敏度与选择性提出了更高要求。高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS)可凭借对糠氨酸特征离子的靶向监测, 可有效去除上述杂质干扰, 极大程度提升了牛乳中糠氨酸定量分析的精准度与可靠性[20-21]
本研究将微波消解法与UPLC-MS/MS技术相结合, 用于牛乳中糠氨酸含量测定。通过运用响应面优化法对微波消解参数进行系统优化, 旨在确定最佳消解条件, 进而实现牛乳中糠氨酸的快速、精准检测, 为乳制品质量控制及热处理工艺评估提供可靠的技术支撑。
ACQUITY UPLC I-Class PLUS型高效液相色谱系统、Waters TQ-S Micro三重四极杆质谱仪、ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3液相色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.8 μm)(美国Waters公司); DKN612C烘箱(重庆雅马拓科技有限公司); MARS 6型微波消解仪(美国CEM公司); Vortex-KB-3涡旋混合器(美国Scientific Industries公司); Advantage A10 Milli-Q去离子水发生器(美国Millipore公司); ML104/02电子天平(感量0.1 mg, 瑞士梅特勒-托利多有限公司)。
牛乳样品(本地市售样品)。
甲醇、甲酸、乙酸铵(色谱纯, 美国Thermo Fisher Scientific有限公司); 盐酸(分析纯, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司); 糠氨酸标准品(纯度98%, 美国Panphy公司); 试验用水采用Millipore纯水仪制备。
糠氨酸标准储备液: 精确称取适量糠氨酸标准品, 用浓度为3.00 mol/L的盐酸溶解定容配制成质量浓度为500.00 µg/mL的标准储备液。
糠氨酸标准中间液: 准确移取1 mL糠氨酸标准储备液(500.00 µg/mL)于10 mL容量瓶中, 加3.00 mol/L盐酸溶液定容至刻度, 混匀后, 既得到50.00 µg/mL的糠氨酸标准中间液。
糠氨酸标准工作液: 移取一定量的标准中间液, 用基质溶液释至所需浓度, 临配现用。
(1)单因素试验
以盐酸为酸解剂, 设定微波消解功率1500 W, 升温时长为20 min的条件下, 开展单因素试验, 探究各因素对牛乳中糠氨酸含量测定结果的影响。在试验中, 固定水解温度160 ℃、水解时间40 min, 考察盐酸浓度(6、7、8、9 mol/L)对糠氨酸含量测定结果的影响; 选取盐酸浓度8 mol/L, 水解时间40 min, 考察水解温度(110、130、150、160、170 ℃)对糠氨酸含量测定结果的影响; 选取盐酸浓度8 mol/L, 水解温度160 ℃, 考察水解时间(10、20、30、40、60、80 min)对糠氨酸含量测定结果的影响。
(2)响应面试验
根据单因素试验结果, 依据Box-Behnken中心组合设计原理, 设定糠氨酸含量值为响应值, 水解温度(X1)、盐酸浓度(X2)、水解时间(X3)为自变量, 设计3因素3水平试验, 以优化微波水解条件。响应面试验因素与水平见表1
移取2.0 mL牛乳样品于聚四氟乙烯消解管中, 加入6.0 mL盐酸溶液, 涡旋混匀后, 将消解管置于CEM Mars 6微波消解仪中, 根据单因素和响应面试验条件选择酸浓度、水解时间和水解温度进行微波消解。消解结束后, 取出消解管。水解样品过滤定容后, 移取定量滤液, 加入6.0 g/L的乙酸铵溶液稀释10倍, 混匀后过0.22 µm水相滤膜, 滤液供上机待测。
色谱柱: ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3液相色谱柱(100 mm× 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm), 柱温: 30 ℃, 流动相A: 0.1%甲酸溶液, 流动相B: 甲醇, 色谱梯度洗脱程序: 0~0.2 min, 5% B; 0.2~10 min, 5%~100% B; 10~13 min, 100%~5% B; 13~15 min, 5% B, 进样量5.0 μL, 流速为0.2 mL/min。
电喷雾离子源正离子模式(the positive ion mode of electrospray ion source, ESI+)下以多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring, MRM)方式扫描, 离子源温度150 ℃, 毛细管电压3.0 kV, 去溶剂气温度500 ℃, 锥孔电压30 V, 去溶剂气流量1000 L/h。糠氨酸监测离子对和碰撞能量参数见表2
糠氨酸质量分数计算公式(1)如下:
F=$\frac{C\times D\times V}{{{V}_{0}}}$
式中: F为试样中每毫升牛乳样品中糠氨酸含量, µg/mL; C为测得的糠氨酸上机质量浓度, µg/mL; D为水解液稀释倍数, D=10; V为水解液最后定容体积, mL; V0为牛乳样品取样量, 2 mL。
采用随机配置的MassLynx 4.2软件进行样品中糠氨酸的定性定量处理分析。响应面优化设计及结果分析采用Design Expert 13.0软件设计与分析。采用Word 2016进行表格绘制, 制图采用OriginPro 8.6软件。
对比了0.2 µg/mL糠氨酸标准溶液在正、负离子模式下糠氨酸母离子峰的响应强度, 结果表明糠氨酸在正离子模式下(m/z 255.1)响应信号较强。通过二级质谱优化, 获得糠氨酸的最佳质谱参数(表2)。糠氨酸标准溶液色谱图见图1
糠氨酸为极性化合物, 本研究对比了Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 (2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.8 μm)、Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH HILIC (2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 μm)和Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 (2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.8 μm) 3种色谱柱。3种不同规格色谱柱均获得较好的糠氨酸峰型。本研究最终采用T3色谱柱, 该色谱柱对高比例水相及低pH流动相具有出色的耐受性, 并且对目标物展现出良好的保留能力[22]
在流动相的选择上, 比较了0.1%甲酸水-甲醇、0.1%甲酸水-乙腈、水-甲醇和水-乙腈作为流动相对糠氨酸色谱分离的影响。结果表明, 使用甲醇流动相系统获得的色谱响应强度更高。当流动相偏酸时, 糠氨酸在酸性体系流动相中峰形更为对称, 响应强度也更高。因此, 本研究采用0.1%甲酸水-甲醇作为流动相体系。
(1)盐酸浓度对糠氨酸含量测定的影响
当盐酸浓度大于等于6 mol/L时, 才能使糠氨酸充分游离出来[7,23-25]。因此, 本研究考察了水解盐酸浓度对糠氨酸含量测定的影响。在微波消解温度为160 ℃, 消解时间为40 min的条件下, 加入不同量的盐酸溶液, 使水解液中盐酸的浓度分别为6、7、8、9 mol/L, 考察不同盐酸浓度对糠氨酸含量的影响。结果如图2A所示, 随着酸浓度的增大, 糠氨酸含量先增加后降低, 当盐酸浓度为8 mol/L时, 糠氨酸含量达到最大值, 而盐酸浓度进一步增加则使糠氨酸响应降低。因此, 选取7、8、9 mol/L盐酸作为最佳参数进行后续研究。
(2)水解温度对糠氨酸含量测定的影响
2 mL牛乳样品中加入盐酸使水解液中盐酸的浓度为8 mol/L, 在水解时间为40 min的条件下, 设置微波消解温度分别为110、130、150、160、170 ℃时, 所得到的样品糠氨酸含量的测定结果如图2B所示。随着水解温度升高至160 ℃, 糠氨酸含量显著增加。温度上升至超过160 ℃后, 糠氨酸含量下降。因此, 后期研究选择水解温度为150、160、170 ℃。
(3)水解时间对糠氨酸含量测定的影响
2 mL牛乳样品中加入盐酸使水解液中盐酸的浓度为8 mol/L, 设置微波水解温度为160 ℃, 分别保持微波水解时间为10、20、30、40、60、80 min, 考察微波水解时间对糠氨酸含量的影响, 结果见图2C。水解时间延长至40 min时, 糠氨酸含量迅速升高。当水解时间进一步增加后, 糠氨酸含量趋于平稳。因此, 在响应面试验设计过程中, 反应时间选择20、40、60 min。
基于单因素试验结果, 15轮Box-Behnken试验因子设计和试验因子结果如表3所示。通过软件回归拟合得到糠氨酸含量(Y)与水解温度(X1)、盐酸浓度(X2)和水解时间(X3)的回归方程式为Y=6.07-0.2128X1+0.4290X2+0.3473X3+0.006X1X2- 0.0245X1X3-0.0665X2X3-0.2642X12-0.4102X22-0.4347X32
方差分析及显著性检验结果见表4。由表4可知, 模型F为64.82, P<0.01, 表明该模型显著。失拟项P为0.4786>0.05, 不显著, 表明所建立的模型回归显著可靠[26-27]。模型决定系数(R2)和调整后的决定系数(R2Adj)分别为0.9915和0.9762, 信噪比为24.3610, 远远大于要求的数值4, 表明实际数据和拟合数据之间的差异很小, 也证明了模型的准确预测。根据P可知, 一次项因素X1X2X3和二次项因素X12X22X32对糠氨酸含量是极显著水平(P<0.01)。由F可知, 影响糠氨酸含量的因素次序依次为: 盐酸浓度(X2)>水解时间(X3)>水解温度(X1)。
图3为不同因素两两交互作用下糠氨酸含量的响应面与等高线图。响应面3D图的陡峭程度和等高线图的椭圆程度可以判断各因素交互作用的强弱。具体来说, 若响应面3D图越陡峭, 等高线图越呈椭圆状, 则表明因素交互作用越强[28-30]。由图3可知, 3因素之间交互作用形成的3D响应面比较平缓, 且等高线均偏向于圆形, 表明各因素交互作用对糠氨酸含量影响不显著。与表4方差分析结果一致。
依据软件分析结果, 预测最佳水解条件: 水解温度为159.376 ℃, 盐酸浓度为8.068 mol/L, 水解时间为52.046 min。考虑到实际操作的可行性, 将微波水解条件调整为水解温度160 ℃, 盐酸浓度为8.1 mol/L, 水解时间为52 min。在此条件下, 测得糠氨酸含量为6.30 µg/mL。与理论值6.16 µg/mL接近, 证实了响应面优化模型的有效性。
采用基质匹配标准曲线和溶剂标准曲线斜率比对的方法来评估方法的基质效应。使用牛乳基质配制质量浓度为0.005、0.010、0.020、0.050、0.100、0.200和0.500 µg/mL的系列基质标准溶液。同时配制相同质量浓度的试剂标准溶液。结果显示, 基质加标曲线方程为Y=563.67X-4003.8, 试剂标准溶液曲线方程为Y=954.03X+736.63, 按公式(1)计算基质效应(matrix effects, ME):
ME/%=B/A×100%
式中: B为基质标准曲线斜率; A为试剂标准溶液曲线斜率。
由公式(2)得出ME为59.1%, 表明存在基质效应, 因此在测定过程中采用基质标准曲线。
在选定的色谱和质谱条件下, 对糠氨酸系列标准溶液进行了测定, 结果表明, 在0.005~0.500 µg/mL质量浓度范围内, 糠氨酸的峰面积与浓度之间呈现出良好的线性关系。线性回归方程为Y=563.67X-4003.8, 相关系数r=0.9958。根据信噪比(signal-to-noise ratio, S/N)原则, 分别设定S/N≥10时的质量浓度为定量限(limit of quantitation, LOQ), S/N≥3时的质量浓度为检出限(limit of detection, LOD), 本方法LOQ和LOD分别为0.20 µg/mL和0.07 µg/mL。
采用生牛乳作为加标回收样品, 分别选择0.75、2.20和4.40 µg/mL 3个浓度水平下添加糠氨酸标准溶液, 进行加标试验, 每个添加水平平行测定6次。糠氨酸的平均回收率为89.09%~97.33%, 相对标准偏差(relative standard deviations, RSDs)为3.37%~7.02% (n=6), 表明该方法具有良好的回收率和稳定性(表5)。
分别采用微波消解法和NY/T 939—2016《巴氏杀菌乳和UHT灭菌乳中复原乳的鉴定》中常规水解方法对同一样品进行酸水解, 样品色谱图如图4所示。试验中比较了两种方法的测定结果, 结果如表6所示, 经过t检验比较发现, 两种方法测定的糠氨酸含量结果无显著差异(P>0.05), 表明微波水解方法可靠有效。
本研究在单因素试验的基础上, 采用响应面法优化牛乳样品微波消解条件。确定测定牛乳中糠氨酸含量的最佳微波酸水解条件为水解温度160 ℃, 盐酸浓度为8.1 mol/L, 水解时间为52 min。相较于传统的糠氨酸检测采用的常规水解法(12~24 h), 微波消解法显著缩短了牛乳中糠氨酸的水解时间, 提高了检测效率。相比于行业标准高效液相色谱法, 本研究采用的UPLC-MS/MS法, 可以通过选定的糠氨酸特征离子, 有效去除杂质的干扰, 对糠氨酸的定性定量分析更为准确。方法学验证结果表明, 该方法准确性、精密度良好, 且与NY/T 939—2016中的常规水解方法相比, 微波消解法测定的糠氨酸含量结果无显著差异。本研究为牛乳中糠氨酸的高效检测提供了研究基础。
  • 国家乳业技术创新中心项目(2023-KFKT-27)
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2025年第16卷第13期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250421002
  • 接收时间:2025-04-21
  • 首发时间:2026-01-12
  • 出版时间:2025-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-21
基金
国家乳业技术创新中心项目(2023-KFKT-27)
作者信息
    1 中国质量检验检测科学研究院食品安全研究所, 北京 100176
    2 国家市场监督管理总局重点实验室(食品质量与安全), 北京 100176
    3 国家乳业技术创新中心, 呼和浩特 010110

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*凌云(1979—), 女, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为食品质量与安全。E-mail: ;
许秀丽(1983—), 女, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为食品质量与安全。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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