Article(id=1217529312253759552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217529305693864468, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250121002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1737388800000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768211208641, onlineDateStr=2026-01-12, pubDate=1752508800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768211208641, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768211208641, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768211208641, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217529305693864468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='13', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768211207077, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768212057891, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217532874337730593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217529305693864468, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217532874337730594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217529305693864468, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=67, endPage=76, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217529314380271778, articleId=1217529312253759552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research progress on tea quality and safety, columnId=1217529311867883548, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Highlight: Analysis and Monitoring of Toxic and Harmful Substances in Food, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Tea is deeply loved by consumers for its unique aroma and health benefits, which is why tea quality and safety have garnered widespread attention. The quality and safety of tea involves the quality and safety of tea, as well as issues such as pesticide residues, heavy metals, harmful microorganisms, and fluorine. It is closely related to all aspects of tea cultivation, processing and storage. This paper started with tea-related standards and focuses on tea quality and safety issues such as pesticide residues, heavy metals, harmful microorganisms and fluoride, etc. It summarized the pretreatment of tea samples, normal detection technologies, rapid detecting methods, and relevant research progress. The aim is to provide a comprehensive knowledge framework for the tea industry, enhance quality and safety standards, and promote the sustainable development of the tea industry.

, correspAuthors=Hua-Ling WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Qiu-Shuang WANG, Dong-Lin LI, Hua-Ling WU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1217529314816479460, articleId=1217529312253759552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=茶叶质量与安全研究进展, columnId=1217529312056627244, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期重点:食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

茶叶因其独特香气与保健功效深受消费者喜爱, 因此茶叶质量安全尤其受到广泛关注。茶叶质量安全涉及茶叶品质与安全性, 涉及农药残留、重金属、有害微生物、氟等问题, 与茶叶种植、加工、贮藏等各环节紧密相关。本文从茶叶相关标准着手, 聚焦农药残留、重金属、有害微生物等茶叶质量安全问题, 重点总结了茶叶样本的预处理、常规检测技术、快速检测方法以及相关研究进展, 旨在为茶叶产业提供全面知识框架, 提升质量安全水平, 促进茶产业的可持续发展。

, correspAuthors=吴华玲, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*吴华玲(1981—), 女, 博士研究生, 研究员, 主要研究方向为茶树资源与育种。E-mail:
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#王秋霜和李东霖为共同第一作者

王秋霜(1978—), 女, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为茶叶质量安全、茶树资源与育种、茶叶品质化学等。E-mail:

李东霖(2003—), 女, 主要研究方向为茶叶生产与质量安全研究。E-mail:

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王秋霜(1978—), 女, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为茶叶质量安全、茶树资源与育种、茶叶品质化学等。E-mail:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

王秋霜(1978—), 女, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为茶叶质量安全、茶树资源与育种、茶叶品质化学等。E-mail:

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李东霖(2003—), 女, 主要研究方向为茶叶生产与质量安全研究。E-mail:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

李东霖(2003—), 女, 主要研究方向为茶叶生产与质量安全研究。E-mail:

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firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=wuhualing@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1217901252063707332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529312253759552, authorId=1217901251958849719, language=EN, stringName=Hua-Ling WU, firstName=Hua-Ling, middleName=null, lastName=WU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, *, address=1 Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation and Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1217901252189536468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529312253759552, authorId=1217901251958849719, language=CN, stringName=吴华玲, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, *, address=1 广东省农业科学院茶叶研究所, 广东省茶树资源创新利用重点实验室, 广州 510640, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1217901250922856509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529312253759552, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217901250939633727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529312253759552, companyId=1217901250922856509, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation and Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217901250956410949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529312253759552, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=茶叶), Keyword(id=1217901254357991727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529312253759552, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=安全), Keyword(id=1217901254462849338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529312253759552, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=农药), Keyword(id=1217901254546735425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529312253759552, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=重金属)], refs=[Reference(id=1217901256920711719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529312253759552, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=46, issue=8, pageStart=1, pageEnd=13, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=张婷, 喻明辉, 覃重阳, journalName=中国茶叶, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张婷, 喻明辉, 覃重阳, 等. 茶叶中农药残留常规检测方法研究进展[J]. 中国茶叶, 2024, 46(8): 1-13., 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Environmental requirement conditions for growing area of tea

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 限量/(mg/kg)
pH≤6.5 pH>6.5
0.30 0.40
250 300
0.30 0.50
40 30
150 200
1200 1500
), ArticleFig(id=1217901254911639913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529312253759552, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

茶叶产地环境技术条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 限量/(mg/kg)
pH≤6.5 pH>6.5
0.30 0.40
250 300
0.30 0.50
40 30
150 200
1200 1500
), ArticleFig(id=1217901255045857652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529312253759552, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Screening values for soil contamination of agricultural land (basic items)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 污染物项目 风险筛选值
pH≤5.5 5.5<pH≤6.5 6.5<pH≤7.5 pH>7.5
1 水田 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8
其他 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.6
2 水田 0.5 0.5 0.6 1.0
其他 1.3 1.8 2.4 3.4
3 水田 30 30 25 20
其他 40 49 30 25
4 水田 250 250 300 350
其他 70 90 120 170
5 水田 250 250 300 350
其他 150 150 200 250
6 水田 150 150 200 200
其他 50 50 100 100
7 60 70 100 190
8 200 200 250 300
), ArticleFig(id=1217901255163298173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529312253759552, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

农用地土壤污染风险筛选值(基础项目)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 污染物项目 风险筛选值
pH≤5.5 5.5<pH≤6.5 6.5<pH≤7.5 pH>7.5
1 水田 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8
其他 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.6
2 水田 0.5 0.5 0.6 1.0
其他 1.3 1.8 2.4 3.4
3 水田 30 30 25 20
其他 40 49 30 25
4 水田 250 250 300 350
其他 70 90 120 170
5 水田 250 250 300 350
其他 150 150 200 250
6 水田 150 150 200 200
其他 50 50 100 100
7 60 70 100 190
8 200 200 250 300
), ArticleFig(id=1217901255289127309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529312253759552, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Screening values for soil contamination of agricultural land (basic items)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 污染物项目 风险筛选值
1 六六六总量 0.10
2 滴滴涕总量 0.10
3 苯并[a]芘 0.55
), ArticleFig(id=1217901255423345048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529312253759552, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

农用地土壤污染风险筛选值(其他项目)

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序号 污染物项目 风险筛选值
1 六六六总量 0.10
2 滴滴涕总量 0.10
3 苯并[a]芘 0.55
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茶叶质量与安全研究进展
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王秋霜 1, # , 李东霖 2, # , 吴华玲 1, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期重点:食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测 2025,16(13): 67-76
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期重点:食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测 2025, 16(13): 67-76
茶叶质量与安全研究进展
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王秋霜1, # , 李东霖2, # , 吴华玲1, *
作者信息
  • 1 广东省农业科学院茶叶研究所, 广东省茶树资源创新利用重点实验室, 广州 510640
  • 2 贺州学院, 食品与生物工程学院, 贺州 542899
  • 王秋霜(1978—), 女, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为茶叶质量安全、茶树资源与育种、茶叶品质化学等。E-mail:

    李东霖(2003—), 女, 主要研究方向为茶叶生产与质量安全研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*吴华玲(1981—), 女, 博士研究生, 研究员, 主要研究方向为茶树资源与育种。E-mail:
Research progress on tea quality and safety
Qiu-Shuang WANG1, # , Dong-Lin LI2, # , Hua-Ling WU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation and Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China
  • 2 College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Hezhou University, Hezhou 542899, China
出版时间: 2025-07-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250121002
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茶叶因其独特香气与保健功效深受消费者喜爱, 因此茶叶质量安全尤其受到广泛关注。茶叶质量安全涉及茶叶品质与安全性, 涉及农药残留、重金属、有害微生物、氟等问题, 与茶叶种植、加工、贮藏等各环节紧密相关。本文从茶叶相关标准着手, 聚焦农药残留、重金属、有害微生物等茶叶质量安全问题, 重点总结了茶叶样本的预处理、常规检测技术、快速检测方法以及相关研究进展, 旨在为茶叶产业提供全面知识框架, 提升质量安全水平, 促进茶产业的可持续发展。

茶叶  /  安全  /  农药  /  重金属

Tea is deeply loved by consumers for its unique aroma and health benefits, which is why tea quality and safety have garnered widespread attention. The quality and safety of tea involves the quality and safety of tea, as well as issues such as pesticide residues, heavy metals, harmful microorganisms, and fluorine. It is closely related to all aspects of tea cultivation, processing and storage. This paper started with tea-related standards and focuses on tea quality and safety issues such as pesticide residues, heavy metals, harmful microorganisms and fluoride, etc. It summarized the pretreatment of tea samples, normal detection technologies, rapid detecting methods, and relevant research progress. The aim is to provide a comprehensive knowledge framework for the tea industry, enhance quality and safety standards, and promote the sustainable development of the tea industry.

tea  /  safety  /  pesticides  /  heavy metals
王秋霜, 李东霖, 吴华玲. 茶叶质量与安全研究进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (13) : 67 -76 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250121002
Qiu-Shuang WANG, Dong-Lin LI, Hua-Ling WU. Research progress on tea quality and safety[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (13) : 67 -76 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250121002
茶叶质量安全是一个综合性的概念, 它涵盖了茶叶本身的品质以及其作为饮品的安全性, 主要涉及农药残留、重金属残留、有害微生物、非茶异物和粉尘污染, 还包括茶叶在贮藏过程中的陈化或质变等问题。茶叶质量安全不仅与茶叶的种植栽培环节息息相关, 如农药化肥使用的合理性与土壤环境的安全性, 还与茶叶加工流程紧密关联, 如加工设备的清洁度、加工技术标准的执行情况, 以及后续的包装、运输和贮藏条件等, 每一个环节都对茶叶的质量安全产生深远影响。
本文将对茶叶质量安全相关的国家标准、检测技术方法、快速筛查方法及研究进展进行综述, 以期为茶叶生产者和消费者、质量监管机构、科研人员等提供一个全面的知识框架, 为提升茶叶质量安全水平、促进茶叶产业的可持续发展以及推动相关科研活动深入进行奠定坚实的基础。
我国迄今已制定了超过100项与茶叶相关的国家标准, 尽管这些标准中均包含了茶叶专业术语、定义和技术规范, 但各标准之间仍存在一定的差异, 以至于尚未形成一个统一的茶叶定义术语标准。历经起草、制定、多次专家研讨并广泛征求行业内意见后, GB 31608—2023《食品安全国家标准 茶叶》于2023年9月正式公布并开始实施。该标准不仅是我国首次制定的茶叶产品强制性食品安全国家标准, 也是目前茶叶产品领域唯一的一部食品安全国家标准, 将作为其他推荐性茶叶产品标准制定的基准与依据。该标准对涉及茶叶质量安全方面的原料要求、感官品质、农药残留限量、污染物限量、食品添加剂的使用等要求均进行了明确的规定。其中, 原料应品质正常, 无劣变、无异味, 不含非茶类夹杂物; 花茶窨制中的花坯原料要求品质正常, 无劣变、无异味、不含香精香料等任何添加剂; 感官要求外形“具有正常的外形和色泽, 符合所属茶类应有的品质特征, 无劣变, 无霉变”等。
茶叶中农药残留限量应符合GB 2763—2021《食品安全国家标准 食品中农药最大残留限量》的规定, 该标准规定了茶叶中106项农药最大残留限量(maximum residue limit, MRL), 其中正式限量79项, 临时限量27项。2022年补充发布GB 2763.1—2022《食品安全国家标准 食品中2,4-滴丁酸钠盐等112种农药最大残留限量》新规定了4种在茶叶中农药MRL值。因此, 我国现行标准对茶叶产品共规定了110项农药最大残留限量要求。茶叶中污染物限量应符合GB 2762—2022《食品安全国家标准 食品中污染物限量》的规定, 即茶叶中铅≤5.0 mg/kg。
目前, 我国现行茶叶标准中对有害微生物的限量标准仅见GB/T 20354—2006《地理标志产品 安吉白茶》、GB/T 22111—2008《地理标志产品 普洱茶》。其中规定, 大肠菌群限量指标≤300 MPN/100 g, 致病菌(沙门氏菌、志贺氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、溶血性链球菌)不得检出。2004年发布的NY 5244—2004《无公害食品 茶叶》(已废止)中规定, 茶叶中大肠菌群限量指标≤300 MPN/100 g。关于茶饮料中有害微生物的限量要求主要是参照GB 29921—2013《食品安全国家标准 食品中致病菌限量》, 其中涉及金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门氏菌, 规定要求金黄色葡萄球菌限量为n=5, c=2, m=100 CFU/g(mL), M=10000 CFU/g(mL); 沙门氏菌限量为n=5, c=0, m=0(即在被检的5份样品中, 不允许任一样品检出沙门氏菌)。2021年发布的GB 29921—2021《食品安全国家标准 预包装食品中致病菌限量》代替了GB 29921—2013《食品安全国家标准 食品中致病菌限量》, 并删除了饮料类中对金黄色葡萄球菌的限量标准, 仍保留沙门氏菌的限量(n=5, c=0, m=0)。目前, 我国未明确针对茶叶制定黄曲霉毒素限量标准, 一般是参照粮油类产品的标准GB 2761—2017《食品安全国家标准 食品中真菌霉素的限量》, 即黄曲霉毒素B1≤20 μg/kg。国际食品法典委员会(Codex Alimentarius Commission, CAC)规定食品中黄曲霉毒素B1的限量范围为1~20 μg/kg, 黄曲霉毒素总量(黄曲霉毒素B1、B2、G1、G2)的限量范围为0~35 μg/kg。
茶叶产地的土壤环境质量应当符合NY/T 853—2004《茶叶产地环境技术条件》。该标准以pH 6.5为界限, 具体规定了pH 6.5以下及以上的茶园5种土壤重金属及氟的含量范围, 具体要求如表1所示。
国家农业部发布的NY/T 5010—2016《无公害农产品 种植业产地环境条件》要求茶叶土壤环境质量需符合国标GB 15618—2018《土壤环境质量 农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》的要求。GB 15618—2018规定土壤中污染物含量应低于表2表3规定的风险筛选值, 农用土地污染风险低, 一般情况可忽略; 高于表2表3规定的风险筛选值时, 可能存在农用地土地污染风险, 需加强土地环境监测和农产品协同检测。该标准也同时规定了农用地土壤污染风险管制值, 具体包括镉、汞、砷、铅、铬5种重金属的风险管制值。
茶叶中的农药残留问题一直是茶叶质量与安全领域的关注焦点。茶叶中农药的检测涉及复杂的过程, 其中前处理技术对于确保检测结果的精确度起着至关重要的作用。常见前处理方法包括固相萃取(solid-phase extraction, SPE)、固相微萃取(solid-phase microextraction, SPME)、液液萃取和QuEChERS方法等。其中, SPE和QuEChERS方法在茶叶农药残留检测中较为常用[1]。SPE操作相对复杂, 需选择合适的吸附剂并优化洗脱条件。相关研究包括利用PSA-SPE柱净化提取茶叶中的氟虫腈及其代谢物[2], 利用改良后的QuEChERS前处理方法测定茶叶中43种农药残留[3]等。在需要高通量分析的场合, QuEChERS方法具有明显的优势。
茶叶中农药残留的仪器检测分析技术包括气相色谱法(gas chromatography, GC)、高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)、气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS)、液相色谱-质谱法(liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, LC-MS)、气相色谱-串联质谱法(gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, GC-MS/MS)、超高效液相色谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography, UPLC)等[4]。其中, 色谱质谱联用技术因其高灵敏度和选择性而广泛应用于茶叶中农药残留的分析。
(1)气相色谱法
GC利用气体作为流动相, 根据目标化合物的沸点、极性及吸附能力差异实现分离和分析。GC已被用于测定茶叶中近50种有机氯、有机磷和拟除虫菊酯类农药残留[5-7], 具有快速准确, 能在无质谱联用技术时有效增强了茶叶农药残留分析的可靠性。研究领域利用该方法检测蔬菜、水果等农产品中的农药残留量[7-8]。广东省农业科学院茶叶研究所利用GC对不同产地的普洱茶、广东陈香茶开展茶叶农药残留(敌敌畏、六六六、氧化乐果、氰戊菊酯、联苯菊酯、溴氰菊酯、乙酰甲胺磷、三氯杀螨醇、乐果、滴滴涕)的检测研究。结果显示, 上述农药在普洱茶和陈香茶中均未检出, 农药残留符合茶叶卫生标准和食品中污染物限量要求[9-11]。在没有质谱协助的实验条件下, 利用GC也可以完成大部分农药残留的测定。
(2)气相色谱-质谱法
GC-MS是一种高效、灵敏且准确的分析技术, 它将GC与MS相结合, 利用GC的分离能力和质谱的检测特性, 对复杂样品进行分离、鉴定和定量分析, 广泛应用于医药、环保、食品等多个领域。在食品安全领域常用于检测食品中的添加剂、农药残留、兽药残留等有害物质。在茶叶农药残留研究方面, 利用GC-MS可以实现对茶叶中19种拟除虫菊酯、六六六、滴滴涕、三氯杀螨醇、多种菊酯类农药残留的同时测定[12-13]。样品的前处理方法可以通过QuEChERS进行, 利用乙腈提取农药, 水浴旋转蒸发后用C18净化过滤[13]。该方法灵敏度高, 稳定性好, 操作简单, 可作为后续研究多种农药残留同时检测方法的技术基础。
(3)气相色谱-串联质谱法
GC-MS/MS是一种结合了GC和MS/MS两种分析技术的先进分析方法。这种技术通过将气相色谱的分离能力与质谱的高灵敏度、高选择性和高分辨率的分析能力相结合, 实现了对复杂混合物中各组分的准确分离和鉴定, 在茶叶的农残检测具有广泛应用。研究领域开发了基于GC-MS/MS的同时测定绿茶、黑茶中68种持久性有机污染物(persistent organic pollutants, POPs)的方法[14], 对市售的60批茶叶样品进行检测, 验证了方法的稳定性和可行性。还有学者利用QuEChERS前处理结合GC-MS/MS测定红茶、绿茶、白茶和乌龙茶中的氟除草醚、草枯醚、格螨酯、环螨酯、烯虫乙酯、烯虫炔酯6种农药残留[15]。实验证明该方法具有操作简单、准确、灵敏的优点, 有实际应用价值。除了上述6种农药外, 吴易峰[16]基于GC-MS/MS建立了一种测定茶叶中83种农药残留(戊唑醇、溴虫腈、菊酯类等)的测定方法, 不仅有效降低基线, 减少杂峰的干扰, 还简单、灵敏、稳定, 用时满足国内外农药残留监测限量标准要求。ZHENG等[17]研究开发了一种基于GC-MS/MS结合SPE前处理测定红茶和绿茶中12种农药残留的方法。该方法为测定茶叶中的12种农药残留提供了高效灵敏的工作流程, 填补了新修订的国家标准中的空白。GC-MS/MS相较于其他方法而言, 具有简单、快速、准确性更高、灵敏度更高、选择性更高、抗干扰能力强和防止假阳性等优点, 具有很大的潜力。
(4)超高效液相色谱法
UPLC采用了更小的色谱柱颗粒、超高压输液泵等先进技术, 提高了分析的效率和精度, 常用于食品中的农药残留检测[18]。MENG等[19]开发了基于UPLC与四极杆飞行时间质谱联用的方法, 用于茶叶中134种农药残留的检测, 结果显示该方法灵敏可靠。诸力等[20]建立了基于超高效液相色谱-串联质谱同时快速测定不同茶叶中草甘膦、氨甲基膦酸及草铵膦的方法。该方法用0.05 mol/L NaOH提取, 并以HCl调节pH, Oasis HLB小柱净化除杂, 氯甲酸-9-芴基甲酯柱前衍生反应后, 对不同茶叶(绿茶、红茶、乌龙茶、普洱茶)中3种有机磷化合物进行测定。李自强等[21]开发了UPLC-MS/MS同时检测绿茶中16种农药残留的分析方法。该方法采用1%甲酸乙腈提取绿茶样品中的目标农药, 经TPT-SPE柱净化, 在电喷雾正离子源模式下电离, 质谱多反应监测模式对目标母离子和子离子进行扫描测定。
由于我国生产和出口的茶叶数量庞大, 对茶叶质量安全的检测要求发生转变, 茶叶质量安全检测的技术发展趋势也从实验室复杂分析转向现场快速检测。快速检测按照是否使用光谱可分为两类: 一类是光谱检测法, 主要包括表面增强拉曼光谱法(surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, SERS)、荧光光谱法、红外光谱法: 一类是非光谱检测法, 主要包括酶抑制法和免疫分析法, 其中在茶叶农残检测中常用的免疫分析法有免疫胶体金试纸法和酶联免疫吸附法(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)[22]。本文主要介绍SERS和免疫胶体金试纸法。
(1)表面增强拉曼光谱
大多数分析物的普通拉曼信号较弱, 限制了其作为有效检测方法的能力。而SERS利用粗糙化金属表面(如金、银、铜等)增强吸附在其上的分子产生的拉曼散射信号, 使其能勘测到更多分析物的拉曼散射型号, 实现物质的快速检测。有学者[23-24]基于SERS技术, 建立了快速检测绿茶中乐果、甲萘威农药残留的方法。针对甲萘威农药, 朱晓宇等[24]进一步对比纳米竹炭和N-丙基乙二胺填料及用量去除茶叶基质效应的效果。结果表明, 纳米竹炭净化效果更好, 最优用量为30 mg, 此方法符合国家规定标准且单个样本检测时间在10 min内完成。国内学者开发了一种花状银衬底的SERS技术对不同茶类(绿茶、红茶、黑茶、乌龙茶)中的敌百虫与百草枯进行定性与定量检测。通过光谱采集和峰位分析, 发现不同茶类中百草枯的检出限均低于国家限量标准。同时, 发现敌百虫浓度的检出限亦符合国家标准。这表明该方法能简易、准确地分析不同茶类中的敌百虫与百草枯残留[25]。CHEN等[26]基于SERS技术, 利用高度粗糙的花形银纳米结构(作为SERS基底)并结合化学计量学算法开发了一种绿茶中吡虫啉残留快速检测技术。
(2)免疫胶体金试纸法
免疫胶体金试纸法是一种基于胶体金颗粒与抗体或抗原特异性结合的免疫检测技术, 其原理是利用胶体金颗粒作为示踪标记物, 通过静电作用与蛋白质(如抗体、抗原)结合, 形成稳定的胶体金复合物。这些复合物在特定的检测条件下, 能够与目标分析物发生特异性结合, 从而在检测线上呈现出明显的颜色变化, 以此判断样品中是否含有目标分析物。免疫胶体金试纸法已广泛应用于医学检测领域, 但随着技术的不断进步和完善, 其应用范围一步步扩大并应用到茶叶质量安全检验中。有学者研究吡虫啉和啶虫脒胶体金免疫层析法试纸条在不同基质中残留量检测的应用效果[27]。试验发现胶体金免疫层析法在检测吡虫啉、啶虫脒农药残留时具有简便快捷的特点, 在蔬菜、水果基质的检测中判定结果较为准确; 在茶叶(白茶)基质中, 出现假阴性的机率较高。岳绪辉等[28]以柠檬酸三钠还原氯金酸制备的胶体金为标记物制备草甘膦单克隆抗体-胶体金偶联物, 以硝酸纤维素膜为固相载体, 包被草甘膦半抗原-卵清蛋白偶联物为检测线、羊抗兔二抗为质控线, 研究开发了草甘膦的胶体金快速检测试纸条。该试纸条对茶叶中草甘膦的检出限为0.50 mg/kg, 满足国家标准对茶叶中草甘膦最大残留限量的要求, 同时对异菌脲、多菌灵、三唑磷、甲基对硫磷、噻菌灵均未产生交叉反应, 特异性良好。此方法操作简便, 用时短, 适用于茶叶中草甘膦残留的现场筛查和检测。GAO等[29]开发了一种基于侧流免疫层析试纸同时检测茶叶中氰戊菊酯、毒死蜱、吡虫啉、噻虫嗪、啶虫脒、多菌灵、百菌清、吡唑醚菌酯和异菌脲9种农药残留的方法, 研发了侧流免疫层析试纸条, 可用于茶叶上市前9种农药残留的现场快速筛查。
不同茶树品种制得的成品茶农药残留量不同。姜咸彪[30]通过GC检测分析5种武夷岩茶品种(肉桂、水仙、白鸡冠、铁罗汉和水金龟)鲜叶、成茶中5种菊酯类(联苯菊酯、甲氰菊酯、氯菊酯、氯氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯)农药的残留量。发现成品茶与鲜叶相比, 联苯菊酯的降解率在13.02%~54.33%, 甲氰菊酯的降解率在17.12%~100%, 氯菊酯的降解率在17.57%~18.09%, 氯氰菊酯的降解率在22.93%~87.23%, 溴氰菊酯的降解率在27.33%~100%; 其中5种菊酯类农药在水金龟武夷岩茶品种中降解率最大, 说明以水金龟茶树品种制得的武夷岩茶的菊酯类农药残留最少, 为优化武夷岩茶的质量安全提供了依据。
不同加工工艺影响茶叶中的农药残留量。有研究人员通过小种红茶、工夫红茶和花香性红茶的3种加工工艺对铁观音红茶中的13种农残种类进行研究[31]。结果发现只检测到联苯菊酯与溴氰菊酯2种农残种类, 其他11种国家规定限制使用的农药因其含量由于低于检出限而并未被检测到。小种红茶加工工艺处理的铁观音红茶的农药残留含量明显低于花香型红茶和工夫红茶, 说明小种红茶加工工艺更加有利于降低成茶的农药残留含量, 为今后提高铁观音红茶质量和安全提供了理论依据。
品饮是茶叶价值的核心体现。沸水冲泡过程中, 茶叶中有益的品质成分逐渐溶入茶汤。与此同时, 茶叶中的有害物质如可溶性农药也会随之进入茶汤。鉴于此, 对茶汤中农药残留量的检测显得更为重要且科学。李海畅等[32]利用GC-MS/MS结合QuEChERS方法检测不同温度和冲泡次数对茶汤中农药残留的情况, 发现用沸水冲泡的头泡茶汤中农药浸出量最高, 因此建议在冲泡时可弃掉头汤, 以减少茶汤中农药的摄入。有学者利用上述方法对茶汤及茶渣中的氟虫腈及其代谢物进行分析, 发现氟虫腈及其代谢物在6次冲泡的总浸出率均小于52.4%, 而对应浸出率下含量最高的阳性样品中氟虫腈及其代谢物残留量不超过31 μg/kg。计算得人体最大摄入量为0.00369 μg/kg·d·bw, 该值仅为氟虫腈每日允许摄入量0.0002 mg/kg·d·bw的1.85%, 说明此浓度对饮茶者是安全的[33]。有学者开发了一种基于HPLC-MS/MS测定乌龙茶及其茶汤中7种苯甲酰脲类农药残留的分析方法[34]。除虫脲在冲泡过程中较容易被浸提出, 氟虫脲和氟啶脲在冲泡过程中只受其溶解度控制, 而杀铃脲、氟苯脲、氟铃脲、啶蜱脲和除虫脲这5种农药在冲泡过程中受茶和热水之间的分配系数控制。该方法检出限为0.03~1.00 ng/mL, 定量限为0.09~3.02 ng/mL, 回收率为90.3%~103%, 说明该研究高效准确, 有助于乌龙茶的安全饮用的准确评价。
重金属的检测技术主要包括电感耦合等离子体质谱法(inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, ICP-MS)、原子吸收光谱法(atomic absorption spectroscopy, AAS)、X射线荧光光谱法(X-ray fluorescence, XRF)等方法[35]
ICP-MS是一种将ICP的高温电离特性与质谱的灵敏快速扫描优点相结合的分析技术。该技术在食品安全检测中可用于检测食品中的重金属元素、农药残留等有害物质。ICP-MS结合高温电离与质谱扫描优点, 能准确检测茶叶中重金属含量[36]。目前主要利用ICP-MS对国内外各种类型的茶叶中的常规元素及重金属进行安全分析[36-39], 这些元素可被视为区分茶叶地理来源的重要参数。陈雄等[38]利用ICP-MS测定34份安化黑茶中镉、铬、铅和砷元素的含量, 同时采用单项污染指数法对安化黑茶中重金属元素的污染水平进行评价。结果表明, 重金属铅的含量范围在0.140~3.96 mg/kg, 满足国标的限量要求(5 mg/kg), 安化黑茶单项污染指数的大小表现为铅>铬>镉>砷。徐琳等[39]利用ICP-MS对市面上常见的红茶、绿茶、铁观音共37种茶叶进行五种常见重金属铬、砷、铅、镉和汞含量的检测, 利用Python设计实现测试样本的分类识别。研究结果表明, 上述茶叶中铬、砷、镉、铅4种重金属平均含量分别为1.83、1.09、0.10和2.61 ng/mL, 均低于国家规定限量标准, 金属Hg未检出。
AAS是建立在原子对特定波长光的吸收特性之上, 利用空心阴极灯等光源发射出待测元素具有特定波长的特征谱线, 与元素原子的电子跃迁能级相对应[40]。当这些特征光通过含有待测元素的原子蒸气时, 蒸气中的基态原子会吸收对应波长的光, 从低能级跃迁至高能级, 形成原子吸收光谱[41]。在AAS分析中, 通过精确调控光源、原子化系统(如火焰原子化器或石墨炉原子化器)以及检测系统, 可以确保只有特定元素的原子吸收对应波长的光, 从而实现对目标元素的特异性检测。AAS因其高灵敏度、高选择性以及良好的重现性和准确性, 在茶叶分析领域可用于精确测定茶叶中铅、镉、铬、镍、铜等重金属元素的含量, 为茶叶品质控制和食品安全监管提供重要数据支持[42-44]。李萍等[42]利用石墨炉原子吸收法测定茶饮料中铅含量, 茶饮料中铅的加标回收率为96.7%~103.8%, 相对标准偏差在0.78%~3.39%之间。闵运江等[43]利用火焰原子吸收法对六安瓜片茶主产区茶园土壤及茶叶样本进行铅、铜的检测。茶叶样本和土壤样本经消化处理后用混合酸溶解, 参照国标方法进行测定。结果表明, 所有茶叶样本中的铅、铜含量均低于GB 2762—2005《食品安全国家标准 食品中污染物限量》的标准限值。
XRF主要由激发源(X射线管)和探测系统构成。通过探测系统测量放射出的二次X射线的能量及数量, 并将收集到的信息转换成样品中各种元素的种类及含量。郭小华等[45]通过XRF和ICP-MS对福建省主要茶产区安溪县和华安县的30份铁观音进行元素含量对比分析。试验结果发现相对于ICP-MS, XRF前处理更简单, 耗时少, 成本更低。XRF检测法除用于检测茶叶中重金属含量外, 还别用于探索茶叶的来源及分类。如RAJAPAKSHA等[46]利用XRF分析和同位素比质谱法测定来自斯里兰卡4个产区的58个茶叶样品, 通过使用元素含量和应用规范判别分析, 实现了对这58个样品进行区分和分类; LIM等[47]基于XRF开发一种可靠的多元分类模型, 该模型有效地确定了来自世界各地茶叶生产国的75个茶叶样品原产地和茶叶类型。
茶叶微生物污染是指由细菌与细菌毒素、霉菌与霉菌毒素造成的, 主要包括一些肠道细菌如大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌, 真菌污染主要是霉菌及其代谢出现的真菌毒素。真菌毒素的分析方法一般主要包括HPLC-FLD、LC-MS/MS、UPLC-MS/MS、ELISA、电化学法传感器法和高光谱成像法等。茶叶上主要是应用HPLC-荧光检测器和UPLC-MS/MS等技术, 如赵磊等[48]以市售普洱茶和毛尖茶为基质, 开发了茶叶中ELISA和薄层层析法测定黄曲霉毒素B1的方法, 对比发现认为薄层层析法准确性、特异性和稳定性都优于ELISA, 更适用茶叶黄曲霉毒素B1的检测。刘慧妍等[49]验证了UPLC-MS/MS测定六堡茶中黄曲霉毒素B1的可行性, 发现该方法具有较好的灵敏度, 适用于茶叶中黄曲霉毒素B1的检测。也有学者针对茶叶中微生物的检测现状, 提出了基于适配体和金壳磁珠联用技术实现复杂溶液中大肠杆菌的快速SERS检测的方法[50], 可以实现茶样中大肠杆菌的快速捕获、分离、富集和检测。
当前背景下, 除了传统关注的农药残留、重金属污染及有害微生物问题外, 新型污染物如蒽醌、高氯酸盐和丙烯酰胺也日益受到重视。这些污染物若长期接触或过量摄入, 将对人体健康产生不良影响。因此, 对茶叶中蒽醌、高氯酸盐及丙烯酰胺的含量进行检测, 以确保饮用茶叶不会对人体健康构成直接或潜在的威胁, 显得尤为重要。目前一般采用GC-MS、GC-MS/MS等方法对蒽醌、高氯酸盐、丙烯酰胺等进行测定。
蒽醌(9,10-anthraquinone, AQ)是一种有机化合物, 常存在高等植物和低等植物地衣类和菌类的代谢中, 也可人工合成。2017年10月27日, 世界卫生组织国际癌症研究机构公布蒽醌在2B类致癌物清单中。梁剑锋等[51]提出了一种基于GC-MS/MS检测茶叶包装纸中9,10-AQ方法, 该方法利用丙酮-正己烷混合溶液提取样品, 提取液经离心、氮吹浓缩后, 由弗罗里硅土固相萃取柱SPE净化, 净化液再进入GC-MS/MS分析, 选择多反应监测模式扫描, 内标法定量。结果表明, 该方法检出限为3 μg/kg, 加标回收率在89.3%~98.7%之间, 相对标准偏差为3.01%~4.42%。利用GC-MS/MS对武汉市茶叶市场销售的36份茶叶中的9,10-AQ含量检测结果发现, 36份茶叶样品中均不同程度检出, 浓度范围为0.008~0.137 mg/kg, 根据欧盟的标准, 总体超标率为86.11%[52]。陈华峰等[53]研究开发了基于在线凝胶色谱-GC-MS及稳定同位素稀释技术快速测定茶叶中9,10-AQ的新方法。取样量1 g, 定容体积5 mL计, 该方法检出限为2 μg/kg, 定量限为5 μg/kg, 加标回收率在81.2%~103.0%, 相对标准偏差值为3.4%~6.8%, 供测样品溶液24 h内稳定性良好。该方法简单快速、灵敏度高、稳定性好、消耗试剂少, 适用于大批量茶叶样品快速筛查测定, 为茶叶中9,10-AQ分析提供了新途径。
高氯酸盐(perchlorate, ClO4-)是一类具有高溶水性、高稳定性和强氧化性的持久性无机有毒环境污染物[54], 常被用于火箭燃料、军工业生产、烟花炮竹和化肥等领域。因其高溶水性, 自然形成的ClO4-和人为生产的ClO4-通过溶于水中, 并随水移动成为全球性环境污染物[55]。高剂量的ClO4-会干扰人体对碘的吸收, 从而影响甲状腺功能和新陈代谢, 甚至导致甲状腺癌, 严重影响人体健康。我国是茶叶生产和出口大国, 因此检测茶叶中高氯酸盐含量对于确保茶叶的安全性和促进国际贸易的顺利进行, 具有十分重要的意义。2020年欧盟正式规定茶叶中高氯酸盐的限量标准是0.75 mg/kg, 但我国未对高氯酸盐制定相关标准。
有研究报道茶叶中的高氯酸盐污染来源主要是茶树的生长过程中使用的灌溉水、土壤和含有高氯酸盐的化肥, 同时加工过程中使用的包装材料也会对茶叶产品造成污染[56]。LIU等[57]报道了茶鲜叶中ClO4-残留水平会随鲜叶成熟度增加而增加; LIANG等[58]研究发现高氯酸盐在茶树组织中累积规律为成熟叶>嫩芽>根, 解释了不同成熟度鲜叶制得的干茶中高氯酸钾含量不同的原因。还有研究人员开发出离子交换色谱-串联质谱法、高液相色谱-串联质谱法等, 可满足大批量茶叶样品中氯酸盐和高氯酸盐的快速检测[59-60]
2017年10月27日, 世界卫生组织国际癌症研究机构公布丙烯酰胺属于二类致癌物。丙烯酰胺是在高温油炸或食品烘烤过程中引起美拉德反应而产生的副产物。茶叶在生产过程都需经过高温干燥, 因此极可能产生丙烯酰胺这种对人体具有神经毒素和潜在污染物的有毒物质[61]。当前研究领域开展了以13C3-丙烯酰胺为同位素内标, 通过HPLC-MS/MS、GC-MS/MS、UPLC-MS/MS快速准确定量全国主要产茶区绿茶样品中丙烯酰胺的含量[62-63], 将丙烯酰胺产生的原因归结为绿茶加工过程中的过热处理。该方法无需衍生就可快速测定茶叶中的丙烯酰胺含量, 具有简单、快速、准确等优点。
氟是茶树生长的必须元素之一, 茶树是一种聚氟植物, 叶片是茶树对氟积累的主要器官之一。氟也是人体必需的微量元素。有研究显示, 茶叶中约40%至90%的氟化物极易溶于沸水, 在饮用时容易被人体吸收[64-65]。因此, 饮茶是氟摄入的重要途径。氟元素在人体内的作用具有两面性, 适量摄入茶叶中的氟有助于骨骼生长和发育, 对预防龋齿也至关重要[66]。然而, 长期过量摄入氟会导致氟中毒, 引发牙齿和骨骼问题、对肝脏、肾脏、大脑和生殖系统的损害[67]。因此, 许多国家对每日氟的摄入量设定了严格的标准, 例如美国的标准范围是1.5~4.0 mg, 日本的标准为2.1~2.3 mg, 世界卫生组织的标准是2.5~4.0 mg, 而我国则规定每日允许摄入量为3.0 mg。我国国家标准规定, 砖茶中氟含量最大残留限量为300 mg/kg。
茶树能够从土壤、水和空气中选择性吸收氟, 并以氟化物形式将其储存在叶片, 叶片氟含量随着成熟度的提升而显著增长, 茶树中近98%的氟都存在于叶片中[68]。成熟叶片中的氟浓度最高, 其次是衰老叶片和幼叶[69-71], 成熟叶片能够累积超过2000 mg/kg[72]。由于砖茶是由较老、较粗的枝条和叶片或高度成熟的叶片制成, 其氟含量远高于绿茶和红茶, 甚至高出数十至数百倍[73]
茶叶中的氟含量还受到土壤条件、茶树品种等因素的影响。茶园土壤中的水溶性氟是茶树吸收氟的主要形式[74]。先前的研究发现, 茶树对氟的吸收与土壤中的氟浓度之间存在线性关系。此外, 较低的土壤pH(范围为5.0至5.6)会促进氟的累积[75-76]。不同茶树品种对氟的吸附能力不同, 关于这一方面的详细研究相对较少, 且研究尚不充分。
茶叶质量安全持续受到高度重视, 其未来发展方向与潜在研究热点正逐步向更深层次的科技融合与创新迈进。随着HPLC-MS/MS、UPLC-MS/MS、GC-MS/MS等先进分析技术的日益成熟, 这些技术将在茶叶农药残留、重金属及其他潜在污染物的检测上展现出更高的灵敏度、更快的检测速度和更准确的定性定量分析能力。未来, 这些技术将更加注重方法的标准化与自动化, 以减少人为误差, 提高检测效率。同时, 随着大数据、人工智能等技术的引入, 茶叶质量安全的监测体系将更加智能化, 能够实现从种植、加工到销售的全链条质量追溯, 为茶叶产业提供更为全面、精准的质量安全保障。此外, 绿色生态种植技术将成为茶叶产业可持续发展的关键。研究重点将集中在如何进一步减少化学农药和化肥的使用, 通过生物防治、物理防控等手段构建生态茶园, 提升茶叶的内在品质与安全性。这些研究不仅有助于提升茶叶的市场竞争力, 也将为茶叶产业的绿色转型提供有力支撑。
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2025年第16卷第13期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250121002
  • 接收时间:2025-01-21
  • 首发时间:2026-01-12
  • 出版时间:2025-07-15
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基金
广东省重点领域研发计划项目(2020B020220004)
广东省重点领域研发计划项目(2022B0202070001)
“广东特支计划”科技创新青年拔尖人才项目(2021TQ06N134)
国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-19)
清远市科技计划项目(2023KJJ008)
广东省驻镇帮镇扶村农村科技特派员项目(KTP20240150)
江门市科技计划项目(2023760100380008177)
作者信息
    1 广东省农业科学院茶叶研究所, 广东省茶树资源创新利用重点实验室, 广州 510640
    2 贺州学院, 食品与生物工程学院, 贺州 542899

通讯作者:

*吴华玲(1981—), 女, 博士研究生, 研究员, 主要研究方向为茶树资源与育种。E-mail:
参考文献
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/spaq/CN/10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250121002
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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