Article(id=1217529310357935032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217529305693864468, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250317009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1742140800000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768211208190, onlineDateStr=2026-01-12, pubDate=1752508800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768211208190, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768211208190, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768211208190, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217529305693864468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='13', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768211207077, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768212057891, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217532874337730593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217529305693864468, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217532874337730594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217529305693864468, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=54, endPage=59, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217529311360373738, articleId=1217529310357935032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Distribution characteristics of 5 kinds of harmful heavy metals in different parts of Cancer pagurus, columnId=1217529307430306336, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Highlight: Processing and Quality Safety of Aquatic Products, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To evaluate the pollution levels of five harmful heavy metals in different tissue parts and whole crabs of imported Cancer pagurus (common yellow crabs), clarify their distribution characteristics and food safety risks. Methods According to the national standard GB 5009.268—2016 National food safety standard-Determination of multielements in food, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to detect the content of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, mercury, and lead in 9 parts of Cancer pagurus liver, pancreas, crab roe, crab gills, crab body meat, crab leg meat and whole crab. The differences in heavy metal enrichment and exceedance in different parts were analyzed. Results Cadmium pollution was the most prominent, with the highest content in the liver and pancreas (up to 98.60 mg/kg) and a exceedance rate of 95.0%; arsenic was commonly detected but there was no clear limit standard, while mercury and lead only exceed the limit in inedible parts such as crab gills; the overall heavy metal content was cadmium>arsenic>mercury>lead>chromium, and the content of edible parts (crab body meat, crab leg meat) was significantly lower than that of non edible parts; the heavy metal content in whole crabs was significantly affected by highly polluted areas such as the liver and pancreas. Conclusion Imported Cancer pagurus pose a high risk of cadmium enrichment in suspected edible parts such as the liver, pancreas and gonads. It is necessary to improve the definition criteria for edible parts and establish a targeted risk assessment mechanism. It is recommended that consumers reduce their intake of highly contaminated parts. This study provides data support for optimizing the safety supervision strategy and dietary guidance of imported crustacean aquatic products.

, correspAuthors=Jian-Shan BAI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jian-Feng GUAN, Wen-Chuan WENG, Li-Jun CHEN, Ze-Kai TANG, Jian-Shan BAI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1217529311951769636, articleId=1217529310357935032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=面包蟹不同部位中5种有害重金属分布特征, columnId=1217529307631632938, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期重点:水产品加工与质量安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 评估进口面包蟹(普通黄道蟹)不同组织部位及整蟹中5种有害重金属的污染水平, 明确其分布特征及食品安全风险。方法 依据GB 5009.268—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中多元素的测定》, 采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ICP-MS)检测面包蟹肝胰腺、蟹黄、蟹腮、蟹身肉、蟹腿肉等9个部位及整蟹中砷、镉、铬、汞、铅的含量, 分析不同部位重金属富集差异及超标情况。结果 镉污染最突出, 肝胰腺中含量最高(达98.60 mg/kg), 超标率95.0%; 砷普遍检出但无明确限量标准, 汞、铅仅在蟹腮等不可食部位超标; 重金属含量总体表现为镉>砷>汞>铅>铬, 可食部位(蟹身肉、蟹腿肉)含量明显低于非食用部位; 整蟹重金属含量受高污染部位(如肝胰腺)影响显著。结论 进口面包蟹存在肝胰腺和性腺等食用存疑部位高度富集镉的风险, 需完善可食部位界定标准并建立针对性风险评估机制, 建议消费者减少高污染部位摄入。本研究为优化进口甲壳类水产品的安全监管策略及膳食指导提供了数据支撑。

, correspAuthors=柏建山, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*柏建山(1976—), 男, 博士, 高级兽医师, 主要研究方向为水产品质量安全研究。E-mail:
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关剑锋(1985—), 男, 工程师, 主要研究方向为水产品质量安全研究。E-mail:

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关剑锋(1985—), 男, 工程师, 主要研究方向为水产品质量安全研究。E-mail:

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关剑锋(1985—), 男, 工程师, 主要研究方向为水产品质量安全研究。E-mail:

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Curve ranges, linear equations, correlation coefficients, and limits of quantitation of 5 kinds of elements: Cadmium, lead, mercury, chromium and arsenic

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素名称 线性范围/(μg/L) 线性方程 相关系数 定量限/(mg/kg) 检出限/(mg/kg)
1~50 Y=0.0078X+4.7149e-005 0.9997 0.005 0.002
1~50 Y=0.0494X+0.0037 0.9998 0.05 0.02
0.1~2.0 Y=0.0031X+8.6728e-006 0.9982 0.003 0.001
1~50 Y=0.2287X+0.0397 0.9997 0.20 0.05
1~50 Y=0.0260X+0.0011 0.9999 0.005 0.002
), ArticleFig(id=1217901256761328156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529310357935032, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

镉、铅、汞、铬、砷5种元素的曲线范围、线性方程、相关系数、定量限

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素名称 线性范围/(μg/L) 线性方程 相关系数 定量限/(mg/kg) 检出限/(mg/kg)
1~50 Y=0.0078X+4.7149e-005 0.9997 0.005 0.002
1~50 Y=0.0494X+0.0037 0.9998 0.05 0.02
0.1~2.0 Y=0.0031X+8.6728e-006 0.9982 0.003 0.001
1~50 Y=0.2287X+0.0397 0.9997 0.20 0.05
1~50 Y=0.0260X+0.0011 0.9999 0.005 0.002
), ArticleFig(id=1217901256929100328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529310357935032, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Results of heavy metal content detection in different parts of Cancer pagurus (mg/kg, n=40)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部位
肝胰腺 0.46~98.60 <0.02~0.07 0.087~0.120 <0.05 11.27~12.46
蟹黄(膏) 0.04~1.10 <0.02~0.11 0.012~0.042 <0.05 9.20~12.23
蟹鳃 0.12~1.34 <0.02~1.78 0.050~0.083 <0.05~0.78 3.62~10.0
蟹心 0.08~1.11 <0.02~0.15 0.058~0.160 <0.05 7.76~12.69
蟹胃 0.02~2.71 <0.02~0.45 0.024~0.050 <0.05 8.86~10.11
蟹肠 0.05~8.74 <0.02~0.45 0.038~0.120 <0.05 11.18~13.05
蟹身肉 0.01~0.88 <0.02~0.25 0.096~0.260 <0.05 15.10~21.50
蟹腿肉 <0.002~0.31 <0.02~0.06 0.071~0.290 <0.05 15.76~26.05
全蟹 <0.002~15.1 <0.02~0.27 0.005~0.210 <0.05 0.13~155.50
), ArticleFig(id=1217901257033957937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529310357935032, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

面包蟹不同部位重金属含量检测结果(mg/kg, n=40)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部位
肝胰腺 0.46~98.60 <0.02~0.07 0.087~0.120 <0.05 11.27~12.46
蟹黄(膏) 0.04~1.10 <0.02~0.11 0.012~0.042 <0.05 9.20~12.23
蟹鳃 0.12~1.34 <0.02~1.78 0.050~0.083 <0.05~0.78 3.62~10.0
蟹心 0.08~1.11 <0.02~0.15 0.058~0.160 <0.05 7.76~12.69
蟹胃 0.02~2.71 <0.02~0.45 0.024~0.050 <0.05 8.86~10.11
蟹肠 0.05~8.74 <0.02~0.45 0.038~0.120 <0.05 11.18~13.05
蟹身肉 0.01~0.88 <0.02~0.25 0.096~0.260 <0.05 15.10~21.50
蟹腿肉 <0.002~0.31 <0.02~0.06 0.071~0.290 <0.05 15.76~26.05
全蟹 <0.002~15.1 <0.02~0.27 0.005~0.210 <0.05 0.13~155.50
), ArticleFig(id=1217901258392912443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529310357935032, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Statistics of heavy metal excess in different parts of Cancer pagurus

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部位 检测项目 检出率/% 超标率/%
肝胰腺 100.0 95.0
100.0 -
蟹黄(膏) 100.0 25.0
蟹鳃 100.0 55.0
25.0 7.5
蟹心 100.0 32.5
蟹胃 100 50.0
蟹肠 100.0 57.5
全蟹 87.5 70.0
), ArticleFig(id=1217901258501964356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529310357935032, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

面包蟹不同部位重金属超标情况统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部位 检测项目 检出率/% 超标率/%
肝胰腺 100.0 95.0
100.0 -
蟹黄(膏) 100.0 25.0
蟹鳃 100.0 55.0
25.0 7.5
蟹心 100.0 32.5
蟹胃 100 50.0
蟹肠 100.0 57.5
全蟹 87.5 70.0
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面包蟹不同部位中5种有害重金属分布特征
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关剑锋 , 翁文川 , 陈丽君 , 唐泽开 , 柏建山 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期重点:水产品加工与质量安全 2025,16(13): 54-59
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期重点:水产品加工与质量安全 2025, 16(13): 54-59
面包蟹不同部位中5种有害重金属分布特征
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关剑锋 , 翁文川, 陈丽君, 唐泽开, 柏建山*
作者信息
  • 广州白云机场海关, 国家水产品检测重点实验室, 广州 510640
  • 关剑锋(1985—), 男, 工程师, 主要研究方向为水产品质量安全研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*柏建山(1976—), 男, 博士, 高级兽医师, 主要研究方向为水产品质量安全研究。E-mail:
Distribution characteristics of 5 kinds of harmful heavy metals in different parts of Cancer pagurus
Jian-Feng GUAN , Wen-Chuan WENG, Li-Jun CHEN, Ze-Kai TANG, Jian-Shan BAI*
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Testing, Guangzhou Baiyun Airport Customs, Guangzhou 510640, China
出版时间: 2025-07-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250317009
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目的 评估进口面包蟹(普通黄道蟹)不同组织部位及整蟹中5种有害重金属的污染水平, 明确其分布特征及食品安全风险。方法 依据GB 5009.268—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中多元素的测定》, 采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ICP-MS)检测面包蟹肝胰腺、蟹黄、蟹腮、蟹身肉、蟹腿肉等9个部位及整蟹中砷、镉、铬、汞、铅的含量, 分析不同部位重金属富集差异及超标情况。结果 镉污染最突出, 肝胰腺中含量最高(达98.60 mg/kg), 超标率95.0%; 砷普遍检出但无明确限量标准, 汞、铅仅在蟹腮等不可食部位超标; 重金属含量总体表现为镉>砷>汞>铅>铬, 可食部位(蟹身肉、蟹腿肉)含量明显低于非食用部位; 整蟹重金属含量受高污染部位(如肝胰腺)影响显著。结论 进口面包蟹存在肝胰腺和性腺等食用存疑部位高度富集镉的风险, 需完善可食部位界定标准并建立针对性风险评估机制, 建议消费者减少高污染部位摄入。本研究为优化进口甲壳类水产品的安全监管策略及膳食指导提供了数据支撑。

面包蟹  /  重金属  /  电感耦合等离子体质谱法  /  镉

Objective To evaluate the pollution levels of five harmful heavy metals in different tissue parts and whole crabs of imported Cancer pagurus (common yellow crabs), clarify their distribution characteristics and food safety risks. Methods According to the national standard GB 5009.268—2016 National food safety standard-Determination of multielements in food, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to detect the content of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, mercury, and lead in 9 parts of Cancer pagurus liver, pancreas, crab roe, crab gills, crab body meat, crab leg meat and whole crab. The differences in heavy metal enrichment and exceedance in different parts were analyzed. Results Cadmium pollution was the most prominent, with the highest content in the liver and pancreas (up to 98.60 mg/kg) and a exceedance rate of 95.0%; arsenic was commonly detected but there was no clear limit standard, while mercury and lead only exceed the limit in inedible parts such as crab gills; the overall heavy metal content was cadmium>arsenic>mercury>lead>chromium, and the content of edible parts (crab body meat, crab leg meat) was significantly lower than that of non edible parts; the heavy metal content in whole crabs was significantly affected by highly polluted areas such as the liver and pancreas. Conclusion Imported Cancer pagurus pose a high risk of cadmium enrichment in suspected edible parts such as the liver, pancreas and gonads. It is necessary to improve the definition criteria for edible parts and establish a targeted risk assessment mechanism. It is recommended that consumers reduce their intake of highly contaminated parts. This study provides data support for optimizing the safety supervision strategy and dietary guidance of imported crustacean aquatic products.

Cancer pagurus  /  heavy metals  /  inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry  /  cadmium
关剑锋, 翁文川, 陈丽君, 唐泽开, 柏建山. 面包蟹不同部位中5种有害重金属分布特征. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (13) : 54 -59 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250317009
Jian-Feng GUAN, Wen-Chuan WENG, Li-Jun CHEN, Ze-Kai TANG, Jian-Shan BAI. Distribution characteristics of 5 kinds of harmful heavy metals in different parts of Cancer pagurus[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (13) : 54 -59 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250317009
面包蟹学名普通黄道蟹, 俗名棕蟹。它体型较大, 膏脂丰腴, 肉质丰满。因其独特的风味和营养价值受到广大消费者的青睐[1-3]。但是, 近几年来, 以面包蟹为代表的水产品重金属污染信息屡见报道。2019年许昌市胖东来超市有限公司生活广场销售的1批次面包蟹, 镉(以Cd计)检出值为8.2 mg/kg, 标准规定为不大于0.5 mg/kg, 超过标准15.2倍[4]。2020年9月, 《消费者报道》整理了国家及省级市场监督管理局以及原食品药品监督管理局于2015年10月至2020年8月公布的关于螃蟹的质量抽检情况。结果显示, 近5年监管部门共抽检到不合格蟹类419批次, 涉及梭子蟹、大闸蟹、花蟹、面包蟹等多个品种。不合格原因主要是重金属超标, 占87.6%[5]。面包蟹重金属污染问题频发, 引发社会广泛关注。研究表明, 甲壳类生物对重金属的富集能力极强, 可达环境浓度的数百倍[6-8]。重金属超标的食物会给人的健康带来很大的风险, 比如汞可以在体内积累, 破坏中枢神经系统, 对口、黏膜和牙齿有不良影响; 镉会对呼吸道产生刺激, 食入过量会引起中毒甚至休克; 砷中的无机砷会致癌, 会损伤呼吸系统和消化系统; 铅是一种慢性和积累性毒物, 会破坏人体神经系统和造血, 影响儿童的脑部发育; 铬会影响身体的抗氧化系统, 容易得与氧化性相关的慢性疾病, 比如糖尿病、高血压这一类的疾病[9-12]; 然而, 现有检测多针对整蟹或单一重金属(如镉), 缺乏多元素、分部位的系统分析[13-16]。此外, 欧盟与我国对可食部位的界定差异(如蟹黄是否可食)导致检测结果偏差。
本研究针对口岸进口的面包蟹不同部位的5种有害重金属(砷、镉、铬、汞、铅)含量进行检测, 揭示其分布规律及超标风险, 不仅有助于了解重金属在面包蟹体内的累积特性, 也可以为完善检测标准及消费者膳食指导提供数据支持, 更为监管部门实现水产品安全风险评估和精确监管提供依据。
鲜活面包蟹(棕蟹)共40批, 均来自口岸一线, 产地为欧洲地区, 分别来自英国(38批)、爱尔兰(1批)和荷兰(1批)。
7800电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(美国安捷伦科技有限公司); CEM Mars6微波消解仪(广州培安有限公司); SN-24全自动石墨消解仪(广州科仪仪器有限公司); ME 204分析天平(精度0.1 mg, 梅特勒-托利多上海有限公司)。
镉、铅、铬、砷混合标准溶液(质量浓度10.0 μg/mL)、铋、钪、铑、锂、镥、铽、铟、锗内标溶液(质量浓度100 μg/mL)(钢研纳克检测技术股份有限公司); 汞标准溶液(质量浓度1000 mg/L, 上海安谱实验科技股份有限公司); 硝酸(色谱纯, 德国默克科技有限公司); 氩气(纯度大于99.99%, 广州气体有限公司); 实验室用水为密理博超纯水。
参照GB 5009.268—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中多元素的测定》中第一法电感耦合等离子体质谱法(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ICP-MS), 对进口面包蟹的不同部位进行5种元素含量的测定, 根据GB 2762—2022《食品安全国家标准 食品中污染物限量》进行限值判断。
对鲜活面包蟹进行清洁处理后, 人工分离并弃除外壳及内脏器官(包括心脏、鳃部、胃囊、肠道), 完整收集可食用组织进行均质化处理, 获得全蟹混合样本。针对同批次样本实施器官特异性分析, 系统分离9个生物组织单元: 肝胰腺组织、生殖腺组织(蟹黄/膏)、呼吸系统(蟹腮)、循环中枢(蟹心)、消化器官(蟹胃)、排泄通道(蟹肠)、躯干肌肉组织(蟹身肉)、步足肌肉组织(蟹腿肉)及全蟹混合样本, 分别建立独立检测样本以供检测用。
具体制备步骤如下:
(1)头胸甲与腹甲的分离。将螃蟹腹面朝上, 用解剖刀沿头胸甲与腹甲连接处(铰合部)横向切开。用镊子轻轻撬开并移除腹甲(雄性为窄三角形, 雌性为半圆形)。
(2)附肢的分离。按从后向前的顺序依次分离步足、螯足和口器附肢(颚足、大颚等)。用剪刀剪断附肢基部关节膜, 保留完整分节结构(基节、座节、长节等)。
(3)呼吸系统(蟹腮)。用镊子夹住鳃的基部(位于头胸甲两侧的鳃腔内), 向外轻拉分离。鳃呈羽毛状, 排列在鳃腔内。
(4)消化器官(蟹胃)。位于头胸部前端, 用镊子分离周围组织, 可见钙质齿的“胃磨”(用于破碎食物)。
(5)肝胰腺组织。黄褐色腺体, 包围在胃周围, 质地柔软, 用镊子小心剥离。
(6)排泄通道(蟹肠)。从胃后部延伸至肛门(位于腹甲末端), 呈细管状。
(7)循环中枢(蟹心)。头胸部背侧中央, 半透明囊状结构。用镊子轻提心脏, 剪断连接血管。
(8)生殖腺组织(蟹膏)(白色或乳白色)。位于头胸部后端, 连接输精管至第5对步足基部的生殖孔。
(9)生殖腺组织(蟹黄)(橙红色或黄色)。占据头胸部大部分空间, 输卵管通向腹甲基部的生殖孔。
(10)躯干肌肉组织(蟹身肉)和步足肌肉组织(蟹腿肉)。躯干肌肉组织(蟹身肉)即胸腔内两侧的白色肌肉组织。步足肌肉组织(蟹腿肉)即螯足内大块横纹肌, 用于钳合和附肢分节内的束状肌肉, 控制运动。
螃蟹的器官组织位置解剖分布图见图1
准确称取0.2~0.3 g(精确至0.001 g)均匀试样于微波消解内罐中, 加入5 mL硝酸, 加盖放置1 h或过夜, 旋紧罐盖, 按照微波消解仪标准操作步骤进行消解。冷却后取出, 缓慢打开罐盖排气, 用少量水冲洗内盖, 将消解罐放在100 ℃控温电热板上加热30 min, 用水定容到50 mL, 混匀备用, 同时做空白实验。
(1)微波消解条件
微波条件: 控制温度: 120 ℃升温10 min, 保持5 min; 150 ℃升温5 min, 保持5 min; 200 ℃升温10 min, 保持20 min。
(2) ICP-MS参考条件
参考条件: 射频(radio frequency, RF)发生器产生的高频交流电功率1550 W, RF匹配1.80 V, 采样深度10.0 mm, 载气1.01 L/min, 补偿/稀释气体0.00 L/min, 可选气体0.0%, 蠕动泵0.10 rps, 雾化室温度2 ℃。
参照GB 5009.268—2016中第一法ICP-MS对样品进行测定。待仪器稳定后, 将混合标准溶液通过进样系统注入仪器, 测定待测元素和内标元素的计数值, 分别以待测元素的浓度为横坐标, 待测元素与所选内标元素响应信号值的比值为纵坐标, 绘制标准曲线, 同时将空白溶液和试样溶液注入仪器, 根据曲线测定消解液中的待测元素浓度。
电感耦合等离子体质谱仪所采集数据通过MassHunter 4.3软件处理并生成标准曲线, 外标法定量。采用Office Excel 2010软件对数据进行统计、制表。采用Origin 9.0绘图处理。每个样品在重复性条件下获得的两次独立测定结果的绝对差值不得超过算术平均值的20%。
以镉、铅、汞、铬、砷各元素的浓度为横坐标, 其响应值为纵坐标建立标准曲线, 曲线范围、线性方程、相关系数、检出限见表1, 蟹不同部位5种重金属含量结果见表2, 超标情况见表3
通过表2表3蟹的不同部位检测结果可知, 重金属检出含量高低依次为: 镉>砷>汞>铅>铬。检出的频率高低依次为: 砷>汞>镉>铅>铬; 含量分布方面, 镉检出含量最高, 其中肝胰腺部位最严重, 高达98.60 mg/kg, 超标率95.0%,其次是蟹肠、蟹胃等部位; 铅每个部位都有检出, 但只在蟹腮检出超标(7.5%); 砷和汞每个部位都有检出, 且总砷的含量普遍较高; 铬在蟹中的分布和蓄积较少, 除去蟹鳃, 各部位含量均低于检出限(<0.05 mg/kg), 可能与其在环境中的分布和生物积累特性有关。可食部位(蟹身肉、蟹腿肉)重金属含量大部分明显低于非食用部位; 整蟹重金属含量受高污染部位(如肝胰腺)影响显著。日常在享用面包蟹时应注意进食的量和减少进食高风险部位, 尽量不过量食用或少食用, 以及选用其他蟹代替, 减少食用风险, 以免给自身健康带来危害。
面包蟹全蟹一般可以处理为壳、肝胰腺、蟹黄(膏)、蟹腮、蟹心、蟹胃、蟹肠、蟹身肉、蟹腿肉10个部分[17-18]。按国标标准方法进行检测时, 5种重金属对应的检测标准均只规定检测面包蟹的可食部分, 但是没有具体明确哪些是可食部分。本研究中, 若剔除肝胰腺和蟹腮, 整蟹镉超标率将明显降低, 表明可食部位界定显著影响检测结果。据文献显示欧洲地区对蟹的食用方式与我国不同, 国外消费者只食用蟹的肌肉组织不食用蟹黄(膏)和肝胰腺[19-24]。欧盟委员会2023年发布的法规(EU) 2023/915附录中规定, 检测甲壳类动物是不包含蟹类的棕色肉, 还有龙虾的头部和胸部以及类似的大型甲壳动物。最高限量值适用于附肢和腹部的肌肉, 这意味着甲壳类动物的头胸部被排除在外。对于螃蟹和蟹状甲壳类动物(BrachyuraAnomura), 最高限量值适用于附肢的肌肉。此外, 欧洲标准EN 13804: 2013中食品的样品制备程序示例部分也明确规定甲壳和软体贝类分析前应将甲壳类动物的可见消化道去除。从实验室样品中制出的可食用部分应该不含残留壳和外骨骼部分。如果对头足类动物的可食用部分进行研究时, 所有的肠(肝胰腺)部分均应定量去除。对螃蟹只有附属肢体的肌肉可以使用。因此欧盟方面的监管机构对面包蟹检测也只针对蟹的肌肉组织, 而我国标准GB 27404—2008《实验室质量控制规范 食品理化检测》、GB 2762—2022和GB 5009系列标准均对甲壳类动物的可食部分进行检测, 做法不统一造成欧洲进口面包蟹常常全面超标。然而对于面包蟹来说, 某些期刊文章认为不可食部分包括肝胰腺和鳃; 鳃是不可食部分这是大家都认同的, 但是肝胰腺也被认为不可食部分, 这有待商榷。肝胰腺其实是常说的蟹的消化系统, 也是面包蟹大量可食用的部分。因此, 在实际检测中, 检测人员对可食部分的界定, 对面包蟹的检测会造成极大的检测结果误差, 应引起检测人员的重视, 以及后续加强检测标准及规范的相关完善。建议及时规范可食部位的定义, 避免造成检测的误差, 引起食品安全和贸易壁垒问题。
目前面包蟹的检测多针对整蟹或单一重金属(如镉), 缺乏多元素、分部位的系统分析。从本研究检出的砷、铅、汞等基本不检测, 容易造成食品安全风险问题, 引发食品安全事故。尤其检出率和检出数值较高的重金属砷。据报道, 砷普遍以+3和+5价的氧化态形式存在, 并且是最常见于生物组织和环境样本中的存在形式。在需氧性的水溶性环境中, 无机砷的主要存在形式是As(Ⅴ), 而As(Ⅲ)是缺氧的中性环境中的主要形式。这两种无机砷化合物都是有毒的, 可以在氧化还原条件和pH的变化下相互转化。砷的毒性取决于其存在的形态, 根据氧化状态、物理状态和因子而变化, 例如溶解度、摄取和消除率[25-29]; 日常的检测中常常都没有深入分析, 容易造成水产品的重金属食用风险, 应给予高度重视。建议在检测中增加砷的形态分析(如无机砷占比), 同时引入风险评估机制, 制定进境面包蟹的安全风险评估规划, 提出风险评估计划, 逐步建立和完善安全风险评估体系[30], 为水产品面包蟹的安全监管提供技术支撑, 从而加强水产品的安全监管。
通过对面包蟹不同部位的5种有害重金属分析可知, 蟹的可食部位界定对蟹的重金属检测有很大的影响, 应引起重视, 建议尽快完善有关食品检测标准, 给出可食部分的界定; 同时引入风险评估机制, 完善监管机制。此外, 在享用面包蟹时, 也应注意进食风险, 尽量不过量食用或少食用高风险部位, 减少进食风险。
  • 广州市科学计划项目(2023B04J0172)
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2025年第16卷第13期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250317009
  • 接收时间:2025-03-17
  • 首发时间:2026-01-12
  • 出版时间:2025-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-17
基金
广州市科学计划项目(2023B04J0172)
作者信息
    广州白云机场海关, 国家水产品检测重点实验室, 广州 510640

通讯作者:

*柏建山(1976—), 男, 博士, 高级兽医师, 主要研究方向为水产品质量安全研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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