Article(id=1217529309716206504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217529305693864468, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250320004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1742400000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768211208037, onlineDateStr=2026-01-12, pubDate=1752508800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768211208037, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768211208037, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768211208037, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217529305693864468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='13', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768211207077, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768212057891, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217532874337730593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217529305693864468, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217532874337730594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217529305693864468, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=255, endPage=266, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217529310248883120, articleId=1217529309716206504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research progress in the purification, structural characterization, bioactivity, conformational relationship and application of Dandelion polysaccharides, columnId=1151923894560060071, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Nutrition and Functional Foods, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Dandelion is a medicinal and food plant in China, with a wide range of sources and rich nutritional and pharmacological values. Dandelion polysaccharide is one of the important functional active ingredients, and domestic and international studies have found that it has a variety of biological activities. This paper systematically reviewed the extraction and purification methods of Dandelion polysaccharides, analyzed the primary structural features of Dandelion polysaccharides, such as molecular weight, monosaccharide composition and chemical structure, and summarized and analyzed the biological activities and related mechanisms of Dandelion polysaccharides, such as antioxidant, anti-bacterial, immune regulation, hypoglycemia, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor, etc., and explored the conformational relationship between the structure of Dandelion polysaccharides and its biological activities, which is aimed to provide the basis for the deep development of Dandelion polysaccharides in food and medicine. This study aims to provide important theoretical references for the development and application of Dandelion polysaccharides in food and medicine.

, correspAuthors=Chen YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xian WANG, Hao-Yue PENG, Chen YANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1217529311117104093, articleId=1217529309716206504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=蒲公英多糖提纯、结构特征、生物活性、构效关系与应用研究进展, columnId=1151923894698472105, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品营养及功能性食品, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

蒲公英是我国药食同源植物, 来源广泛, 兼具丰富的营养和药理价值。蒲公英多糖是其中重要的功能活性成分之一, 国内外研究发现其具有多种生物活性。本文系统回顾了蒲公英多糖的提取纯化方法, 解析了蒲公英多糖的初级结构特征, 如分子量、单糖组成和化学结构, 归纳分析了蒲公英多糖的抗氧化、抑菌、免疫调节、降血糖、抗炎、抗肿瘤等生物活性及相关作用机制, 探讨了蒲公英多糖结构与其生物活性之间的构效关系, 旨在为蒲公英多糖在食品和医药等方面的深度开发和应用提供重要的理论参考依据。

, correspAuthors=杨晨, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*杨晨(1984—), 女, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为食品营养递送体系、食品水胶体。E-mail:
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王娴(2004—), 女, 主要研究方向为食品科学与工程。E-mail:

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An antimicrobial antioxidant bioabsorbable material and its preparation method and application: China, CN114796625B[P]. 2023-11-24., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1217901253993091561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529309716206504, awardId=202410057185, language=CN, fundingSource=天津市大学生创新训练项目(202410057185), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1217901247785521339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529309716206504, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217901247798104255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529309716206504, companyId=1217901247785521339, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217901247819075778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529309716206504, companyId=1217901247785521339, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=天津科技大学食品科学与工程学院, 天津 300457)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1217901251682029965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529309716206504, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Biological activity and mechanism of Dandelion polysaccharides, figureFileSmall=Or04gujqEpRlQ2OsLq+Tng==, figureFileBig=ioasENN3ZGuUfTk8cVFdsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217901251782693271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529309716206504, language=CN, label=图1, caption=蒲公英多糖的主要生物活性及其作用机制

注: 1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH); 丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA); 超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD); 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase, GSH-Px); CD4阳性T细胞(CD4-positive T cells, CD4+); 肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α); 白细胞介素1β (interleukin-1β, IL-1β)和白细胞介素6 (interleukin-6, IL-6); 分泌型免疫球蛋白(asecretory immunoglobulin A, sIgA); 白细胞介素2 (interleukin-6, IL-2); 甘油三酯(triglycerides, TG); 总胆固醇(total cholesterol, TC); 肿瘤蛋白p53 (tumor protein p53, P53); BCL2相关X蛋白(BCL2-associated X protein, Bax); 蛋白B细胞淋巴瘤-2 (B-cell lymphoma-2, Bcl-2)。

, figureFileSmall=Or04gujqEpRlQ2OsLq+Tng==, figureFileBig=ioasENN3ZGuUfTk8cVFdsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217901251925299615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529309716206504, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of advantages and disadvantages of different extraction methods of Dandelion polysaccharides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
制备方法 实验条件 得率或提取率 优点 缺点 文献
热水浸提法 料液比1:40 (g:mL), 提取温度80 ℃, 提取
时间180 min, 提取次数2次
根部8.945% 经济安全、可操作
性强
耗时长、提取率低、长时间高温
可能影响其
生物活性
[14]
料液比1:32 (g:mL), 提取温度83.5 ℃, 提取
时间163 min
全株65.87 mg/g [15]
料液比1:30 (g:mL), 提取温度80 ℃, 提取
时间180 min, 提取次数2次
根部52.06% [16]
超声辅助
提取法
料液比1:40 (g:mL), 超声功率1500 W, 提取
温度60 ℃, 提取时间30 min, 提取2次
叶部19.52%、根部22.82%、全株23.82% 操作简便、效率高、
多糖活性高
噪音大、仪器
昂贵
[17]
料液比1:43 (g:mL), 提取温度69 ℃, 提取时间2 h 全株9.85 mg/g [18]
料液比1: 43 (g:mL), 超声功率115 W, 提取
温度64 ℃, 提取时间41 min
叶部2.32% [19]
超声波细胞粉碎技术辅助提取法 料液比1:15 (g: mL), 超声功率197 W, 提取
时间25 min
叶部5.346% 无需加热、提取时间短、提取率高 设备技术要求
较高
[20]
微波提取法 料液比1:20 (g:mL), 提取时间20 min, 提取次数3次 全株5.51% 快速、高效、能耗少, 降低产品污染及热敏物质分解 设备技术要求
较高
[21]
料液比1:17 (g:mL), 微波功率300 W, 醇沉浓度64%, 提取时间14 min, 提取次数3次 全株74.34% [22]
酶解辅助
提取法
木瓜蛋白酶含量3.38%, pH为 9.20, 提取温度46.18 ℃, 提取时间123 min 全株3.11% 作用温和、效率高、不易破坏多糖结构和
活性
酶的价格较高、
酶的提取条件
不同
[23]
纤维素酶为4000 U/g, pH为4.51, 提取温度54.87 ℃, 提取时间46.11 min 全株20.67% [24]
料液比1:30 (g:mL), 木瓜蛋白酶液1.98 mL
(200 U/mL), 纤维素酶液0.99 mL (200 U/mL),
提取温度55 ℃, 提取时间114 min
根部32.97%±0.13% [25]
超声辅助复合
酶法
超声功率300 W, 提取时间150 min (超声时间
30 min, 复合酶时间120 min ), pH为5.0, 纤维素酶、蛋白酶各2.0 mL (10万U/g)
根部9.068% 提取率高 过程复杂, 成
本高
[26]
超声波协同酶
提取法
料液比1:40 (g:mL), 超声功率60 W, 提取温度50 ℃,
pH为 5.0, 酶量为底物的3%, 提取时间25 min
根部15.83% [27]
), ArticleFig(id=1217901252021768616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529309716206504, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

蒲公英多糖不同提取方法优缺点比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
制备方法 实验条件 得率或提取率 优点 缺点 文献
热水浸提法 料液比1:40 (g:mL), 提取温度80 ℃, 提取
时间180 min, 提取次数2次
根部8.945% 经济安全、可操作
性强
耗时长、提取率低、长时间高温
可能影响其
生物活性
[14]
料液比1:32 (g:mL), 提取温度83.5 ℃, 提取
时间163 min
全株65.87 mg/g [15]
料液比1:30 (g:mL), 提取温度80 ℃, 提取
时间180 min, 提取次数2次
根部52.06% [16]
超声辅助
提取法
料液比1:40 (g:mL), 超声功率1500 W, 提取
温度60 ℃, 提取时间30 min, 提取2次
叶部19.52%、根部22.82%、全株23.82% 操作简便、效率高、
多糖活性高
噪音大、仪器
昂贵
[17]
料液比1:43 (g:mL), 提取温度69 ℃, 提取时间2 h 全株9.85 mg/g [18]
料液比1: 43 (g:mL), 超声功率115 W, 提取
温度64 ℃, 提取时间41 min
叶部2.32% [19]
超声波细胞粉碎技术辅助提取法 料液比1:15 (g: mL), 超声功率197 W, 提取
时间25 min
叶部5.346% 无需加热、提取时间短、提取率高 设备技术要求
较高
[20]
微波提取法 料液比1:20 (g:mL), 提取时间20 min, 提取次数3次 全株5.51% 快速、高效、能耗少, 降低产品污染及热敏物质分解 设备技术要求
较高
[21]
料液比1:17 (g:mL), 微波功率300 W, 醇沉浓度64%, 提取时间14 min, 提取次数3次 全株74.34% [22]
酶解辅助
提取法
木瓜蛋白酶含量3.38%, pH为 9.20, 提取温度46.18 ℃, 提取时间123 min 全株3.11% 作用温和、效率高、不易破坏多糖结构和
活性
酶的价格较高、
酶的提取条件
不同
[23]
纤维素酶为4000 U/g, pH为4.51, 提取温度54.87 ℃, 提取时间46.11 min 全株20.67% [24]
料液比1:30 (g:mL), 木瓜蛋白酶液1.98 mL
(200 U/mL), 纤维素酶液0.99 mL (200 U/mL),
提取温度55 ℃, 提取时间114 min
根部32.97%±0.13% [25]
超声辅助复合
酶法
超声功率300 W, 提取时间150 min (超声时间
30 min, 复合酶时间120 min ), pH为5.0, 纤维素酶、蛋白酶各2.0 mL (10万U/g)
根部9.068% 提取率高 过程复杂, 成
本高
[26]
超声波协同酶
提取法
料液比1:40 (g:mL), 超声功率60 W, 提取温度50 ℃,
pH为 5.0, 酶量为底物的3%, 提取时间25 min
根部15.83% [27]
), ArticleFig(id=1217901252147597743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529309716206504, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Characteristic structures of isolated and purified Dandelion polysaccharides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
多糖来源 提取纯化方法/条件 分子量/kDa 单糖组成和摩尔比 特征结构 文献
蒲公英根
多糖
热水浸取法
DEAE-52离子交换柱层析+SephadexG-100柱层析
9.224 (DP1) Man:Rib:Rha:GlcA:GalA:Glc:Gal:Xyl:Ara:Fuc=
0.09:0.145:0.03:0.65:0.02:78.67:0.12:0.02:0.09:0.01
- [33]
56.381 (DP2) Man:Rib:Rha:GlcA:GalA:Glc:Gal:Xyl:Ara:Fuc=
0.52:0.121:0.39:0.88:0.15:53.70:1.20:0.42:0.80:0.10
15.853 (DP3) Man:Rib:Rha:GlcA:GalA:Glc:Gal:Xyl:Ara:Fuc=
1.03:0.097:1.99:0.64:1.61:38.02:3.66:0.84:1.84:0.40
蒲公英根
多糖
热水浸提法
DEAE-52离子交换柱层析+SephadexG-100柱层析
6.23 Rha:Glc:Gal:Xyl:Ara=0.087:0.276:0.171:0.401:0.164 O-H键、C-H键、C-O-O醚键、α-糖苷键、葡聚糖 [34]
13.07 Rha:Glc:Gal:Xyl:Ara=0.087:0.276:0.171:0.401:0.164
9.48 Rha:Glc:Gal:Xyl:Ara=0.087:0.276:0.171:0.401:0.164
蒲公英根
多糖
热水提取
DEAE-52纤维素柱+SephacrylTMS-200凝胶过滤柱
5.695 (DRP1) Glc:Gal:Ara=78.11:3.07:18.82 α-糖苷键, 无蛋白质 [35]
8.882 (DRP2) Rha:GlcA:Glc:Gal:Ara=
4.40:17.84:42.59:13.34:21.84
蒲公英根
多糖
热水浸提法、分级乙醇沉淀
DEAE-52纤维素柱+Sephacryl™S-200凝胶柱
31.8 (DRP-2b) Rha:GlcA:Glc:Gal:Ara=
0.15:0.52:1.00:1.58:1.63
DRP-2b/DRP-3a
总碳水化合物: 89.73%; 93.52%
多酚: 0.11%; 0.15%
糖醛酸: 7.38%; 0%
蛋白质: 0%; 0%
α-糖苷键
[36]
67.2 (DRP-3a) Rha:Glc:Gal:Ara=0.15:7.93:1.00:0.88
蒲公英根
多糖
热水浸取醇沉法、DEAE-纤维素、SuperdexTM200柱 80.813 Rha:Gal:Ara=1.0:10.7:11.9 主链包含末端Galp、1,3-Galp、1,6-Galp、1.3,6-Galp和1,2,4-Rhap
支链包含末端Araf、1,5-氨基和1,3,5-氨基
[37]
蒲公英多糖 超滤分离法 >150 Rha:Glc:Gal:Xyl:Ara=0.108:2.210:0.125:0.013:0.420 - [38]
100~150 Rha:Glc:Gal:Xyl:Ara=0.121:2.880:0.122:0.010:0.33
5~100 Rha:Glc:Gal:Xyl:Ara=0.100:0.700:0.160:0.220:0.640
20~50 Rha:Glc:Gal:Xyl:Ara=0.270:0.630:0.330:0.110:0.460
10~20 Rha:Glc:Gal:Xyl:Ara=0.113:0.680:0.130:0.011:0.190
6~10 Rha:Glc:Gal:Xyl:Ara=0.139:3.460:0.360:0.130:0.086
≤6 Rha:Glc:Gal:Xyl:Ara=0.027:0.340:0.021:0.010:0.890
蒲公英多糖 酶解辅助法
(果胶酶+10%麸皮)
- (酶解前)Man:Rha:Glc:Gal:Xyl:Ara=
1.72:1.80:20.24:14.59:4.58:10.07
- [39]
(酶解后)Man:Rha:Glc:Gal:Xyl:Ara:Fuc=
2.99:10.65:18:14.82:8.61:9.20:0.83
蒲公英根多糖(木糖甚少不计) 水提取法 - Rha:Glc:Gal:Ara=0.088:0.500:0.190:0.340 - [40]
超声提取法 Rha:Glc:Gal:Ara=0.050:0.350:0.080:0.320
纤维素酶提取法 Rha:Glc:Gal:Ara=0.270:0.630:0.330:0.460
超声协同纤维素酶提取法 Rha:Glc:Gal:Ara=0.078:0.550:0.130:0.170
蒲公英根
多糖
超声波协同酶法
SephadexG-75柱层析
- Rha:Glc:Gal:Xyl:Ara=0.098:2.88:0.125:0.017:0.33 - [30]
Rha:Glc:Gal:Xyl:Ara=0.113:0.68:0.13:0.011:0.19
Rha:Glc:Gal:Xyl:Ara=0.139:2.46:0.36:0.13:0.086
Rha:Glc:Gal:Xyl:Ara=0.028:0.36:0.031:0.012:0.94
蒲公英根
多糖
超声波辅助提取法、D4006大孔树脂柱 108.2 (DP) Man:Rha:Glc:Gal:Ara:GalA=
1.00:0.52:5.83:2.64:1.52:1.60
DP/CMDP
总糖: 87.54%±2.01%; 88.86%±1.43%
还原糖: 0.67%±0.03%; 0.10%±0.01%
糖醛酸: 12.64%±1.10%; 18.32%±0.97%
蛋白质: 0%; 0%
[41]
69.8 (CMDP) Man:Rha:Glc:Gal:Ara:GalA=
1.00:0.58:3.38:3.30:2.02:2.26
蒲公英全株
多糖
超声波辅助提取法、DEAE-Sepharose快速流动+SephadexG-75柱层析 2.6 Glc:Man=52.39:45.41 总糖: 糖醛酸=95.35%±3.45%: 6.61%±0.22%, 不含蛋白质
α-糖苷键、β-糖苷键、三螺旋结构
[42]
), ArticleFig(id=1217901252348924348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529309716206504, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

蒲公英多糖分级纯化及其糖组分特征结构

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
多糖来源 提取纯化方法/条件 分子量/kDa 单糖组成和摩尔比 特征结构 文献
蒲公英根
多糖
热水浸取法
DEAE-52离子交换柱层析+SephadexG-100柱层析
9.224 (DP1) Man:Rib:Rha:GlcA:GalA:Glc:Gal:Xyl:Ara:Fuc=
0.09:0.145:0.03:0.65:0.02:78.67:0.12:0.02:0.09:0.01
- [33]
56.381 (DP2) Man:Rib:Rha:GlcA:GalA:Glc:Gal:Xyl:Ara:Fuc=
0.52:0.121:0.39:0.88:0.15:53.70:1.20:0.42:0.80:0.10
15.853 (DP3) Man:Rib:Rha:GlcA:GalA:Glc:Gal:Xyl:Ara:Fuc=
1.03:0.097:1.99:0.64:1.61:38.02:3.66:0.84:1.84:0.40
蒲公英根
多糖
热水浸提法
DEAE-52离子交换柱层析+SephadexG-100柱层析
6.23 Rha:Glc:Gal:Xyl:Ara=0.087:0.276:0.171:0.401:0.164 O-H键、C-H键、C-O-O醚键、α-糖苷键、葡聚糖 [34]
13.07 Rha:Glc:Gal:Xyl:Ara=0.087:0.276:0.171:0.401:0.164
9.48 Rha:Glc:Gal:Xyl:Ara=0.087:0.276:0.171:0.401:0.164
蒲公英根
多糖
热水提取
DEAE-52纤维素柱+SephacrylTMS-200凝胶过滤柱
5.695 (DRP1) Glc:Gal:Ara=78.11:3.07:18.82 α-糖苷键, 无蛋白质 [35]
8.882 (DRP2) Rha:GlcA:Glc:Gal:Ara=
4.40:17.84:42.59:13.34:21.84
蒲公英根
多糖
热水浸提法、分级乙醇沉淀
DEAE-52纤维素柱+Sephacryl™S-200凝胶柱
31.8 (DRP-2b) Rha:GlcA:Glc:Gal:Ara=
0.15:0.52:1.00:1.58:1.63
DRP-2b/DRP-3a
总碳水化合物: 89.73%; 93.52%
多酚: 0.11%; 0.15%
糖醛酸: 7.38%; 0%
蛋白质: 0%; 0%
α-糖苷键
[36]
67.2 (DRP-3a) Rha:Glc:Gal:Ara=0.15:7.93:1.00:0.88
蒲公英根
多糖
热水浸取醇沉法、DEAE-纤维素、SuperdexTM200柱 80.813 Rha:Gal:Ara=1.0:10.7:11.9 主链包含末端Galp、1,3-Galp、1,6-Galp、1.3,6-Galp和1,2,4-Rhap
支链包含末端Araf、1,5-氨基和1,3,5-氨基
[37]
蒲公英多糖 超滤分离法 >150 Rha:Glc:Gal:Xyl:Ara=0.108:2.210:0.125:0.013:0.420 - [38]
100~150 Rha:Glc:Gal:Xyl:Ara=0.121:2.880:0.122:0.010:0.33
5~100 Rha:Glc:Gal:Xyl:Ara=0.100:0.700:0.160:0.220:0.640
20~50 Rha:Glc:Gal:Xyl:Ara=0.270:0.630:0.330:0.110:0.460
10~20 Rha:Glc:Gal:Xyl:Ara=0.113:0.680:0.130:0.011:0.190
6~10 Rha:Glc:Gal:Xyl:Ara=0.139:3.460:0.360:0.130:0.086
≤6 Rha:Glc:Gal:Xyl:Ara=0.027:0.340:0.021:0.010:0.890
蒲公英多糖 酶解辅助法
(果胶酶+10%麸皮)
- (酶解前)Man:Rha:Glc:Gal:Xyl:Ara=
1.72:1.80:20.24:14.59:4.58:10.07
- [39]
(酶解后)Man:Rha:Glc:Gal:Xyl:Ara:Fuc=
2.99:10.65:18:14.82:8.61:9.20:0.83
蒲公英根多糖(木糖甚少不计) 水提取法 - Rha:Glc:Gal:Ara=0.088:0.500:0.190:0.340 - [40]
超声提取法 Rha:Glc:Gal:Ara=0.050:0.350:0.080:0.320
纤维素酶提取法 Rha:Glc:Gal:Ara=0.270:0.630:0.330:0.460
超声协同纤维素酶提取法 Rha:Glc:Gal:Ara=0.078:0.550:0.130:0.170
蒲公英根
多糖
超声波协同酶法
SephadexG-75柱层析
- Rha:Glc:Gal:Xyl:Ara=0.098:2.88:0.125:0.017:0.33 - [30]
Rha:Glc:Gal:Xyl:Ara=0.113:0.68:0.13:0.011:0.19
Rha:Glc:Gal:Xyl:Ara=0.139:2.46:0.36:0.13:0.086
Rha:Glc:Gal:Xyl:Ara=0.028:0.36:0.031:0.012:0.94
蒲公英根
多糖
超声波辅助提取法、D4006大孔树脂柱 108.2 (DP) Man:Rha:Glc:Gal:Ara:GalA=
1.00:0.52:5.83:2.64:1.52:1.60
DP/CMDP
总糖: 87.54%±2.01%; 88.86%±1.43%
还原糖: 0.67%±0.03%; 0.10%±0.01%
糖醛酸: 12.64%±1.10%; 18.32%±0.97%
蛋白质: 0%; 0%
[41]
69.8 (CMDP) Man:Rha:Glc:Gal:Ara:GalA=
1.00:0.58:3.38:3.30:2.02:2.26
蒲公英全株
多糖
超声波辅助提取法、DEAE-Sepharose快速流动+SephadexG-75柱层析 2.6 Glc:Man=52.39:45.41 总糖: 糖醛酸=95.35%±3.45%: 6.61%±0.22%, 不含蛋白质
α-糖苷键、β-糖苷键、三螺旋结构
[42]
), ArticleFig(id=1217901252457976261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529309716206504, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Chemical modification of Dandelion polysaccharides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
修饰对象 修饰方式 修饰部位 修饰结果 文献
蒲公英多糖 乙酰化 单糖分子链上的羟基 提高体外抗氧化性和抑菌活性 [77]
蒲公英根多糖 硫酸酯化 单糖分子链上的羟基 提高水溶性, 增强对细胞氧化损伤的保护作用 [78]
蒲公英多糖 硫酸化 单糖分子链上的羟基 增强抗补体活性和抗凝作用 [79]
蒲公英根多糖 硒化 单糖分子链上的羟基 增强对益生菌增殖的促进作用和对α-淀粉酶的抑制活性
α-淀粉酶质量浓度为1.0 mg/mL时, 抑制率为(48.34±0.96)%
[80]
蒲公英根多糖 硒化 单糖分子链上的羟基 降低分子量, 增强抗氧化活性和免疫活性 [81]
蒲公英根多糖 硒化 单糖分子链上的羟基 增强蒲公英多糖的抗肿瘤活性 [82]
蒲公英多糖 羧甲基化 单糖分子链上的羟基 增强抗菌活性 [83]
蒲公英根多糖 羧甲基化 单糖分子链上的羟基 降低分子量, 提高水溶性、增强热稳定性能、增强胶凝性 [41]
蒲公英根多糖 羧甲基化 单糖分子链上的羟基 提升复合肌原纤维蛋白凝胶的凝胶强度(显著提升至8 g/cm2左右)和保水性(提高约66%以上)的作用效果; 增加玉米淀粉的抗性淀粉含量, 降低淀粉消化率。 [84]
), ArticleFig(id=1217901252583805396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529309716206504, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

蒲公英多糖的化学修饰

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
修饰对象 修饰方式 修饰部位 修饰结果 文献
蒲公英多糖 乙酰化 单糖分子链上的羟基 提高体外抗氧化性和抑菌活性 [77]
蒲公英根多糖 硫酸酯化 单糖分子链上的羟基 提高水溶性, 增强对细胞氧化损伤的保护作用 [78]
蒲公英多糖 硫酸化 单糖分子链上的羟基 增强抗补体活性和抗凝作用 [79]
蒲公英根多糖 硒化 单糖分子链上的羟基 增强对益生菌增殖的促进作用和对α-淀粉酶的抑制活性
α-淀粉酶质量浓度为1.0 mg/mL时, 抑制率为(48.34±0.96)%
[80]
蒲公英根多糖 硒化 单糖分子链上的羟基 降低分子量, 增强抗氧化活性和免疫活性 [81]
蒲公英根多糖 硒化 单糖分子链上的羟基 增强蒲公英多糖的抗肿瘤活性 [82]
蒲公英多糖 羧甲基化 单糖分子链上的羟基 增强抗菌活性 [83]
蒲公英根多糖 羧甲基化 单糖分子链上的羟基 降低分子量, 提高水溶性、增强热稳定性能、增强胶凝性 [41]
蒲公英根多糖 羧甲基化 单糖分子链上的羟基 提升复合肌原纤维蛋白凝胶的凝胶强度(显著提升至8 g/cm2左右)和保水性(提高约66%以上)的作用效果; 增加玉米淀粉的抗性淀粉含量, 降低淀粉消化率。 [84]
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蒲公英多糖提纯、结构特征、生物活性、构效关系与应用研究进展
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王娴 , 彭皓月 , 杨晨 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品营养及功能性食品 2025,16(13): 255-266
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品营养及功能性食品 2025, 16(13): 255-266
蒲公英多糖提纯、结构特征、生物活性、构效关系与应用研究进展
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王娴 , 彭皓月, 杨晨*
作者信息
  • 天津科技大学食品科学与工程学院, 天津 300457
  • 王娴(2004—), 女, 主要研究方向为食品科学与工程。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*杨晨(1984—), 女, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为食品营养递送体系、食品水胶体。E-mail:
Research progress in the purification, structural characterization, bioactivity, conformational relationship and application of Dandelion polysaccharides
Xian WANG , Hao-Yue PENG, Chen YANG*
Affiliations
  • School of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
出版时间: 2025-07-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250320004
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蒲公英是我国药食同源植物, 来源广泛, 兼具丰富的营养和药理价值。蒲公英多糖是其中重要的功能活性成分之一, 国内外研究发现其具有多种生物活性。本文系统回顾了蒲公英多糖的提取纯化方法, 解析了蒲公英多糖的初级结构特征, 如分子量、单糖组成和化学结构, 归纳分析了蒲公英多糖的抗氧化、抑菌、免疫调节、降血糖、抗炎、抗肿瘤等生物活性及相关作用机制, 探讨了蒲公英多糖结构与其生物活性之间的构效关系, 旨在为蒲公英多糖在食品和医药等方面的深度开发和应用提供重要的理论参考依据。

蒲公英多糖  /  提取纯化  /  结构特征  /  生物活性  /  构效关系

Dandelion is a medicinal and food plant in China, with a wide range of sources and rich nutritional and pharmacological values. Dandelion polysaccharide is one of the important functional active ingredients, and domestic and international studies have found that it has a variety of biological activities. This paper systematically reviewed the extraction and purification methods of Dandelion polysaccharides, analyzed the primary structural features of Dandelion polysaccharides, such as molecular weight, monosaccharide composition and chemical structure, and summarized and analyzed the biological activities and related mechanisms of Dandelion polysaccharides, such as antioxidant, anti-bacterial, immune regulation, hypoglycemia, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor, etc., and explored the conformational relationship between the structure of Dandelion polysaccharides and its biological activities, which is aimed to provide the basis for the deep development of Dandelion polysaccharides in food and medicine. This study aims to provide important theoretical references for the development and application of Dandelion polysaccharides in food and medicine.

Dandelion polysaccharide  /  extraction and purification  /  structural characterization  /  bioactivity  /  conformational relationship
王娴, 彭皓月, 杨晨. 蒲公英多糖提纯、结构特征、生物活性、构效关系与应用研究进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (13) : 255 -266 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250320004
Xian WANG, Hao-Yue PENG, Chen YANG. Research progress in the purification, structural characterization, bioactivity, conformational relationship and application of Dandelion polysaccharides[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (13) : 255 -266 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250320004
蒲公英(菊科)是广泛分布的食药同源植物, 传统医学认为其性寒味苦, 可清热解毒、消肿散结[1-4]。现代研究证实, 蒲公英含多糖、黄酮等成分, 具有抗炎[5]、抑菌[6]、抗肿瘤等作用[7]
植物源多糖广泛分布在植物的根、叶、花等器官, 是一种结构复杂的多聚体[8]。1902年, 德国科学家FISCHER首次研究多糖[9]; 1968年, 日本学者千原昊郎首次证明多糖的抗肿瘤活性[10], 多糖的生理活性开始获得普遍关注。现如今, 国内外对植物多糖的研究不断深入, 如黄芪多糖、枸杞多糖、藻类多糖、红枣多糖等, 蒲公英多糖亦是如此。蒲公英多糖作为其的重要活性成分之一(占全草干样的30%~50%)[11], 具有抗氧化、抑菌、免疫调节、降血糖、抗炎、抗肿瘤、调节肠道菌群等生物活性, 在食品、医药等领域应用广泛[12-13]。本文通过对近年来国内外有关蒲公英多糖的研究内容进行整合梳理, 总结了蒲公英多糖的提取纯化工艺、结构特性和生物活性, 并进一步揭示蒲公英多糖的结构特性和生物活性之间的构效关系, 为蒲公英多糖在食品等现代产业中的开发和应用提供依据。
蒲公英多糖提取方法包括热水提取、超声波提取等(表1), 但得率较低, 需进一步脱蛋白、脱色素等纯化工艺[28]
在蒲公英多糖脱蛋白工艺中, 常用的方法包括三氯乙酸法[29]、Sevag法[30]、酶法等。如杨晓杰等[31]、付学鹏等[16]通过优化蒲公英多糖的纯化条件(木瓜蛋白酶用量为底物浓度的1.2%、pH 5.5、温度50 ℃、时间3 h, 三氯乙酸用量是糖质量分数的0.1%, 60 ℃水浴35 min), 实现了蛋白质脱除率73.08%, 多糖得率97.87%。在脱色工艺中, 大孔树脂法、活性炭法、壳聚糖法、过氧化氢法较为常用。如郭慧静等[32]结合脱色率和综合考察筛选出大孔树脂脱色效果最佳的条件, 脱色率和多糖损失率分别为86.45%和18.9%, 综合性能优于其他方法。
综合来看, 尽管现有研究为蒲公英多糖的提取和纯化提供了基础方法, 但仍存在以下问题: 蒲公英多糖提取率相对较低、纯化方法单一且缺乏创新性, 亟需研究者探究新思路、新途径助力蒲公英多糖的开发与应用。
蒲公英多糖结构复杂(见表2), 受提取方法及纯化工艺等因素影响, 目前研究多集中于初级结构, 高级结构需进一步探索。
蒲公英多糖的单糖组成和含量受提取、纯化方法等多种因素影响, 这些单糖的组成和序列会影响蒲公英多糖的生物活性。目前, 高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)、气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS)、反相高效液相色谱法(reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography, RP-HPLC)等分析方法广泛应用于测定蒲公英多糖的单糖组成。由表2可知, 蒲公英多糖是一种杂多糖, 主要由5种单糖(Glc、Gal、Rha、Xyl及阿Ara)和两种糖醛酸(GalA和GlcA)构成, 其中Glc、Gal和Rha的含量相对较高, 极少数还存在Rib和Fuc。
提取纯化方法的不同会导致蒲公英多糖的单糖组成和含量存在差异。如使用HPLC对果胶酶解前后的蒲公英多糖进行分析发现, 酶解影响了蒲公英多糖的单糖组成, 提高了Man、Rha、Gal、Xyl的含量, 产生了少量Fuc, 但降低了Glc和Ara的含量[39]; 高金波等[43]对蒲公英根多糖分别采用水提取法、超声提取法、酶提取法和超声协助酶提取法, 结果显示不同提取方法得到的Rha、Glc、Gal和Ara含量均存在差异。这表明提取方法对蒲公英多糖的单糖组成和含量具有重要影响, 进而可能影响其生物活性。
不同部位的蒲公英多糖的单糖组成和含量也有所差异。蒲公英根多糖经苯酚-硫酸法测定, 得到根、叶、花中多糖含量分别为56.02%、16.50%、36.74%[43]; 采用硫酸-蒽酮比色法测定, 根部多糖储量可达42.75%, 花多糖和叶多糖分别为11.21%、9.63%[44]。虽然两者因测定方法不同导致多糖的具体含量有所差异, 但可综合得出蒲公英根部多糖含量最多, 其次是花和叶。
分子量是影响蒲公英多糖生物活性的另一个重要参数。目前主要采用凝胶色谱柱(gel permeation chromatography, GPC)联合示差折光检测器检测(refractive index detector, RID)、高效凝胶渗透色谱法(high performance gel permeation chromatography, HPGPC)等方法进行测定。杨晓杰等[45]超滤分离法发现蒲公英多糖分子量大于10 kDa和6~10 kDa占蒲公英多糖35.50%和53.71%, 而分子量小于6 kDa只占蒲公英多糖10.79%。石丹等[38]采用相对分子质量截流的超滤膜也获得相似的结果, 进一步证实了蒲公英多糖分子量分布的多样性。LIANYL等[41]提取蒲公英多糖分子量为108.2 kDa, 经羧基甲基化后减少为69.8 kDa, 这可能与蒲公英提取纯化方法和测定方法相关。
综上所述, 蒲公英多糖的分子量测定方法多样, 通常需结合多种方法来确保多糖的纯度和准确测定其分子量, 多糖的分子量范围横跨几千Da至几百千Da不等, 目前研究中多为8~80 kDa, 具体数值取决于多糖来源和提取纯化的条件。
化学结构对深入了解蒲公英多糖的生物活性以及确定构效关系至关重要。采用离子交换柱、凝胶柱等分离纯化方法从蒲公英多糖中进一步分级分离得到多组分, 并通过紫外光谱、红外光谱、核磁共振、傅里叶红外光谱(Fourier transform infra-red, FTIR)等现代波谱分析手段解析蒲公英多糖组分的初级结构。蒲公英多糖不同组分所含物质和比例有所差异, 其中大多组分中不含蛋白质; 在糖苷键上有α-糖苷键、β-糖苷键两种。
此外, 可通过刚果红实验和扫描电镜等手段对蒲公英多糖高级结构进行初步探索。刚果红实验发现其有三螺旋结构; 因其含有复杂的支链结构, 分支可能在立体结构中形成复杂的网络结构。徐晋等[20]分析了超声波细胞粉碎辅助制备的蒲公英叶多糖的微观结构, 观察到多糖不规则、紧密的碎块状结构, 且表面附有类似结晶的形态和碎屑。赵阳等[39]观察热水浸提制备的蒲公英多糖被果胶酶解前后的微观结构变化, 对比发现, 未经过酶解的多糖表面光滑, 没有孔洞损伤, 结构紧密; 而经过酶解处理后的多糖表面粗糙、孔洞增多, 结构疏松, 表面积变大。CAI等[36]通过多糖组成和比例发现DRP-2b和DRP-3a并不是同一种多糖, 而通过扫描电子显微镜发现, 两种多糖在形态特性上高度相似, 具有光滑的表面, 并且由大量的空隙和孔组成。可见多糖提取(热水浸提法、超声波法)、纯化(酶解法)及结构鉴定方法(扫描电子显微镜)的不同会导致蒲公英多糖结构特征的差异。
蒲公英多糖具有抗氧化、提高免疫活性、降血糖、抗炎、抗肿瘤等多种生物活性, 不同的生物活性也对应着不同的作用机制, 见图1
自由基对细胞有破坏作用, 可引发组织脂质过氧化, 进而如蛋白质、脂质和核酸, 诱发致癌、突变、细胞毒性和慢性疾病等[46]。研究发现, 蒲公英根多糖对·OH、O2-·和DPPH·自由基均有良好的清除能力, 并与剂量呈正向相关, 且对3种自由基的清除能力由强到弱表现为O2-·>·OH>DPPH·[47]。此外, 蒲公英叶多糖对DPPH·、·OH、O2-·自由基的半抑制浓度值分别为34.62、12.16、0.98 mg/mL[20], 表明其对O2-·自由基的清除能力最强。
对经分离纯化后蒲公英花多糖组分进行抗氧化实验发现, 组分DPⅠb’(分子量>10 kDa的粗多糖组分经盐梯度洗脱后进一步纯化得到的最终纯化组分)抗O2-·和·OH氧化能力最强, 其半抑制浓度值分别为19.65 mg/mL和1.81 mg/mL; 而组分DPⅠa’(分子量>10 kDa的粗多糖组分经水洗脱后得到的组分)和DPⅡa’(分子量为6~10 kDa的粗多糖组分经水洗脱后得到的组分)对O2-·和·OH几乎无清除能力[48]。这表明蒲公英多糖的纯化有助于提高其抗氧化活性, 不同组分的结构特征可能决定了其对特定自由基的清除能力。
蒲公英多糖可降低糖尿病模型小鼠的丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)含量, 升高超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase, GSH-Px)含量, 减少小鼠氧化损伤[49]
综上可知, 蒲公英多糖具有显著的抗氧化能力(经分离纯化后效果更佳), 能通过清除自由基、提高抗氧化酶含量等方式, 保护细胞免受氧化损伤, 减少疾病的发生率。
植物多糖具有广谱抑菌性[50]。蒲公英多糖对大肠杆菌等常见致病菌具有浓度依赖性抑菌作用[51-52]。对经分离纯化后蒲公英花多糖组分进行抗氧化实验发现, 亚洲蒲公英花序多糖组分DPⅠa’的抑菌效果优于DPⅠb’和DPⅡa’, 3个组分对大肠杆菌的抑制作用优于对金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌抑制作用; 多糖组分DPⅠa’和DPⅠb’均抑制黑曲霉和酵母菌, 但抑制效果无明显差异, 而多糖组分DPⅡa’对两种真菌无明显抑制效果。
因此蒲公英花多糖对细菌和真菌均有抑制作用, 且对细菌的抑制效果大于真菌[48]。其抑菌机制可能涉及干扰细胞壁合成、影响细胞膜通透性、抑制酶活性和抗氧化作用等多种途径。可见未来有关蒲公英多糖抑菌机制的研究可为蒲公英多糖在食品防腐、医疗抗菌等领域等应用提供理论依据。
蒲公英多糖具有免疫调节活性。研究发现, 蒲公英多糖能够提高胸腺指数、脾指数、吞噬指数、淋巴细胞转化率、血清溶血素OD值以及血清TNF-α的OD值, 从而增强免疫抑制小鼠的免疫功能, 并提高细胞因子TNF-α的表达水平[53]。TNF-α是一种重要的免疫调节因子, 能够促进免疫细胞的活化和增殖, 增强机体的免疫反应。
此外, 藏蒲公英多糖能使小鼠外周血T淋巴细胞亚群CD4+、CD8阳性T细胞(CD8-positive T cells, CD8+)水平明显提高, 降低CD4+/CD8+比值, CD4+ T细胞主要负责辅助免疫反应, 而CD8+ T细胞则主要负责细胞毒性作用, 通过调节这两种细胞的比例, 蒲公英多糖能够增强免疫应答, 提升机体的免疫抵抗力[54]
在动物实验中, 蒲公英多糖通过上调雏鸡血液中CD4+T淋巴细胞水平, 促进环磷酰胺诱导的机体免疫抑制状态的恢复, 增强雏鸡的非特异性细胞免疫和体液免疫功能, 进而增加机体免疫抵抗力, 促进动物的生长和发育[55]。这表明蒲公英多糖不仅能够调节免疫细胞的数量和比例, 还能够促进免疫系统的整体功能恢复。
此外, 蒲公英多糖还能够增强巨噬细胞吞噬指数水平, 提高小鼠抗体生成水平和巨噬细胞的吞噬率, 对体液免疫和(或)细胞免疫功能发挥正向调节作用, 增强和上调免疫功能低下机体的作用[56]。巨噬细胞是免疫系统中的重要组成部分, 其吞噬功能的增强能够有效清除病原体和异物, 而抗体生成水平的提高则能够增强体液免疫反应。
综上所述, 蒲公英多糖主要通过以下机制发挥免疫调节活性: (1)提高细胞因子(如TNF-α)的表达水平; (2)促进免疫细胞的增殖与分化; (3)增强抗体生成能力。这些作用机制共同作用, 显著提升了机体的免疫功能。
糖尿病是一种以高血糖水平为特征的代谢性疾病, 并伴随着脂肪、蛋白质代谢紊乱, 其发病率呈逐年上升趋势[57]。研究发现, 蒲公英多糖通过提高抗氧化活性, 减少超氧自由基对细胞内DNA的破坏, 抑制多聚腺苷二磷酸核糖体合成酶活性, 从而降低mRNA功能的破坏, 使合成β细胞的前胰岛素正常, 避免实验性糖尿病的发生[49]。随着多糖质量浓度的升高, 蒲公英多糖对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制能力增强, 其抑制率在质量浓度为1.0 mg/mL时达到76.28%[58]。因此, 蒲公英多糖降血糖机制可能是抗氧化活性和抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶活性共同作用的结果。
蒲公英总多糖还能抑制蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶1B和α-葡萄糖苷酶活性, 其降血糖作用机制可能是通过作用于胃肠道, 调节糖代谢, 从而促进糖原合成, 抑制糖原分解[59]。深入探索蒲公英多糖降血糖的机制, 明确其信号传导途径和相关作用靶点, 将为研究天然降血糖活性成分及开发降血糖药物甚至功能食品提供实验依据。
炎症是一种常见且普遍存在的病理过程, 通常表现为机体局部损伤组织对外来有害刺激的复杂生理反应[60]。研究发现, 蒲公英多糖在抗炎方面具有显著的活性, 其作用机制主要体现在以下几个方面。
蒲公英多糖穴位离子导入能够促进药物的渗透与吸收, 减轻乳腺组织的病理损伤, 并显著抑制急性乳腺炎大鼠促炎细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6的产生及表达, 从而发挥抗炎作用[61]。不同洗脱部位的蒲公英总多糖均能够在一定程度上抑制炎症因子(TNF-α、环氧化酶-2、IL-6和IL-1β) mRNA的表达[62]
蒲公英多糖口服可显著减轻结肠病变, 抑制促炎因子TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6的表达, 同时抑制核因子κB-p65亚基(nuclear factor kappa B-p65 subunit, NF-κB-p65)的核转位和NOD样受体蛋白3 (NOD-like receptor protein 3, NLRP3)炎症小体的激活。NF-κB-p65是炎症反应中的关键转录因子, 其核转位能够启动多种促炎基因的表达; NLRP3炎症小体的激活则会引发炎症因子的成熟和释放。蒲公英多糖通过抑制这些炎症因子的产生及表达, 能够有效阻断炎症反应[63]
此外, 蒲公英多糖还可通过抑制MAPK/ERK通路, 降低IL-6、TNF-α、前列腺素E2 (prostaglandin E2, PGE2)的含量, 同时升高白细胞介素-10 (interleukin-10, IL-10)的含量, 并抑制诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase, iNOS)、环氧化酶-2 (cyclooxygenase-2, COX-2)、磷酸化细胞外信号调节激酶1/2 (phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, ph-ERK1/2)蛋白的表达水平, 从而减弱幽门螺杆菌相关性胃炎大鼠胃黏膜的炎性反应[64]。MAPK/ERK通路在炎症反应中起着重要的调控作用, 其激活能够促进炎症因子的合成和释放, 蒲公英多糖通过抑制该通路, 能够有效抑制炎症反应的发生。
蒲公英多糖口服可激活Nrf2/HO-1通路, 减少右旋糖酐硫酸钠诱导的氧化应激。Nrf2/HO-1通路是细胞内重要的抗氧化防御系统, Nrf2能够调控多种抗氧化基因的表达, HO-1是Nrf2的下游靶基因之一, 具有抗氧化和抗炎的作用。蒲公英多糖通过激活该通路, 能够增强细胞的抗氧化能力, 减少氧化应激对细胞的损伤, 从而进一步发挥抗炎作用。
综上所述, 蒲公英多糖通过抑制炎症因子的产生及表达、调节炎症相关信号通路、减少氧化应激等多种机制, 减少炎症反应。这些研究结果为蒲公英多糖在抗炎治疗中的应用提供了坚实的理论依据。
癌症是全球发病率和死亡率的主要来源之一, 尽管化疗对许多癌症有疗效, 但目前使用的大多数化疗药物存在低选择性和遗传毒性[65], 因此开发新型高效、低毒抗癌制剂是当前研究的热点与难点。天然植物多糖蒲公英多糖可通过多途径、多靶点抑制肿瘤的发生和发展[66]
研究发现, 蒲公英多糖能够显著抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭。其作用机制主要体现在以下几个方面。
蒲公英多糖可通过抑制PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路, 进而抑制肝癌细胞的增殖。其中400 mg/kg的剂量对小鼠具有良好的耐受性, 未观察到任何不良的全身毒理学变化。PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路在肿瘤细胞的生长、存活和代谢中起着关键作用, 蒲公英多糖通过抑制该通路, 能够有效阻断肿瘤细胞的能量供应和生长信号, 从而抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖[67]
此外, 蒲公英多糖还可抑制PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β信号通路的活性, 进而有效抑制人乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞的增殖、迁移、侵袭和上皮间质转化进程。该信号通路的抑制能够阻止肿瘤细胞的恶性转化和扩散, 同时对正常乳腺上皮细胞(michigan cancer foundation-10A, MCF-10A)未见显著毒性[68]
蒲公英多糖能够通过上调促凋亡蛋白如P53和Bax的表达, 同时下调凋亡抑制Bcl-2的表达, 诱导乳腺癌细胞凋亡和抑制其增殖, 从而发挥体内抗乳腺癌作用[69]。P53是一种重要的肿瘤抑制蛋白, 能够调控细胞周期和诱导细胞凋亡; Bax和Bcl-2则在细胞凋亡过程中起着关键的调控作用, 蒲公英多糖通过调节这些凋亡蛋白的表达, 能够诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡, 抑制其恶性增殖。
进一步研究表明, 蒲公英多糖的作用机制可能与下调MDA-MB-231细胞中结肠癌相关转录因子1 (colon cancer-associated transcript 1, CCAT1)的表达有关。CCAT1是一种长链非编码RNA, 在多种肿瘤中高表达, 并参与调控肿瘤细胞的增殖和侵袭。通过抑制CCAT1的表达, 蒲公英多糖能够进一步抑制Akt/GSK-3β/Cyclin D1/CDK6信号通路, 从而对肿瘤细胞产生更广泛的抑制作用[70]
综上所述, 蒲公英多糖通过抑制信号通路、调节凋亡蛋白表达以及影响转录因子表达等多种机制, 抑制肿瘤细胞的产生和发展。这些研究结果为蒲公英多糖在预防和治疗癌症方面提供了理论依据。
蒲公英多糖还具有调节肠道菌群、保肝和抗疲劳等活性。在调节肠道菌群方面, 蒲公英多糖能够抑制溃疡性结肠炎合并肠道菌群失调小鼠血清中尿酸、一氧化氮的产生, 减少炎性因子IL-6和TNF-α的表达, 升高抑炎因子白细胞介素4 (interleukin-4, IL-4)的表达, 增加双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌数量, 减少大肠杆菌数量, 调节了正常菌群和益生菌数量, 显著改善了林可霉素致小鼠肠道菌群失调, 有效防止溃疡性结肠炎的发生[71]
在保肝方面, 蒲公英多糖抑制小鼠血清中丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT)和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST), 提高肝损伤小鼠体内SOD的活力和降低MDA含量, 以保护四氧化碳肝损伤[72]
在抗疲劳方面, 蒲公英多糖在小鼠负重游泳实验中表现出显著的抗疲劳效果。升高血清乳酸脱氢酶活性及肝糖原含量, 增加能量物质储备, 减弱疲劳相关代谢物乳酸及尿素氮含量, 显著延长小鼠负重游泳时间[73]
蒲公英多糖的生物活性与分子量密切相关。研究发现, 蒲公英多糖分子量大于10 kDa (DPⅠ)和分子量在6 kDa与10 kDa之间(DPⅡ)均能清除·OH和O2-·, 且在实验范围内随多糖浓度的升高清除能力逐渐加强。DPⅡ对·OH的清除能力高于DPⅠ, 而对O2-·的清除能力略低于DPⅠ[74]。此外, 进一步研究发现, 对O2-·和·OH的清除作用最强的是DPⅠb’, 其半抑制浓度(50% inhibitory concentration, IC50)值分别为19.65 mg/mL和1.81 mg/mL, 对DPⅠa’和DPⅡa’的清除率很低。DPⅠa’经DPⅠ分离纯化得到, 对细菌和真菌的抑制作用高于DPⅠb’和DPⅡa’, 且高于粗多糖的抑菌作用。3个组分对细菌的抑制能力依次为DPⅠa’>DPⅠb’>DPⅡa’[48]。从蒲公英根中分离纯化出了单糖组成含量比不同的3种多糖组分DPⅠ、DPⅡ和DPⅢ, 其分子质量分别为9224、56381、15853 Da。这3种多糖均具有不同程度的降血糖效果, 其中DPⅡ的降血糖作用效果最佳。具体来看, 多糖DPⅠ能够提高肝糖原含量, 进而改善糖代谢; 多糖DPⅡ在缓解胰岛素抵抗方面效果最佳; 多糖DPⅢ则通过增强胰岛细胞保护作用来促进胰岛素分泌[33]。此外, 蒲公英多糖在调节肠道菌群中也发挥着重要作用, 其中相对分子质量大于100000和6000~10000的多糖起着主导作用[38]。分子量影响蒲公英多糖活性, 但需结合单糖组成、糖苷键等结构特征综合评估。
多糖的改性方法主要有化学修饰、生物修饰和物理修饰。通过这些改性方法, 可以改变多糖的分子结构与形态, 进而改善其溶解性, 并提升多糖的生物活性[75-76]。其中化学修饰是蒲公英多糖常用的改性方法, 该修饰多根据其结构上的活性基团(如羟基、羧基、氨基等)在化学反应下引入新的官能团(如硫酸衍生化、硒化、羧甲基化等), 见表3。乙酰化、硫酸化、硒化及羧甲基化等有效修饰增强蒲公英多糖的抗氧化、抗菌、免疫调节、促进益生菌增殖等生物活性。物理改性如物理吸附法, 蒲公英多糖加载在钛片表面纳米管上, 保证了活性分子及材料的化学结构和生物活性不变[85]。因此, 选用特定的修饰方式对蒲公英多糖进行定向修饰, 增强其生物活性, 具备更大的应用价值。
蒲公英多糖具有丰富的生物活性, 在食品中应用广阔。基于蒲公英多糖抗氧化活性, 宁乐[86]采用纯化后的蒲公英叶多糖及蒲公英叶浸提液为主要原料制备蒲公英多糖饮料, 添加蒲公英叶多糖饮料的ABTS+·、·OH和DPPH·的清除率均高于未添加蒲公英多糖的饮料。尤佳伟等[87]将蒲公英汁、浓缩红枣汁、维生素C、水进行复配制成蒲公英红枣汁, 其具有良好的抗氧化和抗炎效果。研究发现, 硒化的蒲公英多糖可作为天然的α-淀粉酶抑制剂应用于降血糖药物或功能性食品[80]。基于蒲公英多糖具有很高的抗菌活性, 可将其作为一种可行的食品防腐剂[88]。LIN[38]将蒲公英多糖和羧甲基化蒲公英多糖掺入聚氧化乙烯纳米纤维基质中制备出安全无毒的抗菌材料, 将其应用在食品包装上具有良好的潜力, 有助于延长食品保质期。齐景伟等[89]将蒲公英、玉米粉、麸皮和水进行发酵, 并将发酵产物与腐植酸钠混合, 开发了一种能促进生长、提高饲料消化率和增强血液抗氧化的饲料添加剂。宋飞等[90]以蒲公英多糖、岩藻多糖、氨基酸复合物和短链脂肪酸为原料开发一种可维持大口黑鲈肠道结构完整性以及提高其对哈维氏弧菌的抵抗能力的饲料添加剂。由此可见, 以蒲公英多糖为原料制成的饲料添加剂可以为动物提供独特的营养和健康益处。
蒲公英多糖可应用于临床的骨内或骨替代的金属植入材料, 具有良好的生物相容性和生物活性, 能提高骨髓间充质干细胞的早期黏附、增殖及分化。谢明杰[91]将蒲公英多糖负载在富含钙磷元素的纯钛微弧氧化涂层上, 提高了骨髓间充质干细胞在钛片的增殖活性, 并通过动物检测表明该植入材料安全、无明显的毒副作用。罗琴琪[85]以二氧化钛纳米管负载蒲公英多糖, 具有很强的杀伤抑制牙龈卟啉单胞菌的作用, 其抗菌性为今后更好的骨种植体模型建立提供了一定的基础。然而, 蒲公英多糖负载的原理以及其作用机制需要进一步实验研究, 材料的生物安全性检测需要更加完善, 为日后应用提供理论依据。杨青青[92]以生物可吸收医用线芯和涂覆在所述线芯表面的功能涂层(有负载蒲公英多糖和贻贝粘蛋白的壳聚糖基体)制备一种抗菌抗氧化生物可吸收材料, 提高了提拉美容线在手术应用中的可操作性和安全性, 使其不易老化、断裂, 延长保质期。
蒲公英多糖具有抗氧化、抑菌、免疫调节、降血糖、抗炎、抗肿瘤、抗疲劳等丰富生物活性, 展现出显著的开发价值。通过羧甲基化、硫酸化、乙酰化、硒化等修饰手段, 还能进一步提升其生物活性, 使其作为天然植物源多糖的应用前景备受瞩目。
然而, 蒲公英多糖的研究仍面临诸多问题。本文在已有研究基础上提出展望, 以期为蒲公英多糖的高价值化加工利用提供参考。
其作为生物大分子, 结构复杂, 高级结构研究相对薄弱, 亟待借助更具发展潜力的技术手段对其高级结构精准解析, 从而为后续的开发利用奠定基础。目前, 关于蒲公英多糖单糖组成与糖苷键结构对其生物活性的影响研究较为有限, 难以构建完善的构效关系。未来, 可以深入探究单糖种类、比例以及糖苷键连接方式与生物活性之间的内在联系, 通过大量实验数据的积累与分析, 逐步完善其构效关系, 为蒲公英多糖的精准应用提供理论依据。
在蒲公英多糖的改性研究方面, 物理修饰和生物修饰的应用相对较少。未来可扩大这方面的研究, 探索更多物理修饰方法以及生物修饰手段, 深入研究这些修饰方式对蒲公英多糖结构和生物活性的影响, 从而筛选出更优的改性策略, 进一步增强其生物活性, 推动蒲公英多糖在更多领域的应用。
蒲公英多糖的生物活性作用机制复杂, 涉及多途径和多靶点。尽管已有一些研究揭示了部分作用机制, 但仍有诸多未知领域有待深入挖掘。后续研究需借助现代分子生物学、细胞生物学等多学科交叉手段, 系统地研究蒲公英多糖在细胞水平、分子水平上的作用靶点和信号通路, 完善其生物活性的作用机制, 为开发更具针对性的产品提供科学支撑。
此外, 蒲公英多糖的研究成果大多停留在实验室阶段, 缺乏临床应用性验证。未来, 应加强动物体内实验研究, 通过构建多种疾病模型, 深入探究蒲公英多糖在体内的代谢过程、作用靶点以及潜在的分子机制, 为蒲公英多糖的临床应用提供有力证据, 为其在医疗领域的应用开辟新途径。
基于蒲公英多糖的多种生物活性和潜在应用价值, 应加大开发力度。一方面, 结合现代食品加工技术和药学理论, 研制出更多富含蒲公英多糖的功能性食品和保健药品, 满足人们对健康食品和保健品的需求; 另一方面, 积极探索蒲公英多糖在其他领域的应用, 如化妆品、生物材料等, 进一步拓宽其应用范围, 提升蒲公英多糖的综合价值。
未来, 应聚焦于蒲公英多糖的结构解析、构效关系构建、改性研究、作用机制完善以及临床应用验证等关键问题, 通过学科交叉等, 推动蒲公英多糖从基础研究向应用转化, 促进富含蒲公英等药食同源类产品的发展, 为人类健康事业做出更大贡献。总体而言, 蒲公英多糖的研究与应用正处于发展中, 还需要广大科研工作者的共同努力。
  • 天津市大学生创新训练项目(202410057185)
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2025年第16卷第13期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250320004
  • 接收时间:2025-03-20
  • 首发时间:2026-01-12
  • 出版时间:2025-07-15
补充材料
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-20
基金
天津市大学生创新训练项目(202410057185)
作者信息
    天津科技大学食品科学与工程学院, 天津 300457

通讯作者:

*杨晨(1984—), 女, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为食品营养递送体系、食品水胶体。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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