Article(id=1217529309657486246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217529305693864468, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241230002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1735488000000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768211208022, onlineDateStr=2026-01-12, pubDate=1752508800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768211208022, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768211208022, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768211208022, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217529305693864468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='13', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768211207077, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768212057891, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217532874337730593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217529305693864468, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217532874337730594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217529305693864468, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=307, endPage=313, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217529310135636910, articleId=1217529309657486246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Residue analysis and dietary intake risk assessment of flonicamid in tea, columnId=1153433739154678309, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Safety Supervision and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To establish an analytical method for the determination of flonicamid residues in tea and assess the dietary intake risk of flonicamid in tea. Methods Flonicamid residues in tea were extracted using acetonitrile, followed by dehydration and salting out with anhydrous MgSO4 and sodium acetate. The supernatant was purified using anhydrous MgSO4, C18, primary-secondary amine (PSA), and graphitized carbon black (GCB) as adsorbents. Analysis was performed using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in multiple reaction monitoring mode with positive ionization. Quantification was achieved using matrix-matched external standards. Dietary intake risk assessment was conducted based on residue trial results and the dietary structure of the Chinese population. Results Flonicamid had a good linear relationship (r≥0.9999) within a certain concentration range. At levels of 0.01, 0.50, 20.00 and 30.00 mg/kg, the average recovery rates of tea (dry and fresh) ranged from 83.9%-93.6%, with relative standard deviations of 1.1%-5.3%. The limit of quantitation was 0.01 mg/kg. The final residue test and degradation test showed that the residual amount of flonicamid on tea was mainly affected by the combined effects of application dose and harvesting interval. The half-lives of flonicamid in fresh and dry tea in various regions were between 0.8-4.0 d and 0.8-5.1 d, respectively, indicating that it was an easily degradable pesticide. The results of the dietary assessment showed that the estimated daily intake of flonicamid through tea consumption for adults over 18 years old was between 0.74-0.81 μg/(kg·bw·d), which accounted for 1.05% to 1.16% of acceptable daily intake; combining the registration status of pesticides in China and the existing residue limits, the national estimated daily intake of flonicamid for the general population was 58.5193 μg/(kg·bw·d), which accounted for 83.6% of the acceptable daily intake. Flonicamid had low acute toxicity, and the probability of causing acute dietary risk was minimal. Therefore, there was no need to conduct an acute dietary risk assessment. Conclusion This method has simple pretreatment steps, high accuracy and high sensitivity, and can be used for the detection of flonicamid residues in tea. Upon evaluation, it has been determined that flonicamid does not pose an unacceptable risk to the general population.

, correspAuthors=Yin-Liang WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shu-Ping LING, Yan FU, Quan-Sheng WANG, Yan LV, Liang ZHANG, Yin-Liang WU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1217529311549117438, articleId=1217529309657486246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=氟啶虫酰胺在茶叶中的残留分析及膳食摄入风险评估, columnId=1153433739318256173, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品安全监管, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 建立茶叶中氟啶虫酰胺残留的分析方法, 并评估其在茶叶中的膳食摄入风险。方法 采用乙腈提取茶叶中的氟啶虫酰胺残留, 通过无水MgSO4和乙酸钠进行盐析除水。上清液经无水MgSO4、C18、乙二胺-N-丙基硅烷(primary-secondary amine, PSA)、石墨化炭黑(graphitized carbon black, GCB)吸附净化剂净化, 使用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法进行分析。检测采用多反应离子监测模式检测, 正离子化, 基质匹配外标法定量。基于残留试验结果和我国人群的膳食结构, 进行膳食摄入风险评估。结果 氟啶虫酰胺在一定质量浓度范围内具有良好的线性关系(r≥0.9999)。在0.01、0.50、20.00和30.00 mg/kg添加水平下, 干茶叶和鲜茶叶中的平均回收率为83.9%~93.6%, 相对标准偏差为1.1%~5.3%。定量限为0.01 mg/kg。最终残留试验和消解试验表明, 氟啶虫酰胺在茶叶上的残留量主要受施药剂量和采收间隔期的共同影响。氟啶虫酰胺在各地鲜茶叶和干茶叶的半衰期分别为0.8~4.0 d和0.8~5.1 d之间, 属于易降解农药。膳食评估的结果为: 通过茶叶摄入氟啶虫酰胺在18岁以上成年人的估算每日摄入量在0.74~0.81 μg/(kg·bw·d)之间, 占日允许摄入量的1.05%~1.16%; 结合我国农药登记情况和现有残留限量, 一般人群氟啶虫酰胺的国家估算每日摄入量为58.5193 μg/(kg·bw·d), 占日允许摄入量的83.6%。氟啶虫酰胺急性毒性低, 导致急性膳食风险的概率较小, 因此无需进行急性膳食风险评估。结论 该方法前处理操作简单, 准确度和灵敏度高, 可用于茶叶上氟啶虫酰胺的残留检测。经评估, 氟啶虫酰胺对一般人群不会产生不可接受风险。

, correspAuthors=吴银良, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*吴银良(1975—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为农产品质量安全。E-mail:
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凌淑萍(1987—), 女, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为农药残留检测分析。E-mail:

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凌淑萍(1987—), 女, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为农药残留检测分析。E-mail:

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Pesticides, 2023(3): 194-199., articleTitle=Residue safety analysis of flonicamid, hexythiazox, and diniconazole on wolfberry, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217901268769620025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529309657486246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=6, pageStart=53, pageEnd=56, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=48, authorNames=邱莉萍, 陈盼盼, 刘秀群, journalName=农产品质量与安全, refType=null, unstructuredReference=邱莉萍, 陈盼盼, 刘秀群, 等. 草莓中氟啶虫酰胺残留消解动态及膳食风险评估[J]. 农产品质量与安全, 2019(6): 53-56., articleTitle=草莓中氟啶虫酰胺残留消解动态及膳食风险评估, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217901268882866237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529309657486246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=6, pageStart=53, pageEnd=56, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=49, authorNames=QIU LP, CHEN PP, LIU XQ, journalName=Agricultural Product Quality and Safety, refType=null, unstructuredReference=QIU LP, CHEN PP, LIU XQ, et al. Dissipation dynamics and dietary risk assessment of flupyradifurone residues in strawberries[J]. Agricultural Product Quality and Safety, 2019(6): 53-56., articleTitle=Dissipation dynamics and dietary risk assessment of flupyradifurone residues in strawberries, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217901268983529538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529309657486246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2005, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=50, authorNames=中华人民共和国卫生部, 中华人民共和国科学技术部, 中华人民共和国国家统计局, journalName=中国居民营养与健康状况2002, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中华人民共和国卫生部, 中华人民共和国科学技术部, 中华人民共和国国家统计局. 中国居民营养与健康状况2002[M]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2005., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217901269079998531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529309657486246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2005, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=51, authorNames=Ministry of Health of the People’s Republic of China, The People’s Republic of China Ministry of Science and Technology, National Bureau of Statistics of the People’s Republic of China, journalName=Nutrition and health status of Chinese residents 2002, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ministry of Health of the People’s Republic of China, The People’s Republic of China Ministry of Science and Technology, National Bureau of Statistics of the People’s Republic of China. Nutrition and health status of Chinese residents 2002[M]. 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Informations of pesticide formulation

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序号 氟啶虫酰胺含量/% 氟啶虫酰胺的施药
剂量/(g/公顷)
施药次数和
间隔
试验1 10 37.5 施药2次, 施药间隔为7 d
试验2 8 48.0 施药1次
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农药制剂信息

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序号 氟啶虫酰胺含量/% 氟啶虫酰胺的施药
剂量/(g/公顷)
施药次数和
间隔
试验1 10 37.5 施药2次, 施药间隔为7 d
试验2 8 48.0 施药1次
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Recoveries of flonicamid in tea (%, n=5)

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农药 添加水平
/(mg/kg)
干茶叶 鲜茶叶
平均回收率 RSDs 平均回收率 RSDs
氟啶虫
酰胺
0.01 89.2 4.1 93.6 4.4
0.50 93.0 1.2 93.4 1.7
20.00 92.3 5.3 83.9 3.8
30.00 89.0 1.1 / /
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氟啶虫酰胺在茶叶中的添加回收率(%, n=5)

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农药 添加水平
/(mg/kg)
干茶叶 鲜茶叶
平均回收率 RSDs 平均回收率 RSDs
氟啶虫
酰胺
0.01 89.2 4.1 93.6 4.4
0.50 93.0 1.2 93.4 1.7
20.00 92.3 5.3 83.9 3.8
30.00 89.0 1.1 / /
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Final residue data of flonicamid on tea

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序号 施药剂量
/(g/公顷)
施药次数 采收间隔期/d 鲜茶叶/(mg/kg) 干茶叶/(mg/kg)
STMR HR STMR HR
试验1 37.5 2 7 0.96 1.6 3.70 7.2
10 0.69 1.4 2.80 6.8
试验2 48 1 7 0.47 2.2 1.40 6.4
10 0.31 0.9 1.00 3.3
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氟啶虫酰胺在茶叶上的最终残留量数据

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序号 施药剂量
/(g/公顷)
施药次数 采收间隔期/d 鲜茶叶/(mg/kg) 干茶叶/(mg/kg)
STMR HR STMR HR
试验1 37.5 2 7 0.96 1.6 3.70 7.2
10 0.69 1.4 2.80 6.8
试验2 48 1 7 0.47 2.2 1.40 6.4
10 0.31 0.9 1.00 3.3
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Long-term dietary intake of flonicamid in different populations

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年龄/岁 体重
/kg
茶叶消费量
/(g/d)
EDI
/[μg/(kg·bw)]
RQc/%
12岁以下 / / / <成年人
12~17 / / / <成年人
18~39 60.30 12 0.74 1.05
40~60 60.30 12 0.74 1.05
>60 54.75 12 0.81 1.16
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不同人群中氟啶虫酰胺的长期膳食摄入风险评估

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年龄/岁 体重
/kg
茶叶消费量
/(g/d)
EDI
/[μg/(kg·bw)]
RQc/%
12岁以下 / / / <成年人
12~17 / / / <成年人
18~39 60.30 12 0.74 1.05
40~60 60.30 12 0.74 1.05
>60 54.75 12 0.81 1.16
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Dietary risk assessment table of flurflufenamide

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食物种类 膳食量
/(kg/d)
参考限量或
残留中值/(mg/kg)
最大残留
限量来源
NEDI
/[μg/(kg·bw·d)]
米及其制品 0.2399 0.7 中国 2.6656
面及其制品 0.1385 0.08 中国 0.1759
其他谷类 0.0233 0.7 中国 0.2589
薯类 0.0495 0.2 中国 0.1571
干豆类及其
制品
0.0160 / / /
深色蔬菜 0.0915 20 中国 29.0476
浅色蔬菜 0.1837 8 中国 23.3270
腌菜 0.0103 / / /
水果 0.0457 1.2 中国 0.8705
坚果 0.0039 0.01 中国 0.0006
畜禽类 0.0795 / / /
奶及其制品 0.0263 / / /
蛋及其制品 0.0236 / / /
鱼虾类 0.0301 / / /
植物油 0.0327 0.6 中国 0.3114
动物油 0.0087 / / /
糖、淀粉 0.0044 / / /
食盐 0.0120 3.7 干茶叶
残留中值
0.7047
酱油 0.0090 7 中国 1.0000
合计 1.0286 / / 58.5193
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氟啶虫酰胺的膳食风险评估表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食物种类 膳食量
/(kg/d)
参考限量或
残留中值/(mg/kg)
最大残留
限量来源
NEDI
/[μg/(kg·bw·d)]
米及其制品 0.2399 0.7 中国 2.6656
面及其制品 0.1385 0.08 中国 0.1759
其他谷类 0.0233 0.7 中国 0.2589
薯类 0.0495 0.2 中国 0.1571
干豆类及其
制品
0.0160 / / /
深色蔬菜 0.0915 20 中国 29.0476
浅色蔬菜 0.1837 8 中国 23.3270
腌菜 0.0103 / / /
水果 0.0457 1.2 中国 0.8705
坚果 0.0039 0.01 中国 0.0006
畜禽类 0.0795 / / /
奶及其制品 0.0263 / / /
蛋及其制品 0.0236 / / /
鱼虾类 0.0301 / / /
植物油 0.0327 0.6 中国 0.3114
动物油 0.0087 / / /
糖、淀粉 0.0044 / / /
食盐 0.0120 3.7 干茶叶
残留中值
0.7047
酱油 0.0090 7 中国 1.0000
合计 1.0286 / / 58.5193
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氟啶虫酰胺在茶叶中的残留分析及膳食摄入风险评估
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凌淑萍 1, 2 , 付岩 1, 2 , 王全胜 1, 2 , 吕燕 1, 2 , 张亮 1, 2 , 吴银良 1, 2, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品安全监管 2025,16(13): 307-313
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品安全监管 2025, 16(13): 307-313
氟啶虫酰胺在茶叶中的残留分析及膳食摄入风险评估
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凌淑萍1, 2 , 付岩1, 2, 王全胜1, 2, 吕燕1, 2, 张亮1, 2, 吴银良1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 宁波市农业科学研究院, 宁波 315040
  • 2 宁波市特色农产品质量安全检测与控制重点实验室, 宁波 315040
  • 凌淑萍(1987—), 女, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为农药残留检测分析。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*吴银良(1975—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为农产品质量安全。E-mail:
Residue analysis and dietary intake risk assessment of flonicamid in tea
Shu-Ping LING1, 2 , Yan FU1, 2, Quan-Sheng WANG1, 2, Yan LV1, 2, Liang ZHANG1, 2, Yin-Liang WU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ningbo 315040, China
  • 2 Ningbo Key Laboratory of Testing and Control for Characteristic Agro-product Quality and Safety, Ningbo 315040, China
出版时间: 2025-07-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241230002
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目的 建立茶叶中氟啶虫酰胺残留的分析方法, 并评估其在茶叶中的膳食摄入风险。方法 采用乙腈提取茶叶中的氟啶虫酰胺残留, 通过无水MgSO4和乙酸钠进行盐析除水。上清液经无水MgSO4、C18、乙二胺-N-丙基硅烷(primary-secondary amine, PSA)、石墨化炭黑(graphitized carbon black, GCB)吸附净化剂净化, 使用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法进行分析。检测采用多反应离子监测模式检测, 正离子化, 基质匹配外标法定量。基于残留试验结果和我国人群的膳食结构, 进行膳食摄入风险评估。结果 氟啶虫酰胺在一定质量浓度范围内具有良好的线性关系(r≥0.9999)。在0.01、0.50、20.00和30.00 mg/kg添加水平下, 干茶叶和鲜茶叶中的平均回收率为83.9%~93.6%, 相对标准偏差为1.1%~5.3%。定量限为0.01 mg/kg。最终残留试验和消解试验表明, 氟啶虫酰胺在茶叶上的残留量主要受施药剂量和采收间隔期的共同影响。氟啶虫酰胺在各地鲜茶叶和干茶叶的半衰期分别为0.8~4.0 d和0.8~5.1 d之间, 属于易降解农药。膳食评估的结果为: 通过茶叶摄入氟啶虫酰胺在18岁以上成年人的估算每日摄入量在0.74~0.81 μg/(kg·bw·d)之间, 占日允许摄入量的1.05%~1.16%; 结合我国农药登记情况和现有残留限量, 一般人群氟啶虫酰胺的国家估算每日摄入量为58.5193 μg/(kg·bw·d), 占日允许摄入量的83.6%。氟啶虫酰胺急性毒性低, 导致急性膳食风险的概率较小, 因此无需进行急性膳食风险评估。结论 该方法前处理操作简单, 准确度和灵敏度高, 可用于茶叶上氟啶虫酰胺的残留检测。经评估, 氟啶虫酰胺对一般人群不会产生不可接受风险。

茶叶  /  氟啶虫酰胺  /  残留  /  膳食摄入风险评估

Objective To establish an analytical method for the determination of flonicamid residues in tea and assess the dietary intake risk of flonicamid in tea. Methods Flonicamid residues in tea were extracted using acetonitrile, followed by dehydration and salting out with anhydrous MgSO4 and sodium acetate. The supernatant was purified using anhydrous MgSO4, C18, primary-secondary amine (PSA), and graphitized carbon black (GCB) as adsorbents. Analysis was performed using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in multiple reaction monitoring mode with positive ionization. Quantification was achieved using matrix-matched external standards. Dietary intake risk assessment was conducted based on residue trial results and the dietary structure of the Chinese population. Results Flonicamid had a good linear relationship (r≥0.9999) within a certain concentration range. At levels of 0.01, 0.50, 20.00 and 30.00 mg/kg, the average recovery rates of tea (dry and fresh) ranged from 83.9%-93.6%, with relative standard deviations of 1.1%-5.3%. The limit of quantitation was 0.01 mg/kg. The final residue test and degradation test showed that the residual amount of flonicamid on tea was mainly affected by the combined effects of application dose and harvesting interval. The half-lives of flonicamid in fresh and dry tea in various regions were between 0.8-4.0 d and 0.8-5.1 d, respectively, indicating that it was an easily degradable pesticide. The results of the dietary assessment showed that the estimated daily intake of flonicamid through tea consumption for adults over 18 years old was between 0.74-0.81 μg/(kg·bw·d), which accounted for 1.05% to 1.16% of acceptable daily intake; combining the registration status of pesticides in China and the existing residue limits, the national estimated daily intake of flonicamid for the general population was 58.5193 μg/(kg·bw·d), which accounted for 83.6% of the acceptable daily intake. Flonicamid had low acute toxicity, and the probability of causing acute dietary risk was minimal. Therefore, there was no need to conduct an acute dietary risk assessment. Conclusion This method has simple pretreatment steps, high accuracy and high sensitivity, and can be used for the detection of flonicamid residues in tea. Upon evaluation, it has been determined that flonicamid does not pose an unacceptable risk to the general population.

tea  /  flonicamid  /  residue  /  dietary intake risk assessment
凌淑萍, 付岩, 王全胜, 吕燕, 张亮, 吴银良. 氟啶虫酰胺在茶叶中的残留分析及膳食摄入风险评估. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (13) : 307 -313 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241230002
Shu-Ping LING, Yan FU, Quan-Sheng WANG, Yan LV, Liang ZHANG, Yin-Liang WU. Residue analysis and dietary intake risk assessment of flonicamid in tea[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (13) : 307 -313 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241230002
茶叶作为世界上广泛消费的饮品, 具有丰富的文化内涵和重要的经济价值。在茶叶的种植过程中, 为了防治病虫害、提高产量和质量, 农药的使用较为普遍。据相关研究表明, 全球茶叶种植中, 每年都会有多种农药被应用于茶园管理中[1]。农药残留问题已经成为影响茶叶质量安全的关键因素。过量的农药残留不仅可能影响茶叶的口感和品质, 还可能对消费者的健康产生潜在危害[2]。同时, 在国际贸易中, 严格的农药残留限量标准也成为制约茶叶出口的重要技术壁垒, 许多国家对进口茶叶的农药残留限量有着严格的规定[3-4]。农业农村部对茶叶的多年风险评估结果显示, 茶叶产品中农药残留检出率较高, 但超出国家标准的极少[5-9]。较高的检出率和部分农药的较高残留水平提示在评估时要重点关注这些农药品种的累积风险等情况[10-12]
氟啶虫酰胺作为一种新型的杀虫剂, 属于吡啶酰胺类化合物。其作用机制是通过影响昆虫的神经系统, 干扰其的正常生理功能, 从而发挥杀虫的作用。该药剂对刺吸式口器害虫具有良好的防治效果, 因此在茶叶种植中得到了广泛应用。然而, 其影响不仅限于目标害虫, 还可能对非目标生物如蜜蜂、益虫、鸟类和鱼类等产生毒性效应[13-18]。蜜蜂作为重要的传粉媒介, 其数量减少可能对农作物产量和生态系统稳定性造成严重影响。此外, 研究表明, 长期或不当接触氟啶虫酰胺可能对人体神经系统和内分泌系统产生潜在危害[19]
鉴于上述情况, 尽管氟啶虫酰胺在害虫防治方面具有积极作用, 但其在茶叶中的残留情况必须得到严格监控。在检测技术方面, 超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS)因其高灵敏度、精确性和选择性, 已成为农药残留检测的主流方法。该技术能够有效克服茶叶基质中茶多酚、蛋白质和色素等复杂成分的干扰[20-21], 为农药残留分析提供了可靠手段。近年来, 氟啶虫酰胺在茶叶中残留检测和风险评估研究日益增多[22-29], 但针对该农药长期慢性膳食暴露风险的系统性评估仍显不足, 亟需进一步深入研究。
本研究旨在通过规范的农药残留试验, 采用UPLC-MS/MS在茶叶中氟啶虫酰胺的检测方法。优化茶叶样品中氟啶虫酰胺的处理和分析方法, 量化不同茶叶样品中的氟啶虫酰胺残留水平, 并通过多地点、多年份试验获取残留代谢规律; 并基于多年平均膳食摄入数据, 评价不同消费人群, 摄入茶叶中氟啶虫酰胺的膳食暴露风险, 不仅保障消费者健康, 还对我国茶叶产业的国际竞争力和食品安全管理提供参考依据。
Waters Xevo TQ-S超高效液相色谱串联质谱仪、Acquity UPLC BEH C18色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 µm)(美国Waters公司); KS4000ic恒温振荡器、T25高速匀浆机、GENIUS3旋涡混合器(德国IKA公司); 3K15高速离心机(德国Sigma公司); ME3002电子天平(精度=0.01 g)、XPE205电子天平(精度=0.01 mg)(瑞士Mettler Toledo公司)。
氟啶虫酰胺(纯度98.76%, 德国Dr. Ehrenstorfer GmbH公司); 乙腈(色谱纯, 德国默克公司); 无水乙酸钠、无水硫酸镁(分析纯)、石墨化炭黑(graphitized carbon black, GCB)(国药集团化学试剂有限公司); 乙酸甲酸(色谱纯, 中国阿拉丁生物科技股份有限公司); 氯化钠(分析纯, 中国杭州瓶窑和顺化工试剂厂); 乙酸铵[色谱纯, 阿拉丁试剂(上海)有限公司]; 乙酸(分析纯, 山东西亚化学有限公司); C18、乙二胺-N-丙基硅烷(primary-secondary amine, PSA)(天津博纳艾杰尔科技有限公司); 滤膜(0.22 μm, 北京迪马科技有限公司)。
试验1地点: 2020年6—11月分别在山东招远、江西上饶、浙江宁波、安徽黄山、湖南长沙、贵州贵阳、四川成都、广西南宁、福建福安和广东江门进行1年10地的田间试验。
试验2地点: 2024年6—11月分别在甘肃陇南、山东济南、浙江宁波、安徽六安、湖南长沙、湖北恩施、广西南宁、云南昆明、福建厦门、广东江门试验点编号进行1年10地的田间试验。
试验1使用20%氟啶虫酰胺·联苯菊酯悬浮剂, 试验2使用10%氟啶虫酰胺·甲维盐悬浮剂(氟啶虫酰胺含量如表1所示), 于茶小绿叶蝉若虫发生盛期进行叶面喷雾施药。最终残留试验: 每个试验小区50 m2, 小区间设保护带。另设对照小区。按表1的施药计量、施药次数和施药间隔进行叶面喷雾施药, 即试验1氟啶虫酰胺以37.5 g/公顷的施药剂量, 施药2次, 施药间隔为7 d; 试验2氟啶虫酰胺以48 g/公顷的施药剂量, 施药1次。在试验小区内, 距最后一次施药的间隔时间为7 d和10 d采样。残留消解试验: 在最终残留小区内开展, 不再另行施药, 距最后一次施药的间隔时间为0、3和14 d每个小区每次采样采集2个独立样品, 随机在不少于12个点采集茶叶样品至少1 kg。
新鲜采摘的茶叶用四分法分取100 g, 剩下的鲜茶叶按当地的制茶工艺进行加工, 制作成干茶叶。
分别称取粉碎的干茶叶和鲜茶叶空白试样5 g(精确至0.01 g)于50 mL离心管中, 分别加入5.0 mL和15.0 mL纯水, 浸泡10 min。准确加入乙腈10.0 mL及一颗陶瓷均质子, 在摇床上以350 r/min振荡提取30 min, 加入2 g无水硫酸镁, 0.5 g乙酸钠, 剧烈振荡1 min后9500 r/min离心3 min。吸取1 mL上清液至内含除水剂和净化剂的塑料离心管中(150 mg无水硫酸镁、50 mg C18、50 mg PSA和25 mg GCB), 涡旋混匀1 min。9500 r/min离心3 min, 吸取0.2 mL上清液与0.8 mL 0.1%甲酸溶液定容至1.0 mL, 混匀, 过0.22 μm滤膜后, 供UPLC-MS/MS测定。
准确称取11.33 mg, 纯度为98.76%氟啶虫酰胺的标准样品, 置于10 mL的容量瓶中, 用色谱纯乙腈溶解、定容, 配制成质量浓度为1119 mg/L的母液。再用色谱纯乙腈稀释成质量浓度为100 mg/L的标准中间液备用。试验时用乙腈稀释成质量浓度为10 mg/L、1 mg/L的标准中间液, 逐级稀释成质量浓度分别为0.0005、0.0010、0.0050、0.0100和0.0500 mg/L的系列纯溶剂、茶叶(干)和茶叶(鲜)基质标准工作液,
色谱条件: Acquity UPLC BEH C18色谱柱(2.1 mm× 100 mm, 1.7 µm); 柱温35 ℃, 样品室温度15 ℃, 进样体积5.0 μL。流动相0.1%甲酸水溶液(A)和乙腈(B), 采用梯度淋洗程序: 0~1.0 min, 20% B; 1.0~1.1 min, 20%~90% B; 1.1~4.0 min, 90% B; 4.0~4.1 min, 90%~20% B; 4.1~6.0 min, 20% B。流速: 0.3 mL/min。
质谱条件: 电喷雾离子源, 正离子扫描, 多重反应监测, 电离电压2.5 kV, 雾化气流速1000 L/h; 锥孔气流速: 150 L/h; 源温150 ℃; 雾化温度500 ℃。定量离子对为230.1>203.2, 碰撞能为15 eV; 定性离子对为230.1>183.2, 碰撞能为22 eV。锥孔电压30 V。
使用Origin 9.0进行数据处理。试验结果采用指数回归方程, 求氟啶虫酰胺在茶叶中的降解半衰期, 计算公式如式(1)~(2):
Ct=C0×e-kt
T1/2=$\frac{\ln 2}{k}$
式中: C0为样品中农药初始浓度, mg/kg; Ct: t时样品中农药残留浓度, mg/kg; k为降解速率常数; t为采样时间, d; T1/2为降解半衰期, d。
根据我国居民膳食结构及茶叶的消费量, 结合茶叶规范残留试验中值(supervised trials median residues, STMR), 计算农药在不同人群中的长期慢性膳食暴露评估, 计算公式如式(3)~(4):
EDI=STMR×F/bw
RQc/%=EDI/ADI×100%
式中: EDI为估计每日摄入量(estimated daily intake), mg/kg bw; STMR为干茶叶制品的STMR, mg/kg; F为我国各类人群的茶叶平均每日摄入量, kg/d, 依据中国农科院茶叶研究所推荐人均12 g茶叶; bw为体重(body weight), 来源于《中国居民营养与健康状况调查报告》[30]; RQc为慢性风险商数(chronic risk quotient); ADI为每日允许摄入量(acceptable daily intakes), mg/kg bw, 本研究采用0.07 mg/kg bw(来源: GB 2763—2021 《食品安全国家标准 食品中农药最大残留限量》)。
根据我国居民的人均膳食结构, 结合最大残留限量(maximum residue limit, MRL)标准(GB 2763—2021)和茶叶规范残留试验中值计算国家估算每日摄入量, 计算如式(5):
NEDI=∑[(STMRi(或MRLiFi]/bw
式中: NEDI为国家估计每日摄入量(national estimated daily intake), μg/(kg·bw·d); STMRi(或MRLi)为第i类初级食用农产品的规范试验残留中值或MRL值, mg/kg; Fi为农产品的消费量(food intake), g/d。一般人群某种食品的消费量参见我国城乡居民的每日食物摄入量(膳食结构)[30]。由于一般人群对茶叶的消费量缺乏具体统计数据, 中国农业科学院茶叶研究所建议采用人均每日12 g的茶叶消费量进行评估, 这一数据与食盐的消费量相同。因此, 茶叶的摄入量及其对食物种类的影响可参照食盐数据进行评估。
氟啶虫酰胺的慢性摄入风险用国家估算每日摄入量占ADI的百分比表示, 当%ADI≤100%, 即安全系数≥1时, 表示MRL值可以接受, %ADI越小, 即安全系数越大, MRL值的保护水平越高。
根据农药残留联席会议(Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues, JMPR) 2005年报告, 口服毒性低, 不需要制定急性参考剂量(acute reference dose, ARfD), 因此, 出现急性膳食风险的可能性较小, 不进行急性膳食摄入风险评估。
使用Acquity UPLC BEH C18色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 μm)进行分离, 在上述色谱条件下, 质量浓度为0.001 mg/L氟啶虫酰胺标准溶液在干茶叶和鲜茶叶基质中的典型色谱图见图1。在0.0005~0.0500 mg/L范围内, 氟啶虫酰胺质量浓度与对应的峰面积线性关系良好。经最小二乘法拟合得标准曲线, 其中在干茶叶中的回归方程为Y= 26916401.1X-531.0, 相关系数r为1.0000; 在鲜茶叶中的回归方程为Y=27854632.5X+6547.3, 相关系数r为0.9999; 在纯溶剂中的回归方程为Y=231082642.8X+1720.1, 相关系数r为0.9999; 氟啶虫酰胺在干茶叶和鲜茶叶中的基质效应为-13.4%和-10.4%的最小检出量均为2.5×10-12 g。
回收试验结果显示, 在0.01、0.50、20.00和30.00 mg/kg的4个添加水平下, 氟啶虫酰胺在干茶叶和鲜茶叶中的平均回收率范围为83.9%~93.6%, 相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation, RSD)为1.1%~5.3%(表2)。该方法具有较高的准确度和精密度, 能满足农药多残留检测要求, 其定量限(limit of quantitation, LOQ)为0.01 mg/kg。
按照上述方式进行施药, 检测氟啶虫酰胺在茶叶上的残留情况, 在试验1中, 37.5g/公顷的剂量下, 施药2次, 鲜茶叶采收间隔期为7 d的STMR为0.96 mg/kg, 最高残留量(highest residue, HR)为1.6 mg/kg(表3)。而当剂量增加到试验2的48.0 g/公顷时, 施药1次, 鲜茶叶的STMR降至0.47 mg/kg, 但HR升至2.2 mg/kg。可能不同浓度的农药在植物体内的吸收和代谢过程可能存在差异。低浓度施药可能使植物细胞膜更容易吸收农药, 且植物有更多时间进行代谢和积累。而高浓度施药可能会导致植物细胞受损, 减少吸收能力, 或者促使植物更快地代谢和分解农药, 从而降低残留量。低浓度施药可能在环境中保持更长时间, 增加残留量。而高浓度施药可能加速农药的降解, 因为某些降解反应是浓度依赖性的。
氟啶虫酰胺在茶叶上的残留量受施药剂量和采收间隔期的共同影响。在两个试验中, 随着采收间隔期的延长(从7 d到10 d), 无论是鲜茶叶还是干茶叶的残留量均呈现下降趋势。例如, 试验1鲜茶叶中7 d后的STMR为0.96 mg/kg, 而10 d后则降至0.69 mg/kg; 试验2中也观察到类似的下降趋势。这一现象表明, 适当延长采收间隔期是降低茶叶中农药残留量的有效措施。
值得注意的是, 干茶叶中氟啶虫酰胺的残留量不仅受采收间隔期影响, 还受到多种加工因子的综合作用, 包括加工温度、时间、干燥方式、水分蒸发速率、茶叶形态、加工环境及农药初始浓度等。由于加工过程中水分的减少, 干茶叶中氟啶虫酰胺的残留量普遍比鲜茶叶高出3~4倍。尽管鲜茶叶与干茶叶的残留量在数值上存在差异, 但两者都变化趋势基本一致。
我国虽尚未规定氟啶虫酰胺在茶叶中的MRL值, 但美国、韩国、欧盟和日本的MRL值分别为40.0、10.0、0.1和40.0 mg/kg。准确测定和控制茶叶中的氟啶虫酰胺残留量, 有助于确保茶叶符合国内外的相关安全标准, 保障消费者的权益, 同时也有利于茶叶产业的可持续发展。
4 地残留消解试验表明: 施药后0 d采样检测, 试验1氟啶虫酰胺在鲜茶叶和干茶叶中的初始残留量为3.0~9.2 mg/kg和13.1~27.5 mg/kg; 14 d采样检测, 残留量为<0.010~ 1.100 mg/kg和<0.010~2.800 mg/kg。氟啶虫酰胺在各地鲜茶叶和干茶叶中的消解趋势均符合一级动力学方程, 在浙江、湖南、广西和福建鲜茶叶的半衰期分别为2.1、1.4、1.1、4.0 d; 在干茶叶样中的半衰期分别为2.0、1.7、1.2、5.1 d。试验2氟啶虫酰胺在鲜茶叶和干茶叶中的初始残留量分别为3.6~6.0 mg/kg和11.8~23.0 mg/kg; 14 d采样检测, 残留量为<0.010~0.350 mg/kg和0.045~1.200 mg/kg。氟啶虫酰胺在安徽、湖南、广西和福建鲜茶叶的半衰期分别为1.6、0.8、1.2、0.9 d; 在干茶叶样中的半衰期分别为2.9、0.9、1.1、0.8 d, 药物在茶叶中的降解速度较快, 属于易降解农药。
2 组试验残留量下降趋势相似, 但具体数值存在差异。施药次数的增加可能导致茶叶中农药积累量增加, 从而延缓残留量的下降趋势。不同地点的气候、土壤条件、茶树品种等因素可能影响农药在茶叶中的降解速度和残留量。例如, 广西的茶叶在试验1中残留量下降趋势最为明显, 而在试验2中湖南和福建的茶叶残留量在较短时间内降至较低水平。所有地区的茶叶残留物在施药后14 d内均显著减少, 部分地区的残留物已降至极低水平。为了降低茶叶中的农药残留量, 建议降低施药剂量和减少施药次数并适当延长采收间隔期。
本研究基于农药最大允许使用后的残留量, 采用最高施用浓度施药, 并在采收间隔期为7 d的条件下, 得到干茶叶中氟啶虫酰胺残留量的最大STMR值为3.7 mg/kg, 将该值带入长期膳食摄入风险评估模型进行计算。另外,根据我国居民不同年龄阶段的饮茶习惯, 将人群分为5个年龄组。(1) 儿童(12岁以下): 饮茶量较少, 多为偶尔饮用。(2)青少年(12~17岁): 处于身体发育阶段, 茶叶消耗量较低。(3)青壮年期(18~39岁): 部分人群将茶作为健康饮品, 茶叶消耗量差异较大。(4)中老年期(40~60岁): 因关注养生和健康问题, 茶叶饮用量有所增加。(5)老年期(60岁以后): 饮茶量相对较低, 但在整体中仍占一定比例。评估结果表明(表4), 18岁以上成年人的氟啶虫酰胺的EDI值在0.74~0.81 μg/(kg·bw·d)之间, 占ADI的1.05%~1.16%, 处于较低水平。对儿童和青少年评估时, 尽管体重较轻, 但由于茶叶消费量远低于成人, 其风险不会高于成年人。总体而言, 氟啶虫酰胺在茶叶中残留对我国各类人群的长期膳食摄入风险可以接受。
氟啶虫酰胺在中国登记的可食用作物共有25种。结合我国农药登记情况、我国居民的人均膳食结构, 使用STMR值为3.7 mg/kg计算得到普通人氟啶虫酰胺NEDI为58.5193 μg/(kg·bw·d), ADI为70 μg/(kg·bw), 占ADI的83.6%(表5)。由于NEDI计算中使用了MRL和残留中值混合评估方法, 结果可能高于实际风险水平。基于规范残留试验数据和现有的残留限量, 氟啶虫酰胺对一般人群长期慢性膳食风险可以接受。
本研究通过残留试验和消解试验, 系统研究了氟啶虫酰胺在茶叶中的降解规律, 填补了相关领域的研究空白。结果表明, 氟啶虫酰胺在各地鲜茶叶和干茶叶的半衰期分别为0.8~4.0 d和0.8~5.1 d之间, 属于易降解农药。氟啶虫酰胺在茶叶上的残留量主要受施药剂量和采收间隔期的共同影响。此外, 在干茶叶中的残留量还受加工工艺的影响。因此, 在实际生产中, 通过优化这些关键环节, 不仅可以有效降低茶叶中氟啶虫酰胺的残留量, 还能提升茶叶品质, 增强我国茶叶在国际市场的竞争力, 为茶叶产业的绿色发展和食品安全提供有力保障。
基于规范残留试验, 采收间隔期为7 d时, 以干茶叶的STMR值对氟啶虫酰胺进行长期慢性膳食风险评估。结果显示: 我国各类人群(主要为成年人)的EDI值为0.74~0.81 μg/(kg·bw·d), 占ADI的1.05%~1.16%, 表明在茶叶中残留对我国各类人群的长期膳食摄入风险处于可接受范围。结合我国农药登记情况和现有残留限量, 一般人群氟啶虫酰胺的NEID为58.5193 μg/(kg·bw·d), 占日允许摄入量的83.6%。经评估, 氟啶虫酰胺对一般人群不会产生不可接受的风险。
本研究基于规范残留试验数据, 评估了氟啶虫酰胺对我国各类人群的长期慢性膳食风险, 为食品安全监管提供了科学依据。
  • 宁波市自然科学基金项目(2024J178)
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2025年第16卷第13期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241230002
  • 接收时间:2024-12-30
  • 首发时间:2026-01-12
  • 出版时间:2025-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-30
基金
宁波市自然科学基金项目(2024J178)
作者信息
    1 宁波市农业科学研究院, 宁波 315040
    2 宁波市特色农产品质量安全检测与控制重点实验室, 宁波 315040

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*吴银良(1975—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为农产品质量安全。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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