Article(id=1217529307933627290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217529305693864468, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250222001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1740153600000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768211207612, onlineDateStr=2026-01-12, pubDate=1752508800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768211207612, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768211207612, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768211207612, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217529305693864468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='13', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768211207077, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768212057891, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217532874337730593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217529305693864468, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217532874337730594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217529305693864468, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=37, endPage=46, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217529309661680551, articleId=1217529307933627290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Optimization of protein extraction process from Pectinidae, columnId=1217529307430306336, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Highlight: Processing and Quality Safety of Aquatic Products, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To optimize the protein extraction process of Pectinidae. Methods A combination of composite enzymes and segmented enzymatic hydrolysis was employed, utilizing different protease enzymes with mode of enzyme digestion and cleavage sites. Significant factors were screened by single factor combined with Plackett-Burman and Box-Behnken model was used to optimize the one-stage protein extraction process, and the parameters of the two-stage enzymatic digestion process were optimized by orthogonal tests. Results The optimal extraction conditions for complex enzyme-assisted stepwise hydrolysis in protein extraction were as follows: The optimal extraction process parameters of the one-stage were as follows, solid-liquid ratio was 1:3.9 (m:V), enzyme digestion time was 80.0 min, compound enzyme addition was 1.1%, complex enzyme ratio (trypsin:alkaline protease) was 1:2 (m:m), enzyme digestion pH was 8.2, enzyme digestion temperature was 52.5 ℃; the optimal extraction parameters of the two-stage were as follows: Enzyme digestion pH was 7.0, enzyme digestion temperature was 50.0 ℃, neutral protease addition was 0.8%, and enzyme digestion time was 40 min. Under these conditions, the protein extraction rate was 76.3%. Conclusion Due to synergistic and complementary effects between the complex enzymes and segmented enzymatic hydrolysis, the protein extraction rate of Pectinidae is effectively improved, which provide some theoretical basis for the subsequent development and utilization of proteins from Pectinidae.

, correspAuthors=Jia-Guang LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Lian-Yu LUO, Ye LIU, You-Hong LIN, Yong-Liang AI, Qing-Peng WU, Jia-Guang LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1217529312027267113, articleId=1217529307933627290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=扇贝蛋白质提取工艺的优化, columnId=1217529307631632938, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期重点:水产品加工与质量安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 优化扇贝蛋白质提取工艺。方法 利用不同蛋白酶的酶切作用方式及酶切位点的不同, 采用复合酶与分段酶解相结合。利用单因素结合Plackett-Burman筛选出显著因素和Box-Behnken模型优化一段蛋白质提取工艺, 并通过正交实验优化二段酶解工艺参数。结果 复合酶分段酶解提取蛋白质的最佳条件为: 一段最佳提取工艺参数为: 固液比1:3.9 (m:V)、酶解时间80.0 min、复合酶加酶量1.1%、复合酶配比(胰蛋白酶:碱性蛋白酶)1:2 (m:m)、酶解pH 8.2、酶解温度52.5 ℃; 二段最佳提取工艺参数为: 酶解pH 7.0、酶解温度50.0 ℃、中性蛋白酶添加量0.8%、酶解时间40 min。在此条件下, 蛋白质提取率为76.3%。结论 由于复合酶同步和分段酶解形成协同效应和互补作用, 扇贝蛋白质提取率得到有效提高, 为后续扇贝蛋白质的开发和利用提供了一定的理论依据。

, correspAuthors=刘家光, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*刘家光(1970—), 男, 教授级高级工程师, 主要研究方向为水产品的深加工研究。E-mail:
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罗联钰(1979—), 男, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为水产品的深加工研究与质量管理。E-mail:

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罗联钰(1979—), 男, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为水产品的深加工研究与质量管理。E-mail:

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罗联钰(1979—), 男, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为水产品的深加工研究与质量管理。E-mail:

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RSC Advances, 2022, 12: 1950-1960., articleTitle=Preparation and application of polyethyleneimine-modified corncob magnetic gel for removal of Pb(ii) and Cu(ii) ions from aqueous solution, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217901272825512087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529307933627290, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=41, issue=8, pageStart=1514, pageEnd=1520, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=60, authorNames=ALI AW, DEVINDER K, IDRESS A, journalName=LWT-Food Science and Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ALI AW, DEVINDER K, IDRESS A, et al. Extraction optimization of watermelon seed protein using response surface methodology[J]. 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注: 不同小写字母表示具有显著性差异(P<0.05), 图2~6同。

, figureFileSmall=i+AhxZkGBD4x/J/yfIc7OQ==, figureFileBig=seHgreiNEz/FC+1ntDR6ug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217901256421589508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529307933627290, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of different complex enzyme ratios on the extraction rates of Pectinidae protein, figureFileSmall=fs4aAXsESJ7kEUtjYwWyQA==, figureFileBig=+2GGeXA7wr9x9VE10KaVIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217901256614527508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529307933627290, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同复合酶配比对扇贝蛋白提取率的影响, figureFileSmall=fs4aAXsESJ7kEUtjYwWyQA==, figureFileBig=+2GGeXA7wr9x9VE10KaVIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217901256761328157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529307933627290, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of different enzyme dosages on the extraction rates of Pectinidae protein, figureFileSmall=A5/8abyuUB61D1AFCEpXSw==, figureFileBig=5wudxAeR0Hq5E5kUNsAhHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217901256920711718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529307933627290, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同复合酶加酶量对扇贝蛋白质提取率的影响, figureFileSmall=A5/8abyuUB61D1AFCEpXSw==, figureFileBig=5wudxAeR0Hq5E5kUNsAhHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217901257042346547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529307933627290, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of different enzymatic pH on the extraction rates of Pectinidae protein, figureFileSmall=rBO4zD9V+oBg8c1FyI1fUA==, figureFileBig=yrEb92us3Zl95oicGcfeIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217901258384523835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529307933627290, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同酶解pH对扇贝蛋白质提取率的影响, figureFileSmall=rBO4zD9V+oBg8c1FyI1fUA==, figureFileBig=yrEb92us3Zl95oicGcfeIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217901258493575747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529307933627290, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effects of different enzymatic hydrolysis temperatures on the extraction rates of Pectinidae protein, figureFileSmall=iNkDNZYyiTY6bQE+m0aEJA==, figureFileBig=Wb0SPR4eQNCvdhRHHgXEVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217901258611016268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529307933627290, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同酶解温度对扇贝蛋白质提取率的影响, figureFileSmall=iNkDNZYyiTY6bQE+m0aEJA==, figureFileBig=Wb0SPR4eQNCvdhRHHgXEVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217901258837508701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529307933627290, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effects of different solid-liquid ratio on the extraction rates of Pectinidae protein, figureFileSmall=JbuVuqk6nMLX3uv63d+zsQ==, figureFileBig=wLbgkX/vPfB1WSNQEij1Ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217901258963337829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529307933627290, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同固液比对扇贝蛋白质提取率的影响, figureFileSmall=JbuVuqk6nMLX3uv63d+zsQ==, figureFileBig=wLbgkX/vPfB1WSNQEij1Ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217901259076584050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529307933627290, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=3D plots and contour lines showing the interaction of various factors on the extraction rate of Pectinidae protein, figureFileSmall=UfXjSv89T8pSBtJ+Ii7MbQ==, figureFileBig=BHh1HqKaFh5EUPXMKR/1DQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217901259185635964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529307933627290, language=CN, label=图7, caption=各个因素对扇贝蛋白质提取率交互作用的3D图及等高线, figureFileSmall=UfXjSv89T8pSBtJ+Ii7MbQ==, figureFileBig=BHh1HqKaFh5EUPXMKR/1DQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217901259303076483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529307933627290, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Trend graph of factor levels in neutral protease hydrolysis experiment and protein extraction rate, figureFileSmall=nnLKQol911+tkHNCmLuGFQ==, figureFileBig=yHjsMzXqs56G/2sZTRUzAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217901259416322698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529307933627290, language=CN, label=图8, caption=中性蛋白酶水解实验因素水平与蛋白质提取率的趋势图, figureFileSmall=nnLKQol911+tkHNCmLuGFQ==, figureFileBig=yHjsMzXqs56G/2sZTRUzAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217901259529568912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529307933627290, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Enzyme digestion temperature and reaction pH of experimental proteases

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 温度/℃ pH 序号 温度/℃ pH
1 胰蛋白酶 50 8.0 6 木瓜蛋白酶 50 4.0
2 海产品水解专用酶 55 7.0 7 菠萝蛋白酶 50 7.0
3 风味蛋白酶 50 7.0 8 羧肽酶 50 7.0
4 碱性蛋白酶 55 8.5 9 组织蛋白酶 45 7.0
5 中性蛋白酶 50 7.0 10 胃蛋白酶 40 2.0
), ArticleFig(id=1217901259697341087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529307933627290, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

实验用蛋白酶的酶解温度和反应pH

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 温度/℃ pH 序号 温度/℃ pH
1 胰蛋白酶 50 8.0 6 木瓜蛋白酶 50 4.0
2 海产品水解专用酶 55 7.0 7 菠萝蛋白酶 50 7.0
3 风味蛋白酶 50 7.0 8 羧肽酶 50 7.0
4 碱性蛋白酶 55 8.5 9 组织蛋白酶 45 7.0
5 中性蛋白酶 50 7.0 10 胃蛋白酶 40 2.0
), ArticleFig(id=1217901259827364516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529307933627290, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Single factor test and level table

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素 水平
*复合酶配比(m:m) 1:1 2:3 1:2 1:3 3:2 2:1 3:1
复合酶加酶量/% 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
反应pH 7.0 7.3 7.6 7.9 8.2 8.5 8.8 9.1
酶解时间/min 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
酶解温度/℃ 42.5 45.0 47.5 50.0 52.5 55.0 57.5 60.0
固液比(m:V)

1:2 1:2 1:3 1:4 1:5 1:6 1:7 1:8
), ArticleFig(id=1217901259961582253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529307933627290, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

单因素实验与水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素 水平
*复合酶配比(m:m) 1:1 2:3 1:2 1:3 3:2 2:1 3:1
复合酶加酶量/% 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
反应pH 7.0 7.3 7.6 7.9 8.2 8.5 8.8 9.1
酶解时间/min 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
酶解温度/℃ 42.5 45.0 47.5 50.0 52.5 55.0 57.5 60.0
固液比(m:V)

1:2 1:2 1:3 1:4 1:5 1:6 1:7 1:8
), ArticleFig(id=1217901260087411383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529307933627290, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Response surface analysis factors and level table

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平 因素
A(固液比)
(m:V)
B(酶解时间)
/min
C(复合酶加酶量)
/%
-1 1:3 70 1.0
0 1:4 80 1.2
1 1:5 90 1.4
), ArticleFig(id=1217901260204851899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529307933627290, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

响应面分析因素与水平表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平 因素
A(固液比)
(m:V)
B(酶解时间)
/min
C(复合酶加酶量)
/%
-1 1:3 70 1.0
0 1:4 80 1.2
1 1:5 90 1.4
), ArticleFig(id=1217901260347458247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529307933627290, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Two-stage enzymatic hydrolysis factors and level table

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平
因素
E(酶解pH) F(酶解
温度)/℃
G(加酶量)
/%
H(酶解
时间)/min
1 6.0 45.0 0.2 10
2 6.5 47.5 0.4 20
3 7.0 50.0 0.6 30
4 7.5 57.5 0.8 40
5 8.0 60.0 1.0 50
), ArticleFig(id=1217901260502647503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529307933627290, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

二段酶解酶水解因素与水平表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平
因素
E(酶解pH) F(酶解
温度)/℃
G(加酶量)
/%
H(酶解
时间)/min
1 6.0 45.0 0.2 10
2 6.5 47.5 0.4 20
3 7.0 50.0 0.6 30
4 7.5 57.5 0.8 40
5 8.0 60.0 1.0 50
), ArticleFig(id=1217901260641059544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529307933627290, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Effects of different proteases on the extraction rate and DH of Pectinidae protein

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 酶品种 蛋白质提取率/% DH/%
1 中性蛋白酶 31.63±0.66b 13.47±0.27b
2 海产品水解专用酶 27.12±0.50e 12.23±0.22c
3 胰蛋白酶 30.34±0.70c 13.13±0.31b
4 碱性蛋白酶 37.60±0.62a 14.02±0.25a
5 羧肽酶 28.30±0.59d 12.49±0.16c
6 木瓜蛋白酶 16.47±0.49i 7.55±0.29h
7 菠萝蛋白酶 22.29±0.56g 9.73±0.22f
8 风味蛋白酶 25.02±0.41f 10.42±0.31e
9 组织蛋白酶 26.75±0.37e 11.32±0.24d
10 胃蛋白酶 19.11±0.63h 8.83±0.22g
), ArticleFig(id=1217901260783665893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529307933627290, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同蛋白酶对扇贝蛋白质提取率及DH的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 酶品种 蛋白质提取率/% DH/%
1 中性蛋白酶 31.63±0.66b 13.47±0.27b
2 海产品水解专用酶 27.12±0.50e 12.23±0.22c
3 胰蛋白酶 30.34±0.70c 13.13±0.31b
4 碱性蛋白酶 37.60±0.62a 14.02±0.25a
5 羧肽酶 28.30±0.59d 12.49±0.16c
6 木瓜蛋白酶 16.47±0.49i 7.55±0.29h
7 菠萝蛋白酶 22.29±0.56g 9.73±0.22f
8 风味蛋白酶 25.02±0.41f 10.42±0.31e
9 组织蛋白酶 26.75±0.37e 11.32±0.24d
10 胃蛋白酶 19.11±0.63h 8.83±0.22g
), ArticleFig(id=1217901260951438062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529307933627290, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Enzymatic effects of different protease combinations and adding order in Pectinidae

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 酶品种 方式 蛋白质提取率/% 备注
1 复合酶(胰蛋白酶+碱性蛋白酶+中性蛋白酶) 一段酶解 55.2
2 复合酶(胰蛋白酶+碱性蛋白酶)+中性蛋白酶 二段酶解 62.5 先加复合酶后加中性蛋白酶
3 中性蛋白酶+复合酶(胰蛋白酶+碱性蛋白酶) 二段酶解 58.2 先加中性蛋白酶后加复合酶
), ArticleFig(id=1217901261106627321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529307933627290, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同蛋白酶组合及加酶顺序对扇贝的酶解效果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 酶品种 方式 蛋白质提取率/% 备注
1 复合酶(胰蛋白酶+碱性蛋白酶+中性蛋白酶) 一段酶解 55.2
2 复合酶(胰蛋白酶+碱性蛋白酶)+中性蛋白酶 二段酶解 62.5 先加复合酶后加中性蛋白酶
3 中性蛋白酶+复合酶(胰蛋白酶+碱性蛋白酶) 二段酶解 58.2 先加中性蛋白酶后加复合酶
), ArticleFig(id=1217901261228262146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529307933627290, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Factor levels in Plackett-Burman design

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 因素 水平
-1 1
X1 固液比(m:V) 1:3 1:5
X2 酶解时间/min 70 90
X3 酶解pH 7.9 8.5
X4 复合酶加酶量/% 1.0 1.4
X5 酶解温度/℃ 50 55
X6 复合酶配比(m:m) 2:3 1:3
), ArticleFig(id=1217901261349896969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529307933627290, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

Plackett-Burman实验因素水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 因素 水平
-1 1
X1 固液比(m:V) 1:3 1:5
X2 酶解时间/min 70 90
X3 酶解pH 7.9 8.5
X4 复合酶加酶量/% 1.0 1.4
X5 酶解温度/℃ 50 55
X6 复合酶配比(m:m) 2:3 1:3
), ArticleFig(id=1217901261467337489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529307933627290, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Design and results of Plackett-Burman experiment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号 X1 (m:V) X2/min X3 X4/% X5/℃ X6 (m:m) 蛋白质提取率/%
1 1:5 70 8.5 1.4 50 1:3 54.68
2 1:3 70 8.5 1.0 55 1:3 51.36
3 1:5 90 7.9 1.0 50 1:3 53.66
4 1:3 90 7.9 1.4 55 2:3 54.46
5 1:3 70 7.9 1.4 50 1:3 54.86
6 1:5 90 8.5 1.0 50 2:3 52.42
7 1:3 70 7.9 1.0 50 2:3 51.34
8 1:5 70 7.9 1.0 55 2:3 52.26
9 1:5 90 7.9 1.4 55 1:3 57.52
10 1:3 90 8.5 1.4 50 2:3 54.58
11 1:5 70 8.5 1.4 55 2:3 55.32
12 1:3 90 8.5 1.0 55 1:3 53.04
), ArticleFig(id=1217901262822097689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529307933627290, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

Plackett-Burman实验设计与结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号 X1 (m:V) X2/min X3 X4/% X5/℃ X6 (m:m) 蛋白质提取率/%
1 1:5 70 8.5 1.4 50 1:3 54.68
2 1:3 70 8.5 1.0 55 1:3 51.36
3 1:5 90 7.9 1.0 50 1:3 53.66
4 1:3 90 7.9 1.4 55 2:3 54.46
5 1:3 70 7.9 1.4 50 1:3 54.86
6 1:5 90 8.5 1.0 50 2:3 52.42
7 1:3 70 7.9 1.0 50 2:3 51.34
8 1:5 70 7.9 1.0 55 2:3 52.26
9 1:5 90 7.9 1.4 55 1:3 57.52
10 1:3 90 8.5 1.4 50 2:3 54.58
11 1:5 70 8.5 1.4 55 2:3 55.32
12 1:3 90 8.5 1.0 55 1:3 53.04
), ArticleFig(id=1217901262952121121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529307933627290, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Analysis of variance table in Plackett-Burman design

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源 平方和 自由度 均方 F P>F 显著性
模型 34.11 6 5.68 15.29 0.0044 **
X1 (m:V) 3.22 1 3.22 8.67 0.0321 *
X2/min 2.86 1 2.86 7.70 0.0392 *
X3 0.6075 1 0.6075 1.63 0.2572
X4/% 25.06 1 25.06 67.41 0.0004 **
X5/℃ 0.4880 1 0.4880 1.31 0.3037
X6 (m:m) 1.87 1 1.87 5.04 0.0748
残差 1.86 5 0.3717
总离差 35.97 11
决定系数(R2) 0.9483
校准系数(R2adj) 0.8863
), ArticleFig(id=1217901263086338859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529307933627290, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

Plackett-Burman实验方差分析表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源 平方和 自由度 均方 F P>F 显著性
模型 34.11 6 5.68 15.29 0.0044 **
X1 (m:V) 3.22 1 3.22 8.67 0.0321 *
X2/min 2.86 1 2.86 7.70 0.0392 *
X3 0.6075 1 0.6075 1.63 0.2572
X4/% 25.06 1 25.06 67.41 0.0004 **
X5/℃ 0.4880 1 0.4880 1.31 0.3037
X6 (m:m) 1.87 1 1.87 5.04 0.0748
残差 1.86 5 0.3717
总离差 35.97 11
决定系数(R2) 0.9483
校准系数(R2adj) 0.8863
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Results of response surface optimization design

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实验号 因素 Y1蛋白质提取率/% Y1预测蛋白质提取率/%
A B C
1 1:5 80 1.0 58.47 58.34
2 1:4 80 1.2 62.54 63.11
3 1:3 90 1.2 59.08 58.75
4 1:5 80 1.4 54.35 54.29
5 1:4 80 1.2 63.28 63.11
6 1:4 80 1.2 63.13 63.11
7 1:4 70 1.0 58.72 58.52
8 1:5 70 1.2 55.95 56.28
9 1:4 80 1.2 63.03 63.11
10 1:3 70 1.2 56.86 57.00
11 1:3 80 1.4 58.12 58.25
12 1:4 70 1.4 55.56 55.28
13 1:4 90 1.0 57.55 57.83
14 1:4 90 1.4 57.18 57.38
15 1:3 80 1.0 57.84 57.90
16 1:4 80 1.2 63.56 63.11
17 1:5 90 1.2 56.08 55.94
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响应面优化设计实验结果

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实验号 因素 Y1蛋白质提取率/% Y1预测蛋白质提取率/%
A B C
1 1:5 80 1.0 58.47 58.34
2 1:4 80 1.2 62.54 63.11
3 1:3 90 1.2 59.08 58.75
4 1:5 80 1.4 54.35 54.29
5 1:4 80 1.2 63.28 63.11
6 1:4 80 1.2 63.13 63.11
7 1:4 70 1.0 58.72 58.52
8 1:5 70 1.2 55.95 56.28
9 1:4 80 1.2 63.03 63.11
10 1:3 70 1.2 56.86 57.00
11 1:3 80 1.4 58.12 58.25
12 1:4 70 1.4 55.56 55.28
13 1:4 90 1.0 57.55 57.83
14 1:4 90 1.4 57.18 57.38
15 1:3 80 1.0 57.84 57.90
16 1:4 80 1.2 63.56 63.11
17 1:5 90 1.2 56.08 55.94
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Analysis of variance table of response surface optimization design

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方差来源 平方和 自由度 均方 F P 显著性
模型 147.44 9 16.38 104.20 <0.0001 **
A 6.21 1 6.21 39.52 0.0004 **
B 0.9800 1 0.9800 6.23 0.0412 *
C 6.79 1 6.79 43.19 0.0003 **
AB 1.09 1 1.09 6.95 0.0336 *
AC 4.84 1 4.84 30.79 0.0009 **
BC 1.95 1 1.95 12.38 0.0097 **
A2 40.11 1 40.11 255.15 <0.0001 **
B2 38.63 1 38.63 245.73 <0.0001 **
C2 33.64 1 33.64 213.97 <0.0001 **
残差 1.10 7 0.1572
失拟项 0.5374 3 0.1791 1.27 0.3969 不显著
纯误差 0.5631 4 0.1408
总变异 148.54 16
决定系数(R2) 0.9926
校准系数(R2adj) 0.9831
预测系数(R2pred) 0.9362
), ArticleFig(id=1217901263606432589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529307933627290, language=CN, label=表11, caption=

响应面优化设计实验方差分析表

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方差来源 平方和 自由度 均方 F P 显著性
模型 147.44 9 16.38 104.20 <0.0001 **
A 6.21 1 6.21 39.52 0.0004 **
B 0.9800 1 0.9800 6.23 0.0412 *
C 6.79 1 6.79 43.19 0.0003 **
AB 1.09 1 1.09 6.95 0.0336 *
AC 4.84 1 4.84 30.79 0.0009 **
BC 1.95 1 1.95 12.38 0.0097 **
A2 40.11 1 40.11 255.15 <0.0001 **
B2 38.63 1 38.63 245.73 <0.0001 **
C2 33.64 1 33.64 213.97 <0.0001 **
残差 1.10 7 0.1572
失拟项 0.5374 3 0.1791 1.27 0.3969 不显著
纯误差 0.5631 4 0.1408
总变异 148.54 16
决定系数(R2) 0.9926
校准系数(R2adj) 0.9831
预测系数(R2pred) 0.9362
), ArticleFig(id=1217901263690318675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529307933627290, language=EN, label=Table 12, caption=

Results and analysis of two-stage enzymatic hydrolysis optimization orthogonal experiment

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实验号 E
(酶解pH)
F(酶解
温度)/℃
G(加酶量)
/%
H(酶解
时间)/min
蛋白质
提取率/%
1 6.0 47.5 0.2 10 62.74
2 6.0 50.0 0.4 20 70.88
3 6.0 52.5 0.6 30 68.32
4 6.0 55.0 0.8 40 74.25
5 6.0 60.0 1.0 50 71.58
6 6.5 47.5 0.4 30 69.87
7 6.5 50.0 0.6 40 74.94
8 6.5 52.5 0.8 50 74.28
9 6.5 55.0 1.0 10 65.81
10 6.5 60.0 0.2 20 62.62
11 7.0 47.5 0.6 50 72.48
12 7.0 50.0 0.8 10 68.82
13 7.0 52.5 1.0 20 74.54
14 7.0 55.0 0.2 30 69.93
15 7.0 60.0 0.4 40 62.69
16 7.5 47.5 0.8 20 74.07
17 7.5 50.0 1.0 30 63.96
18 7.5 52.5 0.2 40 72.39
19 7.5 55.0 0.4 50 68.32
20 7.5 60.0 0.6 10 66.71
21 8.0 47.5 1.0 40 71.15
22 8.0 50.0 0.2 50 67.72
23 8.0 52.5 0.4 10 66.15
24 8.0 55.0 0.6 20 70.85
25 8.0 60.0 0.8 30 70.15
K1 69.554 70.062 67.08 66.046
K2 69.504 69.264 67.582 70.592
K3 69.692 71.136 70.66 68.446
K4 69.09 69.832 72.314 71.084
K5 69.204 66.75 69.408 70.876
R 0.602 4.386 5.234 5.038
较优
水平
E3 F3 G4 H4
因素
主次
E>F>G>H
), ArticleFig(id=1217901263786787674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529307933627290, language=CN, label=表12, caption=

二段酶解优化正交实验结果与分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号 E
(酶解pH)
F(酶解
温度)/℃
G(加酶量)
/%
H(酶解
时间)/min
蛋白质
提取率/%
1 6.0 47.5 0.2 10 62.74
2 6.0 50.0 0.4 20 70.88
3 6.0 52.5 0.6 30 68.32
4 6.0 55.0 0.8 40 74.25
5 6.0 60.0 1.0 50 71.58
6 6.5 47.5 0.4 30 69.87
7 6.5 50.0 0.6 40 74.94
8 6.5 52.5 0.8 50 74.28
9 6.5 55.0 1.0 10 65.81
10 6.5 60.0 0.2 20 62.62
11 7.0 47.5 0.6 50 72.48
12 7.0 50.0 0.8 10 68.82
13 7.0 52.5 1.0 20 74.54
14 7.0 55.0 0.2 30 69.93
15 7.0 60.0 0.4 40 62.69
16 7.5 47.5 0.8 20 74.07
17 7.5 50.0 1.0 30 63.96
18 7.5 52.5 0.2 40 72.39
19 7.5 55.0 0.4 50 68.32
20 7.5 60.0 0.6 10 66.71
21 8.0 47.5 1.0 40 71.15
22 8.0 50.0 0.2 50 67.72
23 8.0 52.5 0.4 10 66.15
24 8.0 55.0 0.6 20 70.85
25 8.0 60.0 0.8 30 70.15
K1 69.554 70.062 67.08 66.046
K2 69.504 69.264 67.582 70.592
K3 69.692 71.136 70.66 68.446
K4 69.09 69.832 72.314 71.084
K5 69.204 66.75 69.408 70.876
R 0.602 4.386 5.234 5.038
较优
水平
E3 F3 G4 H4
因素
主次
E>F>G>H
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扇贝蛋白质提取工艺的优化
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罗联钰 , 刘烨 , 林幼红 , 艾永亮 , 吴清朋 , 刘家光 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期重点:水产品加工与质量安全 2025,16(13): 37-46
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期重点:水产品加工与质量安全 2025, 16(13): 37-46
扇贝蛋白质提取工艺的优化
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罗联钰 , 刘烨, 林幼红, 艾永亮, 吴清朋, 刘家光*
作者信息
  • 福建正味生物科技有限公司, 福州 350015
  • 罗联钰(1979—), 男, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为水产品的深加工研究与质量管理。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*刘家光(1970—), 男, 教授级高级工程师, 主要研究方向为水产品的深加工研究。E-mail:
Optimization of protein extraction process from Pectinidae
Lian-Yu LUO , Ye LIU, You-Hong LIN, Yong-Liang AI, Qing-Peng WU, Jia-Guang LIU*
Affiliations
  • Fujian Zhengwei Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Fuzhou 350015, China
出版时间: 2025-07-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250222001
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目的 优化扇贝蛋白质提取工艺。方法 利用不同蛋白酶的酶切作用方式及酶切位点的不同, 采用复合酶与分段酶解相结合。利用单因素结合Plackett-Burman筛选出显著因素和Box-Behnken模型优化一段蛋白质提取工艺, 并通过正交实验优化二段酶解工艺参数。结果 复合酶分段酶解提取蛋白质的最佳条件为: 一段最佳提取工艺参数为: 固液比1:3.9 (m:V)、酶解时间80.0 min、复合酶加酶量1.1%、复合酶配比(胰蛋白酶:碱性蛋白酶)1:2 (m:m)、酶解pH 8.2、酶解温度52.5 ℃; 二段最佳提取工艺参数为: 酶解pH 7.0、酶解温度50.0 ℃、中性蛋白酶添加量0.8%、酶解时间40 min。在此条件下, 蛋白质提取率为76.3%。结论 由于复合酶同步和分段酶解形成协同效应和互补作用, 扇贝蛋白质提取率得到有效提高, 为后续扇贝蛋白质的开发和利用提供了一定的理论依据。

扇贝  /  蛋白质  /  分段酶解  /  提取率

Objective To optimize the protein extraction process of Pectinidae. Methods A combination of composite enzymes and segmented enzymatic hydrolysis was employed, utilizing different protease enzymes with mode of enzyme digestion and cleavage sites. Significant factors were screened by single factor combined with Plackett-Burman and Box-Behnken model was used to optimize the one-stage protein extraction process, and the parameters of the two-stage enzymatic digestion process were optimized by orthogonal tests. Results The optimal extraction conditions for complex enzyme-assisted stepwise hydrolysis in protein extraction were as follows: The optimal extraction process parameters of the one-stage were as follows, solid-liquid ratio was 1:3.9 (m:V), enzyme digestion time was 80.0 min, compound enzyme addition was 1.1%, complex enzyme ratio (trypsin:alkaline protease) was 1:2 (m:m), enzyme digestion pH was 8.2, enzyme digestion temperature was 52.5 ℃; the optimal extraction parameters of the two-stage were as follows: Enzyme digestion pH was 7.0, enzyme digestion temperature was 50.0 ℃, neutral protease addition was 0.8%, and enzyme digestion time was 40 min. Under these conditions, the protein extraction rate was 76.3%. Conclusion Due to synergistic and complementary effects between the complex enzymes and segmented enzymatic hydrolysis, the protein extraction rate of Pectinidae is effectively improved, which provide some theoretical basis for the subsequent development and utilization of proteins from Pectinidae.

Pectinidae  /  protein  /  segmented enzymatic hydrolysis  /  extraction rate
罗联钰, 刘烨, 林幼红, 艾永亮, 吴清朋, 刘家光. 扇贝蛋白质提取工艺的优化. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (13) : 37 -46 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250222001
Lian-Yu LUO, Ye LIU, You-Hong LIN, Yong-Liang AI, Qing-Peng WU, Jia-Guang LIU. Optimization of protein extraction process from Pectinidae[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (13) : 37 -46 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250222001
扇贝是珍珠贝目海扇蛤科的软体动物, 也是我国重要的海水养殖经济贝类之一[1], 到2023年, 全国贝类的产量为1665.90万t[2], 主要分布在山东、辽宁、河北、广东、福建[3]。扇贝富含蛋白质, 低脂肪, 其粗蛋白高达到50%, 粗脂肪低于10%[4], 还包括不饱和脂肪酸、氨基酸、多糖等多种营养物质及钙、镁、锌、硒等无机元素[5]。扇贝是蛋白质类开发利用的理想原料, 研究发现, 扇贝蛋白质具有抗氧化、降血压、促进骨髓基质细胞以及增强免疫力[6-7]等多种生物功能。目前扇贝蛋白已应用到食品和功能性食品领域中[8-9], 可以开发扇贝裙边调味基料[10]、贝煮浓缩液[11]、水产调味品[12]及具有氧化活性的小分子肽[13]等新型食品, 但扇贝的蛋白质尚未得到充分利用。
目前提取水产蛋白质的技术有酶解法[14-15]、化学水解法[16]、物理辅助提取法(利用超声波、微波等物理方法辅助提取)[17]。其中酶解法应用最为广泛, 但蛋白提取率较低。目前为止, 鲜少见复合酶分段酶解提取水产品蛋白质的相关研究。鉴于此, 本研究以扇贝为原料, 采用复合酶解与分段酶解相结合, 以提高蛋白质提取率, 为扇贝蛋白提取工艺的工业化应用提供理论依据。
新鲜华贵栉孔扇贝(规格20~40粒/500 g, 福州市马尾水产批发市场)。
胰蛋白酶(6.0×105 U/g)、海产品水解专用酶(2.5×105 U/g)、羧肽酶(1.0×105 U/g)(上海华上翔洋生物技术有限公司); 碱性蛋白酶(400 U/mg)、中性蛋白酶(200 U/mg)、木瓜蛋白酶(3.2×104 U/g)、菠萝蛋白酶(200 U/mg)、风味蛋白酶(120 U/mg)、组织蛋白酶(200 U/mg)、胃蛋白酶(300 U/mg)(山东新雄生物科技有限公司); 氢氧化钠(分析纯, 济南鸿宇化工有限公司); 盐酸(纯度36%, 茂名市雄大化工有限公司)。以上材料均符合食品卫生标准。
HWS-24电热恒温水浴锅(上海尚道仪器制造有限公司); JDSF-Z200振筛器(新乡高服机械股份有限公司); FE28酸度计[梅特勒托利多(上海)电子有限公司]; JJ-1B强力(恒速)电动搅拌器(金坛市科析仪器有限公司)。
扇贝肉或裙边→打浆(研磨成扇贝浆料)→过滤→加水调底物浓度→根据不同蛋白酶的特性调节pH→加入所需量的蛋白酶→设定蛋白酶适宜的酶解反应温度及反应时间→升温至95~98 ℃灭酶10 min→冷却→离心(7500 r/min, 15 min)→取酶解上清液测定水解度或计算蛋白质提取率。
分段酶解: 10%扇贝浆液加入所需的复合酶, 在设定的酶解条件下酶解, 得到第一段酶解液, 在第一段酶解液灭酶后冷却到第二阶段蛋白酶所需温度, 加入蛋白酶并调整pH, 在第二阶段蛋白酶工艺参数下酶解, 95~98 ℃灭酶10 min, 冷却、离心得到酶解液。
酶的特异性使得酶的种类成为影响酶解过程的重要因素之一, 不同酶在酶解过程中表现出不同的水解效率和产物特性。本研究采用商业常见的蛋白酶(胰蛋白酶、海产品水解专用酶、羧肽酶、碱性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶、菠萝蛋白酶、风味蛋白酶、组织蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶), 详见表1, 以酶解液的水解度和蛋白质提取率为指标, 选出较优的蛋白酶为后续实验用蛋白酶。
以扇贝蛋白质提取率为评价指标, 研究复合酶配比、复合酶加酶量、反应pH、酶解时间、酶解温度以及固液比等因素对提取效率的影响。实验因素水平如表2所示, 并通过Plackett-Burman设计筛选出显著因素。
表2的单因素实验结果结合Plackett-Burman设计筛选出对扇贝蛋白质提取率影响显著的因素有固液比、酶解时间、复合酶加酶量。以扇贝蛋白质提取率为响应指标, 选取这3个因子作为自变量, 运用响应面设计中的Box-Behnken模型构建三因素三水平的优化实验方案。具体的实验设计方案见表3
由于不同蛋白酶的酶切作用方式及酶切位点的偏好存在差异, 通过分阶段、分条件使用不同特性的酶, 实现对复杂蛋白底物的高效定向水解。不同蛋白酶因底物适应性差异而具有互补性, 协同作用于蛋白质水解。胰蛋白酶与碱性蛋白酶优先水解大分子胶原蛋白及弹性蛋白的刚性结构域, 实现初步降解; 中性蛋白酶随后作用于残留的疏水聚集区, 进一步消除大分子片段残留。将中性蛋白酶的添加量、酶解温度、酶解时间和pH作为4个因素, 分别设置5个水平, 通过正交实验设计来优化二段酶解工艺的参数。4因素5水平正交实验因素水平表L25(56)如表4所示。
(1)蛋白质提取率的测定
蛋白质含量参照GB 5009.5—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中蛋白质的测定》中的第一法采用凯氏定氮法进行测定。蛋白质提取率的计算如公式(1)。
蛋白质提取率/%=酶解上清液蛋白质总量/原料蛋白质含量×100%
(2)水解度测定和计算
根据采用三氯乙酸(trichloroacetic acid, TCA)沉淀法[18], 按照公式(2)计算水解度(degree of hydrolysis, DH):
DH/%=$\frac{{{N}_{1}}-{{N}_{2}}}{{{N}_{0}}-{{N}_{2}}}$×100%
式中: N1为反应后酶解液中可溶性蛋白质含量, mg/mL; N2为反应前扇贝浆液中可溶性蛋白质含量, mg/mL; N0为扇贝浆液中总蛋白质含量, mg/mL。
釆用Excel 2014、IBM SPSS Statistics 27和Design Expert 13对实验数据进行处理。
在酶解进程中, 蛋白酶的高度底物特异性使得酶源筛选成为调控该进程的核心要素[19]。蛋白酶的结构差异导致切割位点选择性不同, 致使其作用于同一底物时生成DH, DH是表征酶解效果的重要指标[20], 蛋白酶的选择对产品的DH起着至关重要的作用。在进一步优化扇贝酶解条件之前, 需要对蛋白酶进行筛选。本研究以蛋白质提取率、DH为指标, 对胰蛋白酶、海产品水解专用酶、羧肽酶、碱性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶、菠萝蛋白酶、风味蛋白酶、组织蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶进行筛选, 以获得酶解扇贝蛋白的较适合蛋白酶。
表1的单酶酶解适宜条件对样品的酶解, 从表5可知, 选用的10种商业蛋白酶中, 中性蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶的水解率较好, DH分别达到13.47%±0.27%、13.13%±0.31%、14.02%±0.25%, 这3种蛋白酶的蛋白质提取率也较高。其中碱性蛋白酶的水解率最好, 与王共明等[21]研究的结论一致, 可能是扇贝液在pH较大环境中, 其蛋白质更易暴露, 且碱性蛋白酶自身的酶解点位比较宽泛[22]。同一浓度溶度的扇贝溶液分别通过10种酶水解后, 其DH和蛋白质提取率有所差异, 是由于蛋白酶水解作用位点的特异性, 不同的蛋白酶对肽键专一性不同。故选用这3种蛋白酶作为后续实验用酶。由表1可知, 胰蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶的酶解条件差别不大, 进行复合使用; 胰蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶与中性蛋白酶的酶解条件差异较大, 选用分段酶解进一步优化水解工艺条件。
在相同的用酶量、时间、固液比, 按一段、分段及加酶的顺序对扇贝浆料进行酶解。从表6可知, 采用分段酶解的蛋白质提取率高于一段酶解; 加酶顺序以先加复合蛋白酶, 后加中性蛋白酶为宜。在先使用中性蛋白酶进行水解, 随后再用碱性蛋白酶进行水解的过程中, 需要添加碱来调节pH, 会导致反应体系中引入较多的盐分, 进而显著提高溶液的离子强度, 会影响底物蛋白质的解离状态, 同时抑制酶的活性, 最终导致后续碱性蛋白酶的水解效果不理想。故选中性蛋白酶放在二段酶解, 以期获得扇贝生物蛋白含量较高的水解液。
图1可知, 在30~70 min内, 肽含量趋于稳定, 80 min后酶解液中肽含量上升速度加快明显, 是由于扇贝蛋白质进一步水解成肽和氨基酸。从图1可知, 在30~80 min内, 随着反应时间的增加, 蛋白质提取率呈现出显著的上升趋势(P<0.05)。提取时间太短, 扇贝溶液与蛋白酶接触不充分, 蛋白质没有完全溶出, 导致蛋白质提取率低。当反应时间为80 min时, 蛋白质提取率达峰值; 当反应时间大于80 min时, 蛋白质提取率随时间增加而降低。这可能因为当提取时间超出适宜范围时, 部分蛋白质可能会发生过度水解[23]或因变性而凝聚沉淀, 从而使得蛋白质的提取率降低。因此, 蛋白质提取率随时间的变化呈现出先上升后下降的规律。这与耿乐等[24]、武婷等[25]研究结论相似。因此最终选择80 min为最佳酶解时间。
图2可知, 单一的胰蛋白酶或碱性蛋白酶的酶解效果明显弱于两种酶的复合。复合酶体系通过多种酶的协同作用显著提升蛋白质提取率。由图2可知复合酶配比对蛋白质的提取率影响具有显著性(P<0.05), 其中效果最好的复合酶配比为胰蛋白酶:碱性蛋白酶=1:2 (m:m)。因此, 在后面的实验中采用胰蛋白酶:碱性蛋白酶(1:2, m:m)。
图3可知, 复合酶加酶量与蛋白质提取效率间存在显著量效关系(P<0.05)。在0.4%~1.2%的添加梯度内, 提取率随加酶量升高呈现正向响应, 并于1.2%添加量时达到峰值。当酶添加量大于1.2%时, 提取效率出现逆向衰减现象, 推测可能与底物饱和效应或酶自抑制作用相关。复合酶加酶量增加, 会增大酶与底物接触机会, 蛋白酶对蛋白质的酶切位点增加, 提高DH, 增加蛋白质提取率。进一步增加酶用量, 扇贝蛋白质提取率有所下降。复合酶添加量为1.2%和1.4%时, 蛋白质的提取率无显著性差异(P>0.05), 可能酶自身相互水解, 导致酶的活性降低, 阻碍酶与底物结合, 也可能进一步水解成小肽或游离氨基酸。综合考虑蛋白质提取效果, 确定最适复合酶加酶量为1.2%。
图4可知, pH与蛋白质提取效率间存在显著量效关系(P<0.05)。当pH在7.0~8.2之间时, 蛋白质提取率随着pH的升高而增加。提取溶液体系pH上升, 使蛋白质发生空间结构改变, 结构疏松[26], 降低蛋白质分子之间的作用力, 同时增加与蛋白酶接触概率, 提高蛋白质提取率。在pH 8.2时达峰值, 当pH 8.2~9.1时, 蛋白质提取率随着pH升高而逐渐减小; pH过高, 造成部分蛋白质变性[27]和增加发生脱羧、脱氨等反应而水解[28]的概率, 同时也会造成酶失活, 使蛋白质质提取率下降。因此, 提取最佳pH为8.2。
图5可知, 在温度42.5~52.5 ℃时, 蛋白质提取率随温度的升高呈现正向响应; 当温度为52.5 ℃时, 蛋白质提取率达峰值; 当温度高于52.5 ℃时, 蛋白质提取率呈逆向衰减现象。在不同温度中蛋白质的溶解度有差异, 分子运动随着温度增加而增强[29], 增加水分子与蛋白质之间碰撞概率, 促进蛋白质空间结构伸展和分子间松动, 从而提高蛋白质的提取率; 温度过高, 可能造成蛋白质变性和产生聚合交联现象[29-30], 影响蛋白质溶出及与不溶物质一起被分离除去, 导致蛋白质提取率变小。所以确定最适温度为52.5 ℃。
图6可知, 随着固液比的增大, 蛋白质的提取率呈现正向响应不断增大。在固液比为1:1~1:4 (m:V)的范围内, 蛋白质提取率显著上升, 且在固液比为1:4 (m:V)时达到峰值。当固液比在1:4~1:8 (m:V)时, 蛋白质提取率呈下降趋势。当固液比过低, 溶质过稠、黏度较大, 影响了酶与扇贝组织溶液接触, 蛋白质无法充分溶出, 蛋白质提取率不高; 随着酶溶液比例的提升, 扇贝与酶溶液充分接触, 使扇贝蛋白质易于溶解到提取液中, 从而提高蛋白质分散效率, 促使蛋白提取率升高。但固液比过高时, 蛋白质提取率反而有所下降, 这可能是因为扇贝组织在溶液中过于分散, 导致有效成分浓度降低, 颗粒间接触不足, 进而增加了溶解难度, 影响了蛋白质的提取效率。这一现象与耿乐等[24]和MONCEF等[31]的研究结果一致。所以最适固液比确定为1:4 (m:V)。
采用Plackett-Burman设计, 能够在少量实验中高效筛选出对扇贝蛋白质提取率影响显著的因素[32]。以固液比(X1)、酶解时间(X2)、酶解pH (X3)、复合酶加酶量(X4)、酶解温度(X5)和复合酶配比(X6)作为自变量, 以扇贝蛋白质提取率为响应变量, 设计六因素二水平的实验方案进行筛选。各因素的水平设置详见表7, 筛选结果分析见表8
根据表9的方差分析结果, 酶解过程中X1(固液比)、X2(酶解时间)、X4(复合酶加酶量)3个因素对扇贝蛋白质提取率的影响存在显著差异。通过F分析, 各因素的影响程度依次为: X4(复合酶加酶量)>X1(固液比)>X2(酶解时间)>X6(复合酶配比)>X3 (酶解pH)>X5(酶解温度), 其中复合酶加酶量对扇贝蛋白质提取率的影响达极显著(P=0.0004<0.01), 而固液比(P=0.0321)和酶解时间(P=0.0392)两因素对扇贝蛋白质提取的影响为显著水平(P<0.05), 进一步通过响应面实验设计优化工艺参数。复合酶配比、酶解pH及酶解温度对扇贝蛋白质提取率影响不显著, 在后续实验中, 选择单因素中的最优水平, 即复合酶配比1:2 (m:m)、pH 8.2、酶解温度52.5 ℃。
为克服单酶DH低、蛋白质提取率不足及酶解时间长等问题, 将通过复合酶分段酶解的协同与互补作用进一步优化水解效果, 实现DH和蛋白质提取率的提升。汪涛等[33]以扇贝边为原料, 以胰蛋白酶和枯草杆菌蛋白酶3:1 (m:m)复合水解的DH比胰蛋白酶和枯草杆菌蛋白酶单酶水解分别提高6.2%和9.9%。本研究选取2.1中蛋白质提取率较高且酶解条件相近的胰蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶复合酶解, 以蛋白质提取率为响应值, 借助响应面分析软件的Box-Behnken模型, 构建了3因素3水平的优化实验方案, 实验结果见表10。进一步运用Design Expert 13软件对表10中的实验结果进行响应面分析, 得到响应回归方程为Y=63.11-0.8812A+0.3500B-0.9212C-0.5225AB-1.10AC+0.6975BC-3.09A2-3.03B2-2.83C2
根据表11的方差分析结果, 模型呈现极高显著性(P<0.0001); R2=0.9926, Radj2=0.9831, 表明模型对扇贝蛋白质提取率的实际值与预测值拟合度超过98%, 模型具有较高的预测精度[34]。失拟项(P=0.3969>0.05), 表明未知因素对响应值的影响不显著, 进一步验证了模型的可靠性[23], 该模型的可靠性得到了验证, 其可用于预测蛋白质提取的工艺参数。F越高, 表明该因素对提取率的影响越显著[24,35], 3个因素对蛋白质提取率的影响顺序为: C>A>B, 即复合酶加酶量>固液比>酶解时间, ACACBCA2B2C2对蛋白质提取率的影响均为差异极显著(P<0.01), BAB对蛋白质提取率的影响为差异显著(P<0.05)。
响应面的3D图及等高线直观呈现了两因素交互作用对响应值的影响[36], 通过分析曲面与等高线形态可优化工艺参数。椭圆形等高线形态表明因素间存在显著交互效应, 曲面陡峭程度与交互作用强度呈正相关[37-38]。复合酶加酶量、酶解时间及固液比3个因素的交互作用对扇贝蛋白质提取率影响的3D图及等高线见图7。如图7所示, 等高线图7b图7d图7f均呈椭圆形, 表明固液比与酶解时间、固液比与复合酶加酶量、酶解时间与复合酶加酶量之间交互作用均显著, 与表11响应面优化设计实验方差分析结果一致, P均小于0.05; 3D响应面图7a图7c图7e均呈凸面形状, 表明所建的模型的响应值有极大值。
通过Design Expert 13的回归模型优化蛋白质提取工艺, 结果为: 固液比1:3.874 (m:V)、酶解时间80.533 min、复合酶加酶量1.174%、复合酶配比(胰蛋白酶:碱性蛋白酶)1:2 (m:m)、pH 8.2、酶解温度52.5 ℃, 在此条件下扇贝蛋白质理论提取率为63.23%。为了验证其回归模型预测结果的可靠性, 需对该模型所给出的蛋白质提取最佳工艺条件进行验证[39]。为便于验证和实际操作性, 将扇贝蛋白质提取最佳工艺调整为: 固液比1:3.9 (m:V)、酶解时间80.0 min、复合酶加酶量1.1%、复合酶配比(胰蛋白酶:碱性蛋白酶)1:2 (m:m)、pH 8.2、酶解温度52.5 ℃。在此条件下重复实验3次, 蛋白质实际提取率为62.53%±0.23%, 与理论值63.23%相差不大, 表明该响应面回归模型的预测结果较可靠, 具有较好实用参考价值。
由于不同蛋白酶的酶切作用方式及酶切位点不同, 可以通过灵活选择不同性质和水解位点的酶, 来实现深度水解并提高水解产物质量[19-21]。按表1的筛选得出DH和蛋白质提取率较好的3种蛋白酶, 但中性蛋白酶与胰蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶两种蛋白酶的酶解条件差异较大, 因而进行分段酶解。按表3分析的最优实验方案进行一段酶解后灭酶, 冷却酶解液再次酶解, 按表4的实验方案进一步优化扇贝蛋白质提取工艺条件, 正交实验方案与结果见表12, 蛋白质提取率随因素水平变化的情况见图8
表12结果可知, 因素影响的极差R值大小顺序为: RG1>RH1>RF1>RE1。极差反映因素影响情况, 极差越大, 说明该因素对指标值影响就越大, 即影响蛋白质提取的因素按重要性排序为: 复合酶加酶量>酶解时间>酶解温度>酶解pH。最优实验方案为: E3F3G4H4, 具体条件为: 酶解pH 7.0、酶解温度50.0 ℃、加酶量0.8%、酶解时间40 min。该实验条件没有在表12所涵盖的25个实验中, 因此对选出的实验方案进行3次平行实验, 结果扇贝蛋白质提取率分别为76.3%、76.8%、75.8%, 平均值为76.3%, 优于表12中蛋白质提取率最高的第7号实验的74.94%, 说明了实验的准确性。
本研究对多种蛋白酶进行筛选, 发现胰蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶和中性蛋白酶在扇贝蛋白提取过程中, 这3种酶在水解率和蛋白质提取率较高, 以这3种酶作为后续实验用酶。根据胰蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶和中性蛋白酶的酶解条件不同, 本研究通过复合酶解和分段酶解相结合, 来提高蛋白质提取率。以最适作用条件相近的胰蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶组合进行一段复合同步酶解, 并通过Plackett-Burman和Box-Behnken模型优化一段蛋白质提取工艺; 与前两者最适酶解条件差异较大的中性蛋白酶, 采用二段酶解并通过正交实验确定其最佳工艺条件。一段复合酶解最佳工艺为: 固液比1:3.9 (m:V)、酶解时间80.0 min、复合酶加酶量1.1%、复合酶配比(胰蛋白酶:碱性蛋白酶)1:2 (m:m)、酶解pH 8.2、酶解温度52.5 ℃; 二段酶解的最优酶解参数为: 酶解pH 7.0、酶解温度50.0 ℃、中性蛋白酶添加量0.8%、酶解时间40 min。进行3次平行实验, 扇贝蛋白质提取率平均值为76.3%。通过多酶复合酶解和分段酶解, 形成协同效应和互补作用, 显著提高扇贝蛋白质提取率, 为后续扇贝中蛋白质的开发和高值化利用提供了一定的理论依据。
  • 福建省区域发展项目(2024N3001)
  • 福建省产业领军团队项目([2024]720号)
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250222001
  • 接收时间:2025-02-22
  • 首发时间:2026-01-12
  • 出版时间:2025-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-22
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福建省区域发展项目(2024N3001)
福建省产业领军团队项目([2024]720号)
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    福建正味生物科技有限公司, 福州 350015

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*刘家光(1970—), 男, 教授级高级工程师, 主要研究方向为水产品的深加工研究。E-mail:
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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