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Article(id=1217529306494976533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217529305693864468, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250208004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1738944000000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768211207269, onlineDateStr=2026-01-12, pubDate=1752508800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768211207269, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768211207269, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768211207269, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217529305693864468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='13', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768211207077, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768212057891, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217532874337730593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217529305693864468, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217532874337730594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217529305693864468, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=291, endPage=298, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217529306809549336, articleId=1217529306494976533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Toxigenic capacity of rice fungi in Harbin Area and risk assessment of fungal toxin contamination in commercially available rice, columnId=1153433739154678309, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Safety Supervision and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the contamination of fungal toxins in locally produced rice in Harbin Area, and conduct a risk assessment. Methods The content of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in commercially available locally produced Daohuaxiang No.2 rice were detected using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Through Monte Carlo simulation, non-parametric probabilistic assessment methods and point assessment methods were employed to evaluate the dietary exposure risk of different populations in Harbin to AFB1 and OTA through the consumption of rice. Results A dietary exposure model for AFB1 and OTA has been established. This study found that both AFB1 and OTA pose a high risk to children, especially those with high consumption levels, who had a greater potential risk of developing liver cancer through rice consumption. Conclusion The overall health risk of AFB1 and OTA exposure through rice consumption among residents in Harbin is relatively low. However, there is a significant potential health risk for high-consuming children, which requires much more attention. Apparent health risks were not found for other populations.

, correspAuthors=Xiang-Dong SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Huan-Chun YANG, Xiang-Cai CHANG, Xiang-Dong SUN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1217529307170259485, articleId=1217529306494976533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=哈尔滨地区水稻真菌产毒力及市售大米真菌毒素污染风险评估, columnId=1153433739318256173, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品安全监管, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 探究哈尔滨地区地产大米真菌毒素污染情况并对其进行风险评估。方法 采用液相色谱-串联质谱法检测市售地产稻花香2号大米黄曲霉毒素B1 (aflatoxin B1, AFB1)和赭曲霉毒素A (ochratoxin A, OTA)的含量。通过Monte Carlo模拟, 采用非参数概率评估方法和点评估方法, 评估了哈尔滨地区不同人群通过食用大米对AFB1和OTA的膳食暴露风险。结果 建立了AFB1和OTA的膳食暴露模型。研究发现无论是AFB1, 还是OTA, 儿童都是高风险人群, 尤其是儿童中的高消费人群, 通过食用大米导致肝癌的潜在风险较大。结论 哈尔滨地区居民食用大米导致AFB1和OTA暴露的健康风险总体较低, 但儿童高消费人群潜在健康风险较大, 需要引起高度注意, 其他人群无明显的健康风险。

, correspAuthors=孙向东, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*孙向东(1965—), 男, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为农产品质量安全风险评估研究。E-mail:
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杨焕春(1978—), 女, 硕士, 实验师, 主要研究方向为食品质量安全研究。E-mail:

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杨焕春(1978—), 女, 硕士, 实验师, 主要研究方向为食品质量安全研究。E-mail:

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WHO Technical Report Series, 2006, 930: 8-25., articleTitle=Evaluation of certain food contaminants: Sixty-fourth report of the joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217901261341512633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529306494976533, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://apps.who.int/food-additives-contaminants-jecfa-database/Home/Chemical/5640, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=43, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=World Health Organization. Evaluations of the JOint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives (JECFA)[J]. 2022. https://apps.who.int/food-additives-contaminants-jecfa-database/Home/Chemical/5640, articleTitle=Evaluations of the JOint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives (JECFA), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217901261471536064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529306494976533, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2005, volume=22, issue=null, pageStart=6, pageEnd=9, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=44, authorNames=WALKER R, LARSEN JC, journalName=Food Additives and Contaminants, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WALKER R, LARSEN JC. Ochratoxin A: Previous risk assessments and issues arising[J]. Food Additives and Contaminants, 2005, 22: 6-9., articleTitle=Ochratoxin A: Previous risk assessments and issues arising, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1217901253963731428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529306494976533, awardId=安市科农重﹝2023﹞01号, language=CN, fundingSource=安顺市科技计划项目(安市科农重﹝2023﹞01号), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1217901254068589039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529306494976533, awardId=安市科平(2023)07号, language=CN, fundingSource=安顺市科技计划项目(安市科平(2023)07号), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1217901254198612475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529306494976533, awardId=2019RAXYJ085, language=CN, fundingSource=哈尔滨市优秀学科带头人基金项目(2019RAXYJ085), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1217901247051518080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529306494976533, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217901247059906690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529306494976533, companyId=1217901247051518080, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anshun University, Anshun 561000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217901247068295300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529306494976533, companyId=1217901247051518080, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 安顺学院化学化工学院, 安顺 561000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1217901247143792777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529306494976533, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217901247152181386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529306494976533, companyId=1217901247143792777, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Quality and Safety Institute of Agricultural Products, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217901247160569995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529306494976533, companyId=1217901247143792777, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 黑龙江省农业科学院农产品质量安全研究所, 哈尔滨 150086)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1217901250667008317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529306494976533, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Mass spectrometry conditions and parameters for the determination of AFB1 and OTA residues

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物 定性离子对 定量离子对 碎裂电压/V 碰撞能量/eV 保留时间/min 正/负模式
AFB1 313.0>213.0
313.0>241.0		 313.0>241.0 380 48
48		 6.2 正模式
OTA 402.0>357.9
402.0>166.8		 402.0>357.9 380 18
36		 9.2 负模式
), ArticleFig(id=1217901250776060232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529306494976533, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

AFB1和OTA残留测定的质谱条件参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物 定性离子对 定量离子对 碎裂电压/V 碰撞能量/eV 保留时间/min 正/负模式
AFB1 313.0>213.0
313.0>241.0		 313.0>241.0 380 48
48		 6.2 正模式
OTA 402.0>357.9
402.0>166.8		 402.0>357.9 380 18
36		 9.2 负模式
), ArticleFig(id=1217901250876723538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529306494976533, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Rice intake and body weight of different populations[27-28]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
人群 一般人群
摄入量/(g/人·d)		 高消费人群
摄入量/(g/人·d)		 体重/kg
儿童(2~6岁) 143.11 363.30 15.18
标准人a 236.71 600.30 62.57
标准人(城市) 199.09 533.50 66.57
标准人(农村) 254.44 616.70 61.13
), ArticleFig(id=1217901250981581146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529306494976533, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同人群的大米摄入量和体重[27-28]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
人群 一般人群
摄入量/(g/人·d)		 高消费人群
摄入量/(g/人·d)		 体重/kg
儿童(2~6岁) 143.11 363.30 15.18
标准人a 236.71 600.30 62.57
标准人(城市) 199.09 533.50 66.57
标准人(农村) 254.44 616.70 61.13
), ArticleFig(id=1217901251086438757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529306494976533, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Toxin-producing capacity of Aspergillus flavus strains in rice samples from Wuchang Area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株来源 菌株数 黄曲霉毒素平均产量/(μg/kg) OTA平均产量/(mg/kg)
AFB1 AFB2 AFG1 AFG2 AFT总
入库前稻谷 10 3268.6 2638.5 10.6 4.7 5922.4 196±27
储藏一年稻谷 10 2947.2 2195.4 8.3 2.4 5153.3 165±41
储藏二年稻谷 10 2464.5 1837.8 4.4 0 4306.7 123±16
储藏三年稻谷 10 1672.1 844.2 1.5 0 2517.8 94±26
), ArticleFig(id=1217901251199684978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529306494976533, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

五常地区水稻样品黄曲霉菌株产毒能力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株来源 菌株数 黄曲霉毒素平均产量/(μg/kg) OTA平均产量/(mg/kg)
AFB1 AFB2 AFG1 AFG2 AFT总
入库前稻谷 10 3268.6 2638.5 10.6 4.7 5922.4 196±27
储藏一年稻谷 10 2947.2 2195.4 8.3 2.4 5153.3 165±41
储藏二年稻谷 10 2464.5 1837.8 4.4 0 4306.7 123±16
储藏三年稻谷 10 1672.1 844.2 1.5 0 2517.8 94±26
), ArticleFig(id=1217901251321319804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529306494976533, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Content of AFB1、AFB2、AFG1、AFG2 and OTA in rice samples from supermarkets and farmers’ markets in Harbin Area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品来源 样品数量
/个		 AFB1
阳性率/%		 AFB2
阳性率/%		 AFG1
阳性率/%		 AFG2
阳性率/%		 OTA
阳性率/%		 阳性样品AFB1
平均含量/(μg/kg)		 全部样品AFB1
平均含量/(μg/kg)
超市样品 50 6 4 0 0 4 1.66±0.31 0.076±0.040
农贸市场样品 50 8 6 0 0 6 1.82±0.29 0.120±0.070
样品来源 样品数量
/个		 阳性样品AFB2
平均含量/(μg/kg)		 全部样品AFB2
平均含量/(μg/kg)		 阳性样品AFG1
平均含量/(μg/kg)		 全部样品AFG1
平均含量/(μg/kg)		 阳性样品OTA
平均含量/(μg/kg)		 全部样品OTA
平均含量/(μg/kg)
超市样品 50 0.72±0.44 0.024±0.110 未检出 未检出 1.13±0.27 0.056±0.011
农贸市场样品 50 0.85±0.56 0.018±0.050 未检出 未检出 1.42±0.38 0.085±0.023
), ArticleFig(id=1217901251388428677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529306494976533, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

哈尔滨地区超市和农贸市场大米样品AFB1、AFB2、AFG1、AFG2和OTA含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品来源 样品数量
/个		 AFB1
阳性率/%		 AFB2
阳性率/%		 AFG1
阳性率/%		 AFG2
阳性率/%		 OTA
阳性率/%		 阳性样品AFB1
平均含量/(μg/kg)		 全部样品AFB1
平均含量/(μg/kg)
超市样品 50 6 4 0 0 4 1.66±0.31 0.076±0.040
农贸市场样品 50 8 6 0 0 6 1.82±0.29 0.120±0.070
样品来源 样品数量
/个		 阳性样品AFB2
平均含量/(μg/kg)		 全部样品AFB2
平均含量/(μg/kg)		 阳性样品AFG1
平均含量/(μg/kg)		 全部样品AFG1
平均含量/(μg/kg)		 阳性样品OTA
平均含量/(μg/kg)		 全部样品OTA
平均含量/(μg/kg)
超市样品 50 0.72±0.44 0.024±0.110 未检出 未检出 1.13±0.27 0.056±0.011
农贸市场样品 50 0.85±0.56 0.018±0.050 未检出 未检出 1.42±0.38 0.085±0.023
), ArticleFig(id=1217901251539423625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529306494976533, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Exposure assessment of AFB1 in rice among the general consumption population in Harbin Area [ng/(kg bw·d)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
人群 平均值 膳食暴露量
P50 P75 P90 P95 P99
2~6岁儿童 10.56 (9.42~11.57) 10.46 (10.46~10.46) 15.88 (15.01~16.79) 21.55 (20.58~22.96) 25.42 (23.74~27.69) 32.68 (28.54~39.62)
标准人 4.38 (4.01~4.88) 4.34
(4.34~4.34)		 6.75
(6.35~7.11)		 8.99
(8.65~9.31)		 10.48 (9.76~11.20) 12.29 (11.75~15.99)
城市标准人 3.38 (3.11~3.72) 3.35
(3.35~3.35)		 5.32
(5.02~5.59)		 7.14
(6.82~7.43)		 8.31
(7.74~8.91)		 10.66 (9.25~12.81)
农村标准人 4.91 (4.46~5.35) 4.86
(4.86~4.86)		 7.41
(7.01~7.89)		 9.75
(9.17~10.35)		 11.62 (10.79~12.37) 14.85 (12.80~17.56)
), ArticleFig(id=1217901251711390099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529306494976533, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

哈尔滨地区大米中AFB1在一般消费人群中的暴露评估[ng/(kg bw·d)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
人群 平均值 膳食暴露量
P50 P75 P90 P95 P99
2~6岁儿童 10.56 (9.42~11.57) 10.46 (10.46~10.46) 15.88 (15.01~16.79) 21.55 (20.58~22.96) 25.42 (23.74~27.69) 32.68 (28.54~39.62)
标准人 4.38 (4.01~4.88) 4.34
(4.34~4.34)		 6.75
(6.35~7.11)		 8.99
(8.65~9.31)		 10.48 (9.76~11.20) 12.29 (11.75~15.99)
城市标准人 3.38 (3.11~3.72) 3.35
(3.35~3.35)		 5.32
(5.02~5.59)		 7.14
(6.82~7.43)		 8.31
(7.74~8.91)		 10.66 (9.25~12.81)
农村标准人 4.91 (4.46~5.35) 4.86
(4.86~4.86)		 7.41
(7.01~7.89)		 9.75
(9.17~10.35)		 11.62 (10.79~12.37) 14.85 (12.80~17.56)
), ArticleFig(id=1217901251820442013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529306494976533, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Exposure assessment of AFB1 in rice among the high consumption population in Harbin Area [ng/(kg bw·d)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
人群 平均值 膳食暴露量
P50 P75 P90 P95 P99
2~6岁儿童 27.51
(25.78~30.69)		 27.96
(27.96~27.96)		 42.11
(40.26~44.19)		 56.28
(54.38~58.62)		 66.57
(61.78~70.85)		 85.57
(72.67~100.06)
标准人 11.48
(10.34~12.28)		 11.33
(11.33~11.33)		 16.58
(15.64~18.01)		 22.89
(21.94~23.62)		 25.19
(24.06~27.42)		 33.73
(29.15~40.93)
城市标准人 9.56
(8.77~10.29)		 9.57
(9.57~9.57)		 14.18
(13.55~15.16)		 18.52
(17.84~19.91)		 21.38
(19.62~23.74)		 27.81
(23.69~33.52)
农村标准人 11.88
(11.03~12.98)		 11.94
(11.94~11.94)		 17.85
(17.05~18.73)		 23.55
(22.97~24.73)		 27.29
(25.46~29.05)		 35.81
(30.14~42.50)
), ArticleFig(id=1217901251954659748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529306494976533, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

哈尔滨地区大米中AFB1在高消费人群中的暴露评估[ng/(kg bw·d)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
人群 平均值 膳食暴露量
P50 P75 P90 P95 P99
2~6岁儿童 27.51
(25.78~30.69)		 27.96
(27.96~27.96)		 42.11
(40.26~44.19)		 56.28
(54.38~58.62)		 66.57
(61.78~70.85)		 85.57
(72.67~100.06)
标准人 11.48
(10.34~12.28)		 11.33
(11.33~11.33)		 16.58
(15.64~18.01)		 22.89
(21.94~23.62)		 25.19
(24.06~27.42)		 33.73
(29.15~40.93)
城市标准人 9.56
(8.77~10.29)		 9.57
(9.57~9.57)		 14.18
(13.55~15.16)		 18.52
(17.84~19.91)		 21.38
(19.62~23.74)		 27.81
(23.69~33.52)
农村标准人 11.88
(11.03~12.98)		 11.94
(11.94~11.94)		 17.85
(17.05~18.73)		 23.55
(22.97~24.73)		 27.29
(25.46~29.05)		 35.81
(30.14~42.50)
), ArticleFig(id=1217901252063711657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529306494976533, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Exposure assessment of the incidence of liver cancer induced by aflatoxin B1 in rice among different populations [ng/(kg bw·d)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
人群 消费水平 平均值 膳食暴露量
P50 P75 P90 P95 P99
2~6岁儿童 一般消费人群 0.327 (0.305~0.369) 0.349 (0.349~0.349 0.518 (0.495~0.553) 0.699 (0.670~0.729) 0.812 (0.754~0.871) 1.044 (0.895~1.248)
高消费人群 0.866 (0.798~0.947) 0.861 (0.861~0.861) 1.330 (1.259~1.401) 1.799 (1.701~1.852) 2.075 (1.926~2.225) 2.669 (2.294~3.188)
标准人 一般消费人群 0.139 (0.123~0.149) 0.137 (0.137~0.137) 0.209 (0.196~0.220) 0.280 (0.268~0.291) 0.323 (0.301~0.349) 0.419 (0.361~0.500)
高消费人群 0.354 (0.323~0.366) 0.351 (0.351~0.351) 0.531 (0.501~0.562) 0.711 (0.680~0.741) 0.827 (0.771~0.890) 1.064 (0.918~1.273)
城市标准人 一般消费人群 0.109 (0.099~0.118) 0.107 (0.107~0.107) 0.164 (0.154~0.175) 0.220 (0.211~0.230) 0.258 (0.237~0.271) 0.331 (0.287~0.392)
高消费人群 0.294 (0.268~0.319) 0.290 (0.290~0.290) 0.445 (0.420~0.471) 0.593 (0.567~0.619) 0.692 (0.641~0.742) 0.891 (0.768~1.065)
农村标准人 一般消费人群 0.154 (0.137~0.162) 0.152 (0.152~0.152) 0.230 (0.217~0.242) 0.308 (0.294~0.319) 0.360 (0.332~0.374) 0.460 (0.397~0.549)
高消费人群 0.369 (0.335~0.401) 0.365 (0.365~0.365) 0.559 (0.528~0.589) 0.746 (0.715~0.779) 0.875 (0.810~0.934) 1.123 (0.962~1.339)
), ArticleFig(id=1217901252185346484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529306494976533, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

大米中AFB1导致不同人群肝癌发病率暴露评估[ng/(kg bw·d)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
人群 消费水平 平均值 膳食暴露量
P50 P75 P90 P95 P99
2~6岁儿童 一般消费人群 0.327 (0.305~0.369) 0.349 (0.349~0.349 0.518 (0.495~0.553) 0.699 (0.670~0.729) 0.812 (0.754~0.871) 1.044 (0.895~1.248)
高消费人群 0.866 (0.798~0.947) 0.861 (0.861~0.861) 1.330 (1.259~1.401) 1.799 (1.701~1.852) 2.075 (1.926~2.225) 2.669 (2.294~3.188)
标准人 一般消费人群 0.139 (0.123~0.149) 0.137 (0.137~0.137) 0.209 (0.196~0.220) 0.280 (0.268~0.291) 0.323 (0.301~0.349) 0.419 (0.361~0.500)
高消费人群 0.354 (0.323~0.366) 0.351 (0.351~0.351) 0.531 (0.501~0.562) 0.711 (0.680~0.741) 0.827 (0.771~0.890) 1.064 (0.918~1.273)
城市标准人 一般消费人群 0.109 (0.099~0.118) 0.107 (0.107~0.107) 0.164 (0.154~0.175) 0.220 (0.211~0.230) 0.258 (0.237~0.271) 0.331 (0.287~0.392)
高消费人群 0.294 (0.268~0.319) 0.290 (0.290~0.290) 0.445 (0.420~0.471) 0.593 (0.567~0.619) 0.692 (0.641~0.742) 0.891 (0.768~1.065)
农村标准人 一般消费人群 0.154 (0.137~0.162) 0.152 (0.152~0.152) 0.230 (0.217~0.242) 0.308 (0.294~0.319) 0.360 (0.332~0.374) 0.460 (0.397~0.549)
高消费人群 0.369 (0.335~0.401) 0.365 (0.365~0.365) 0.559 (0.528~0.589) 0.746 (0.715~0.779) 0.875 (0.810~0.934) 1.123 (0.962~1.339)
), ArticleFig(id=1217901252369895872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529306494976533, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Exposure assessment of OTA in rice among different consumption populations in the Harbin Area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
人群 消费水平 日膳食暴露量
/[ng/(kg bw·d)]		 周膳食暴露量
/[ng/(kg bw·w)]		 不同人群
大米日摄入量/(g/人·d)		 不同人群体重
/kg
2~6岁儿童 一般消费人群 5.22 36.54 143.11 15.18
高消费人群 13.25 92.76 363.30 15.18
标准人 一般消费人群 2.09 14.66 236.71 62.57
高消费人群 5.31 37.19 600.30 62.57
城市标准人 一般消费人群 1.66 11.59 199.09 66.57
高消费人群 4.44 31.06 533.50 66.57
农村标准人 一般消费人群 2.30 16.13 254.44 61.13
高消费人群 5.59 39.10 616.70 61.13
), ArticleFig(id=1217901252504113614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217529306494976533, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

哈尔滨地区大米中OTA在不同消费人群中的暴露评估

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
人群 消费水平 日膳食暴露量
/[ng/(kg bw·d)]		 周膳食暴露量
/[ng/(kg bw·w)]		 不同人群
大米日摄入量/(g/人·d)		 不同人群体重
/kg
2~6岁儿童 一般消费人群 5.22 36.54 143.11 15.18
高消费人群 13.25 92.76 363.30 15.18
标准人 一般消费人群 2.09 14.66 236.71 62.57
高消费人群 5.31 37.19 600.30 62.57
城市标准人 一般消费人群 1.66 11.59 199.09 66.57
高消费人群 4.44 31.06 533.50 66.57
农村标准人 一般消费人群 2.30 16.13 254.44 61.13
高消费人群 5.59 39.10 616.70 61.13
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哈尔滨地区水稻真菌产毒力及市售大米真菌毒素污染风险评估
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杨焕春 1 , 常向彩 1 , 孙向东 2, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品安全监管 2025,16(13): 291-298
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品安全监管 2025, 16(13): 291-298
哈尔滨地区水稻真菌产毒力及市售大米真菌毒素污染风险评估
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杨焕春1 , 常向彩1, 孙向东2, *
作者信息
  • 1 安顺学院化学化工学院, 安顺 561000
  • 2 黑龙江省农业科学院农产品质量安全研究所, 哈尔滨 150086

    • 杨焕春(1978—), 女, 硕士, 实验师, 主要研究方向为食品质量安全研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*孙向东(1965—), 男, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为农产品质量安全风险评估研究。E-mail:
Toxigenic capacity of rice fungi in Harbin Area and risk assessment of fungal toxin contamination in commercially available rice
Huan-Chun YANG1 , Xiang-Cai CHANG1, Xiang-Dong SUN2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anshun University, Anshun 561000, China
  • 2 Quality and Safety Institute of Agricultural Products, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
出版时间: 2025-07-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250208004
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摘要
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目的 探究哈尔滨地区地产大米真菌毒素污染情况并对其进行风险评估。方法 采用液相色谱-串联质谱法检测市售地产稻花香2号大米黄曲霉毒素B1 (aflatoxin B1, AFB1)和赭曲霉毒素A (ochratoxin A, OTA)的含量。通过Monte Carlo模拟, 采用非参数概率评估方法和点评估方法, 评估了哈尔滨地区不同人群通过食用大米对AFB1和OTA的膳食暴露风险。结果 建立了AFB1和OTA的膳食暴露模型。研究发现无论是AFB1, 还是OTA, 儿童都是高风险人群, 尤其是儿童中的高消费人群, 通过食用大米导致肝癌的潜在风险较大。结论 哈尔滨地区居民食用大米导致AFB1和OTA暴露的健康风险总体较低, 但儿童高消费人群潜在健康风险较大, 需要引起高度注意, 其他人群无明显的健康风险。

哈尔滨  /  水稻  /  真菌  /  毒素  /  风险评估

Objective To investigate the contamination of fungal toxins in locally produced rice in Harbin Area, and conduct a risk assessment. Methods The content of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in commercially available locally produced Daohuaxiang No.2 rice were detected using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Through Monte Carlo simulation, non-parametric probabilistic assessment methods and point assessment methods were employed to evaluate the dietary exposure risk of different populations in Harbin to AFB1 and OTA through the consumption of rice. Results A dietary exposure model for AFB1 and OTA has been established. This study found that both AFB1 and OTA pose a high risk to children, especially those with high consumption levels, who had a greater potential risk of developing liver cancer through rice consumption. Conclusion The overall health risk of AFB1 and OTA exposure through rice consumption among residents in Harbin is relatively low. However, there is a significant potential health risk for high-consuming children, which requires much more attention. Apparent health risks were not found for other populations.

Harbin  /  rice  /  fungi  /  toxins  /  risk assessment
杨焕春, 常向彩, 孙向东. 哈尔滨地区水稻真菌产毒力及市售大米真菌毒素污染风险评估. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (13) : 291 -298 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250208004
Huan-Chun YANG, Xiang-Cai CHANG, Xiang-Dong SUN. Toxigenic capacity of rice fungi in Harbin Area and risk assessment of fungal toxin contamination in commercially available rice[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (13) : 291 -298 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250208004
正文
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0 引言
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黄曲霉菌是一种腐生型好氧真菌, 也是目前分布最广泛, 研究报道最多的黄曲霉毒素产生菌, 其在12~48 ℃均可生长[1]。黄曲霉分布广泛, 主要污染花生、玉米、大米等粮食及农作物。黄曲霉毒素主要是由黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)、寄生曲霉(Aspergillus parasiticus)等曲霉属真菌产生的次级代谢产物, 具有剧毒性、致突变性、强致癌性, 对人和动物肝脏组织有强破坏作用, 能够诱导原发性肝癌等疾病[2]; 主要有黄曲霉毒素B1 (aflatoxin B1, AFB1)、AFB2、AFG1、AFG2等类型, 其中以AFB1毒性和致癌性最强, 被国际癌症研究机构(International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC)列为I类致癌物[3]。
赭曲霉(Aspergillus ochraceus)是一种丝状真菌, 在玉米、花生、棉籽、大米、坚果、水果等农产品中广泛分布[4]。赭曲霉产孢能力很强, 其孢子散落在空气中能够诱导儿童哮喘和人类肺病[5-6]。赭曲霉在适宜的条件下可以产生一系列毒素, 包括A、B、C等7种结构类似的化合物, 其中以赭曲霉毒素A (ochratoxin A, OTA)毒性最大、分布最广[7]。此外, 在一些动物副产品, 如牛奶和动物肾脏、肝脏、血液中也有发现, 并且会随食物链最终进入人体, 严重危害人体健康[8-10]。OTA能够导致动物和人类的肝脏、肾脏损伤, 并有致畸、致突变、致癌和免疫抑制作用[11-12], 还可能与巴尔干地方性肾病和泌尿系统肿瘤有关[13-14], 被IARC列为2B类人类潜在致癌物[15]。
黄曲霉毒素、OTA等真菌毒素污染已成为影响粮食质量安全的主要因素之一, 世界各地的水稻、玉米、小麦、高粱等粮谷类作物都不同程度地受到真菌毒素的污染[16-21]。闫兆凤等[22]分析粮食作物中真菌毒素污染数据, 发现我国稻谷、玉米、黄豆和面粉主要遭受AFB1、玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone, ZEN)、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(又名呕吐毒素, deoxynivalenol, DON)和OTA等多种真菌毒素污染。李俊玲等[23]对河南省市售粮食食品原料中真菌毒素污染进行分析, 发现AFB1、DON、ZEN和烟曲霉毒素(又名伏马毒素, fumonisin, FUMs)是污染的主要真菌毒素。LAI等[24]发现我国广东、广西和海南等地的大米63.5%含有黄曲霉毒素(aflatoxins, AFs)。朱佐银等[25]通过检测上海地区大米样品, 发现污染最为严重的真菌毒素是OTA, 污染率达59.17%, 平均含量为1.32 μg/kg。FERRE[26]发现来自不同地区的大米中极易同时存在多种真菌毒素。
哈尔滨地区五常地区是我国著名粳稻产区, 其主栽品种稻花香2号品质优良, 享誉全国。关于该地区储藏稻谷真菌产毒力及市售大米真菌毒素膳食暴露风险情况鲜少有研究报道。本研究从哈尔滨地区主要水稻产地五常地区新收获水稻品种稻花香2号及在国储库中储藏1年、2年、3年的稻谷上分离培养黄曲霉和赭曲霉菌株, 并测定其产毒力, 进一步测定市售地产稻花香2号大米黄曲霉毒素和赭曲霉毒素含量, 以期掌握哈尔滨地区地产大米真菌毒素污染情况并对其风险情况进行评估, 从而为稻米质量安全监管提供基础数据。
1 材料与方法
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1.1 材料、试剂与仪器
2020年10月初从五常市安家镇国储库10个粮仓中随机抽取刚入仓的新鲜稻花香2号稻谷样品30份, 每份500 g左右, 装入无菌袋密封, 运回实验室冷冻保存。国储库水稻入库要求水分含量低于14.5%, 储藏温度为10~15 ℃, 相对湿度低于75%。第2年、第3年、第4年同期到相同粮仓随机抽取30份稻谷样品, 装入无菌袋密封, 运回实验室冷冻保存。
DG-18琼脂培养基、曲霉素琼脂培养基、马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基(potato dextrose agar, PDA)培养基、液体沙氏培养基(青岛高科技工业园海博生物技术有限公司); AFB1、AFB2、AFG1、AFG2标准品(纯度≥97%, 美国Sigma公司); 甲醇、乙腈(色谱纯, 美国Fisher公司); 实验室用水为超纯水(默克密理博公司)。
Agilent G6495质谱仪、Agilent 1290高效液相色谱仪、Agilent Poroshell 120 EC-C18色谱柱(2.1 mm×100.0 mm, 2.7 μm)、Captiva EMR真菌毒素小柱(美国Agilent公司); Vortex2涡旋振荡器(德国IKA公司); 3-18KS高速离心机(德国Sigma公司); Oasis PRiME HLB小柱(美国Waters公司)。
1.2 实验方法
1.2.1 黄曲霉菌和赭曲霉菌的分离及纯化
参照张杏等[1]方法, 称取从粮仓抽取的稻谷样品10.0 g磨碎后加入90 mL灭菌水中, 用涡旋振荡器充分混匀5 min, 制成100 mL样品基础液。取50 μL稀释液, 加在倒有DG-18培养基的平板上, 用涂布棒涂布均匀, 每份样品设2个生物学重复。将接种好样品的平板置于恒温培养箱中, (28±1) ℃黑暗培养5 d。5 d后, 从DG-18培养基上挑取长有黄绿色、米黄色孢子的菌落, 接种到已倒好曲霉素琼脂培养基的平板上, 于(28±1) ℃条件下纯化培养3~5 d, 直至长出单个菌落。
将曲霉素琼脂培养基背面呈亮橘红色、淡黄色或红褐色的菌株初步鉴定为黄曲霉菌或赭曲霉菌; 然后从曲霉素琼脂培养基上挑取少许橘红色或淡黄色的菌丝块到DG-18培养基上, (28±1) ℃黑暗培养5~7 d, 得到黄绿色、淡黄色或红褐色的孢子。
1.2.2 黄曲霉、赭曲霉菌的鉴定
基因组DNA的提取: 参照张杏等[1]方法, 从DG-18培养基上刮取少量黄绿色、淡黄色或红褐色的孢子于离心管中, 加入200 μL缓冲液GA, 充分混匀; 然后加入20 μL Proteinase K溶液, 混匀; 再加入220 μL缓冲液GB, 振荡15 s, 在70 ℃条件下放置10 min, 12000 r/min离心30 s; 然后加入220 μL无水乙醇, 充分混匀15 s, 12000 r/min离心30 s; 将所得溶液全部转移到吸附柱中(吸附柱放入收集管中), 12000 r/min离心30 s, 倒掉废液, 将吸附柱放回收集管中; 向吸附柱中加入500 μL缓冲液GD(使用前加入无水乙醇), 12000 r/min离心30 s, 倒掉废液, 将吸附柱放回收集管中; 向吸附柱中加入600 μL漂洗液PW(使用前加入无水乙醇), 12000 r/min离心30 s, 倒掉废液, 将吸附柱放回收集管中; 重复上一步骤; 将吸附柱放回收集管, 12000 r/min离心2 min, 倒掉废液。将吸附柱至于室温放置5 min, 以彻底晾干吸附材料中残留的漂洗液; 将吸附柱转入干净的离心管中, 向吸附膜的中间部位悬空滴加50~200 μL的TE洗脱缓冲液, 室温放置2~5 min, 12000 r/min离心2 min, 得到的溶液即为基因组DNA溶液。
聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction, PCR)扩增反应: 采用通用引物ITS1/ITS4扩增菌株ITS序列。
引物序列为: ITS1: 5′-TCCGTAGGTAGAACCTGCGG-3′,
ITS4: 5′-TCCTCCGCTTATTCGATATGC-3′。
PCR的反应体系为10×Buffer: 5.0 μL; ITS1/ITS4引物: 各1.5 μL; 基因组DNA: 1.0 μL; Taq 聚合酶: 1.0 μL; dNTP: 1.0 μL; ddH2O: 39. 0 μL。PCR反应程序为预变性95 ℃, 5 min; 变性95 ℃, 30 s; 退火58 ℃, 30 s; 延伸72 ℃, 1 min; 终延伸72 ℃, 7 min; 扩增循环次数为35次。反应结束后取3 μL PCR产物进行1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测。
DNA回收、测序及比对: 用AxyPrep DNA凝胶回收试剂盒回收PCR产物, 取各个菌种纯化后的PCR产物, 用测序仪进行DNA测序。用NCBI Blast程序将拼接后的序列文件在国家生物技术信息中心(National Center for Biotechnology Information, NCBI)数据库进行比对, 选择与待测菌株序列相似度最高的菌种, 即为菌株鉴定结果。
1.2.3 黄曲霉、赭曲霉菌产毒力的测定
黄曲霉、赭曲霉菌产毒培养: 参照张杏等[1]方法, 将待测黄曲霉、赭曲霉菌株接种于PDA固体培养基上, (28±1) ℃黑暗培养5~7 d, 用已灭菌的0.1%吐温80洗取平板上黄曲霉、赭曲霉菌分生孢子, 得到孢子悬浮液备用。用血球计数板计数后吸取一定量的孢子悬浮液于装有30 mL液体沙氏培养基的三角瓶中, 使其终浓度为4×105个/mL, 于(28±1) ℃, 200 r/min条件下黑暗摇培5 d。设3个生物学重复。
黄曲霉、赭曲霉毒素的提取及净化: 参照张杏等[1]方法, 用灭菌纱布过滤菌丝球培养液, 收集产毒培养液于50 mL离心管中保存, 室温静置1 h, 移取500 μL产毒培养液于离心管中(避免接触管底絮状菌丝等杂质); 加入500 μL甲醇, 涡旋混匀, 20000 r/min离心10 min; 用1 mL注射器将管中上清毒素提取液小心吸出(避免针头接触管底沉淀), 过0.22 μm有机系滤膜, 装入进样瓶中, 用高效液相色谱-质谱仪测定黄曲霉、赭曲霉菌的产毒力。
黄曲霉、赭曲霉毒素混合标准溶液的配制: 参照张杏等[1]方法, 准确称取AFB1、B2、G1和G2和OTA、B、C的标准品, 用甲醇溶解、稀释制备成浓度分别为5、10、25、50、100、500和1000 ng/mL共7个梯度的混合标准溶液。若样品毒素浓度超过标准曲线的线性范围, 对其稀释重新测定。
液相色谱条件: 色谱柱为Agilent Poroshell 120 EC-C18 (2.1 mm×100.0 mm, 2.7 μm), 设定柱温为40 ℃, 设定流速为0.4 mL/min, 设定进样量为1.00 μL, 流动相A采用0.1%甲酸+2 mmol/L甲酸铵溶液, 流动相B采用甲醇溶液; 流动相梯度洗脱时间为10 min, 后运行时间为2 min。
质谱参数: 电喷雾离子源, 多反应监测结合正、负离子扫描模式。离子温度设为350 ℃, 干燥气流速设为14 L/min, 雾化气压力设定为241 kPa (30 psi), 鞘流气温度设定为350 ℃, 鞘流气流速设定为11 L/min。具体参数见表1。
1.2.4 稻米中黄曲霉、赭曲霉毒素含量的测定
在100 mL具塞三角瓶内, 称取粉碎的大米样品5 g, 加25 mL甲醇/水溶液(甲醇:水=60:40, V:V)。振荡3 min, 再以10000 r/min转速离心5 min, 吸取2 mL上清液, 过EMR小柱, 上高效液相色谱-质谱仪检测真菌毒素含量。
1.2.5 数据处理与分析
黄曲霉、赭曲霉菌的检出率和菌落数计算见公式(1)、(2):
检出率/%=阳性样品数/总样品数×100%
$\text { 菌落数 } /(\mathrm{CFU} / \mathrm{g})=\frac{\text { 平板菌落数 }}{\text { 加样体积 × 样品量 × 基础液体积 }}$
式中: 加样体积为0.05 mL、样品量为10 g、基础液体积为100 mL。
每克稻米中黄曲霉、赭曲霉菌潜在产AFB1(或AFT)、OTA能力的计算见公式(3):
每克稻米中黄曲霉、赭曲霉产AFB1(或AFT总)、OTA的量[μg/(L·g)]= 每克稻米中黄曲霉、赭曲霉菌落数×黄曲霉、赭曲霉菌平均产AFB1 (或AFT总)、OTA的量
1.2.6 风险评估方法
(1)数据选择
大米摄入量及人群体重数据参考《2002年中国居民营养健康状况调查报告》[27-28], 分成2~6岁儿童、标准人、城市标准人和农村标准人4类人群, 见表2。
(2)暴露评估模型构建方法
本研究参考唐笑等[29]的方法, 使用@Risk软件, 抽样方法为拉丁超立方体。对暴露评估结果变异度量化时选择Monte Carlo法, 采用Bootsrap方法, 可有效量化不确定度, 通过1000次迭代, 然后运行10000次非参数模拟的Monte Carlo运算, 最终可取得的数据为90%置信区间(P5~P95)范围内。对于AFB1和OTA检测数据中低于检出限(limit of detection, LOD)和定量限的部分用1/2 LOD (AFB1 LOD为0.1 μg/kg, OTA定量限为1.0 μg/kg)替换处理。
(3)风险描述方法
本研究采用食品添加剂联合专家委员会(Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, JECFA)推荐的AFB1诱发肝癌描述公式[30]如式(4):
危害程度=0.01(1-P)+0.3P
式中: P为乙肝病毒携带率, 根据乙肝血清流行病学调查结果, 我国人群乙肝病毒携带率为7.18% (P=7.18%)。据此, 按AFB1暴露量为1 ng/(kg bw·d)计算, 则我国居民肝癌发病率为0.031例/(10万人·年)。
1.3 数据处理
每个样品平行测定3次, 采用GraphPad InStat 3软件处理数据, 结果以平均值±标准偏差形式表示。
2 结果与分析
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2.1 哈尔滨地区水稻样本黄曲霉及赭曲霉菌株产毒能力
由表3可见, 从哈尔滨五常地区不同储藏阶段水稻样品中分离得到的黄曲霉菌株, 其产毒力是不同的, 总的趋势是随着储藏时间的延长, 黄曲霉菌株产毒力逐渐下降。另外, 黄曲霉菌株产AFB1最多, 其次为AFB2, 产AFG1量极少, 并不是所有黄曲霉菌株都会产生AFG2。黄曲霉菌株产生毒素总量AFT也是随着稻谷储藏时间的延长而逐渐下降。从哈尔滨五常地区不同储藏阶段水稻样品中分离得到的赭曲霉菌株, 其产毒力随储藏时间的延长也逐渐下降, 趋势与黄曲霉菌株产毒力类似。
2.2 哈尔滨地区市售大米样品黄曲霉毒素和赭曲霉毒素含量情况
在哈尔滨地区超市和农贸市场采集了大米样品共100份, 检测了黄曲霉毒素(以AFB1计)和赭曲霉毒素(以OTA计)阳性样品数量、阳性率和毒素含量, 结果见表4。由表4可见, 哈尔滨地区大米全部样品AFB1阳性率平均值为7%, 阳性样品AFB1平均含量为1.74 μg/kg, 全部样品AFB1平均含量为0.099 μg/kg。GB 2761—2017《食品安全国家标准 食品中真菌毒素限量》规定大米中AFB1限量为10 μg/kg, 由此可见, 哈尔滨地区大米黄曲霉毒素污染很轻,检出率很低, 平均含量均未超标, 非常安全。哈尔滨地区大米样品OTA阳性率平均值为5%, 阳性样品OTA平均含量为1.28 μg/kg, 全部样品OTA平均含量为0.07 μg/kg。我国国家标准GB 2761—2017规定谷物中OTA限量为5 μg/kg, 稻谷以糙米计, 因此, 以5 μg/kg作为大米OTA的限量值。以此判断, 哈尔滨地区市场销售的大米OTA检出率很低, 平均含量均未超标, 非常安全。
2.3 大米AFB1和OTA暴露模型构建及风险描述
暴露评估方法通常分为两种, 即点估计法和概率评估法。点评估方法一般按照公式(5)计算:
y=$\sum\limits_{i=1}^{p}{\frac{{{X}_{i,0.95}}{{C}_{i,\max }}}{\overline{W}}}$
式中: y为某种危害物的人群暴露量(摄入量); Xi,0.95为第i类食物消费量分布的95%分位数; Ci,max为第k类食物中某一危害物的最大残留量; p为消费食物种类数目; $\overline{W}$为被评估人群的平均体重[31]。
目前, 对黄曲霉毒素的暴露评估主要采用点评估方法, 点评估方法简单易行, 评估成本低, 但因其忽略了观察个体差异, 其结构较为保守, 无法量化个体水平消费量和食品中化学物水平的变异, 也无法对参数估计的不确定性作出说明[32]。近年来, Monte Carlo法已成为人体暴露评估中最常用的概率评估法。
AFB1是一种遗传毒性致癌物, 通常被认定为无阈值化合物, 即任何剂量都会产生致癌效应。2005年, 联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织下设的JECFA, 在第64次会议上首次提出了将暴露边界比(margin of exposure, MOE)法应用于遗传毒性致癌物风险描述上, 即用实验动物致癌剂量(或人群致癌剂量)和人群摄入量的比值来描述风险[33]。
2.3.1 AFB1暴露模型构建
AFB1在食品中的含量通常为痕量级别。本研究所检测的大米样品中AFB1含量有非常大的比例(94%)在LOD以下, 无法找到合适的理论分布对大米中的AFB1污染数据进行拟合。因此本研究最终采用非参数概率评估方法, 利用@risk软件的Discrete Uniform Distribution分布, 对不同人群通过摄入大米对AFB1膳食暴露情况进行模拟计算。
本研究采用非参数概率评估方法构建概率评估模型, 模拟评估不同人群通过摄入大米对AFB1的暴露水平, 描述分析其变异性和不确定性。
对于不同分组人群, 采用公式(6)进行暴露评估:
E=CT/m
式中: E为该组人群通过大米对AFB1的摄入量, ng/(kg·d); C为该组人群的大米摄入量, g/d; T为大米中AFB1的含量, μg/kg; m为该组人群的体质量, kg。
本研究采用了Bootstrap抽样技术, 并结合Monte Carlo模拟, 针对哈尔滨地区各组人群, 对摄食大米的AFB1膳食暴露状况开展检验测定, 以此为依据建立了概率评估的暴露模型。表5和表6展示了实验详细结果。通过计算, 本研究取得了包括儿童(2~6岁)、标准人、城市标准人、农村标准人等不同人群的AFB1膳食暴露量数据, 分别为10.56 (9.42~11.57)、4.38 (4.01~4.88)、3.38 (3.11~3.72)、4.91 (4.46~5.35) ng/(kg bw·d)。由表5、6可见, 无论是一般消费人群还是高消费人群, 食用大米引起的AFB1膳食暴露量, 城市标准人均比农村标准人低; 从表5、6中P50、P75、P90、P95以及P99百分位值分布情况看, 可以发现儿童人群(2~6岁)比其他年龄组的人群通过食用大米导致AFB1膳食暴露量产生了明显的增高, 尤以P99百分位值, 更是达到了32.68 (28.54~39.62) ng/(kg bw·d)。而在高消费水平下的数据显示, 对大米中AFB1膳食暴露量最高的为儿童组(2~6岁), 平均值已上升到了27.51 (25.78~30.69) ng/(kg bw·d), 这个数值约为农村标准人大米中AFB1膳食暴露量的2.4倍, 城市标准人的3倍。本研究结果与唐笑等[29]的研究结果基本一致。
2.3.2 AFB1风险描述
根据我国居民乙肝病毒携带水平, 并参考哈尔滨地区不同人群AFB1摄入数据, 本研究对哈尔滨地区乙肝病毒携带者食用大米的AFB1致癌风险进行计算, 结果见表7。在一般消费水平下, 哈尔滨地区标准人因食用大米导致的AFB1膳食暴露引发肝癌的风险平均值分别为0.139 (0.123~0.149)例/10万人; 在高消费水平下, 该指标则达到0.354 (0.323~0.366)例/10万人。据统计, 目前我国肝癌发病率为24.6例/10万人, 本项目所得数值大大低于上述数据, 表明哈尔滨地区成人通过食用大米导致AFB1暴露引起原发性肝癌风险较小。本研究证实, 哈尔滨地区城市标准人和农村标准人这两组人群, 其因食用大米引起肝癌的风险很小。另外, 两组人群间的风险差异亦较小。值得注意的是, 2~6岁儿童在高消费水平下, 其P99百分位值的肝癌发病风险则高达2.669 (2.294~3.188)例/10万人, 显示儿童为通过膳食摄入AFB1高风险人群, 须给予足够重视。
2.3.3 OTA暴露模型构建
与AFB1膳食暴露模型相同, OTA的膳食暴露采用下述模型(7)进行暴露评估:
E’=C’T’/M’
式中: E’为该组人群通过大米对OTA的摄入量, ng/(kg·d); C’为该组人群的大米摄入量, g/d; T’为大米中OTA的含量, μg/kg; M’为该组人群的体质量, kg。
2.3.4 OTA风险描述
因对赭曲霉毒素研究相对较晚, 致癌机制尚不清楚, 国际上还未建立引发肝癌风险的危害程度评估公式, 因此, 本研究采用点评估方法对其风险进行描述。JECFA在第37次年会上首次评价了OTA, 确定了其暂定每周耐受摄入量(provisional tolerable weekly intake, PTWI)为112 ng/kg·bw[34], 在第44届年会上, 将OTA每周耐受摄入量PTWI降低到了100 ng/kg·bw[35]。
哈尔滨地区2~6岁儿童中的高消费人群通过食用大米人均OTA周暴露水平为92.76 ng/(kg bw·w), 见表8, 已接近JECFA规定的OTA每周耐受摄入量PTWI的100 ng/kg·bw 阈值。因此, 根据目前的毒理学研究证据, 哈尔滨地区居民食用大米, 除儿童高消费人群有一定潜在健康风险外, 其他人群没有明显的健康风险。因此, 要特别关注2~6岁儿童摄食大米情况, 尤其是儿童中的高消费人群, 风险较大, 应给予高度重视。给儿童食用大米应尽量选择新鲜、品质好的大米, 避免陈米, 最大限度降低真菌毒素污染的潜在风险, 以保证儿童身体健康。
3 结论
收起
本研究建立了AFB1和OTA的膳食暴露模型并评估了哈尔滨地区不同人群通过食用大米对AFB1和OTA的膳食暴露风险。结果表明食用大米导致AFB1和OTA膳食暴露的健康风险总体较低, 但儿童高消费人群潜在健康风险较大, 需要引起高度注意, 其他人群无明显的健康风险。
基金
收起
  • 安顺市科技计划项目(安市科农重﹝2023﹞01号)
  • 安顺市科技计划项目(安市科平(2023)07号)
  • 哈尔滨市优秀学科带头人基金项目(2019RAXYJ085)
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2025年第16卷第13期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250208004
  • 接收时间：2025-02-08
  • 首发时间：2026-01-12
  • 出版时间：2025-07-15
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  • 收稿日期：2025-02-08
基金
安顺市科技计划项目(安市科农重﹝2023﹞01号)
安顺市科技计划项目(安市科平(2023)07号)
哈尔滨市优秀学科带头人基金项目(2019RAXYJ085)
作者信息
    1 安顺学院化学化工学院, 安顺 561000
    2 黑龙江省农业科学院农产品质量安全研究所, 哈尔滨 150086

通讯作者:

*孙向东(1965—), 男, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为农产品质量安全风险评估研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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