Article(id=1216517524179571045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1216517514570417012, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250401001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1743436800000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767969979566, onlineDateStr=2026-01-09, pubDate=1755187200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767969979566, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767969979566, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767969979566, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1216517514570417012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='322', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767969977276, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768211590858, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217530915467743720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1216517514570417012, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217530915467743721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1216517514570417012, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=203, endPage=212, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1216517526826176921, articleId=1216517524179571045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Optimization of enzyme-assisted extraction processes of Eucommia ulmoides leaf extract and its hepatoprotective activity study, columnId=1151923894560060071, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Nutrition and Functional Foods, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To optimize the enzyme-assisted extraction process of Eucommia ulmoides leaf extract, and evaluate its antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities. Methods Using Eucommia ulmoides leaves as raw material, the enzyme-assisted extraction technique was employed to optimize the extraction process. The antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated through 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine (DPPH) radical scavenging rate, hydroxyl radical scavenging rate, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging rate, and total antioxidant capacity assays. The hepatoprotective activity was assessed using a zebrafish model. Results Under the conditions of a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:20 (g:mL), enzymolysis temperature of 50 °C, enzymolysis time of 4 h, and enzyme dosage of 3%, the yield of Eucommia ulmoides leaf extract was 32.15%±0.36%, with a theoretical yield of 31.781%. The small difference between the actual and theoretical yields indicates the reliability of the extraction parameters. In vitro antioxidant activity tests showed that, within the experimental mass concentration range, the extract exhibited significant antioxidant activity, effectively scavenging DPPH radicals, hydroxyl radicals, and ABTS radicals. Zebrafish experiments demonstrated that the extract at mass concentrations of 100 μg/mL and 200 μg/mL protected against thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver injury, indicating notable hepatoprotective activity. Conclusion The Eucommia ulmoides leaf extract obtained through enzyme-assisted extraction possesses excellent antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities. This study provides technical support for the further application and promotion of Eucommia ulmoides leaves in the food field.

, correspAuthors=Li LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shu-Xian WANG, Yan-Zhen CHEN, Ying FAN, Dan-Lei XU, Jian-Teng WEI, Li LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1216517530500387454, articleId=1216517524179571045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=杜仲叶水提物酶辅助提取工艺优化及其护肝活性研究, columnId=1151923894698472105, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品营养及功能性食品, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 优化杜仲叶水提物的酶辅助提取工艺, 并评价其抗氧化活性和护肝活性。方法 以杜仲叶为原料, 采用酶辅助法提取技术, 优化杜仲叶水提物的最佳提取工艺, 利用1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine, DPPH)自由基清除率、羟自由基清除率、2,2'-联氮-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)[2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), ABTS]阳离子自由基清除率和总抗氧化能力等实验, 评价杜仲叶水提物的抗氧化活性, 利用斑马鱼实验, 评价杜仲叶提取物的护肝活性。结果 在料液比1:20 (g:mL)、酶解温度50 ℃、酶解时间4 h、酶用量3%条件下得到杜仲叶水提物的得率为32.15%±0.36%, 理论得率为31.781%, 差值较小, 说明提取工艺参数可靠。体外抗氧化活性表明, 在实验浓度范围内, 杜仲叶水提物具有显著的抗氧化活性, 对DPPH自由基、羟自由基、ABTS阳离子自由基均有良好的清除作用。斑马鱼实验结果表明, 杜仲叶水提物在100 μg/mL和200 μg/mL的质量浓度能够保护硫代乙酰胺(thioacetamide, TAA)诱导的肝损伤, 具有显著的护肝活性。结论 通过酶辅助法提取的杜仲叶水提物具有良好的抗氧化活性和护肝活性, 本研究为杜仲叶在食品领域中进一步应用和推广提供技术支持。

, correspAuthors=李莉, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*李莉(1986—), 女, 硕士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为水生动物健康养殖。E-mail:
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王淑娴(1982—), 女, 硕士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为水产动物病害防治及绿色渔药开发。E-mail:

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王淑娴(1982—), 女, 硕士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为水产动物病害防治及绿色渔药开发。E-mail:

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figs=[ArticleFig(id=1217127903133881213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517524179571045, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effects of different extraction methods on the yield of Eucommia ulmoides leaf extract, figureFileSmall=I1VqVVQ2XNoki+CDhqj8jg==, figureFileBig=MzmUXpMLbELcu5ydyZSmqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217127903272293257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517524179571045, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同提取方法对杜仲叶水提物得率的影响, figureFileSmall=I1VqVVQ2XNoki+CDhqj8jg==, figureFileBig=MzmUXpMLbELcu5ydyZSmqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217127903393928087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517524179571045, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of the solid-to-liquid ratio (A), enzymolysis time (B), enzyme dosage (C) and enzymolysis temperature (D) on the yield of Eucommia ulmoides leaf extract, figureFileSmall=/nEvzEvVTLXmbVI3ypBlAQ==, figureFileBig=axC5KHdrgsaFZ+kbmAXfIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217127903523951522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517524179571045, language=CN, label=图2, caption=料液比(A)、酶解时间(B)、酶量(C)和酶解温度(D)对杜仲叶水提物得率的影响

注: 图中不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

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注: **表示与MC组差异极显著(P<0.01)。

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Factors and levels in the single factor experimental

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因素 水平
1 2 3 4 5
料液比(g:mL) 1:10 1:20 1:30 1:40 1:50
酶解时间/h 1 2 3 4 5
酶量/% 1 2 3 4 5
酶解温度/℃ 30 40 50 60 70
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单因素实验因素及水平

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因素 水平
1 2 3 4 5
料液比(g:mL) 1:10 1:20 1:30 1:40 1:50
酶解时间/h 1 2 3 4 5
酶量/% 1 2 3 4 5
酶解温度/℃ 30 40 50 60 70
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Experimental design of Box-Behnken

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水平 因素
料液比
(g:mL)
酶解时间/h 酶量/% 酶解温度/℃
-1 1:20 2 1 40
0 1:30 3 2 50
1 1:40 4 3 60
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Box-Behnken实验设计

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水平 因素
料液比
(g:mL)
酶解时间/h 酶量/% 酶解温度/℃
-1 1:20 2 1 40
0 1:30 3 2 50
1 1:40 4 3 60
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Design and results of response surface experimental

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分组 A(料液比)
(g:mL)
B(酶解
时间)/h
C(酶量)
/%
D(酶解
温度)/℃
得率
/%
1 20 3 3 50 30.51
2 20 3 2 40 28.55
3 30 3 2 50 29.01
4 30 3 3 40 27.52
5 30 3 2 50 29.59
6 20 3 2 60 28.55
7 40 3 1 50 27.63
8 40 3 2 40 27.17
9 40 2 2 50 28.32
10 30 3 1 40 25.22
11 30 3 2 50 30.39
12 30 2 2 40 26.02
13 20 4 2 50 31.31
14 30 2 3 50 31.08
15 30 2 1 50 26.60
16 30 4 1 50 27.40
17 30 3 2 50 29.01
18 30 3 2 50 29.36
19 40 4 2 50 29.59
20 30 3 1 60 26.48
21 40 3 2 60 26.25
22 30 2 2 60 27.29
23 40 3 3 50 31.77
24 30 4 2 40 26.60
25 20 3 1 50 26.60
26 30 3 3 60 28.78
27 20 2 2 50 28.67
28 30 4 2 60 28.21
29 30 4 3 50 31.77
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响应面实验设计及结果

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分组 A(料液比)
(g:mL)
B(酶解
时间)/h
C(酶量)
/%
D(酶解
温度)/℃
得率
/%
1 20 3 3 50 30.51
2 20 3 2 40 28.55
3 30 3 2 50 29.01
4 30 3 3 40 27.52
5 30 3 2 50 29.59
6 20 3 2 60 28.55
7 40 3 1 50 27.63
8 40 3 2 40 27.17
9 40 2 2 50 28.32
10 30 3 1 40 25.22
11 30 3 2 50 30.39
12 30 2 2 40 26.02
13 20 4 2 50 31.31
14 30 2 3 50 31.08
15 30 2 1 50 26.60
16 30 4 1 50 27.40
17 30 3 2 50 29.01
18 30 3 2 50 29.36
19 40 4 2 50 29.59
20 30 3 1 60 26.48
21 40 3 2 60 26.25
22 30 2 2 60 27.29
23 40 3 3 50 31.77
24 30 4 2 40 26.60
25 20 3 1 50 26.60
26 30 3 3 60 28.78
27 20 2 2 50 28.67
28 30 4 2 60 28.21
29 30 4 3 50 31.77
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Analysis of variance

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平方和 自由度 均方 F P 备注
模型 78.1400 14 5.5800 6.3700 0.0007 **
A 0.9976 1 0.9976 1.1400 0.3039 不显著
B 3.9700 1 3.9700 4.5300 0.0515 不显著
C 38.5200 1 38.5200 43.9900 <0.0001 **
D 1.6700 1 1.6700 1.9100 0.1886 不显著
AB 0.4692 1 0.4692 0.5359 0.4762 不显著
AC 0.0132 1 0.0132 0.0151 0.9039 不显著
AD 0.2116 1 0.2116 0.2416 0.6306 不显著
BC 0.0030 1 0.0030 0.0035 0.9540 不显著
BD 0.0289 1 0.0289 0.0330 0.8584 不显著
CD 0.0000 1 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 不显著
A2 0.1157 1 0.1157 0.1322 0.7216 不显著
B2 0.0996 1 0.0996 0.1137 0.7409 不显著
C2 0.6291 1 0.6291 0.7184 0.4109 不显著
D2 30.0200 1 30.0200 34.2900 <0.0001 **
误差 12.2600 14 0.8757
失拟项 10.9600 10 1.1000 3.3800 0.1257 不显著
净误差 1.3000 4 0.3240
总和 90.4000 28
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方差分析

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平方和 自由度 均方 F P 备注
模型 78.1400 14 5.5800 6.3700 0.0007 **
A 0.9976 1 0.9976 1.1400 0.3039 不显著
B 3.9700 1 3.9700 4.5300 0.0515 不显著
C 38.5200 1 38.5200 43.9900 <0.0001 **
D 1.6700 1 1.6700 1.9100 0.1886 不显著
AB 0.4692 1 0.4692 0.5359 0.4762 不显著
AC 0.0132 1 0.0132 0.0151 0.9039 不显著
AD 0.2116 1 0.2116 0.2416 0.6306 不显著
BC 0.0030 1 0.0030 0.0035 0.9540 不显著
BD 0.0289 1 0.0289 0.0330 0.8584 不显著
CD 0.0000 1 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 不显著
A2 0.1157 1 0.1157 0.1322 0.7216 不显著
B2 0.0996 1 0.0996 0.1137 0.7409 不显著
C2 0.6291 1 0.6291 0.7184 0.4109 不显著
D2 30.0200 1 30.0200 34.2900 <0.0001 **
误差 12.2600 14 0.8757
失拟项 10.9600 10 1.1000 3.3800 0.1257 不显著
净误差 1.3000 4 0.3240
总和 90.4000 28
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杜仲叶水提物酶辅助提取工艺优化及其护肝活性研究
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王淑娴 1 , 陈衍真 2 , 樊英 1 , 许丹蕾 1 , 魏鉴腾 2, 3, 4, 5 , 李莉 1, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品营养及功能性食品 2025,16(15): 203-212
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品营养及功能性食品 2025, 16(15): 203-212
杜仲叶水提物酶辅助提取工艺优化及其护肝活性研究
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王淑娴1 , 陈衍真2, 樊英1, 许丹蕾1, 魏鉴腾2, 3, 4, 5, 李莉1, *
作者信息
  • 1 山东省海洋科学研究院, 青岛 266104
  • 2 青岛农业大学特种食品研究院, 青岛 266109
  • 3 农业农村部特种食品加工重点实验室(部省共建), 青岛 266109
  • 4 山东省特种食品协同创新中心, 青岛 266109
  • 5 青岛特种食品研究院, 青岛 266109
  • 王淑娴(1982—), 女, 硕士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为水产动物病害防治及绿色渔药开发。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*李莉(1986—), 女, 硕士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为水生动物健康养殖。E-mail:
Optimization of enzyme-assisted extraction processes of Eucommia ulmoides leaf extract and its hepatoprotective activity study
Shu-Xian WANG1 , Yan-Zhen CHEN2, Ying FAN1, Dan-Lei XU1, Jian-Teng WEI2, 3, 4, 5, Li LI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Marine Science Research Institute of Shandong Province, Qingdao 266104, China
  • 2 Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
  • 3 Key Laboratory of Special Food Processing (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture Rural Affairs, Qingdao 266109, China
  • 4 Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Special Food, Qingdao 266109, China
  • 5 Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao 266109, China
出版时间: 2025-08-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250401001
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目的 优化杜仲叶水提物的酶辅助提取工艺, 并评价其抗氧化活性和护肝活性。方法 以杜仲叶为原料, 采用酶辅助法提取技术, 优化杜仲叶水提物的最佳提取工艺, 利用1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine, DPPH)自由基清除率、羟自由基清除率、2,2'-联氮-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)[2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), ABTS]阳离子自由基清除率和总抗氧化能力等实验, 评价杜仲叶水提物的抗氧化活性, 利用斑马鱼实验, 评价杜仲叶提取物的护肝活性。结果 在料液比1:20 (g:mL)、酶解温度50 ℃、酶解时间4 h、酶用量3%条件下得到杜仲叶水提物的得率为32.15%±0.36%, 理论得率为31.781%, 差值较小, 说明提取工艺参数可靠。体外抗氧化活性表明, 在实验浓度范围内, 杜仲叶水提物具有显著的抗氧化活性, 对DPPH自由基、羟自由基、ABTS阳离子自由基均有良好的清除作用。斑马鱼实验结果表明, 杜仲叶水提物在100 μg/mL和200 μg/mL的质量浓度能够保护硫代乙酰胺(thioacetamide, TAA)诱导的肝损伤, 具有显著的护肝活性。结论 通过酶辅助法提取的杜仲叶水提物具有良好的抗氧化活性和护肝活性, 本研究为杜仲叶在食品领域中进一步应用和推广提供技术支持。

杜仲叶水提物  /  酶辅助提取  /  抗氧化活性  /  护肝活性

Objective To optimize the enzyme-assisted extraction process of Eucommia ulmoides leaf extract, and evaluate its antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities. Methods Using Eucommia ulmoides leaves as raw material, the enzyme-assisted extraction technique was employed to optimize the extraction process. The antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated through 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine (DPPH) radical scavenging rate, hydroxyl radical scavenging rate, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging rate, and total antioxidant capacity assays. The hepatoprotective activity was assessed using a zebrafish model. Results Under the conditions of a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:20 (g:mL), enzymolysis temperature of 50 °C, enzymolysis time of 4 h, and enzyme dosage of 3%, the yield of Eucommia ulmoides leaf extract was 32.15%±0.36%, with a theoretical yield of 31.781%. The small difference between the actual and theoretical yields indicates the reliability of the extraction parameters. In vitro antioxidant activity tests showed that, within the experimental mass concentration range, the extract exhibited significant antioxidant activity, effectively scavenging DPPH radicals, hydroxyl radicals, and ABTS radicals. Zebrafish experiments demonstrated that the extract at mass concentrations of 100 μg/mL and 200 μg/mL protected against thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver injury, indicating notable hepatoprotective activity. Conclusion The Eucommia ulmoides leaf extract obtained through enzyme-assisted extraction possesses excellent antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities. This study provides technical support for the further application and promotion of Eucommia ulmoides leaves in the food field.

Eucommia ulmoides leaf extract  /  enzyme-assisted extraction  /  antioxidant activity  /  hepatoprotective activity
王淑娴, 陈衍真, 樊英, 许丹蕾, 魏鉴腾, 李莉. 杜仲叶水提物酶辅助提取工艺优化及其护肝活性研究. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (15) : 203 -212 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250401001
Shu-Xian WANG, Yan-Zhen CHEN, Ying FAN, Dan-Lei XU, Jian-Teng WEI, Li LI. Optimization of enzyme-assisted extraction processes of Eucommia ulmoides leaf extract and its hepatoprotective activity study[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (15) : 203 -212 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250401001
杜仲叶是杜仲科植物杜仲(Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.)的干燥叶。据中国林科院统计, 我国每年杜仲叶产量约有上千万吨, 杜仲叶资源丰富。传统医学证明, 杜仲叶性温, 味微辛, 具有补肝肾, 强筋骨等功效, 主治肝肾不足, 头晕目眩, 腰膝酸痛, 筋骨痿软等症[1]。研究发现, 杜仲叶内含有内脂、香豆精、生物碱、多糖、还原糖、有机酸、蛋白质、氨基酸和杜仲胶等成分, 其中有效成分有: 松脂醇二葡萄糖甙、桃叶珊瑚甙、绿原酸、杜仲胶、筋骨草甙、杜仲甙、山奈酚、咖啡酸、酒石酸、还原糖、黄酮化合物、生物碱等[2]。现代药理研究表明, 杜仲叶具有降血脂、降血压、降血糖、抗骨质疏松、抗肿瘤、抗菌、抗炎等药理作用[3]。2023年11月9日, 杜仲叶被列入“按照传统既是食品又是中药材的物质”, 说明杜仲叶不仅可以作为药材使用, 还可以作为食品使用, 据《中国杜仲产业蓝皮书(2023)》统计, 2023年杜仲叶相关产品市场规模达25亿元, 较2020年增长300%, 预计2025年将突破50亿元。相关文件的发布增加了杜仲叶在食品领域的应用, 对于杜仲产业的科技创新和高质量发展具有非常重要的意义。
杜仲叶中有效成分的提取方法主要包括常规提取法、超声波辅助提取法、微波辅助提取法、超临界流体提取法和酶辅助提取法等[4]。王润平等[5]利用超声波提取杜仲叶中的多糖, 结果表明该超声辅助水提工艺在优化后的条件下, 多糖提取物得率为2.66%, 多糖含量为23.21%, 经透析纯化后其多糖含量为58.75%, 该多糖对羟自由基和1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine, DPPH)自由基都有较好的清除作用。李旭等[6]利用微波辅助提取技术, 优化了杜仲叶总黄酮的工艺参数, 在此条件下柚皮苷、橙皮苷的得率分别达到69.02 mg/g、4.96 mg/g。刘霞等[7]利用酶法辅助聚二乙醇法提取杜仲叶中的绿原酸, 绿原酸提取率可达3.15%。酶解法作为一种辅助提取技术, 近年来被广泛应用于天然产物有效成分的提取[8]。田伟娜等[9]利用纤维素酶提取青萝卜中的多糖, 发现酶解辅助提取法得到青萝卜多糖的提取率明显高于超声提取和热水提取。钟烜钰等[10]利用超声辅助酶解法提取火龙果皮中的结合酚, 结果表明利用复合酶酶解得到的结合酚含量和活性均高于传统的提取方法。王唯力等[11]利用超声酶解法提取桑叶中的功能物质, 结果显示超声酶解法能有效提高桑叶中黄酮、生物碱和多糖的提取含量, 且复合酶效果最好。天然产物有效成分的活性评价方法主要包括化学水平、细胞学水平和动物学水平, 斑马鱼是一种模式生物, 由于其具有便于观察、繁殖能力强、实验周期短、吸收药物快、代谢系统完备等特点, 广泛应用于药物的高通量筛选, 因此本研究选择斑马鱼作为检测护肝活性的模型。
鉴于酶辅助提取技术的优点, 本研究利用酶辅助回流提取技术, 以浸膏得率为指标, 通过单因素实验、正交实验、料液比、酶量、酶解温度、酶解时间对杜仲叶水提物得率的影响, 优化杜仲叶水提物的酶辅助回流提取工艺, 并评价其抗氧化活性和护肝活性, 为杜仲叶在食品领域中的应用和推广提供技术支持。
杜仲叶, 采自山东省东营市农高区; 转基因品系斑马鱼Tg (L-FABP: EGFP)品系由山东省科学院生物研究所斑马鱼药物筛选平台提供, 实验经山东省科学院生物研究所实验动物福利伦理委员会审批, 所有操作遵循《关于善待实验动物的指导性意见》(科技部2006年)要求。实验鱼饲养于AAALAC认证设施(水温28 ℃±1 ℃, pH 7.0~7.5), 处死采用MS-222麻醉后断髓法。
硫代乙酰胺(thioacetamide, TAA)(美国Sigma-Alrdich公司); DPPH(美国ALDRICH公司); 甲基纤维素、纤维素酶(10000 U/g)、果胶酶(30000 U/g)(上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司); 羟自由基测试试剂盒、总抗氧化能力检测试剂盒(ferric reducing antioxidant power, FRAP法)、总抗氧化能力检测试剂盒[2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulfonic acid), ABTS法](南京建成生物工程研究所); 20×磷酸盐缓冲溶液(phosphate buffered solution, PBS)缓冲液培养板(北京索莱宝科技有限公司); 培养板(上海晶安生物科技有限公司)。
5810R高速离心机(德国艾本德股份有限公司); DHG-9070股风干燥机(上海一恒科学仪器有限公司); AX224ZH电子天平(精度为0.0001 g, 美国奥豪斯国际贸易有限公司); SpectraMax Plus 384全波长酶标仪(上海美谷分子仪器有限公司); SZX16型荧光显微镜、DP2-BSW图像采集系统、X51型倒置显微镜(日本Olympus公司); Forma 3111型水套式CO2培养箱(美国Forma公司); 斑马鱼养殖饲养设备(北京爱生科技公司)。
将杜仲叶粉碎后加入到纯水中, 将复合酶先溶解于少量纯水中, 然后加入到杜仲叶提取液中, 搅拌均匀, 孵育, 热回流提取, 离心取上清液, 浓缩后烘干, 得杜仲叶水提物。
回流提取法[12]: 取10 g杜仲叶粉于500 mL圆底烧瓶中, 按1:30 (g:mL, 下同)的料液比加入纯水, 煮沸回流1 h, 提取液12000 r/min离心10 min, 取上清液减压浓缩, 烘干后, 得到杜仲叶水提物1。
酶解提取法[13]: 取10 g杜仲叶粉于500 mL圆底烧瓶中, 按1:30的料液比加入蒸馏水, 并按照3%的比例(m:m)加入复合酶(纤维素酶:果胶酶=1:1), 50 ℃孵育1 h, 提取液12000 r/min离心10 min, 取上清液减压浓缩, 烘干后, 得到杜仲叶水提物2。
酶辅助回流提取法[11,14]: 取10 g杜仲叶粉于500 mL圆底烧瓶中, 按1:30的料液比加入蒸馏水, 并按照3%的比例(m:m)加入复合酶(纤维素酶:果胶酶=1:1), 50 ℃孵育2 h, 再煮沸回流1 h, 提取液12000 r/min离心10 min, 取上清液减压浓缩, 烘干后, 得到杜仲叶水提物3。
(1)单因素实验
酶解时间2 h, 酶量3%, 酶解温度50 ℃, 研究料液比对杜仲叶水提物得率的影响。
料液比1:30 (g:mL), 酶量3%, 酶解温度50 ℃, 研究酶解时间对杜仲叶水提物得率的影响。
料液比1:30 (g:mL), 酶解时间2 h, 酶解温度50 ℃, 研究酶量对杜仲叶水提物得率的影响。
料液比1:30 (g:mL), 酶解时间2 h, 酶量3%, 研究酶解温度对杜仲叶水提物得率的影响。单因素实验因素及水平见表1
(2)杜仲叶水提物提取工艺优化
本研究运用Design-Expert 13.0.1.0软件进行实验设计与分析。在前期单因素实验的指导下, 选取料液比、酶解时间、酶量和酶解温度4个关键参数作为考察因素, 每个因素设置3个水平, 构建4因素3水平的实验体系。采用Box-Behnken实验设计方法, 以杜仲叶水提物的得率作为评价指标, 开展响应面优化实验。具体因素水平设置详见表2
(1)杜仲叶水提物对DPPH自由基清除能力
参考文献[15]的方法测定杜仲叶水提物对DPPH自由基清除能力, 0.5 mL的杜仲叶提取物溶液与2.4 mL的DPPH乙醇溶液(0.1 mmol/L)混匀后, 加入1.1 mL蒸馏水于37 ℃避光反应30 min, 取反应液在517 nm处测吸光度, 测定不同浓度下杜仲叶水提物的DPPH自由基清除率, 计算公式如公式(1)所示:
DPPH自由基清除率/%=(1-$\frac{{A}_{1}-{A}_{2}}{{A}_{0}}$)×100%
式中: A1为样品测定管的吸光值; A2为无水乙醇代替DPPH溶液的吸光值; A0为将样品换为蒸馏水测得的吸光度。
(2)杜仲叶水提物的总还原力
参考文献[16]的方法测定杜仲叶水提物的总抗氧化能力。首先配制质量浓度梯度为0.10、0.25、0.50、1.00、1.50和2.00 mg/mL的杜仲叶水提物溶液。取5 μL样品溶液与180 μL FRAP工作液加入96孔酶标板中, 充分混匀后于37 ℃恒温反应5 min, 随后在593 nm波长处测定各样品吸光度值。
(3)杜仲叶水提物对羟自由基清除能力
参考文献[14]的方法测定杜仲叶水提物的羟自由基清除能力。首先配制质量浓度分别为0.10、0.25、0.50、1.00、1.50和2.00 mg/mL的杜仲叶水提物溶液。羟自由基清除率的测定严格依照试剂盒说明书规定的操作步骤进行。将待测样品与反应体系充分混匀后, 使用分光光度计在550 nm波长处测定各浓度样品的吸光度值。根据测得的吸光度数据, 可准确计算出不同浓度杜仲叶水提物对羟自由基的清除率, 从而评估其抗氧化活性。计算公式如公式(2)所示:
羟自由基清除率/%=($\frac{{A}_{对照}-{A}_{测定}}{{A}_{对照}-{A}_{空白}}$)×100%
式中: A测定为样品组吸光值; A对照为对照组吸光值; A空白为空白组吸光值。
(4)杜仲叶水提物对ABTS阳离子自由基清除能力
参考文献[17]的方法测定杜仲叶水提物的ABTS阳离子自由基清除能力。首先配制质量浓度梯度为0.10、0.25、0.50、1.00、1.50和2.00 mg/mL的杜仲叶水提物溶液。取10 μL样品溶液与20 μL应用液和170 μL ABTS工作液充分混匀, 参照试剂盒说明书进行操作。将反应体系于室温条件下避光孵育6 min, 同时设置去离子水作为空白对照。使用酶标仪在405 nm波长处测定各样品吸光度值, 并按公式(3)计算清除率:
ABTS阳离子自由基清除率/%=$\frac{{B}_{空白}-{B}_{测定}}{{B}_{空白}}$×100%
式中: B空白表示蒸馏水与ABTS溶液反应后的吸光度值; B测定表示样品与ABTS溶液反应后的吸光度值。
参考文献[18]的方法检测杜仲叶水提物护肝活性。斑马鱼雌雄成鱼分别饲养在电导率为500~550 μS/cm斑马鱼饲养液中(通氧, 水温28.5 ℃, pH 7.5±0.5), 光照周期为14 h光照/10 h黑暗, 每天定时喂以人工颗粒状饵料和刚孵出的卤虫无节幼体。排卵前, 挑选2周内未排过卵的正常斑马鱼成鱼, 按雌雄比1:1比例置于交配缸内, 雌鱼和雄鱼以隔板隔开, 饲养过夜。次日清晨移去隔板, 让斑马鱼交配产卵。3 h后收集健康受精卵(将成团卵块吹散), 加入E3培养液(5 mmol/L NaCl、0.17 mmol/L KCl、0.33 mmol/L CaCl2和0.33 mmol/L MgSO4), 置于28.5 ℃培养箱中培养, 10 h后挑选死卵。每天更换培养液一次。选用发育正常的受精后3 dpf的斑马鱼幼鱼, 随机分为空白对照组(只加E3养鱼水, 用Ctrl表示)、造模组(用E3养鱼水现配制的终浓度为6 mmol/L的TAA, 用MC表示)、样品处理组(内含6 mmol/L的TAA以及样品质量浓度分别为50、100、200 μg/mL的杜仲叶水提物水溶液), 加入到12孔板中培养, 每孔10条鱼, 液体体积为3 mL, 设2个复孔。所有组别置于28.5 ℃培养箱中培养3 d, 每天更换新鲜鱼水和药物。培养结束后用养鱼水洗去残留药液, 然后将斑马鱼吸出, 用0.3% (g:mL)三卡因麻醉1 min, 在含有甲基纤维素的载玻片上将斑马鱼调整为左侧位, 在荧光显微镜下拍照。利用ImageJ-win32测量斑马鱼肝脏面积, 以空白对照的肝脏面积作为100, 计算各处理组的相对荧光面积并进行统计比较。
本研究采用Microsoft Office Excel 2019进行数据可视化与图表绘制; 实验数据的统计分析与建模通过Design-Expert 13.0.1.0软件完成, 该软件主要用于响应面分析的构建与优化, 对实验数据进行显著性检验和方差分析, 以评估各因素对响应值的影响程度及其交互作用; 采用GraphPad 7.0软件对护肝活性实验数据进行统计分析, 样品处理结果均与单纯造模组进行比较。
回流提取法、酶辅助回流提取法和酶解提取法提取的杜仲叶水提物得率, 如图1所示, 结果显示杜仲叶水提物的得率分别为21.76%、29.67%和17.94%, 表明酶辅助回流提取法提取杜仲叶水提物的得率高于传统方法。酶辅助回流提取法得到的有效物质明显高于回流提取法和酶解提取法, 可能是酶解促进细胞壁破坏, 加速成分释放; 回流提取通过持续加热进一步富集溶出成分, 而酶解提取法, 可能是温度太低, 导致有效成分溶出速率降低, 导致得率降低[14]
图2A的结果表明, 料液比对杜仲叶水提物得率具有显著影响。随着料液比的增大, 水提物得率呈现明显的上升趋势, 其中在1:20 (g:mL)至1:40 (g:mL)的料液比范围内, 得率增长最为显著。当料液比超过1:40 (g:mL)后, 得率的增加趋于平缓。这一现象可归因于在固定杜仲叶质量的前提下, 增大溶剂用量有利于提高目标成分的溶出效率[19-20]。然而, 过高的料液比会导致溶剂消耗量增加, 进而提高后续浓缩和回收的成本, 这对工业化生产的经济性不利。基于上述分析, 为兼顾提取效率和生产成本, 本研究选择1:20 (g:mL)至1:40 (g:mL)作为响应面实验的料液比优化范围, 以期获得最佳的工艺参数组合。
酶解时间是决定细胞破壁程度的关键工艺参数, 直接影响杜仲叶水提物的得率。从图2B可以看出, 随着酶解时间的延长, 水提物得率呈现明显的上升趋势, 其中在1~3 h的时间范围内, 得率增长最为显著。当酶解时间超过3 h后, 得率的增加趋于平缓, 表明酶解时间对得率的提升作用逐渐减弱。这一现象可能与细胞壁的酶解动力学过程有关: 在初始阶段, 酶解作用有效破坏细胞壁结构, 促进内容物的溶出; 但随着酶解时间的延长, 当大部分细胞壁已被降解后, 继续延长酶解时间对得率的提升效果将显著降低[21]。基于此, 为平衡提取效率与工艺经济性, 本研究选择2~4 h作为响应面实验的酶解时间优化范围, 以确定最佳的酶解时间参数。
图2C所示, 随着酶量的增加, 杜仲叶水提物的得率也呈现出缓慢增加的趋势, 这是由于酶量增加, 加快了酶促反应速率, 从而导致提取物得率增加。当酶用量达到3%后, 继续增大酶用量, 杜仲叶水提物的得率并没有显著性增加, 而是趋于平缓, 可能是酶过量后, 底物浓度有限, 从而限制了酶促反应的速率, 导致得率趋于平缓。因此选择1%~3%作为响应面的酶量条件。
图2D显示了酶解温度对杜仲叶水提物得率的影响规律。在30~50 ℃温度区间内, 随着温度的升高, 得率呈现明显的上升趋势, 在50 ℃时达到峰值30.84%。然而, 当温度超过50 ℃后, 提取率开始下降, 这可能是由于高温导致酶蛋白变性失活, 从而降低了酶解效率。在40~60 ℃的温度范围内, 得率始终维持在较高水平。基于实验结果, 同时考虑到工业化生产中的能耗因素, 本研究选择40、50、60 ℃作为响应面实验的酶解温度优化水平, 以期在保证提取效率的同时实现工艺的节能优化。
在完成单因素实验后, 本研究以杜仲叶水提物得率为评价指标, 采用Box-Behnken实验设计方法进行响应面优化。实验设计方案及相应结果详见表3。通过对表3中的实验数据进行多元回归分析, 建立了描述各因素与响应值之间关系的数学模型, 其回归方程如下: R=-36.85958+ 0.097267A+1.976B+2.94733C+2.23225D-0.03425AB+0.0575AC-0.0023AD-0.0275BC+ 0.085BD+3.9694e-16CD+0.001336A2-0.123917B2-0.311417C2-0.021514D2。其中, R代表杜仲叶水提物得率, ABCD分别表示4个考察因素(料液比、酶解时间、酶量、酶解温度)。该方程包含了各因素的线性项、交互项和二次项, 可全面反映各因素及其相互作用对得率的影响。
表4的方差分析结果表明, 所建立的回归模型具有高度显著性(P=0.007<0.01), 且失拟项不显著(P=0.1257>0.05), 说明模型拟合良好, 能够准确反映各因素与响应值之间的关系。通过分析各项系数的P发现, 在模型方程中, 仅C(酶量)和D2项对杜仲叶水提物得率具有极显著影响(P<0.01), 而酶解时间对杜仲叶水提物得率未产生显著性影响, 可能是当酶量达到一定阈值后, 体系中可接触的底物位点已被充分占据(即所有活性位点饱和), 此时增加酶解时间无法进一步提高得率。
进一步分析F可知, 各因素对得率的影响程度存在差异。根据F大小排序, 各因素的影响强度依次为: 酶量(C)>酶解时间(B)>酶解温度(D)>料液比(A)。这一结果为指导工艺优化提供了重要依据, 表明在杜仲叶水提物提取过程中, 应优先关注酶量的控制, 其次是酶解时间的优化, 而料液比的影响相对较小。
本研究所构建的回归模型具有较高的可靠性和预测能力, 进一步证实了该模型具有良好的预测能力, 可用于杜仲叶水提物得率的准确预测[22-23]。这些统计参数综合表明, 所建立的模型具有较高的可靠性和实用价值, 可为工艺优化提供可靠的理论指导。
为深入分析各因素间的交互作用对杜仲叶水提物得率的影响, 基于建立的二次回归方程, 绘制了任意两个因素间的三维响应面图及其对应的等高线图。这些图形能够直观地展示因素间交互作用的强度: 等高线越密集、响应曲面越陡峭, 表明两个因素间的交互作用越强, 对响应值的影响也越显著[24-25]
图3可以明显观察到, 在实验考察的范围内, 酶量(C)对杜仲叶水提物得率的影响最为显著, 其对应的响应面图呈现出明显的陡峭特征, 这与先前模型分析得出的结论高度一致, 而料液比、酶解温度、酶解时间对杜仲叶水提物得率的影响并不显著。这一可视化结果进一步证实了酶量在提取过程中的关键作用, 为工艺参数的优化提供了直观的依据。
通过响应面分析软件优化得出, 杜仲叶水提物的理论最佳提取条件为: 料液比1:21 (g:mL)(精确值20.709)、酶解温度49 ℃(精确值48.967 ℃)、酶解时间4 h(精确值3.936 h)、酶用量3%(精确值2.901%), 在此条件下预测得率可达31.781%。基于实际操作可行性, 将工艺参数调整为: 料液比1:20 (g:mL)、酶解温度50 ℃、酶解时间4 h、酶用量3%。经过3次重复验证实验, 测得杜仲叶水提物得率为32.15%±0.36%, 与理论预测值的偏差仅为0.37%。这一结果表明优化结果具有较高的可靠性, 所确定的工艺参数可用于杜仲叶水提物的实际提取生产, 为工业化应用提供了可靠的技术支持。
图4A所示, 随着质量浓度的增加, 杜仲叶水提物对DPPH自由基的清除能力呈现明显的剂量依赖性。当水提物浓度达到0.1 mg/mL时, 清除率达到34.20%; 随着浓度继续升高至0.4 mg/mL, 清除率显著提升至67.53%。然而, 当浓度超过0.4 mg/mL后, 清除率的增长趋于平缓, 表明此时已达到一定的清除饱和点。这些数据充分证明杜仲叶水提物具有显著的DPPH自由基清除能力, 且在一定质量浓度范围内(0.1~0.4 mg/mL)呈现良好的质量浓度-效应关系。王润平等[5]研究了杜仲叶水提物的抗氧化能力, 发现杜仲叶水提物在0.1~0.8 mg/mL质量浓度范围内具有明显的DPPH自由基清除能力, 实验结果与本研究结果一致。
采用FRAP法测定杜仲叶水提物的总还原能力, 其原理是基于抗氧化物质在酸性条件下可将三吡啶基三嗪铁(ferric-tri-pyridyl-tria-zine, Fe³⁺-TPTZ)还原为蓝色的Fe²⁺-TPTZ络合物, 通过在593 nm处测定吸光度来定量样品的总抗氧化能力[26]。如图4B所示, 在0.1~0.5 mg/mL质量浓度范围内, 杜仲叶水提物的总还原能力呈现明显的浓度依赖性, 总还原能力随浓度增加而显著增强, 当质量浓度达到0.4 mg/mL时, 总还原力达到1.04。当质量浓度超过0.4 mg/mL后, 还原能力的增长趋势逐渐减缓。这些结果表明, 杜仲叶水提物具有良好的总还原能力, 且在0.1~0.5 mg/mL质量浓度范围内, 其总还原能力与浓度呈现显著的线性关系。周昀菲等[27]研究了杜仲叶水提物的抗氧化活性, 结果发现, 在0.2~0.3 mg/mL质量浓度范围内, 杜仲叶水提物具有明显的总还原能力。
羟自由基因其极强的化学活性和穿透细胞膜的特性, 能够与多种生物大分子发生作用, 这一过程常常造成细胞内部结构的损害, 可能进一步导致组织损伤甚至细胞死亡。因此, 测定有效成分对羟自由基的清除能力成为评价其抗氧化活性的关键指标。如图4C所示, 杜仲叶水提物的质量浓度与羟自由基的清除率之间显示出显著的剂量依赖关系。在0.3 mg/mL的质量浓度下, 清除率达到了61.46%。随着浓度的进一步增加, 羟自由基的清除率增长趋于平缓, 这表明杜仲叶水提物具有显著的清除羟自由基的能力。
在氧化过程中, ABTS会转化为一种稳定的蓝绿色自由基阳离子。当这种蓝绿色的ABTS阳离子自由基水溶液与抗氧化剂相遇时, 抗氧化剂会与之反应, 使溶液的颜色逐渐褪去。溶液褪色的程度越显著, 说明抗氧化剂与ABTS阳离子自由基之间的反应越剧烈, 进而反映出该抗氧化物质的抗氧化能力越强。如图4D所示, 杜仲叶水提物对ABTS阳离子自由基的清除率呈现出明显的剂量依赖性。在0~0.4 mg/mL的质量浓度范围内, 随着浓度的增加, 杜仲叶水提物对ABTS阳离子自由基的清除率迅速上升, 在0.4 mg/mL时达到83.23%。此后, 随着浓度的进一步增加, 清除率的增长趋于平缓。这一结果同样证实了杜仲叶水提物具有较强的抗氧化活性。
肝脏标记绿色荧光的转基因斑马鱼Tg (L-FABP: EGFP)各处理组斑马鱼形态及肝脏荧光如图5所示, 空白对照组斑马鱼鱼鳔正常, 肝区饱满, 荧光图片显示肝脏形态完好。而造模组鱼鳔畸形, 肝区皱缩, 荧光图片显示肝脏面积缩小, 尤其是靠近鱼鳔方向的肝区受到的损伤程度更重。造模后, 100 μg/mL和200 μg/mL的杜仲叶水提物组出现30%~38%的鱼鳔正常、肝区形态完好的鱼。由图6可知, 中高浓度处理组与单纯造模组相比, 差异达到极显著的水平(P<0.01)。杜仲叶不仅能够保护TAA诱导的肝损伤, 而且还能够保护其他诱导剂如CCl4[28]、酒精[29-30]等诱导的肝损伤, 研究表明, 在CCl4诱导的化学性肝损伤模型中, 杜仲叶主要通过上调Nrf2/HO-1通路减轻氧化应激, 而对酒精性肝损伤的保护则更依赖于调控PPAR-α介导的脂代谢改善, 这种多靶点作用特征提示杜仲叶具有广谱护肝潜力。
本研究采用酶辅助回流提取法对杜仲叶水提物进行提取, 并通过单因素实验结合响应面分析法优化提取工艺。最终确定的最佳提取条件为: 料液比1:20 (g:mL)、酶解温度50 ℃、酶解时间4 h、酶用量3%。经过3次重复验证实验, 测得杜仲叶水提物得率为32.15%±0.36%, 与理论预测值的偏差仅为0.37%。研究发现, 酶用量对水提物得率的影响最为显著。与传统提取方法相比, 酶辅助回流提取法不仅显著提高了提取效率, 还大幅缩短了提取时间, 降低了能耗和成本。本研究将斑马鱼模型应用于杜仲叶提取物的活性评价, 通过肝脏组织形态学观察, 建立了快速高效的护肝活性评价体系。体外抗氧化实验和体内斑马鱼实验均证实杜仲叶水提物具有显著的生物活性。然而, 本研究仍存在一定局限性, 如斑马鱼模型与哺乳动物存在代谢差异, 未考察长期用药的安全性等。基于此, 后续要建立小鼠等哺乳动物模型进行验证, 开展剂型优化和临床前安全性评价等。本研究为杜仲叶资源的开发利用提供了可靠的技术支持, 也可为其他药用植物的开发提供参考。
  • 山东省海洋科学研究院科研补助经费课题项目(2024SDMSRI0406)
  • 山东省重点研发计划项目(2023TZX054)
  • 中央引导地方科技发展资金(黄河流域协同科技创新)项目(YDZX2023014)
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2025年第16卷第15期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250401001
  • 接收时间:2025-04-01
  • 首发时间:2026-01-09
  • 出版时间:2025-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-01
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山东省海洋科学研究院科研补助经费课题项目(2024SDMSRI0406)
山东省重点研发计划项目(2023TZX054)
中央引导地方科技发展资金(黄河流域协同科技创新)项目(YDZX2023014)
作者信息
    1 山东省海洋科学研究院, 青岛 266104
    2 青岛农业大学特种食品研究院, 青岛 266109
    3 农业农村部特种食品加工重点实验室(部省共建), 青岛 266109
    4 山东省特种食品协同创新中心, 青岛 266109
    5 青岛特种食品研究院, 青岛 266109

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*李莉(1986—), 女, 硕士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为水生动物健康养殖。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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