Article(id=1216517521600069773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1216517514570417012, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250226006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1740499200000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767969978951, onlineDateStr=2026-01-09, pubDate=1755187200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767969978951, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767969978951, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767969978951, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1216517514570417012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='322', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767969977276, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768211590858, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217530915467743720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1216517514570417012, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217530915467743721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1216517514570417012, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=126, endPage=133, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1216517522808029367, articleId=1216517521600069773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Application progress of machine learning in agricultural product integrity monitoring and risk prediction, columnId=1151923892655846010, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Food Safety Risk Assessment and Risk Monitoring, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the face of global population growth and agricultural production pressure, as well as the serious challenges of agricultural product quality and safety issues, the traditional methods of agricultural product integrity monitoring and risk prediction have become insufficient. The rapid development of machine learning technology provides new solution ideas for agricultural product integrity monitoring and risk prediction. This paper systematically summarized the applications of machine learning technology in agricultural product safety risk monitoring (including physical, chemical and biological risks), agricultural product authenticity and traceability assurance, and agricultural product risk assessment prediction based on historical data. Machine learning technology undoubtedly improves the efficiency of agricultural product integrity monitoring effectively, realizes early detection and prevention of risks, and provides new solution for constructing a safer and more reliable food supply chain provides new solutions. Although these applications show great promise, there are still challenges to artificial intelligence in the field of agricultural produce integrity monitoring and risk prediction. Based on summarizing the literature, this paper further explored the prospects and directions of this trend, and presented the importance of machine learning model interpretability and trust issues, as well as problems in data acquisition and use, to improve the application of machine learning in agricultural product integrity monitoring and risk prediction.

, correspAuthors=Wei QIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ze-Bin LIU, Yu-Feng GAO, Xiao-Chu CHEN, Min-Xing HUANG, Wei QIN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1216517526440296727, articleId=1216517521600069773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=机器学习在农产品完整性监测和风险预测中的应用进展, columnId=1151923892995109553, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=专题:食品安全风险评估与风险监测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

面对全球人口增长和农业生产压力, 以及农产品质量安全问题的严峻挑战, 传统的农产品完整性监测和风险预测方法已显不足。机器学习技术的飞速发展为农产品完整性监测和风险预测提供了新的解决思路。本文系统总结了机器学习技术在农产品安全风险监测(包括物理性、化学性和生物性风险)、农产品真实性和可追溯性保障, 以及基于历史数据的农产品风险评估预测等方面的应用。机器学习技术无疑有效提高了农产品完整性监测效率, 实现风险的早期发现和预防, 为构建更安全、可靠的食品供应链提供了新的解决方案。虽然这些应用展示了巨大的前景, 但在农产品完整性监测和风险预测领域人工智能化仍面临挑战。在总结文献的基础上, 本文进一步探讨了这一趋势的前景和方向, 提出了机器学习模型可解释性与信任问题的重要性, 以及数据的获取和使用方面存在的问题, 以改进机器学习在农产品完整性监测和风险预测中的应用。

, correspAuthors=秦伟, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*秦伟(1974—), 男, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为农业农村法治研究。E-mail:
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刘泽槟(1988—), 男, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为农产品检测、食品安全风险预警研究。E-mail:

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刘泽槟(1988—), 男, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为农产品检测、食品安全风险预警研究。E-mail:

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刘泽槟(1988—), 男, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为农产品检测、食品安全风险预警研究。E-mail:

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机器学习在农产品完整性监测和风险预测中的应用进展
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刘泽槟 1, 2, 3 , 高裕锋 1, 2 , 陈晓初 1, 2 , 黄敏兴 1, 2, 3 , 秦伟 3, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:食品安全风险评估与风险监测 2025,16(15): 126-133
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:食品安全风险评估与风险监测 2025, 16(15): 126-133
机器学习在农产品完整性监测和风险预测中的应用进展
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刘泽槟1, 2, 3 , 高裕锋1, 2, 陈晓初1, 2, 黄敏兴1, 2, 3, 秦伟3, *
作者信息
  • 1 广东省科学院生物与医学工程研究所, 广州 510316
  • 2 中国轻工业甘蔗制糖工程技术研究中心, 广州 510316
  • 3 仲恺农业工程学院管理学院, 广州 510225
  • 刘泽槟(1988—), 男, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为农产品检测、食品安全风险预警研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*秦伟(1974—), 男, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为农业农村法治研究。E-mail:
Application progress of machine learning in agricultural product integrity monitoring and risk prediction
Ze-Bin LIU1, 2, 3 , Yu-Feng GAO1, 2, Xiao-Chu CHEN1, 2, Min-Xing HUANG1, 2, 3, Wei QIN3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510316, China
  • 2 Research Center for Sugarcane Industry Engineering Technology of Light Industry of China, Guangzhou 510316, China
  • 3 Management College, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
出版时间: 2025-08-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250226006
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面对全球人口增长和农业生产压力, 以及农产品质量安全问题的严峻挑战, 传统的农产品完整性监测和风险预测方法已显不足。机器学习技术的飞速发展为农产品完整性监测和风险预测提供了新的解决思路。本文系统总结了机器学习技术在农产品安全风险监测(包括物理性、化学性和生物性风险)、农产品真实性和可追溯性保障, 以及基于历史数据的农产品风险评估预测等方面的应用。机器学习技术无疑有效提高了农产品完整性监测效率, 实现风险的早期发现和预防, 为构建更安全、可靠的食品供应链提供了新的解决方案。虽然这些应用展示了巨大的前景, 但在农产品完整性监测和风险预测领域人工智能化仍面临挑战。在总结文献的基础上, 本文进一步探讨了这一趋势的前景和方向, 提出了机器学习模型可解释性与信任问题的重要性, 以及数据的获取和使用方面存在的问题, 以改进机器学习在农产品完整性监测和风险预测中的应用。

农产品完整性  /  风险预测  /  人工智能  /  机器学习

In the face of global population growth and agricultural production pressure, as well as the serious challenges of agricultural product quality and safety issues, the traditional methods of agricultural product integrity monitoring and risk prediction have become insufficient. The rapid development of machine learning technology provides new solution ideas for agricultural product integrity monitoring and risk prediction. This paper systematically summarized the applications of machine learning technology in agricultural product safety risk monitoring (including physical, chemical and biological risks), agricultural product authenticity and traceability assurance, and agricultural product risk assessment prediction based on historical data. Machine learning technology undoubtedly improves the efficiency of agricultural product integrity monitoring effectively, realizes early detection and prevention of risks, and provides new solution for constructing a safer and more reliable food supply chain provides new solutions. Although these applications show great promise, there are still challenges to artificial intelligence in the field of agricultural produce integrity monitoring and risk prediction. Based on summarizing the literature, this paper further explored the prospects and directions of this trend, and presented the importance of machine learning model interpretability and trust issues, as well as problems in data acquisition and use, to improve the application of machine learning in agricultural product integrity monitoring and risk prediction.

agricultural product integrity  /  risk prediction  /  artificial intelligence  /  machine learning
刘泽槟, 高裕锋, 陈晓初, 黄敏兴, 秦伟. 机器学习在农产品完整性监测和风险预测中的应用进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (15) : 126 -133 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250226006
Ze-Bin LIU, Yu-Feng GAO, Xiao-Chu CHEN, Min-Xing HUANG, Wei QIN. Application progress of machine learning in agricultural product integrity monitoring and risk prediction[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (15) : 126 -133 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250226006
联合国粮农组织报告指出, 预计到2050年世界人口将超过100亿, 全球人口每年大约增加9700万人, 世界粮食供应每年必须增加70%才能满足日益增长的人口需求[1], 不断增长的全球人口给农业系统带来了巨大的压力。与此同时, 为保障产量, 农业生产中农药化肥的广泛使用导致农药残留问题突出, 加之经济利益驱动下的掺假造假行为, 农产品质量安全形势不容乐观[2-3]。据世界卫生组织与联合国粮农组织统计, 全球平均每天有160万人因不安全的食品而患病, 每年约有42万人在食用被污染的食物后死亡[4]
构建科学高效的农产品完整性监测和风险预测方法对促进农业健康发展、保障农产品的质量安全具有重要意义, 也是提升食品安全治理能力和治理水平的必然选择[5]。随着新修订的《中华人民共和国农产品质量安全法》相关制度措施的有效落实以及“治违禁、控药残、促提升”三年行动等工作的实施, 农产品监测总体合格率稳中向好, 但短期仍面临农兽药残留、重金属污染等诸多方面的挑战[6-7]
农产品完整性监测工作面临复杂的挑战, 传统的农产品质量安全监测方法依赖人工检查和测试, 既耗时又易出错。为有效解决这些问题, 需开发更强大有效的监测系统, 实现早期发现并预防生产过程中的质量安全问题。人工智能和机器学习技术在此领域展现出巨大潜力, 能实时分析大量数据, 快速精确识别潜在风险或质量偏差, 优化监测重点, 以及预测未来的农产品安全事件, 帮助企业遵守严格的法规标准[8]
鉴于人工智能和机器学习在农产品完整性和风险预测实践中的革命性潜力, 本文综合分析了人工智能和机器学习在农产品完整性和风险预测领域的各种应用。从农产品安全风险监测方面(包括物理性风险、化学性风险和生物性风险), 到农产品真实性和可追溯性方面, 再到基于农产品历史数据风险评估预测方面, 每一个应用都代表着向更安全、更可靠的食品供应链迈进的一步。本文进一步探讨了充分发挥机器学习的潜力以促进农产品完整性监测和风险预测方面至关重要的前景和方向, 以期为机器学习在农产品完整性监测和风险预测中的应用提供参考。
人工智能技术是一门新兴的技术科学, 旨在研发用于模拟、延伸和扩展人类智能的理论、方法、技术及应用系统。它涵盖了机器学习和深度学习的所有范畴, 人工智能、机器学习和深度学习三者是逐层包含的关系, 如图1所示[9]。机器学习是目前实现人工智能一种比较有效的方式, 其核心在于创建和改进算法以及统计模型, 通过算法和模型让机器从海量的历史数据中学习和寻找规律, 进而构建出某种模型, 用于决策或预测未来。这一过程可理解为将历史数据转化为决策或预测结果的学习和输出过程[10]。传统的机器学习技术通常需要辅以人工特征提取方法。随着硬件计算能力和存储容量的不断提升, 机器学习的能力也得到了显著增强。通过引入更复杂的结构, 如多层神经网络, 机器学习能够实现数据的深度表示, 从而进一步提升性能。这就是所谓的深度学习。深度学习方法凭借其强大的特征学习能力, 能快速有效地解决许多复杂问题[11]
机器学习包括监督学习、无监督学习、半监督学习、强化学习和深度学习等学习方式(图2)。
监督学习模型通过对已标记好的数据进行学习, 在训练过程中通过修改内部参数来建立输入和输出之间的关系, 以减少预测输出和实际输出之间的差异, 可用于预测或分类新的未见数据。监督学习分为分类和回归两种类型[12]。监督学习的基本算法包括逻辑回归、朴素贝叶斯、支持向量机、决策树、线性回归、多项式回归等。使用监督学习算法的预测性维护能确保程序以最高效率运行, 减少停机时间和维护成本[13]
无监督学习由模型识别数据, 通过研究数据的固有组织, 找出数据中隐藏的分布模式、集群或连接。无监督学习适用于缺乏标记的数据、获取此类数据成本高昂或数据的底层结构尚未完全理解的情况, 无监督学习的方法包括聚类方法、降维策略、关联规则学习算法等[14]。常用的聚类算法有K均值聚类和层次聚类。降维策略侧重于减少数据中的特征、特性或变量的数量, 包括主成分分析法和t分布随机邻域嵌入法等。
半监督学习利用一小部分已标记数据和大量未标记数据进行训练, 从而改善学习性能, 以提高模型的预测能力。半监督学习在实际应用中很常见, 因为它能够充分利用有限的标记数据。
强化学习要求模型通过与环境的互动进行学习, 并以奖励或惩罚的形式获得反馈[15]。强化学习的目的是通过与环境互动, 获得作为反馈的奖励或惩罚, 并相应地调整策略, 从而找出最有效的策略, 使一段时间内获得的总奖励最大化。
深度学习是基于人工神经网络模型的算法构造和训练模式, 通过多层的非线性变换和特征提取来进行数据的层次表示, 从而捕捉数据中的底层结构和特征, 对未标记数据进行有效的预测和分类。常用的深度学习算法包括卷积神经网络、循环神经网络、生成对抗网络、自编码器等。
农产品完整性是指农产品从种植、栽培管理、初加工、包装、储运到最终消费的整个供应链中, 始终保持食品的安全性、可追溯性以和信息真实性的能力。作为人类主要食物来源, 确保农产品完整性不仅关乎公众健康和社会稳定, 更是现代化农业建设的重要任务。
农产品质量安全风险主要包括物理性、化学性和生物性三大类风险。其中, 物理性风险主要包括农产品中的不良颗粒、杂质异物[16]; 化学性风险包括农药残留、兽药残留、重金属污染等; 生物性风险包括生物毒素、病虫害等。这些因素都可能对消费者健康造成潜在威胁, 需要建立有效的监测手段, 以确保农产品的完整性。
农产品不良颗粒、杂质异物监测是农产品加工领域中的一个关键环节, 对农产品质量有较大影响, 是决定产品是否优质的因素之一。传统的人工检测方法存在效率低、主观性强等缺陷, 而基于计算机视觉和人工智能的自动检测技术正逐渐成为主流解决方案[17]
计算机视觉技术在农产品加工质量控制中得到广泛应用, 通过识别缺陷农产品, 评估整体产品质量。DING等[18]通过改进的YOLOv8模型开发出轻量级绿茶杂质检测系统。该模型在保持高精度(精确度0.9379)的同时, 实现了1362.7FPS的检测速度, 显著提升了检测效率并降低了计算资源需求。这一研究体现了当前模型轻量化的发展趋势。
太赫兹成像技术凭借其独特的物理特性(如强穿透性、宽带性等)和与农产品成分的良好相互作用, 展现出巨大的应用潜力。LI等[19]创新性地结合RetinaNet和人工蜂鸟算法, 开发的太赫兹成像系统在小麦杂质分类任务中表现出色, 各项评价指标均优于其他检测和分类模型。SOMAYEH等[20]比较了多种图像处理算法在鹰嘴豆杂质检测中的表现, 其中人工神经网络模型的总体准确率(94.4%)优于线性判别分析(91.6%)和支持向量机(88.5%), 证实了深度学习在传统检测任务中的优势。
机器学习在农产品杂质检测的应用中正朝着多模态数据融合、深度学习与经典算法结合的方向发展。LI等[21]通过融合深度可分离卷积与注意力机制, 构建了高效的甘蔗杂质检测系统。该系统在破损率(R2=0.976)和杂质率(R2=0.968)预测方面表现出色, 平均相对误差分别控制在11.3%和6.5%, 实现了高精度智能检测。
模型轻量化设计、新型传感技术应用以及多算法融合创新等技术进步为农产品质量检测提供了更高效、精准的解决方案, 推动了质量控制从人工向智能化的转型。未来, 随着边缘计算和5G技术的发展, 实时在线检测系统将成为重要发展方向。
农产品的化学性安全风险主要包括农药残留、兽药残留和重金属。随着现代农业的发展, 农兽药的使用日益普遍, 但其毒性可能对农产品安全构成威胁。机器学习结合光谱技术可实现农兽药残留和重金属的无损检测, 显著提升检测效率[22]
KASAMPALIS等[23]利用可见/近红外光谱技术对未施用农药和施用了农药的生菜植株进行鉴别, 采用遗传算法和投影变量重要度对11个不同区域和9个特定波长进行评分, 分类准确率在94%~99%。该研究不仅验证了光谱技术对鉴别新鲜农产品是否含有农药的可靠性, 还通过生物特征波长识别为农药作用机制研究提供了新思路。TAN等[24]采用可见近红外/短波红外-高光谱成像技术对哈密瓜进行农药残留检测, 利用生成式对抗网络扩展数据集, 解决了小样本条件下模型过拟合的问题。结果表明, 基于支持向量回归的模型表现最佳(R2p=0.8714)。陈珏等[25]结合荧光光谱技术与机器学习算法建立了大白菜中吡虫啉含量的快速检测方法。经麻雀搜索算法优化后的模型拥有最佳的预测效果, 测试集决定系数达到0.9234, 均方根误差为0.4129, 为蔬菜中农药残留快速检测提供了新的思路。JIANG等[26]基于高光谱成像(400~1000 nm)和卷积神经网络, 实现了牛肉中兽药残留的快速识别, 准确率达91.6%。STEFANMIHAI等[27]通过逐步回归与随机森林结合的方法预测多宝鱼组织中11种重金属浓度, 模型预测准确率超过70%。XIN等[28]利用荧光高光谱技术和深度学习检测生菜叶片铅的含量, 优化后的模型Rp2为0.9467。未来, Transformer、联邦学习、边缘智能等新兴技术将进一步推动化学风险检测向多模态数据融合方向发展, 实现更高效、低成本的食品安全监测。
生物毒素和害虫是农产品生物性风险的主要来源。CHAKRABORTY等[29]采用高光谱成像技术检测玉米黄曲霉毒素B1, 使用K邻近模型的分类准确率为98.2%, 机器学习算法的选择关键在于选择得当, 即使是相对简单的算法, 也能在检测中表现出良好的性能。WANG等[30]利用贝叶斯网络模型预测蓝贻贝中腹泻性贝类毒素的短期变化, 使用班特里湾10个生产基地2014—2018年的数据进行训练, 并使用2019年的数据进行验证, 预测准确率超过86%, 可作为预警系统预测生产现场生物毒素浓度。
害虫是造成水稻、小麦、玉米等农作物重大损失的重要原因之一, 通过早期发现并鉴定害虫种类有助于采取必要的预防措施从而降低损失。AYAN等[31]提出基于遗传算法的加权集成方法GAEnsemble, 结合3个卷积神经网络模型的不同泛化能力提高害虫分类性能。分类准确率最高为98.81%, 有效解决农业场景中常见的类不平衡问题, 提升在复杂农田环境下的识别性能, 有助于农民在田间及时发现和分类害虫, 从而施用适当的杀虫剂来提高作物产量并减少害虫的传播。BAO等[32]改进RetinaNet网络(AX-RetinaNet), 提高了对复杂背景下茶叶病害的检测精度。茶叶病害检测的平均精度达93.83%。MARIAM等[33]通过迁移学习融合模型, 对番茄病害数据集进行训练, 并采用加权平均集成法实现番茄病害检测98.1%的准确率, 显著降低了对标注数据量的需求, 有效缓解了小样本问题。
这些研究表明, 机器学习技术在农产品生物性风险监测中具有高效、精准的优势, 为早期预警和防控提供了技术支持。
随着消费者对食品质量安全关注度的提高, 农产品的真实性(如地理来源、物种信息)和可追溯性(运输、储存条件)成为重要需求。然而, 受经济利益驱动, 市场上存在高值农产品掺假、产地伪造等问题。农产品真实性和可追溯性检测能在一定程度上遏制这种乱象, 以保证食品的质量和可信度[34-35]。区块链、5G、大数据和物联网等创新技术的融合为构建智能化的农产品真实性和溯源体系提供了新机遇。
羊肉、牛肉因其丰富的营养价值和较高的商业价值, 常被不法商贩掺入低价肉类, 引发食品安全和文化宗教问题。ZHANG等[36]提出基于递归图与卷积神经网络的羊肉掺假检测方法, 对掺猪肉样本的分类准确率达99.95%~100.00%, 并且对掺假羊肉中猪肉含量的预测也具有较高的决定系数(R2为0.9479~0.9807)。该模型对冻融样品表现优异, 对解决冷链食品检测起到了关键作用。KUMAR等[37]开发的电子鼻系统结合分类和回归模型, 可在40 s内完成牛肉掺假猪肉的定性与定量分析, 模型准确率为99.996%, 效率较传统方法提升3倍。
脂质在不同食品中的组成与含量上的差异使得脂质可作为食品真伪鉴别的靶标。脂质组学已用于筛查食品脂质标志物, 为食品产地溯源提供了分子层面的依据。SHANG等[38]基于非靶向脂质组学分析研究比较了广东、陕西和内蒙古3个地区的山羊奶脂质成分, 共鉴定出16种脂质亚类和638种脂质分子, 并分析筛选出173种显著差异脂质和13种潜在的地域标识脂质(如磷脂酰胆碱), 为萨能山羊奶的产地溯源和质量评估提供了科学依据。LIU等[39]通过脂质组学分析了来自黄海、东海和南海的牡蛎的脂质谱, 发现45种可作为区分不同海域牡蛎脂质的差异标记(如黄海牡蛎三酰甘油含量最高), 建立了基于脂质特征的产地判别模型。
VIOLINO等[40]利用可见光/近红外光谱与人工智能算法, 对意大利和外国特级初榨橄榄油的分类准确率达94.6%。该方法成本低廉、无需样品预处理且快速, 适用于评估大量特级初榨橄榄油样本的来源, 对生产者和消费者均有益。多模态数据融合的应用很大程度地提升了模型的性能, 它超越了单一数据源的局限, 通过多维度信息融合显著提升了判别准确性。CUI等[41]结合高光谱数据和图像数据构建双塔模型, 对宁夏枸杞产地的识别准确率较传统方法提升了3.7%, 对最高品质的中宁枸杞实现了100%的识别率。该方法为传统数据融合范式提供了新的方向, 并为枸杞产业的稳健发展提供了重要的技术手段。王贞红等[42]基于高效液相色谱指纹图谱结合化学计量学和机器学习实现了不同产地黑茶的鉴别。基于支持向量机的机器学习模型预测准确率为90%。
未来, 多模态数据融合(如光谱+图像+区块链)将进一步增强农产品溯源系统的鲁棒性和普适性, 为食品安全监管提供更高效的技术支持。
近年来, 时间序列分析常用于揭示一种现象的发展变化规律或从动态的角度刻画一种现象与其他现象之间内在的数量关系及其变化规律, 从而预测未来的运行方式[43]。已在水文预报、金融学和海洋学等方面[44-46]应用并实现了较高的准确度预测。在农产品安全领域, 基于历史数据的机器学习模型能够预测风险概率、识别高风险环节, 并优化监管资源配置。这种“事前预警”模式正逐步取代传统的被动抽检, 成为食品安全监管的趋势。
周洁红等[47]利用2014—2022年全国生鲜水产品抽检数据(样本量>30万), 构建了可解释的风险预测系统。该模型量化了供应链环节、地区差异等关键因素的风险贡献度, 准确率显著由于传统方法, 实现了从“事后监管”向“风险预警”的转变。贝叶斯网络作为一种概率图模型, 在食品风险评估中展现出巨大的潜力。与传统回归模型相比, 贝叶斯网络能够更全面地描述变量之间的复杂关系, 并克服传统贝叶斯网络离散化带来的主观性和信息损失问题。针对进口食品违规数据的研究表明, 贝叶斯网络能够有效识别食品类别和进口重量等风险驱动因素, 克服了传统离散化方法的信息损失问题, 为风险预测提供新的见解[48]。相关研究[49-52]基于食品安全抽检数据创新性地将深度学习与时序分析结合, 分别利用卷积神经网络结合注意力机制的长短记忆网络模型预测蔬菜农药残留。基于Transformer模型对淡水产品安全风险进行评估和预测。利用Pyraformer模型实现小麦重金属污染分级预警。通过Informer神经网络模型预测大米的安全风险指标。这一系列的研究构建了从短期预警到长期趋势分析的完整技术体系。
YONAR等[53]应用ARIMA模型预测南亚国家的小麦产量趋势, 结果显示, 至2025年, 中国、印度和尼泊尔的小麦产量将有所增加, 而孟加拉国和巴基斯坦的产量将有所下降, 不丹的产量将保持稳定。该研究将时序预测方法与区域粮食安全政策制定直接关联, 为粮食安全政策提供了量化依据。SELLAMUTHU等[54]提出Q学习和循环神经网络混合框架, 用于预测蔬菜和水果中的农药残留水平。通过分析土壤、蔬菜和水果中的农药残留比例, 实现98.57%的预测准确率, 解决了传统Q学习在连续状态空间中的建模难题。通过循环神经网络作为函数逼近器来估计Q值, 实现了对农药残留动态变化的高效建模。
2023年中国农业增加值达19.85万亿元, 占国内生产总值比重15.34%, 凸显农业在国家经济中的重要地位。展望未来, 机器学习在农产品完整性监测和风险预测方面的应用将继续发挥关键作用。机器学习在农业行业的应用是无限的, 它将推动流程效率和定制化体验。这些技术已经在许多其他领域证明了它们的有效性, 改进生产流程, 改善产品监控, 预测和识别农产品的安全风险等。然而, 其实际应用仍面临若干挑战。
当前主流深度学习模型普遍存在“黑箱”问题, 缺乏透明度, 其复杂的非线性特征处理机制难以直观解释。将模型的输出解释为可理解的业务领域术语的能力, 通常在模型选择中起着至关重要的作用, 甚至超过对模型预测性能的考虑。提高模型的可解释性有助于提高模型的透明度、可信度和可靠性。未来, 可解释性机器学习的研究应继续普及, 可以将可解释性指标纳入模型评估框架。开发可解释性工具(如LIME、SHAP)并将其嵌入模型训练流程, 确保预测结果可追溯至输入特征。可解释性工具的开发可能增加计算成本, 或简化模型导致性能下降, 这也是需要关注的[55-56]
机器学习尤其是深度学习需要大量的数据进行训练, 获取可靠的数据集是一个难题, 而且数据收集和注释需要花费大量的时间和精力。因此需要开发更高效的数据收集工具和方法, 如使用无人机或部署低成本物联网设备(如光谱传感器、无人机)实现检测对象农田多模态数据(图像、环境参数)自动化收集; 建立标准化数据采集协议, 确保数据质量和一致性; 开发基于预训练模型的半自动标注系统。建立数据共享机制, 开发数据脱敏和隐私保护技术; 建立数据贡献激励机制, 鼓励研究机构和企业在保护隐私的前提下共享数据[34]
近年来随着深度学习的快速发展, 图卷积网络、卷积自编码器等先进模型在图像处理领域展现出显著优势。然而在实际应用中, 模型选择主要取决于数据特性与模型适配性问题以及模型性能评估与优化的复杂性, 复杂模型易过拟合, 需通过正则化或交叉验证控制; 而简单模型可能欠拟合, 需增加特征或复杂度。模型选择的本质是在数据、算力、任务需求之间寻找最优平衡点。可以建立多维评估指标, 包括模型性能、效率、可解释性、鲁棒性等。实施分层模型选择策略, 从简单模型开始逐步复杂化, 建立模型性能监控和自适应调整机制。采用数据增强和噪声注入防止过拟合问题, 开发轻量化模型架构避免计算资源限制, 开发领域自适应迁移学习技术[55-56]
随着自然资源的日益匮乏和气候的挑战以及人口的逐步增长, 农业生产正面临着前所未有的挑战。部署尖端技术解决方案以提高农业效率至关重要, 机器学习作为新一代人工智能技术的核心驱动力, 为构建智能化农产品质量安全防控体系提供了革命性的解决方案。本文综述了机器学习如何通过无损检测技术来识别农产品的缺陷或污染物以确保产品质量, 并且通过农产品真实性和可追溯性的监测使消费者获得更高品质的食物。同时, 在实现农产品的早期风险预测方面发挥重要作用。值得注意的是, 机器学习技术的应用仍面临着多重挑战: 模型可解释性不足制约了技术透明度和公信力; 数据的获取、质量、隐私保护以及使用规范等方面尚未完善; 针对不用农业场景的模型适配性有待优化。这些问题的解决需要建立学科间协同创新机制, 推动“技术研发-标准制定-产业应用”的良性循环。不同农产品特性, 模型的选择和优化亦需深入研究和探讨。随着边缘计算、联邦学习等新兴技术的发展, 机器学习将在智慧农业领域展现出更广阔的应用前景。本文最后呼吁采取行动, 继续进行研究、创新和合作, 使机器学习技术在建立安全的农产品完整性监测和风险预测方面展现巨大前景。
  • 广东省自然科学基金面上项目(2023A1515010998)
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2025年第16卷第15期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250226006
  • 接收时间:2025-02-26
  • 首发时间:2026-01-09
  • 出版时间:2025-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-26
基金
广东省自然科学基金面上项目(2023A1515010998)
作者信息
    1 广东省科学院生物与医学工程研究所, 广州 510316
    2 中国轻工业甘蔗制糖工程技术研究中心, 广州 510316
    3 仲恺农业工程学院管理学院, 广州 510225

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*秦伟(1974—), 男, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为农业农村法治研究。E-mail:
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占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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