Article(id=1216517520425668798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1216517514570417012, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250414001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1744560000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767969978672, onlineDateStr=2026-01-09, pubDate=1755187200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767969978672, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767969978672, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767969978672, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1216517514570417012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='322', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767969977276, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768211590858, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217530915467743720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1216517514570417012, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217530915467743721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1216517514570417012, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=84, endPage=93, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1216517521352610028, articleId=1216517520425668798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research progress on the application of nanomaterial-enhanced electrochemical biosensors for pesticide residue detection, columnId=1216517518575980656, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Application of Biosensors in Food Safety Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Food safety issues induced by pesticide residues pose multiple threats to public health, ecological balance and international trade. In this context, the development of novel analytical technologies featuring rapid response, high sensitivity and on-site applicability has become an urgent requirement in food safety detection. Electrochemical biosensors have demonstrated significant potential in pesticide residue detection due to their unique analytical advantages. Particularly, high performance sensing interfaces constructed with nanomaterials show remarkable improvements in sensor sensitivity, selectivity and stability through their high specific surface area, excellent catalytic activity, and superior electrical conductivity. This paper reviewed the working principle of electrochemical biosensors, focused on discussing the application of nanomaterials in constructing different types of electrochemical biosensors for pesticide residue detection, and looked forward to the future technological development, providing theoretical support and research directions for building a precise and efficient pesticide residue detection system.

, correspAuthors=Bei-Bei DING, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Bei-Bei DING, Chuan-Bao LI, Yan-Fang HUO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1216517526784233876, articleId=1216517520425668798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=纳米材料增强型电化学生物传感器在农药残留检测中的应用研究进展, columnId=1216517518756335730, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=专题:生物传感器在食品安全检测中的应用, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

农药残留引发的食品安全问题对公众健康、生态平衡及国际贸易等构成多重威胁。在此背景下, 开发快速响应、高灵敏度检测和现场适用性的新型分析技术已成为食品安全检测领域的迫切需求。电化学生物传感器凭借其独特的分析优势, 在农药残留检测方向展现出显著的应用潜力, 而基于纳米材料构建的高性能传感界面, 凭借其高比表面积、优异催化活性和导电性等, 显著提升传感器灵敏度、选择性、稳定性等。本文综述了电化学生物传感器的工作原理, 重点探讨了基于纳米材料在构建不同种类电化学生物传感器检测农药残留的应用, 并对未来技术发展进行展望, 为构建精准高效的农药残留检测体系提供理论支持和研究方向。

, correspAuthors=丁贝贝, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*丁贝贝(1985—), 女, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全质量管理及检测。E-mail:
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Application of nanomaterial-enhanced electrochemical biosensors in pesticide residue detection

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 电极界面 目标检测物 线性范围 检出限 实际样品 回收率/% 相对标准偏差/% 参考
文献






AChE/AuNPs/GCE 甲基对硫磷 4.6×10-5~5.3×10-3 mol/L 7.6×10-6 mol/L 生菜、卷心菜 100、
97
/ [11]
AChE/p-DSPAB/FMWCNTs/CPE 久效磷 3.00~90.00 ng/mL 1.00 ng/mL 菠菜 97.33~103.14 3.11~4.83 [27]
MOF/AChE/GNF/GCE 草甘膦 5.0×10-16~1.0×10-10 mol/L 1.3×10-16 mol/L 菠菜、生菜、
胡萝卜
91.0~106.8 <4 [28]
AChE/rGO/AuNPs/SPCE 甲基对硫磷 5~500 ng/mL 0.692 ng/mL 生菜、苹果 93.6~101.6 1.84~6.12 [29]
AChE/MWCNT/Au-rGO/GCE 辛硫磷 1.0×10-6~1.0×10-11 mol/L 8.185×10-7 mol/L 菜叶 91.0~110.0 / [30]







Ab/GQDs/SPEC 对硫磷 0.01~106 ng/L 46 pg/L / / / [34]
Ab/PEDOT-c-MWCNTs/FTO 马拉硫磷 0.1×10−12~1×10−6 mol/L 1.1×10−15 mol/L 莴苣 96~99 1.0~3.21 [35]
mAb-IMD/AuNPs/SPCE 吡虫啉 50~1.0×104 pmol/L 22 pmol/L / / / [36]
Anti-ATZ Ab/MWCNT-ZnO/GCE 阿特拉津 10 zmol/L~1 µmol/L 5.368 zmol/L / / / [37]








Apt/PB-AuNPs/rGO-AgNPs/GCE 啶虫脒 1 pmol/L~1 μmol/L 0.30 pmol/L 油菜、生菜 89.84~111.30 0.59~6.22 [40]
MCH/Apt/AuNPs/rGO-PANi/ GCE 啶虫脒 1.0~1.0×105 ng/L 0.15 ng/L 青瓜、红薯叶 94.5~98.5 2.6~4.9 [41]
Apt/AgCu/His-GQDs/GR/GCE 毒死蜱
克百威
多菌灵
1.00×10-2~1.00×103 pmol/L
1.00×10-1~1.00×104 pmol/L
1.00~1.00×106 pmol/L
3.2×10-3 pmol/L
2.3×10-2 pmol/L
2.9×10-1 pmol/L
黄瓜 99.3~100 1.1~3.8 [42]









MIP/AuNPs/GCE 吡虫啉 1.0×10-11~1.0×10-4 mol/L 3.3×10-12 mol/L 小白菜 91.86~102.25 1.98~3.19 [45]
MIP/GR/GCE 三唑磷 1.0×10-7~2.0×10-5 mol/L 4.3×10-8 mol/L 苹果 97.8~101 1.9~2.2 [46]
DUMIPs/MPS-Fe3O4@SiO2/MGCE 敌草隆 4.0×10-4~3.0×10-2 mmol/L 1.3×10-5 mmol/L 自来水、茶饮料、
大白菜
95~110 0.7~9.6 [47]
MIP-Au@MOF-235@g-C3N4/GCE 苯线磷 0.01~16.4 µmol/L 7.13×10-3 µmol/L 橙汁、番茄 94.7~107.9 <1.0 [48]
), ArticleFig(id=1217127902269854509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517520425668798, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基于纳米材料增强型电化学生物传感器在农药残留检测中的应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 电极界面 目标检测物 线性范围 检出限 实际样品 回收率/% 相对标准偏差/% 参考
文献






AChE/AuNPs/GCE 甲基对硫磷 4.6×10-5~5.3×10-3 mol/L 7.6×10-6 mol/L 生菜、卷心菜 100、
97
/ [11]
AChE/p-DSPAB/FMWCNTs/CPE 久效磷 3.00~90.00 ng/mL 1.00 ng/mL 菠菜 97.33~103.14 3.11~4.83 [27]
MOF/AChE/GNF/GCE 草甘膦 5.0×10-16~1.0×10-10 mol/L 1.3×10-16 mol/L 菠菜、生菜、
胡萝卜
91.0~106.8 <4 [28]
AChE/rGO/AuNPs/SPCE 甲基对硫磷 5~500 ng/mL 0.692 ng/mL 生菜、苹果 93.6~101.6 1.84~6.12 [29]
AChE/MWCNT/Au-rGO/GCE 辛硫磷 1.0×10-6~1.0×10-11 mol/L 8.185×10-7 mol/L 菜叶 91.0~110.0 / [30]







Ab/GQDs/SPEC 对硫磷 0.01~106 ng/L 46 pg/L / / / [34]
Ab/PEDOT-c-MWCNTs/FTO 马拉硫磷 0.1×10−12~1×10−6 mol/L 1.1×10−15 mol/L 莴苣 96~99 1.0~3.21 [35]
mAb-IMD/AuNPs/SPCE 吡虫啉 50~1.0×104 pmol/L 22 pmol/L / / / [36]
Anti-ATZ Ab/MWCNT-ZnO/GCE 阿特拉津 10 zmol/L~1 µmol/L 5.368 zmol/L / / / [37]








Apt/PB-AuNPs/rGO-AgNPs/GCE 啶虫脒 1 pmol/L~1 μmol/L 0.30 pmol/L 油菜、生菜 89.84~111.30 0.59~6.22 [40]
MCH/Apt/AuNPs/rGO-PANi/ GCE 啶虫脒 1.0~1.0×105 ng/L 0.15 ng/L 青瓜、红薯叶 94.5~98.5 2.6~4.9 [41]
Apt/AgCu/His-GQDs/GR/GCE 毒死蜱
克百威
多菌灵
1.00×10-2~1.00×103 pmol/L
1.00×10-1~1.00×104 pmol/L
1.00~1.00×106 pmol/L
3.2×10-3 pmol/L
2.3×10-2 pmol/L
2.9×10-1 pmol/L
黄瓜 99.3~100 1.1~3.8 [42]









MIP/AuNPs/GCE 吡虫啉 1.0×10-11~1.0×10-4 mol/L 3.3×10-12 mol/L 小白菜 91.86~102.25 1.98~3.19 [45]
MIP/GR/GCE 三唑磷 1.0×10-7~2.0×10-5 mol/L 4.3×10-8 mol/L 苹果 97.8~101 1.9~2.2 [46]
DUMIPs/MPS-Fe3O4@SiO2/MGCE 敌草隆 4.0×10-4~3.0×10-2 mmol/L 1.3×10-5 mmol/L 自来水、茶饮料、
大白菜
95~110 0.7~9.6 [47]
MIP-Au@MOF-235@g-C3N4/GCE 苯线磷 0.01~16.4 µmol/L 7.13×10-3 µmol/L 橙汁、番茄 94.7~107.9 <1.0 [48]
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纳米材料增强型电化学生物传感器在农药残留检测中的应用研究进展
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丁贝贝 1, * , 李传宝 2 , 霍燕芳 3
食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:生物传感器在食品安全检测中的应用 2025,16(15): 84-93
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:生物传感器在食品安全检测中的应用 2025, 16(15): 84-93
纳米材料增强型电化学生物传感器在农药残留检测中的应用研究进展
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丁贝贝1, * , 李传宝2, 霍燕芳3
作者信息
  • 1 淄博市周村区检验检测中心, 淄博 255300
  • 2 淄博市周村区人民政府丝绸路街道办事处, 淄博 255300
  • 3 潍坊学院化学化工与环境工程学院, 潍坊 261061

通讯作者:

*丁贝贝(1985—), 女, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全质量管理及检测。E-mail:
Research progress on the application of nanomaterial-enhanced electrochemical biosensors for pesticide residue detection
Bei-Bei DING1, * , Chuan-Bao LI2, Yan-Fang HUO3
Affiliations
  • 1 Zibo City Zhoucun District Inspection and Testing Center, Zibo 255300, China
  • 2 Silk Road Sub-district Office of Zibo Zhoucun District People's Government, Zibo 255300, China
  • 3 Chemistry & Chemical and Environmental Engineering College, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, China
出版时间: 2025-08-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250414001
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农药残留引发的食品安全问题对公众健康、生态平衡及国际贸易等构成多重威胁。在此背景下, 开发快速响应、高灵敏度检测和现场适用性的新型分析技术已成为食品安全检测领域的迫切需求。电化学生物传感器凭借其独特的分析优势, 在农药残留检测方向展现出显著的应用潜力, 而基于纳米材料构建的高性能传感界面, 凭借其高比表面积、优异催化活性和导电性等, 显著提升传感器灵敏度、选择性、稳定性等。本文综述了电化学生物传感器的工作原理, 重点探讨了基于纳米材料在构建不同种类电化学生物传感器检测农药残留的应用, 并对未来技术发展进行展望, 为构建精准高效的农药残留检测体系提供理论支持和研究方向。

农药残留  /  纳米材料  /  电化学生物传感器

Food safety issues induced by pesticide residues pose multiple threats to public health, ecological balance and international trade. In this context, the development of novel analytical technologies featuring rapid response, high sensitivity and on-site applicability has become an urgent requirement in food safety detection. Electrochemical biosensors have demonstrated significant potential in pesticide residue detection due to their unique analytical advantages. Particularly, high performance sensing interfaces constructed with nanomaterials show remarkable improvements in sensor sensitivity, selectivity and stability through their high specific surface area, excellent catalytic activity, and superior electrical conductivity. This paper reviewed the working principle of electrochemical biosensors, focused on discussing the application of nanomaterials in constructing different types of electrochemical biosensors for pesticide residue detection, and looked forward to the future technological development, providing theoretical support and research directions for building a precise and efficient pesticide residue detection system.

pesticide residues  /  nanomaterials  /  electrochemical biosensors
丁贝贝, 李传宝, 霍燕芳. 纳米材料增强型电化学生物传感器在农药残留检测中的应用研究进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (15) : 84 -93 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250414001
Bei-Bei DING, Chuan-Bao LI, Yan-Fang HUO. Research progress on the application of nanomaterial-enhanced electrochemical biosensors for pesticide residue detection[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (15) : 84 -93 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250414001
随着人们生活水平的提升, 食品安全作为重要民生工程备受社会关注。在农业生产中, 农药的规范化使用是保障农作物产量的必要手段, 但在农产品种植过程中部分农户对农药毒性机制、降解周期规律以及农药对农作物生长影响缺乏科学认知, 导致不合理施用滥用农药现象频发, 由此引发农药残留超标问题日益突出。农药残留通过食物链进入人体后, 虽微量摄入不会立即引发急性中毒, 但长期接触却可能造成神经、免疫及内分泌系统损伤, 甚至存在致癌、致畸风险。残留农药还会通过土壤、水体等破坏生态平衡, 并随食物链形成恶性循环。国际贸易领域, 发达国家日益严格的农药残留限量标准已成为非关税壁垒。我国出口农产品近年来频遭欧盟、日韩市场扣留或通报, 对我国农业出口造成严重经济损失[1]。面对这一严峻形势, 构建科学精准、高效灵敏的农药残留检测体系, 既是筑牢食品安全防线的技术基础, 更是推动农业绿色转型、实现可持续发展的关键保障。
传统农药残留检测技术主要依托气相色谱法[2]、液相色谱法[3]及色谱-质谱法[4]等实验室分析方法, 此类方法借助精密仪器设备在检测准确性和灵敏度方面具有显著优势, 但存在操作复杂, 检测周期长, 设备成本高昂及对专业技术人员依赖性强等局限性, 难以满足农产品流通环节的快速、实时、低成本检测需求。现阶段, 面临食品安全监管过程中农产品检测样本量持续增加、农药品种快速更新以及检测场景多样化的形势需求, 开发高效便捷的新型检测技术已成为重要发展方向。近年来, 基于纳米材料的生物传感器技术因其高效性、经济性和便携性等优势得到广泛应用, 其中电化学生物传感器尤为突出。
电化学生物传感器通过将特异性生物识别元件(如酶、抗体或核酸适配体等)以物理吸附、共价键合、层层自组装等方法固定于电极表面, 形成功能化传感界面。当目标分子与生物识别元件发生特异性结合时, 引发传感界面电化学参数改变。该变化经电极电子传递被转化为可量化的电信号(如电流、电位或电导率等), 再通过检测系统记录信号特征并建立信号强度与目标分子浓度之间的线性响应关系, 最终实现目标分子的精准分析[5]。其工作原理如图1
在电化学传感器构建中, 借助纳米材料作为基底或中间层修饰电极, 可以有效增强传感器的各项性能, 其信号增强模式及原理主要有: (1)表面积增大效应。纳米材料的高比表面积可显著增加电极活性位点密度, 能够提升生物识别元件固载量[6]; (2)催化效应。优异的催化性可加速目标物的氧化还原反应进程, 有效放大电化学信号; (3)电子传递加速效应。高导电性能够缩短电极与生物分子电子传递距离, 降低界面电子转移阻力, 改善电化学阻抗特性; (4)表面功能化效应。纳米材料通过表面功能化修饰引入官能团后, 不仅可避免纳米材料在电极表面聚集或脱落, 保持材料的分散性, 还能够定向固定识别元件使其暴露最佳活性位点, 从而实现与目标农药分子的高效精准结合, 减少非特异性吸附。
因此, 本文旨在概述电化学生物传感器基础工作原理及常用纳米材料(如金属纳米材料、碳基纳米材料等)特性的基础上, 总结基于纳米材料的酶传感器、免疫传感器、适配体传感器及分子印迹聚合物传感器4类典型电化学生物传感器在检测食用农产品中农药残留领域的应用研究进展。值得关注的是, 基于纳米材料的便携式电化学传感器在农药残留检测中也得到了应用, 最后对该领域未来发展方向提出思考和建议, 旨在为构建高灵敏度、高选择性的农药残留检测平台提供科学依据与技术路线指引。
在实际农药残留检测中, 常用于电化学生物传感器中的纳米材料主要包括: 金属基纳米材料、碳基纳米材料以及复合纳米材料[7-8]等。
贵金属纳米材料作为电极界面修饰的核心材料, 在农药残留检测领域展现出显著优势, 其中金纳米颗粒(gold nanoparticles, AuNPs)、银纳米颗粒(silver nanoparticles, AgNPs)和铂纳米颗粒(platinum nanoparticles, PtNPs)的应用尤为突出[9]。AuNPs凭借优异导电性、大比表面积和生物相容性等, 是目前应用较为广泛的金属纳米材料[10], 在电化学传感领域, AuNPs不仅通过高导电性显著提升电极表面的电子传递效率, 其纳米级结构还能扩大有效反应表面积, 结合界面工程合理设计传感器界面还能降低基质干扰。在实际应用中, 通过Au-S共价键定向固定生物识别元件, 确保对目标农药分子的特异性捕获能力, 而静电吸附作用则作为重要补充手段, 通过生物识别元件与AuNPs之间的电荷相互作用有效提升负载密度。薛瑞等[11]通过静电力将AuNPs和乙酰胆碱酯酶(acetylcholinesterase, AChE)逐层固定在玻碳电极(glassy carbon electrode, GCE)表面, 该研究中AuNPs不仅增强了酶的固定效果, 而且其优异的电催化活性也加速酶对底物的响应。AgNPs具有导电性和催化性能优势, 目前表面功能化修饰AgNPs在食品安全检测领域应用广泛[12], PtNPs则以卓越的催化性能实现信号放大并具有抗干扰优势。以上3种贵金属纳米材料在实际应用中需综合考量目标农药特性、检测环境及成本预算, AuNPs作为通用型材料适用性最广, AgNPs和PtNPs则在特定检测需求中体现补充价值。
相较于贵金属纳米材料, 金属氧化物纳米材料(如Fe3O4、ZnO、CeO₂等)理化性质更稳定, 兼具高比表面积与良好生物相容性等特点。在各种金属氧化物中, Fe3O4作为磁性纳米材料典型代表, 具有超顺磁特性, 凭借高效磁分离与对靶向目标物高效吸附性, 已在农药残留检测中成功应用。在实际应用中通常对其采取表面基团修饰、无机材料修饰和有机高分子材料包覆等功能化策略制备复合纳米磁性材料, 以此提升其分散性和稳定性, 同时拓展理化特性[13-14]。ZnO因具有高稳定性、优异电化学性能、低成本及良好生物相容性等特点, 成为构建生物传感器的理想材料, 通过调控合成方法可制备纳米棒、纳米片及纳米花等形貌丰富的纳米材料, 这些特殊形貌结构可以显著提升传感器检测灵敏度, 从而实现对目标物的精准定性或定量分析[15], 例如FALLATAH等[16]开发了一种基于柔性多孔基底(碳纸和碳布)的生物传感器, 通过在基底表面生长形状可控ZnO纳米结构实现了对氧磷检测, 实验结果验证了纳米形貌对传感性能的关键调控作用, 灵敏度更高, 稳定性更强。CeO₂在农药残留检测中也具有广阔的应用潜力, WANG等[17]开发了一种基于CeO₂的双功能石墨化和羧基化碳纳米管复合材料, 并以此为基础构建了用于甲基对硫磷检测的电化学传感器, 其中CeO₂具有强催化能力, 其与磷酸基团的亲和性, 实现了甲基对硫磷的高效富集, 检出限低至0.0285 μmol/L, 用于实际样品检测时, 回收率95.8%~100.7%, 相对标准偏差1.71%~4.25%, 证明该传感器设计的可靠性与实用性。
金属-有机框架材料(metal-organic frameworks, MOFs)是由金属离子与有机配体通过配位作用组装而成的多孔聚合物, 其超高比表面积、可调孔隙结构等独特的结构优势使其在电化学传感领域应用广泛[18]。首先, 其多孔框架不仅能高效负载生物识别元件, 还能通过配体上的活性位点增强识别元件与目标分子的相互作用, 显著提升传感器的信号响应能力; 其次, 通过结构设计, MOFs可以针对特定农药分子构建空间匹配的分子识别空腔, 构建基于主-客体相互作用提高目标分子的选择性捕获, 同时, MOFs与其他纳米材料复合不仅能显著提升催化活性, 还能克服导电性不足的缺陷, 延长电极使用寿命。
石墨烯(graphene, GR)是由sp2杂化碳原子构成的二维蜂窝状材料, 具有优良的导电性和生物相容性, 其独特的单原子层结构使其具有超大比表面积, 由共轭π键形成的芳香环体系可以提供丰富活性位点, 基于此, GR材料展现出优异的分子负载能力。但GR片层间存在较强的范德华力, 易发生团聚现象。研究者通过功能化改性方法, 如制备氧化石墨烯(graphene oxide, GO)或还原氧化石墨烯(reduced graphene oxide, rGO)有效改善其实用性, 这些衍生物在保留了GR本征特征的同时, 表面引入的羟基、环氧基和羧基等含氧官能团显著提升了材料的电化学活性、亲水性和分散性, 从而为构建高性能生物传感器提供了新途径[19]。石墨烯量子点(graphene quantum dots, GQDs)是一种二维平面尺寸小于100 nm的石墨烯片段, 除了具有GR优良特性外, 其表面折叠和褶皱少, 不易聚集, 具有更优良的分散性, 其量子限域效应和边界效应呈现出特殊的物化特性, 这些特性使GQDs在生物传感器领域有重要应用价值[20]
碳纳米管(carbon nanotube, CNT)在增强导电性和化学稳定性方面同样具有显著优势, 在传感器中常被用作电极修饰材料, 主要有单壁碳纳米管(single-walled carbon nanotube, SWCNT)和多壁碳纳米管(multi-walled carbon nanotube, MWCNT)两种类型, 其性能差异显著影响传感器应用场景。SWCNT的单层结构具有超高比表面积, 可负载更多生物识别元件, 适用于快速响应的电化学检测[21]。经可控化学修饰后, 其与生物分子作用精度显著提升, 此外合成工艺复杂带来的高成本与极端pH环境下的结构脆弱性, 制约了其大规模应用。相比之下, MWCNT是由多层GR卷曲而成的独特管状结构, 具有优异机械稳定性, 适用于重复性检测或高机械强度场景, 结合低成本规模化生产优势, 在商业化应用中占据主导地位。
作为碳基纳米材料的重要分支, 碳纳米角(carbon nanohorns, CNHs)独特的“牛角状”结构使其在材料科学领域展现出特殊的价值。相较于GR的片层状结构和CNT的棒状形态, CNHs具有更大的比表面积、更优异的稳定性和催化活性, 与此同时由于在制备过程中无需添加金属催化剂, 故不需要复杂前处理就可用于生物传感器。在2024年的研究中, PAN等[22]采用静电自组装技术构筑二维MXene/CNHs复合基底材料, 并结合导电聚合物聚吡咯(polypyrrole, PPy)对AChE进行协同固载, 成功构建了高灵敏度检测甲基对硫磷的电化学传感器, 该传感装置展现出0.002~346 ng/mL的宽域响应特性及低至0.00021 ng/mL的检出限, 其优异性能充分验证了CNHs在生物分子识别领域独特的界面增强效应与催化调控优势, 为纳米碳材料在生物传感方向的应用开辟了新维度。
在电化学生物传感器检测农药残留领域, 单一组分纳米材料虽展现独特优势, 然而其实际应用中仍面临诸多限制, 例如AuNPs因导电性和催化活性突出被广泛应用, 但存在易聚集、稳定性差的问题, 需通过表面功能化修饰改善其分散性和稳定性; MOFs凭借独特的结构特征受到青睐, 但在电化学领域常受导电性能不足的限制; GR虽具优异导电能力, 但片层间较强的范德华力易发生团聚现象。为此, 研究者更多采用复合纳米材料构筑策略, 通过多维功能调控实现系统性突破。结合本文, 复合纳米材料体系可分为3类, 即金属基多复合体系, 以贵金属与MOFs的异质结构为代表, 可以展现独特的催化与传感特性; 碳基多元体系, 如CNT协同AuNPs修饰的rGO, 可以实现导电性与比表面积的协同增强; 金属-碳基纳米材料杂化体系, 如AuNPs与GR的界面耦合。以刘丰等[23]开展的研究为例, 该团队整合MWCNT与AuNPs的协同电催化特性增强检测信号灵敏度, 实现了敌敌畏的准确性和经济性检测; 刘瑞琪等[24]利用具有褶皱形貌的SiO2纳米花, 采用原位还原法制备分散的AuNPs修饰的氨基SiO2复合材料, 构建了酶稳定的固定化载体, 基于此复合纳米材料制备的生物传感器在有机磷农药检测中展现出协同效应, 节约贵金属用量的同时, AuNPs的良好分散性暴露出更多活性位点, 进而加快电子转移速率, 提高了传感器的灵敏度和稳定性; 王洪等[25]开发了一种基于Co3O4@MWCNT复合材料的电化学传感器, 通过将该复合纳米材料负载于GCE表面, 实现了对白菜样品中杀螟硫磷的灵敏检测, 该传感器中两种纳米材料的协同效应显著提升了传感器的电荷传输效率, 使其对目标分子识别过程中展现出较高的灵敏度和稳定的电化学性能。这些复合纳米材料通过多维度协同效应显著提升传感器的检测性能, 此类复合材料能够在检测灵敏度、准确性及经济性等关键性能指标上实现系统性突破, 为建立快速、精准的农药残留检测技术提供了创新解决方案。
依据生物识别元件的特异性差异, 电化学生物传感器可分为酶基电化学传感器、免疫电化学传感器、适配体电化学传感器以及基于分子印迹聚合物(molecularly imprinted polymers, MIPs)的电化学传感器等[26], 下文主要阐述基于纳米材料在构建这4类传感器检测农药残留的作用机制、技术进展及实际应用成效。
酶基电化学生物传感器主要将特定酶分子固载于电极界面, 通过酶促反应引发电化学响应实现定量分析检测。该传感器以酶催化底物水解产生可测电信号为基础, 当目标农药分子与酶发生特异性结合时, 抑制酶的催化活性, 导致底物转化率降低, 从而使电信号随之发生变化, 最终通过电信号衰减程度实现农药残留检测。基于酶构建的电化学生物传感技术相对成熟, 在农药残留检测中广泛应用于有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类农药的检测, 具有灵敏度高, 响应快等特点。该传感器常选用AChE和丁酰胆碱酯酶作为生物识别元件, 此外有机磷水解酶可通过直接催化农药实现检测。
为提高电化学生物传感器的检测性能, 研究者们不断探索纳米材料对酶固定技术的改进。与薛瑞等[11]采用AuNPs高成本形成对比, 碳基材料因具有低成本、高稳定性等独特优势而受到关注, 杜平[27]利用功能化的多壁碳纳米管(functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes, FMWCNTs)与4-(2,5-二噻吩-1-吡咯)苯胺导电聚合物(poly-DSPAB)构建传感界面, 制备了能够对有机磷农药残留实时、实地、快速测定的新型电化学生物传感器, 该传感器中, FMWCNTs和p-DSPAB在碳糊电极(carbon paste electrode, CPE)上修饰, 不仅发挥了CNT的结构优势, 又增加了酶的稳定性和催化活性。
酶的高效负载始终是提升电化学酶生物传感器性能的关键策略, 尤其在低浓度检测、快速响应、抗干扰及长期稳定等场景中不可或缺, 而复合纳米材料协同优化成为突破方向。林京宇等[28]基于金纳米花(gold nanoflower, GNF)与MOFs协同作用的双重固定策略, 该策略通过两步酶固载法构建电化学生物传感器: 首先利用具有高比表面积和良好分散性的GNF基底初步负载AChE, 随后通过含AuNPs的MOFs基质二次包埋AChE。这种双重固定酶的策略不仅增加了酶的负载量, 同时也避免了酶聚集。另外双苯胺桥联结构的MOFs含有大量氨基官能团, 有利于保持AChE的生物活性。GNF以及构成MOFs节点的AuNPs具有优异的电子传导能力, 结合双苯胺桥联单元的本征氧化还原性能, 使电子转移速率和灵敏度均得到提高。这种方法成功解决了传统酶传感器固定效率低、活性衰减快以及界面电子传递阻抗大的瓶颈。
这种功能互补的设计理念在耿俊豪等[29]的研究中得到延伸, 该团队开发了rGO-AuNPs复合材料, 并成功应用于电化学酶传感器实现甲基对硫磷的检测, 通过将高导电性的AuNPs精准负载于具有高比表面积的rGO基底表面, AuNPs作为电子传输“高速公路”显著提升rGO的导电性, 而rGO则为AuNPs提供了高分散载体, 这种独特的协同增效作用不仅强化了电极-溶液界面的电子传递动力学, 更为生物分子的高效固定和信号传导提供了理想的纳米界面平台。汪明畅等[30]则在此基础上进一步构建了基于MWCNT/Au-rGO复合体系的高性能传感界面, rGO负载AuNPs进一步增强了电极的导电性和催化活性, 同时Au-rGO薄片状结构为MWCNT的吸附提供了较大的比表面积, 而MWCNT表面微小的缺陷使其能够为酶提供更多活性位点, 这种通过材料协同增效共同为电极表面提供了良好的微环境, 从而表现出更好的催化性能。上述研究共同证明, 通过调控纳米组分间结构设计与优化界面微环境, 可突破单一材料的性能极限, 显著提升生物传感器的检测灵敏度, 为高性能传感界面设计提供了重要借鉴。电化学酶生物传感器通过纳米材料的复合优化解决单一材料的局限性, 尽管取得显著进展, 但酶传感电极制备过程烦琐, 酶稳定性差, 其活性易受外界环境干扰[31], 仍需进一步研究。
电化学免疫传感器是基于抗原-抗体特异性识别原理构建的传感器, 相较于酶传感器通常仅能检测某类农药的总量或活性抑制水平, 免疫传感器可针对特定农药分子实现高选择性识别, 同时具备操作简便, 检测快速等优势[32]
对于电化学免疫传感器, 抗体负载量与抗原识别能力密切相关, 因此在保持抗体负载量与抗原结合效率平衡的前提下, 通常采用含活性官能团较多的纳米材料(如GO)或通过功能化处理纳米材料(如聚合物修饰)增加有效结合位点[33]。基于碳基纳米材料的研究基础, MEHTA等[34]利用功能化GQDs构建丝网印刷电化学免疫传感器用于检测对硫磷, 改性后的GQDs实现了电极界面电子传输速率提升和抗体定向固定。KAUR等[35]通过构建羧化多壁碳纳米管-聚(3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩)[carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes- poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene, PEDOT-c-MWCNTs]复合修饰氟掺杂氧化锡电极(fluorine-doped tin oxide, FTO)体系, 成功将马拉硫磷特异性抗体共价固定于电极表面, CNTs的管状结构提供高比表面积和羧基功能化位点, 实现抗体的定向固定。当目标物马拉硫磷存在时, 抗体特异性捕获导致电极界面电阻显著变化, 形成检测信号。实际样本检测时, 传感器在复杂基质下回收率达96%~99%, 检测稳定性与灵敏度均优于传统液相色谱法。
与碳基纳米材料形成技术对照, PÉREZ- FERNÁNDEZ等[36]采用AuNPs修饰丝网印刷碳电极(screen-printed carbon electrode, SPCE)进行功能强化, 将吡虫啉(imidacloprid, IMD)的特异性抗体固载于AuNPs层, 成功构建辣根过氧化物酶标记的IMD与游离IMD的直接竞争反应体系。基于AuNPs的引入, 显著提升传感器的响应性能, 在自来水与西瓜等样品中呈现出低基质效应。
在前述单一材料体系研究基础上, SUPRAJA等[37]通过将MWCNT与ZnO纳米纤维复合, 构建了新型电化学免疫传感器。该团队采用电纺技术将MWCNT嵌入ZnO纳米纤维修饰GCE, 利用肽键固定抗阿特拉津(anti-atrazine, Anti-ATZ)抗体, 成功实现对阿特拉津(atrazine, ATZ)的超灵敏电化学检测。实验表明, MWCNT的引入不仅弥补了纯ZnO材料导电性不足的缺陷, 更使电极比表面积增加了33%, 显著提升了抗体在电极表面的固定密度, 从而增加了ATZ分子结合位点的可用性。该传感器灵敏度达到21.61 (KΩ μg−1 mL−1) cm−2, 验证了复合纳米材料可突破单一纳米材料的性能瓶颈, 为开发超灵敏传感平台的设计提供了创新方向。
电化学免疫生物传感器在农药残留检测中具有重要应用潜力, 其显著优势在于实现高通量快速筛查和现场即时检测, 然而该技术仍面临多重挑战, 抗体稳定性较差(易受温度、pH等环境参数影响), 苛刻的储存运输条件导致使用成本增加且传感器使用寿命缩短, 因此很少用于实际样品检测[38]。此外, 抗体易与结构类似化合物有一定的交叉反应, 而高特异性抗体的筛选开发成本较高, 难以实现农药种类的全面覆盖; 多靶标同步检测技术还不成熟, 复杂样本基质产生的非特异性吸附也会干扰检测信号准确性。
适配体电化学传感器是基于核酸适配体特异性识别原理构建的传感器。作为新型识别元件, 适配体是通过指数富集配体系统进化技术体外筛选获得的单链DNA/RNA分子, 可通过化学修饰或静电吸附固定在电极表面, 相较于抗体研发周期大幅缩短; 具有优异的热稳定性及耐极端pH环境, 适用于复杂样本检测; 在实际应用中兼具操作便捷, 重现性好及成本优势, 正在部分领域替代电化学免疫传感器[39]
纳米材料在电化学适配体传感器研究领域应用较多, SHI等[40]构建了rGO-AgNPs/普鲁士蓝-金纳米颗粒(prussian blue-gold nanoparticles, PB-AuNPs)双信号放大体系。该研究通过逐层组装策略, 首先在GCE表面构建rGO-AgNPs导电基底, 其多孔结构显著增加比表面积并放大电流信号, 为后续功能化修饰提供了理想的载体平台。继而采用电沉积法将PB-AuNPs催化剂负载于基底表面, 通过PB的电子中继作用与AuNPs的高导电性协同增强电化学信号。基于此双增强体系构建的适配体传感器, 在1 pmol/L~1 μmol/L的宽浓度范围内呈现优异线性关系, 并成功应用于生菜、油菜等农产品中啶虫脒残留检测。在SHI等[40]研究基础上, 罗丽红等[41]进一步优化了纳米复合材料的界面设计, 成功制备了AuNPs/rGO-聚苯胺(polyaniline, PANi)复合材料, 并将其修饰于GCE表面。随后, 通过Au-S键将啶虫脒适配体固定在电极上, 利用该复合材料优异的电化学性能以及啶虫脒与其适配体之间的特异性亲和作用实现对啶虫脒的高灵敏度检测。基于AuNPs/rGO-PANi复合材料修饰的电极因其显著增大的电活性表面积和优异的电子传导特性, 不仅为适配体分子的高效固定提供了充足的反应位点, 同时通过强化界面电荷传输有效提升了电化学检测灵敏度, 从而构建适配体生物传感的优化检测平台。两项研究均采用rGO基复合材料, 但罗丽红等[41]通过引入导电聚合物界面层, 在灵敏度与检测成本间实现了更优平衡。
在上述单一农药残留检测基础上, 徐丹等[42]构建了基于AgCu/组氨酸功能化石墨烯量子点(histidine-functionalized graphene quantum dots, His-GQDs)/GR三元复合纳米材料的新型电化学适配体传感器, 实现了农药的多残留检测。研究人员通过将His-GQDs作为桥梁载体, 有效改善了Ag、Cu纳米粒子在GR片上的分散度, 暴露出更多的活性位点, 提高了复合材料的催化性能。另外Ag、Cu双金属纳米粒子具备更优良的催化活性, 穿插到GR片层中间, 成功抑制了GR材料的层间团聚现象。适配体通过氨基与Ag、Cu作用固定在电极上, 该设计成功实现了毒死蜱、克百威和多菌灵3组分农药的同步检测, 其多残留检测能力较传统单靶标传感器提升显著。
电化学适配体生物传感器在农药残留检测领域展现出灵敏度高、响应快速和操作简便等显著优势, 但在实际应用中适配体数据库的构建滞后于现代农业检测场景的动态需求, 现有识别元件存在检测谱系偏窄的技术瓶颈, 制约了在复杂农药残留检测中的规模化应用, 针对新型农药衍生物及代谢产物的多残留同步检测能力亟待提升。
MIPs是基于分子印迹技术制备的仿生识别材料,其制备过程首先通过功能单体与模板分子结合形成特异性识别位点, 随后引入交联剂和引发剂进行聚合反应, 形成具有稳定结构的聚合物, 接着用洗脱剂洗去模板分子, 留下的三维特定空腔实现对目标分子的高特异性识别。与生物抗体或酶相比, MIPs具有优异的环境稳定性, 制备成本低且可规模化, 结构具有可设计性, 能适应复杂基质及可重复使用等优势, 在电化学生物传感领域展现出重要应用价值。
在电化学生物传感领域, 利用MIPs替代传统生物识别元件所构建的分子印迹电化学传感器, 因其优异的选择识别能力, 显著提升农药残留检测的特异性和可靠性, 展现出广阔的应用前景。赵玲钰等[43]以三氟氯氰菊酯为模板分子, 壳聚糖为功能单体, 基于电沉积法构建分子印迹电化学传感器, 成功实现了粮谷中三氟氯氰菊酯的检测。在此基础上, 秦思楠等[44]进一步优化检测体系, 依然以三氟氯氰菊酯为模板分子, 采用邻苯二胺和邻氨基苯酚作为复合功能单体, 基于电聚合技术在GCE表面构建了具有空间识别匹配和多重识别位点的分子印迹膜, 成功建立了对三氟氯氰菊酯及其结构相关化合物的高效鉴别方法。尽管上述研究通过功能单体优化和成膜技术改进显著提升了检测性能, 但由于部分MIPs具有导电性不足, 所以将其应用于电化学传感器需要掺杂其他材料, 一方面通过纳米材料的优异导电性提升传感器电子传输效率, 另一方面为MIPs薄膜提供高比表面积的负载基底。周强等[45]以吡虫啉为模板分子, 邻苯二胺为功能单体, 基于AuNPs修饰GCE表面, 成功构建了可特异性识别吡虫啉的分子印迹电化学传感器, 其中AuNPs高导电性与催化活性使传感器检出限低至3.3×10-12 mol/L。吴佳雯等[46]通过GR修饰GCE, 随后在GR表面涂覆三唑磷特异性分子印迹聚合物敏感膜, 用于三唑磷农药检测, 该传感器中由于GR基底的引入, 有效增强了电化学信号强度并获得了较低的检出限。
随着磁性纳米材料在分子印迹电化学传感领域的应用, 为了更好的吸附分离目标物, 肖维玮等[47]构建了能同步提取和检测敌草隆的快速新型磁性分子印迹电化学传感器。该传感器以敌草隆(diuron, DU)为模板分子, 甲基丙烯酸作为功能单体, 三羟甲基丙烷三甲基丙烯酸酯作为交联剂, 偶氮二异丁腈作为引发剂, 通过自由基聚合在3-(甲基丙烯酰氧)丙基三甲氧基硅烷[3-(methacryloxy) propyltrimethoxysilane, MPS]-Fe3O4@SiO2表面合成敌草隆印迹聚合物。该技术利用磁吸附作用将吸附了敌草隆的磁性分子印迹材料固定在磁性玻碳电极(magnetic glassy carbon electrode, MGCE)表面, 通过外磁场调控实现目标分子的快速富集分离与即时检测的协同增效, 适合样品复杂, 有干扰物质以及待测物质浓度低的场景。
基于MOFs-MIPs的电化学传感器在农药残留检测领域也展现出应用潜力。MOHAMMAD等[48]通过多级组装策略将金属有机框架(MOF-235)、石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4)与AuNPs复合, 成功构建了MIP-AuNPs@MOF-235@g-C3N4纳米材料复合传感器, 该传感器基于MOF-235的多孔吸附、g-C3N4的催化活性与AuNPs的高导电性形成三重协同机制, 实现了农产品中苯线磷的连续监测。实验结果表明, 苯线磷检出限低至0.00713 μmol/L, 并在0.01~16.40 μmol/L的范围内表现出优异线性关系。值得注意的是, 该传感器在宽线性范围内, 相对标准偏差小于1.0%, 充分体现了复合纳米材料的结构稳定性与应用潜力。此项突破为分子印迹传感器设计提供“功能模块化集成”的新范式, 推动农药残留检测向更高灵敏度与抗干扰能力迈进。
利用分子印迹电化学生物传感器检测农药残留虽取得了研究成果, 但也存在一些不足, 如功能单体和交联剂种类有限, 模板分子的移除不完全或移除后聚合物塌陷以及在水性环境中的分散不均匀等, 制约了其广泛应用[49]
表1系统总结了上述基于纳米材料构建的电化学生物传感器在农药残留检测中的应用, 以直观呈现该领域的技术发展现状。
在当前食品安全监管体系下, 为构建从“从农田到餐桌”的全链条质量保障体系, 便携式电化学生物传感技术的应用展现出显著优势。该技术通过纳米材料的精准功能化设计, 具有快速响应, 高灵敏度和低成本等特征, 为农产品流通各环节提供可靠检测解决方案。在政府监管层面, 其支持市场监管部门进行高频次随机抽检, 显著提升执法响应速度与覆盖面, 同时, 赋予出口企业自主实施质量筛查, 有力保障农产品跨境贸易顺畅性。对于消费终端而言, 该技术使农贸市场等销售场所得以常态化开展自检, 有效提升食品安全信息透明度。近年来, 基于纳米材料的便携式电化学生物传感器因其高灵敏性、快速响应和现场检测能力, 成为农药残留分析领域的研究热点。这类传感器通过功能化纳米材料结合生物识别元件, 构建高选择性识别界面, 结合电化学信号放大技术实现痕量农药检测。王建方等[50]发明了一种以核酸适配体为生物识别元件的便携式电化学生物传感器, 该传感器将GR和AuNPs修饰到电极上进行改性, 能够有效检测有机磷类等农药残留, 为生态环境和公众健康提供保障。相较于传统实验室检测需专业场地、高额设备投入和专业技术人员等刚性要求, 该便携式设备在偏远地区及基层单位展现出极强适应性, 为食品安全监管网络的基层延伸提供了切实可行的技术路径。
面对全球范围日趋严格的农药残留限量标准, 开发实时精准检测农药残留技术已成为保障公共健康、生态平衡和国际贸易的迫切需求。研究证实, 基于纳米材料增强型电化学生物传感器因其优异的灵敏度、选择性、稳定性、便携性等优势, 已成为食品农药残留检测的核心发展方向。然而该技术的深入发展仍面临诸多挑战, 在规模化应用层面, 复杂机制干扰下的信号稳定性、检测成本以及多组分同步检测能力仍是制约其发展的关键因素。但是挑战总是与机遇并存, 人工智能驱动的高通量数据分析、新型材料的不断涌现, 以及柔性基底电子器件的设计突破, 正推动传感器检测系统向着智能化、集成化和可穿戴化方向演进。
基于当前研究进展与发展趋势, 本文提出以下发展路径: 一是研发绿色合成工艺制备可生物降解的纳米复合材料, 减少制备过程中的毒性副产物; 二是探索开发稳定性高的复合纳米材料, 实现传感器在极端环境下的实时监测; 三是构建微流控芯片技术和柔性电子技术, 开发可穿戴或便携式检测设备, 适用现场快速检测; 四是设计阵列式传感器, 通过单一设备实现多通道并行检测农药残留; 五是建立基于机器学习算法的信号处理模型, 提高复杂样品的数据识别能力。相信未来随着纳米技术、生物工程和人工智能的交叉融合, 这类传感器有望拓展至更深领域, 为构建智能化的食品安全防控体系提供核心技术支撑。
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2025年第16卷第15期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250414001
  • 接收时间:2025-04-14
  • 首发时间:2026-01-09
  • 出版时间:2025-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-14
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    1 淄博市周村区检验检测中心, 淄博 255300
    2 淄博市周村区人民政府丝绸路街道办事处, 淄博 255300
    3 潍坊学院化学化工与环境工程学院, 潍坊 261061

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*丁贝贝(1985—), 女, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全质量管理及检测。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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