Article(id=1216517520253702324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1216517514570417012, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250403005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1743609600000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767969978631, onlineDateStr=2026-01-09, pubDate=1755187200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767969978631, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767969978631, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767969978631, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1216517514570417012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='322', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767969977276, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768211590858, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217530915467743720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1216517514570417012, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217530915467743721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1216517514570417012, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=180, endPage=186, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1216517520836710613, articleId=1216517520253702324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Pesticide residue investigation and quality safety risk assessment of Vitis vinifera L. in the Fifth Division Shuanghe City, columnId=1151923892655846010, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Food Safety Risk Assessment and Risk Monitoring, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate on the pesticide residue situation of Vitis vinifera L. in Shuanghe City, the Fifth Division, to Vitis vinifera L. the quality and safety status of Vitis vinifera L.. Methods From 2023 to 2024, a total of 715 batches of Vitis vinifera L. in Shuanghe City, Fifth Division, were tested for 41 kinds of pesticide residues. Results The random inspection results showed that 20 kinds of pesticides were detected in 715 batches of Vitis vinifera L., with a detection rate of 48.8%, and none exceeded the standard. The food safety index of the detected pesticides and its average value were both below 1, had little impact on the quality and safety of Vitis vinifera L., and the risks were all within an acceptable range. The risk coefficients of the detected pesticides were all below 1.5, which belongs to low risk. Conclusion This study indicates that the quality and safety of Vitis vinifera L. in Shuanghe City, Fifth Division are relatively good, and pesticide residues have no impact on human health. It also provides a reference basis for Vitis vinifera L. cultivation and technical support for the supervision of the quality and safety of agricultural products.

, correspAuthors=Wen-Jin FU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shu-Rong ZENG, Wen-Jin FU, Wen-Xi LI, Ying WANG, Yan YAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1216517521423913197, articleId=1216517520253702324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=第五师双河市葡萄农药残留调查与质量安全风险评估, columnId=1151923892995109553, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=专题:食品安全风险评估与风险监测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 调查第五师双河市葡萄农药残留情况, 掌握葡萄质量安全状况。方法 2023—2024年对第五师双河市共715批次葡萄进行41种农药残留检测。结果 抽检结果显示: 715批次葡萄中检出20种农药, 检出率为48.8%, 无一超标; 检出农药的食品安全指数及其平均值都在1以下, 对葡萄质量安全影响不大, 其风险都在可接受范围内; 被检出的农药风险系数也均在1.5以下, 属于低风险。结论 本研究表明第五师双河市葡萄质量安全较好, 农药残留对人体健康没有影响, 并且为葡萄种植提供参考依据, 也为农产品质量安全监管提供技术支撑。

, correspAuthors=付文进, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*付文进(1970—), 男, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为实验室检测技术。E-mail:
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曾述容(1979—), 女, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为实验室检验检测。E-mail:

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曾述容(1979—), 女, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为实验室检验检测。E-mail:

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ADI of 20 kinds of detected pesticides (mg/kg bw)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
农药种类 ADI 农药种类 ADI
烯酰吗啉 0.20 联苯菊酯 0.01
嘧霉胺 0.20 百菌清 0.02
多菌灵 0.03 氯氰菊酯 0.02
异菌脲 0.06 吡虫啉 0.06
腐霉利 0.10 五氯硝基苯 0.01
啶虫脒 0.07 氟氯氰菊酯 0.04
氯氟氰菊酯 0.02 毒死蜱 0.01
三唑酮 0.03 乙烯菌核利 0.01
氰戊菊酯 0.02 氟氰戊菊酯 0.02
甲氰菊酯 0.03 哒螨灵 0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1217127900038484701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517520253702324, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

检出的20种农药ADI (mg/kg bw)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
农药种类 ADI 农药种类 ADI
烯酰吗啉 0.20 联苯菊酯 0.01
嘧霉胺 0.20 百菌清 0.02
多菌灵 0.03 氯氰菊酯 0.02
异菌脲 0.06 吡虫啉 0.06
腐霉利 0.10 五氯硝基苯 0.01
啶虫脒 0.07 氟氯氰菊酯 0.04
氯氟氰菊酯 0.02 毒死蜱 0.01
三唑酮 0.03 乙烯菌核利 0.01
氰戊菊酯 0.02 氟氰戊菊酯 0.02
甲氰菊酯 0.03 哒螨灵 0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1217127900134953702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517520253702324, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Detection of pesticides residues in 715 Vitis vinifera L. samples from Fifth Division Shuanghe City

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检出农药种类数量 样品数量 占总量百分比/%
1 33 4.6
2 62 8.7
3 165 23.1
4 171 23.9
5 128 17.9
6 94 13.1
7 37 5.2
8 12 1.7
9 6 0.8
11 1 0.1
), ArticleFig(id=1217127900244005611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517520253702324, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

第五师双河市715个葡萄样品的农药残留检出情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检出农药种类数量 样品数量 占总量百分比/%
1 33 4.6
2 62 8.7
3 165 23.1
4 171 23.9
5 128 17.9
6 94 13.1
7 37 5.2
8 12 1.7
9 6 0.8
11 1 0.1
), ArticleFig(id=1217127900357251833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517520253702324, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Levels of pesticide residues in Vitis vinifera L. samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
农药种类 毒性级别 最大检出值
/(mg/kg)
检出次数 检出率
/%
烯酰吗啉 低毒 3.2600 623 87.1
嘧霉胺 低毒 0.7820 510 71.3
多菌灵 低毒 2.0800 346 48.4
异菌脲 低毒 1.0300 323 45.2
腐霉利 低毒 0.1700 250 35.0
啶虫脒 中毒 0.4340 246 34.4
氯氟氰菊酯 中毒 0.1200 214 29.9
三唑酮 低毒 0.2800 140 19.6
氰戊菊酯 中毒 0.1400 125 17.5
甲氰菊酯 中毒 0.1600 53 7.4
联苯菊酯 中毒 0.1400 34 4.8
百菌清 低毒 0.4200 24 3.4
氯氰菊酯 中毒 0.0420 22 3.1
吡虫啉 低毒 0.1240 13 1.8
五氯硝基苯 低毒 0.0080 9 1.3
氟氯氰菊酯 中毒 0.0062 7 1.0
毒死蜱 中毒 0.3200 6 0.8
乙烯菌核利 低毒 0.0029 6 0.8
氟氰戊菊酯 中毒 0.0410 4 0.6
哒螨灵 中毒 0.0364 3 0.4
), ArticleFig(id=1217127900478886655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517520253702324, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

葡萄样品农药残留水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
农药种类 毒性级别 最大检出值
/(mg/kg)
检出次数 检出率
/%
烯酰吗啉 低毒 3.2600 623 87.1
嘧霉胺 低毒 0.7820 510 71.3
多菌灵 低毒 2.0800 346 48.4
异菌脲 低毒 1.0300 323 45.2
腐霉利 低毒 0.1700 250 35.0
啶虫脒 中毒 0.4340 246 34.4
氯氟氰菊酯 中毒 0.1200 214 29.9
三唑酮 低毒 0.2800 140 19.6
氰戊菊酯 中毒 0.1400 125 17.5
甲氰菊酯 中毒 0.1600 53 7.4
联苯菊酯 中毒 0.1400 34 4.8
百菌清 低毒 0.4200 24 3.4
氯氰菊酯 中毒 0.0420 22 3.1
吡虫啉 低毒 0.1240 13 1.8
五氯硝基苯 低毒 0.0080 9 1.3
氟氯氰菊酯 中毒 0.0062 7 1.0
毒死蜱 中毒 0.3200 6 0.8
乙烯菌核利 低毒 0.0029 6 0.8
氟氰戊菊酯 中毒 0.0410 4 0.6
哒螨灵 中毒 0.0364 3 0.4
), ArticleFig(id=1217127900566967046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517520253702324, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Safety index of pesticide residues in Vitis vinifera L. samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
农药种类 安全指数IFS 影响
程度
检出农药
综合危害程度$\overline{\text{IFS}}$
儿童 成人 儿童 成人
烯酰吗啉 0.0203 0.0114 0.0137 0.0077
嘧霉胺 0.0049 0.0027
多菌灵 0.0862 0.0485
异菌脲 0.0213 0.0120
腐霉利 0.0021 0.0012
啶虫脒 0.0077 0.0043
氯氟氰菊酯 0.0075 0.0042
三唑酮 0.0116 0.0065
氰戊菊酯 0.0087 0.0049
甲氰菊酯 0.0066 0.0037
联苯菊酯 0.0174 0.0098
百菌清 0.0261 0.0147
氯氰菊酯 0.0026 0.0015
吡虫啉 0.0026 0.0015
五氯硝基苯 0.0010 0.0006
氟氯氰菊酯 0.0002 0.0001
毒死蜱 0.0399 0.0224
乙烯菌核利 0.0004 0.0002
氟氰戊菊酯 0.0026 0.0014
哒螨灵 0.0045 0.0026
), ArticleFig(id=1217127900667630349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517520253702324, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

葡萄样品农药残留安全指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
农药种类 安全指数IFS 影响
程度
检出农药
综合危害程度$\overline{\text{IFS}}$
儿童 成人 儿童 成人
烯酰吗啉 0.0203 0.0114 0.0137 0.0077
嘧霉胺 0.0049 0.0027
多菌灵 0.0862 0.0485
异菌脲 0.0213 0.0120
腐霉利 0.0021 0.0012
啶虫脒 0.0077 0.0043
氯氟氰菊酯 0.0075 0.0042
三唑酮 0.0116 0.0065
氰戊菊酯 0.0087 0.0049
甲氰菊酯 0.0066 0.0037
联苯菊酯 0.0174 0.0098
百菌清 0.0261 0.0147
氯氰菊酯 0.0026 0.0015
吡虫啉 0.0026 0.0015
五氯硝基苯 0.0010 0.0006
氟氯氰菊酯 0.0002 0.0001
毒死蜱 0.0399 0.0224
乙烯菌核利 0.0004 0.0002
氟氰戊菊酯 0.0026 0.0014
哒螨灵 0.0045 0.0026
), ArticleFig(id=1217127900789265179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517520253702324, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Risk coefficients of pesticide residues in Vitis vinifera L. samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
农药种类 施检频率/% MRLs
/(mg/kg)
超标率
/%
风险
系数R
风险程度
烯酰吗啉 100 5 0 1.10 低度风险
嘧霉胺 100 4 0 1.10 低度风险
多菌灵 100 3 0 1.10 低度风险
异菌脲 100 10 0 1.10 低度风险
腐霉利 100 5 0 1.10 低度风险
啶虫脒 100 0.5 0 1.10 低度风险
氯氟氰菊酯 100 0.2 0 1.10 低度风险
三唑酮 100 0.3 0 1.10 低度风险
氰戊菊酯 100 0.2 0 1.10 低度风险
甲氰菊酯 100 5 0 1.10 低度风险
联苯菊酯 100 0.3 0 1.10 低度风险
百菌清 100 10 0 1.10 低度风险
氯氰菊酯 100 0.2 0 1.10 低度风险
吡虫啉 100 1 0 1.10 低度风险
五氯硝基苯 100 ——
(西瓜0.02)
0* 1.10* 低度风险
氟氯氰菊酯 100 ——
(梨0.1)
0* 1.10* 低度风险
毒死蜱 100 0.5 0 1.10 低度风险
乙烯菌核利 100 ——
(黄瓜1)
0* 1.10* 低度风险
氟氰戊菊酯 100 ——
(梨0.5)
0* 1.10* 低度风险
哒螨灵 100 ——
(苹果2)
0* 1.10* 低度风险
), ArticleFig(id=1217127900931871525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517520253702324, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

葡萄样品农药残留的风险系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
农药种类 施检频率/% MRLs
/(mg/kg)
超标率
/%
风险
系数R
风险程度
烯酰吗啉 100 5 0 1.10 低度风险
嘧霉胺 100 4 0 1.10 低度风险
多菌灵 100 3 0 1.10 低度风险
异菌脲 100 10 0 1.10 低度风险
腐霉利 100 5 0 1.10 低度风险
啶虫脒 100 0.5 0 1.10 低度风险
氯氟氰菊酯 100 0.2 0 1.10 低度风险
三唑酮 100 0.3 0 1.10 低度风险
氰戊菊酯 100 0.2 0 1.10 低度风险
甲氰菊酯 100 5 0 1.10 低度风险
联苯菊酯 100 0.3 0 1.10 低度风险
百菌清 100 10 0 1.10 低度风险
氯氰菊酯 100 0.2 0 1.10 低度风险
吡虫啉 100 1 0 1.10 低度风险
五氯硝基苯 100 ——
(西瓜0.02)
0* 1.10* 低度风险
氟氯氰菊酯 100 ——
(梨0.1)
0* 1.10* 低度风险
毒死蜱 100 0.5 0 1.10 低度风险
乙烯菌核利 100 ——
(黄瓜1)
0* 1.10* 低度风险
氟氰戊菊酯 100 ——
(梨0.5)
0* 1.10* 低度风险
哒螨灵 100 ——
(苹果2)
0* 1.10* 低度风险
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第五师双河市葡萄农药残留调查与质量安全风险评估
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曾述容 , 付文进 * , 李文喜 , 王瑛 , 闫艳
食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:食品安全风险评估与风险监测 2025,16(15): 180-186
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:食品安全风险评估与风险监测 2025, 16(15): 180-186
第五师双河市葡萄农药残留调查与质量安全风险评估
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曾述容 , 付文进* , 李文喜, 王瑛, 闫艳
作者信息
  • 第五师农业科学研究所, 双河 833408
  • 曾述容(1979—), 女, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为实验室检验检测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*付文进(1970—), 男, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为实验室检测技术。E-mail:
Pesticide residue investigation and quality safety risk assessment of Vitis vinifera L. in the Fifth Division Shuanghe City
Shu-Rong ZENG , Wen-Jin FU* , Wen-Xi LI, Ying WANG, Yan YAN
Affiliations
  • The Fifth Divisions of Agricultural Science Research Institute, Shuanghe 833408, China
出版时间: 2025-08-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250403005
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目的 调查第五师双河市葡萄农药残留情况, 掌握葡萄质量安全状况。方法 2023—2024年对第五师双河市共715批次葡萄进行41种农药残留检测。结果 抽检结果显示: 715批次葡萄中检出20种农药, 检出率为48.8%, 无一超标; 检出农药的食品安全指数及其平均值都在1以下, 对葡萄质量安全影响不大, 其风险都在可接受范围内; 被检出的农药风险系数也均在1.5以下, 属于低风险。结论 本研究表明第五师双河市葡萄质量安全较好, 农药残留对人体健康没有影响, 并且为葡萄种植提供参考依据, 也为农产品质量安全监管提供技术支撑。

葡萄  /  农药残留  /  质量安全  /  风险评估

Objective To investigate on the pesticide residue situation of Vitis vinifera L. in Shuanghe City, the Fifth Division, to Vitis vinifera L. the quality and safety status of Vitis vinifera L.. Methods From 2023 to 2024, a total of 715 batches of Vitis vinifera L. in Shuanghe City, Fifth Division, were tested for 41 kinds of pesticide residues. Results The random inspection results showed that 20 kinds of pesticides were detected in 715 batches of Vitis vinifera L., with a detection rate of 48.8%, and none exceeded the standard. The food safety index of the detected pesticides and its average value were both below 1, had little impact on the quality and safety of Vitis vinifera L., and the risks were all within an acceptable range. The risk coefficients of the detected pesticides were all below 1.5, which belongs to low risk. Conclusion This study indicates that the quality and safety of Vitis vinifera L. in Shuanghe City, Fifth Division are relatively good, and pesticide residues have no impact on human health. It also provides a reference basis for Vitis vinifera L. cultivation and technical support for the supervision of the quality and safety of agricultural products.

Vitis vinifera L.  /  pesticide residue  /  quality safety  /  risk assessment
曾述容, 付文进, 李文喜, 王瑛, 闫艳. 第五师双河市葡萄农药残留调查与质量安全风险评估. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (15) : 180 -186 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250403005
Shu-Rong ZENG, Wen-Jin FU, Wen-Xi LI, Ying WANG, Yan YAN. Pesticide residue investigation and quality safety risk assessment of Vitis vinifera L. in the Fifth Division Shuanghe City[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (15) : 180 -186 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250403005
葡萄营养价值丰富, 是我国4大水果之一, 深受消费者的青睐[1]。第五师双河市光热资源丰富, 昼夜温差大, 适宜葡萄种植[2], 是全国优质葡萄产地之一, 被国家命名“中国红地球葡萄之乡”[3], 陆续被评为“中国特色农产品优势区”“国家级出口食品农产品质量安全示范区”“国家农业标准化示范区”。“博乐葡萄”在地理标志区域的品牌价值为1.95 亿元。经过20余年的发展, 第五师双河市形成了以红地球、夏黑、克瑞森、弗雷等品种为主的6大鲜食葡萄种植基地, 现种植面积达7.5万亩, 年产优质果品10余万t, 葡萄产业已成为师市特色支柱产业[4]。葡萄的生产中, 对葡萄的产量及品质危害巨大的病虫害有灰霉病、霜霉病、白粉病、白腐病、酸腐病及果蝇、蚜虫、叶蝉等[5], 尤其是在葡萄近成熟期容易出现[6]。因此, 农药施用以花期开始, 持续至果实成熟[7], 这就容易出现农药残留导致质量安全问题。从食物中摄取残留的农药, 可能会对公众健康造成威胁, 尤其是孕妇等敏感人群[8]。农药对人体的毒性效应与其进入体内的实际量密切相关[9-10]。农药残留的种类和含量容易对葡萄食用安全风险造成影响, 还可能对葡萄产业的绿色可持续发展形成制约[11], 而五师葡萄主要以鲜食为主, 因此, 更应关注其残留状况。农药残留风险评估是保障农产品质量安全的重要途径之一[12]。目前, 国内已有多项报道针对葡萄农药残留调查和风险评估的研究[11-14], 农药残留与食品安全问题始终是国际社会广泛关注的焦点[15]。但关于新疆兵团第五师双河市葡萄农药残留状况及风险评估鲜少见报道。
鉴于此, 本研究对第五师双河市生产基地2023—2024年715批次葡萄进行农药残留定量检测, 采用食品安全指数(index of food safety, IFS)和风险系数两种评估方法, 系统分析葡萄中农药残留的潜在风险, 旨在全面掌握当地葡萄农药残留现状, 科学评价其食用安全水平, 为葡萄种植过程中的合理用药提供技术支撑, 同时为政府部门加强农产品质量安全监管提供科学依据, 最终促进葡萄产业可持续发展。研究结果可为制定科学的农药使用规范和保障葡萄产品质量安全提供重要参考。
抽样地点为第五师双河市81团、83团、86团、89团、90团和91团各葡萄种植基地; 抽样时间为2023年和2024年8月底至9月初, 葡萄即将上市前; 抽样方法按照 NY/T 789—2004《农药残留分析样本的采样方法》; 抽样数量为2023年415批次, 2024年300批次。
7890B气相色谱仪(美国Agilent公司); TRACE 1310气相色谱仪(美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司); UPLC XEVO TQD高效液相色谱-质谱联用仪(美国Waters公司); ME3002E电子天平(感量0.01 g, 瑞士梅特勒-托利多仪器有限公司); FSH-2高速匀浆机(金坛市朗博仪器制造有限公司); SDC-3000旋涡振荡器(深圳逗点生物技术有限公司); H6C-24A氮吹仪(天津市恒奥科技发展有限公司); H1850R离心机(湖南湘仪实验仪器开发有限公司)。
乙腈、丙酮、正己烷、甲醇、甲苯[色谱纯, 西格玛奥德里奇(上海)贸易有限公司]; 氯化钠(分析纯, 天津盛奥化学试剂厂); 农药标准品(单标, 纯度大于98%, 山东中科睿谱技术有限公司)。
包括第五师农产品质量安全风险监测参数41种农药, 分别为有机磷类: 甲胺磷、对硫磷、甲基对硫磷、氧乐果、水胺硫磷、毒死蜱、三唑磷、乐果、乙酰甲胺磷、敌敌畏、丙溴磷、杀螟硫磷、马拉硫磷、亚胺硫磷、伏杀硫磷; 有机氯类: 六六六、氰戊菊酯、氯氰菊酯、甲氰菊酯、氯氟氰菊酯、氟氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、 氟胺氰菊酯、氟氰戊菊酯、三唑酮、百菌清、异菌脲、腐霉利、五氯硝基苯、乙烯菌核利; 氨基甲酸酯及其他类: 克百威、甲萘威、涕灭威砜、灭多威、多菌灵、吡虫啉、啶虫脒、哒螨灵、嘧霉胺、烯酰吗啉。
有机磷和有机氯类农药采用NY/T 761—2008《蔬菜和水果中有机磷、有机氯、拟除虫菊酯和氨基甲酸醋类农药多残留的测定》检测, 氨基甲酸酯及其他类农药采用GB/T 20769—2008《水果和蔬菜中450种农药及相关化学品残留量的测定 液相色谱-串联质谱法》检测。
检测结果依据GB 2763—2021《食品安全国家标准 食品中农药最大残留限量》要求进行判定。
本研究针对第五师农科所检出残留的农药品种进行风险评估。
合理选用食品安全评价指标, 是准确评估食品安全水平的重要基础[16]。IFS将农药残留检测结果与膳食暴露评价相结合, 继而对食品中各种农药对人体健康的危害程度进行计算[17,18]。本研究采用IFS法对第五师双河市鲜食葡萄中农药残留对人体带来的膳食摄入风险进行评估, 用公式(1)~(2)对农药残留量是否存在危害及其危害程度进行评价; 用公式(3)对农药残留量的安全状态进行评价。
EDIc=R×F×E×P
${\text{IFS}}_{c}=\frac{{\text{EDI}}_{c}\times f}{{\text{SI}}_{c}\times {m}_{b}}$
式中: c为农药种类; EDIc为农药c的实际食用量估算值; f为安全食用量校正因子, 通常取1; SIc为人体安全食用量, mg/kg bw, 采用GB 2763—2021中规定的每日允许摄入量(acceptable daily intake, ADI)值表示[19](见表1); mb为人体平均质量, 据调查, 3~17岁儿童平均体质量分别为37.0 kg[20], 按国家国民体质监测中心发布《第五次国民体质监测公报》数据, 20~59岁成人平均体质量分别为65.7 kg; R为葡萄中农药c的残留水平, 本研究取农药最大检出值; E为葡萄的可食用部分因子, 由于葡萄籽很小, 几乎可以忽略, 所以E取1; F为葡萄的估计日食用量, 据统计, 2022年全国葡萄产量1537.79万t[21], 鲜食比例为76.22%[22], 出口量为37.73万t[21], 运输过程损失20%[1], 集中消费100 d[11,23], 中国人口2024年为14.0967亿, 因此测算出我国居民消费葡萄0.064 kg/d; P是葡萄加工处理因子, 因研究的是鲜食葡萄, 故取1。
$\overline{\text{IFS}}=\frac{{\displaystyle {\sum }_{i=1}^{n}\text{IFS}CI}}{n}$
式中: $\overline{\text{IFS}}$为葡萄所有检出农药对人体健康的综合危害程度, 可以用来评判农药对葡萄质量安全的影响程度; n为评估的农药种类数量。
判定依据[19]: 当IFS或$\overline{\text{IFS}}$≤1时,所监测的农药风险在可接受范围内, 对葡萄的质量安全没有影响; 当IFS或$\overline{\text{IFS}}$>1时, 所监测的农药风险超过了可接受范围, 对农产品质量有较大的影响。
危害物风险系数(R)[19]是最直观反映某个危害物风险程度大小的参数, 而且较为全面地反映该危害物在一段时间内的风险程度[24]。本研究采用公式(4)计算评估第五师双河市鲜食葡萄中农药残留分险大小。
$R=a\times P+\frac{b}{F}+S$
式中: ab为相应的权重系数, P为农药超标率, %, F为农药残留检测频次, S为反映农药残留关注度的敏感因子。需要说明的是, PF均为特定时间内的统计计算结果, 而S的取值可根据该农药在国内外食品安全领域的关注程度进行动态调整。这3个参数均具有时间动态特性, 在实际应用中可根据研究需求选择短期、中期或长期的风险评估系数[24]。本研究采用长期风险系数进行分析, 调查数据来源于正常检测, 且每个样品均进行了全部农药检测。由此, 设定a=100, b=0.1, F=1, S=1。
判定依据[24]: R<1.50, 表示该农药为低度风险; 1.50≤R≤2.50, 表示该农药为中度风险; R>2.50, 表示该农药为高度风险。
采用安捷伦Chemstation、Thermo Scientific Chromeleon 7.2和 Waters UPLC XEVO TQD MassLynx数据软件对采集的色谱质谱图数据进行处理, 采用WPS Offce Excel 2025软件进行数据汇总分析和图表的绘制。
表2, 通过连续两年对第五师双河市715批次葡萄样品进行农药残留检测, 检出1种农药残留的样品数量为33批次, 占比4.6%; 检出2种的数量为62批次, 占比8.7%; 检出3种的数量为165批次, 占比23.1%; 检出4种的数量为171批次, 占比23.9%; 检出5种的数量为128批次, 占比17.9%; 检出6种的数量为94批次, 占比13.1%; 检出7种的数量为37批次, 占比5.2%; 检出8种的数量为12批次, 占比1.7%; 检出9种的数量为6批次, 占比0.8%; 检出11种的数量为1批次, 占比0.1%。这说明, 第五师双河市葡萄生产过程中, 还存在较严重的多种农药混用的不规范现象。
表3可得出, 所检41种农药中, 共有20种农药检出。通过中国农药信息网[25]查询, 其中有10种低毒农药、10种中毒农药, 未检出高毒农药。检出农药类别为杀虫剂10种, 分别是啶虫脒、氯氟氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、甲氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、氯氰菊酯、吡虫啉、氟氯氰菊酯、毒死蜱、氟氰戊菊酯; 杀菌剂9种, 分别是烯酰吗啉、嘧霉胺、多菌灵、异菌脲、腐霉利、三唑酮、百菌清、五氯硝基苯、乙烯菌核利; 杀螨剂1种, 即哒螨灵。从检出率来看, 在50%以上的有2种, 其中烯酰吗啉最高, 达到了87.1%, 其次是嘧霉胺71.3%; 10%~50%的农药有7种; 10%以下的农药有11种。检出农药中除烯酰吗啉、嘧霉胺、多菌灵、异菌脲、腐霉利、百菌清, 其余农药在葡萄上均没有登记, 但未发现禁用农药残留。
表4数据可知, 在葡萄样品检出的20种农药中, 其IFS无论是针对儿童还是成人群体, 均显著低于1, 这表明葡萄样品的农药残留水平处于安全阈值之内。此外, 所有检出农药的综合健康风险指数$\overline{\text{IFS}}$都小于1, 进一步证实第五师双河市葡萄质量安全风险较小。儿童的IFS和$\overline{\text{IFS}}$值均大于成人, 这与邝凡等[26]和罗俊霞等[27]研究结果一致, 说明不论是单一农药残留还是多种农药复合残留, 其对儿童健康造成的潜在风险均显著高于成人。
依据GB 2763—2021, 除五氯硝基苯、氟氯氰菊酯、乙烯菌核利、氟氰戊菊酯和哒螨灵在葡萄上未给出最大残留限量值(maximum residue limit, MRL), 不能判断此5种农药是否超标外, 其余被检出的农药均未超标。参考GB 2763—2021中五氯硝基苯、氟氯氰菊酯、乙烯菌核利、氟氰戊菊酯和哒螨灵在其他水果或蔬菜类最大残留限量值之最小值, 计算出各种农药的风险系数(表5)均为1.10, 表明农药在葡萄上的风险程度为低度风险。
该研究对2023年和2024年第五师双河市715批次鲜食葡萄样品41种农药残留状况进行统计分析, 结果显示, 检出20种农药残留, 占比48.8%; 除五氯硝基苯、氟氯氰菊酯、乙烯菌核利、氟氰戊菊酯和哒螨灵, 其余农药残留超标率为0; 检出农药中, 主要为杀菌剂和杀虫剂, 检出率偏高的大部分是杀菌剂, 最高是烯酰吗啉, 其次是嘧霉胺、多菌灵和异菌脲, 这与任晓姣等[28]对西安市鲜食葡萄农药残留研究结果类似, 其检出频率最高的是烯酰吗啉, 其次为多菌灵和嘧霉胺。由此可见, 影响葡萄产量和品质的最大原因是其生长后期病害[26]。因此, 在近成熟期葡萄风险监测中, 应加大高检出频率农药的监测力度。虽然在葡萄检出农药中, 未发现高毒农药和超标农药, 但生产中存在联合用药现象, 单一样品中检出农药种类最高有11种, 这可能是因为长期使用某种单一农药, 病虫产生抗药性, 生产中采用了多种农药混用的方式来提高药效, 达到更有效的控制病虫害效果, 从此导致多种农药残留[29]。样品中检出的农药种类数量与潜在健康风险呈正相关, 即农药残留种类越多, 其毒性累积效应越显著, 对人体健康的威胁也相应增加[27]。监管部门应高度重视, 加强科学用药的宣传, 引导生产者针对性用药, 避免多种农药混用滥用, 加大农药残留累积风险。研究还发现, 检出农药中, 啶虫脒、氯氟氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、甲氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、氯氰菊酯、吡虫啉、氟氯氰菊酯、毒死蜱、氟氰戊菊酯、三唑酮、五氯硝基苯、乙烯菌核利、哒螨灵未在葡萄上登记, 占比70%, 鲜食葡萄种植过程中存在违规使用未登记农药的普遍现象[30]。此外, 由于部分农药如五氯硝基苯、氟氯氰菊酯、乙烯菌核利、氟氰戊菊酯和哒螨灵在葡萄上未给出MRL, 占比25%, 导致相关残留检测结果缺乏判定依据, 给监管执法工作带来困难。建议相关部门完善葡萄农药最大残留限量值规定, 加强葡萄上农药品种登记力度, 让生产者规范使用农药。
该研究通过安全指数法和危害物的风险系数两种风险评估方法, 针对不同消费群体, 对第五师双河市鲜食葡萄农药残留进行了质量安全风险评估。从葡萄农药残留安全指数评价结果来看, 在检测周期内, 葡萄样品中检出的20种农药残留, 对于儿童和成人群体, 其IFS值及平均值均低于1, 表明该地区葡萄的农药残留水平处于安全阈值之内, 风险处于可控范围。检出农药综合风险系数分析结果均为1.10, 小于1.50, 进一步表明了第五师双河市葡萄在农药残留方面是低风险、安全的, 可以放心食用。
然而, 需要指出的是, 本研究采用的IFS评估方法存在一定的局限性。如该评估仅选取儿童和成人两个宽泛的年龄组作为代表, 未能充分考虑不同年龄段人群在平均体重方面的显著差异; 对不同消费群体的葡萄日摄入量没有进行细化区分。因此, 所得IFS仅能从宏观层面反映葡萄产品的整体安全状况, 难以实现针对个体消费者的精准风险评估。而且, 该方法只对单一农药残留和多种农药平均残留进行了分析, 未对多种农药累积产生的风险进行评估, 易造成评估风险偏低。在日后的研究中, 应充分利用大数据技术, 完善农药残留风险评估参数设定, 争取得到的评价结果更为可靠。
综上所述, 第五师双河市2023—2024年鲜食葡萄总体质量安全风险较低, 但农药检出率高, 且存在多种农药同时检出现象。葡萄作为第五师双河市特色产业, 一旦出现质量安全问题, 产业发展将面临巨大风险。因此, 应加强对生产基地的监管, 加大农药知识宣传力度, 避免滥用农药, 同时进行葡萄绿色栽培技术的示范和推广, 综合防治, 确保葡萄产品质量安全。
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2025年第16卷第15期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250403005
  • 接收时间:2025-04-03
  • 首发时间:2026-01-09
  • 出版时间:2025-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-03
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    第五师农业科学研究所, 双河 833408

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*付文进(1970—), 男, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为实验室检测技术。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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