Article(id=1216517520085930150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1216517514570417012, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250508002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1746633600000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767969978591, onlineDateStr=2026-01-09, pubDate=1755187200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767969978591, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767969978591, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767969978591, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1216517514570417012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='322', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767969977276, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768211590858, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217530915467743720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1216517514570417012, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217530915467743721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1216517514570417012, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=28, endPage=36, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1216517520476000452, articleId=1216517520085930150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Analysis and risk assessment of pesticide residues in commercially animal-derived foods, columnId=1216517518873773013, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Processing and Quality Safety of Animal Food, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To assess the risks of pesticide residues of animal-derived foods in commercial market. Methods The 146 kinds of pesticides were determined in 460 batches of animal foods by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The risk of pesticide residues detected in animal foods was evaluated by food safety index (IFS) method and dietary risk assessment model. Results The overall detection rate of the sample was 48.9%, and a total of 24 kinds of pesticides were detected, primarily insecticides, with low and moderate toxicity being the main characteristic. Among the detected samples, the number of detected pesticides was the highest in aquatic products, followed by eggs, livestock meat and poultry meat. Among the detected pesticides, the largest number of pesticides were detected in aquatic products, followed by livestock meat, poultry meat and eggs. The pesticides in aquatic products were mostly hexaflumuron, pendimethalin, DDT, dimethoate, trifluralin, thifluzamide and carbaryl. While the livestock meat was mainly diphenylamine, ethoprophos and boscalid, the poultry was mainly boscalid, and the eggs were mainly fipronil. The results of IFS showed that the average safety index ($\overline{\text{IFS}}$) of all pesticides was 0.000001-0.010021, which was far less than 1. The overall safety status of all pesticides in animal foods was acceptable. The results of dietary risk assessment indicated that acceptable daily intake (%ADI) of each detected pesticide in the 4 types of animal-derived foods were far less than 100%, and the hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) were far less than 1. The risk level of these pesticide residues of animal foods was within the acceptable range. Conclusion There are pesticide residues in animal-derived foods. Although the overall risk of pesticide residues detected in animal-derived foods is relatively low and within an acceptable range, however, samples and pesticides with high detection rates should be the focus of supervision to ensure the safety of animal-derived foods in the future.

, correspAuthors=Hua-Li XUE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhi-Min YANG, Yun LI, Hua-Li XUE, Shao-Bin LI, Xiu-Li PAN, Jian LI, Fu-Xiang WU, Chang-Chun SHAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1216517522841587992, articleId=1216517520085930150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=市售动物性食品中农药残留分析及其风险评估, columnId=1216517519259652225, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=专题:动物性食品加工与质量安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 对市售动物性食品中的农药残留进行风险评估。方法 通过气相色谱-串联质谱法测定了460批动物性食品中146种农药, 采用食品安全指数(food safety index, IFS)法和膳食风险评估模型对动物性食品中检出的农药残留进行风险评估。结果 样品的整体检出率为48.9%, 共检出农药24种, 主要是杀虫剂, 以低中等毒性为主。检出样品中, 水产品类中的检出率最高, 其他依次为蛋类>畜肉类>禽肉类; 检出农药数量依次为水产品类>畜肉类>禽肉类>蛋类, 其中水产品中以氟铃脲、二甲戊灵、滴滴涕、乐果、氟乐灵、噻呋酰胺和甲萘威居多, 畜肉以二苯胺、灭线磷和啶酰菌胺, 禽类主要是啶酰菌胺, 蛋类以氟虫腈为主。IFS结果显示, 所有农药的平均安全指数($\overline{\text{IFS}}$)为0.000001~0.010021, 远小于1, 其在动物性食品中的整体安全状况是可接受的; 膳食风险评估结果显示, 4类动物性食品中各个检出农药的慢性膳食摄入风险(acceptable daily intake, %ADI)值均远小于100%, 危害商(hazard quotient, HQ)和危害指数(hazard index, HI)均远小于1, 其风险水平均在可接受范围内。结论 市售动物性食品存在农药残留现象, 虽然检出的农药残留总体风险较低, 均在可接受范围内, 但今后应将检出率高的样品和农药作为重点监管对象, 为动物性食品的安全提供保障。

, correspAuthors=薛华丽, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*薛华丽(1977—), 女, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为采后生物学与技术和食品质量与安全。E-mail:
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杨志敏(1985—), 女, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为外源性污染物质的检测分析。E-mail:

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杨志敏(1985—), 女, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为外源性污染物质的检测分析。E-mail:

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杨志敏(1985—), 女, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为外源性污染物质的检测分析。E-mail:

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Chinese academy of agricultural sciences thesis[D]. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, 2022., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1217127903918211379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517520085930150, awardId=SSCJG-SP-A202308, language=CN, fundingSource=甘肃省市场监督管理局科技计划项目(SSCJG-SP-A202308), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1217127904010486080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517520085930150, awardId=2023-QN-186, language=CN, fundingSource=兰州市青年科技人才创新项目(2023-QN-186), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1217127904098566470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517520085930150, awardId=2023-QN-180, language=CN, fundingSource=兰州市青年科技人才创新项目(2023-QN-180), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1217127904232784211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517520085930150, awardId=2023-ZD-234, language=CN, fundingSource=兰州市科技发展指导性计划项目(2023-ZD-234), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1217127904354419044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517520085930150, awardId=2024-9-227, language=CN, fundingSource=兰州市科技发展指导性计划项目(2024-9-227), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1217127895550575589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517520085930150, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217127895563158502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517520085930150, companyId=1217127895550575589, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Lanzhou Institute for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Veterinary Drug Monitoring, State Administration for Market Regulation, Lanzhou 730050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217127895575741415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517520085930150, companyId=1217127895550575589, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 兰州市食品药品检验检测研究院, 国家市场监督管理总局重点实验室(食品中农药兽药残留监控), 兰州 730050)]), AuthorCompany(id=1217127895676404714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517520085930150, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217127895697376235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517520085930150, companyId=1217127895676404714, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217127895714153452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517520085930150, companyId=1217127895676404714, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 甘肃农业大学理学院, 兰州 730070)]), AuthorCompany(id=1217127895823205361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517520085930150, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217127895835788274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517520085930150, companyId=1217127895823205361, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217127895848371187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517520085930150, companyId=1217127895823205361, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 甘肃农业大学动物科学技术学院, 兰州 730070)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1217127900994781371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517520085930150, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=HI of pesticide residues in animal-derived food, figureFileSmall=Hw4Ull/An2ReD9R7Ie/n1w==, figureFileBig=fs84935UT56Y6mAr57y+dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217127902311792835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517520085930150, language=CN, label=图1, caption=动物性食品中农药残留的HI, figureFileSmall=Hw4Ull/An2ReD9R7Ie/n1w==, figureFileBig=fs84935UT56Y6mAr57y+dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217127902466982094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517520085930150, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Detection rates, types and quantities of pesticides detected in animal-derived food

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品大类(4类) 样品品种(9种)
大类 样品
检出率/%
检出农药数量 检出农药种类 品种 样品
检出率/%
检出农药
数量
检出农药种类 含量范围/(mg/kg)
畜肉类 26.8 (45/168) 11 氟铃脲、滴滴涕、啶酰菌胺、氟虫腈、二苯胺、灭线磷、增效醚、腐霉利、戊唑醇、六六六、联苯菊酯 猪肉 40.2 (39/97) 9 氟铃脲、4,4-滴滴伊、2,4-滴滴涕、4,4-滴滴涕、啶酰菌胺、氟虫腈砜、二苯胺、灭线磷、增效醚 0.0002~0.0784
牛肉 10.5 (2/19) 2 氟铃脲、腐霉利 0.0013~0.0036
羊肉 7.7 (4/52) 3 戊唑醇、β-六六六、联苯菊酯 0.0001~0.0047
禽肉类 16.7 (5/30) 3 氟铃脲、啶酰菌胺、氟虫腈 鸡肉 12.0 (3/25) 3 氟铃脲、啶酰菌胺、氟虫腈砜 0.0026~0.0036
鸭肉 40.0 (2/5) 2 氟铃脲、啶酰菌胺 0.0019~0.0021
蛋类 28.6 (14/49) 2 氟铃脲、氟虫腈 鸡蛋 28.6 (14/49) 2 氟铃脲、氟虫腈砜 0.0007~0.0069
水产品 75.6 (161/213) 22 氟铃脲、氟乐灵、莠去津、甲基异柳磷、二甲戊灵、滴滴涕、噻呋酰胺、磷酸三苯酯、啶酰菌胺、氰戊菊酯、氟虫腈、毒死蜱、虫螨腈、灭线磷、六六六、甲萘威、六氯苯、乐果、增效醚、二苯胺、噻呋酰胺、嘧菌酯 鱼肉 81.2 (121/149) 25 氟铃脲、氟乐灵、莠去津、氟甲腈、甲基异柳磷、二甲戊灵、氟虫腈、4,4-滴滴伊、噻呋酰胺、2,4-滴滴涕、4,4-滴滴涕、磷酸三苯酯、啶酰菌胺、氰戊菊酯、氟虫腈砜、毒死蜱、虫螨腈、灭线磷、β-六六六、γ-六六六、甲萘威、六氯苯、乐果、4,4-滴滴滴、增效醚 0.0001~17.1464
虾类 14.8 (4/27) 2 氟铃脲、甲萘威 0.0010~0.1086
贝类 97.3 (36/37) 12 氟铃脲、氟乐灵、二甲戊灵、4,4-滴滴伊、噻呋酰胺、4,4-滴滴伊、磷酸三苯酯、甲萘威、乐果、4,4-滴滴滴、二苯胺、嘧菌酯 0.0001~0.3508
), ArticleFig(id=1217127902580228305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517520085930150, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

动物性食品中农药残留检出率、检出农药种类和数量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品大类(4类) 样品品种(9种)
大类 样品
检出率/%
检出农药数量 检出农药种类 品种 样品
检出率/%
检出农药
数量
检出农药种类 含量范围/(mg/kg)
畜肉类 26.8 (45/168) 11 氟铃脲、滴滴涕、啶酰菌胺、氟虫腈、二苯胺、灭线磷、增效醚、腐霉利、戊唑醇、六六六、联苯菊酯 猪肉 40.2 (39/97) 9 氟铃脲、4,4-滴滴伊、2,4-滴滴涕、4,4-滴滴涕、啶酰菌胺、氟虫腈砜、二苯胺、灭线磷、增效醚 0.0002~0.0784
牛肉 10.5 (2/19) 2 氟铃脲、腐霉利 0.0013~0.0036
羊肉 7.7 (4/52) 3 戊唑醇、β-六六六、联苯菊酯 0.0001~0.0047
禽肉类 16.7 (5/30) 3 氟铃脲、啶酰菌胺、氟虫腈 鸡肉 12.0 (3/25) 3 氟铃脲、啶酰菌胺、氟虫腈砜 0.0026~0.0036
鸭肉 40.0 (2/5) 2 氟铃脲、啶酰菌胺 0.0019~0.0021
蛋类 28.6 (14/49) 2 氟铃脲、氟虫腈 鸡蛋 28.6 (14/49) 2 氟铃脲、氟虫腈砜 0.0007~0.0069
水产品 75.6 (161/213) 22 氟铃脲、氟乐灵、莠去津、甲基异柳磷、二甲戊灵、滴滴涕、噻呋酰胺、磷酸三苯酯、啶酰菌胺、氰戊菊酯、氟虫腈、毒死蜱、虫螨腈、灭线磷、六六六、甲萘威、六氯苯、乐果、增效醚、二苯胺、噻呋酰胺、嘧菌酯 鱼肉 81.2 (121/149) 25 氟铃脲、氟乐灵、莠去津、氟甲腈、甲基异柳磷、二甲戊灵、氟虫腈、4,4-滴滴伊、噻呋酰胺、2,4-滴滴涕、4,4-滴滴涕、磷酸三苯酯、啶酰菌胺、氰戊菊酯、氟虫腈砜、毒死蜱、虫螨腈、灭线磷、β-六六六、γ-六六六、甲萘威、六氯苯、乐果、4,4-滴滴滴、增效醚 0.0001~17.1464
虾类 14.8 (4/27) 2 氟铃脲、甲萘威 0.0010~0.1086
贝类 97.3 (36/37) 12 氟铃脲、氟乐灵、二甲戊灵、4,4-滴滴伊、噻呋酰胺、4,4-滴滴伊、磷酸三苯酯、甲萘威、乐果、4,4-滴滴滴、二苯胺、嘧菌酯 0.0001~0.3508
), ArticleFig(id=1217127902748000477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517520085930150, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Pesticide residue levels, toxicity, function and compound categories in animal-derived food

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 检出农药 检出频次 检出率/% 检测农药的含量/(mg/kg) 平均含量/(mg/kg) 毒性 功能 种类
1 氟铃脲 94 23.0 0.0001~6.4421 0.0646 低毒 杀虫剂 有机氮类
2 滴滴涕 50 12.2 0.0001~0.0401 0.0004 中毒 杀虫剂 有机氯
3 二甲戊灵 43 10.5 0.0010~17.1464 0.0449 中毒 除草剂 有机氮类
4 乐果 37 9.0 0.0001~0.0171 0.0002 中毒 杀虫剂 有机磷
5 二苯胺 22 5.4 0.0002~0.0509 0.0002 低毒 杀虫剂 有机氮类
6 甲萘威 21 5.1 0.0002~0.3191 0.0036 中毒 杀虫剂 氨基甲酸酯类
7 氟乐灵 20 4.9 0.0088~0.4535 0.0018 低毒 除草剂 有机氮类
8 噻呋酰胺 19 4.6 0.0026~0.0065 0.0002 低毒 杀菌剂 有机氮类
9 氟虫腈 19 4.6 0.0011~0.0211 0.0002 中毒 杀虫剂 有机氮类
10 啶酰菌胺 14 3.4 0.0019~0.0039 0.0001 低毒 杀菌剂 有机氮类
11 灭线磷 13 3.2 0.0003~0.0006 0.0000 剧毒 杀虫剂 有机磷
12 嘧菌酯 6 1.5 0.0020~0.0041 0.0000 低毒 杀菌剂 有机氮类
13 磷酸三苯酯 5 1.2 0.0002~0.0888 0.0003 低毒 增塑剂 有机磷
14 六六六 3 0.7 0.0001~0.0067 0.0000 中毒 杀虫剂 有机氯
15 戊唑醇 2 0.5 0.0047~0.0048 00000 中毒 杀菌剂 有机氮类
16 氰戊菊酯 2 0.5 0.0218~0.0248 0.0000 中毒 杀虫剂 拟除虫菊酯类
17 毒死蜱 2 0.5 0.0054~0.0065 0.0000 中毒 杀虫剂 有机磷
18 增效醚 2 0.5 0.0005~0.0012 0.0000 低毒 增效剂 其他
19 莠去津 1 0.2 0.0044 0.0000 低毒 除草剂 有机氮类
20 甲基异柳磷 1 0.2 0.0005 0.0000 高毒 杀虫剂 其他
21 腐霉利 1 0.2 0.0036 0.0000 低毒 杀菌剂 有机氮类
22 虫螨腈 1 0.2 0.0029 0.0000 中毒 杀虫剂 有机氮类
23 联苯菊酯 1 0.2 0.0003 0.0003 中毒 杀虫剂 拟除虫菊酯类
24 六氯苯 1 0.2 0.0006 0.0006 低毒 杀虫剂 有机氯
), ArticleFig(id=1217127902852858085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517520085930150, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

动物性食品中农药残留水平、毒性、功能及化合物类别

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 检出农药 检出频次 检出率/% 检测农药的含量/(mg/kg) 平均含量/(mg/kg) 毒性 功能 种类
1 氟铃脲 94 23.0 0.0001~6.4421 0.0646 低毒 杀虫剂 有机氮类
2 滴滴涕 50 12.2 0.0001~0.0401 0.0004 中毒 杀虫剂 有机氯
3 二甲戊灵 43 10.5 0.0010~17.1464 0.0449 中毒 除草剂 有机氮类
4 乐果 37 9.0 0.0001~0.0171 0.0002 中毒 杀虫剂 有机磷
5 二苯胺 22 5.4 0.0002~0.0509 0.0002 低毒 杀虫剂 有机氮类
6 甲萘威 21 5.1 0.0002~0.3191 0.0036 中毒 杀虫剂 氨基甲酸酯类
7 氟乐灵 20 4.9 0.0088~0.4535 0.0018 低毒 除草剂 有机氮类
8 噻呋酰胺 19 4.6 0.0026~0.0065 0.0002 低毒 杀菌剂 有机氮类
9 氟虫腈 19 4.6 0.0011~0.0211 0.0002 中毒 杀虫剂 有机氮类
10 啶酰菌胺 14 3.4 0.0019~0.0039 0.0001 低毒 杀菌剂 有机氮类
11 灭线磷 13 3.2 0.0003~0.0006 0.0000 剧毒 杀虫剂 有机磷
12 嘧菌酯 6 1.5 0.0020~0.0041 0.0000 低毒 杀菌剂 有机氮类
13 磷酸三苯酯 5 1.2 0.0002~0.0888 0.0003 低毒 增塑剂 有机磷
14 六六六 3 0.7 0.0001~0.0067 0.0000 中毒 杀虫剂 有机氯
15 戊唑醇 2 0.5 0.0047~0.0048 00000 中毒 杀菌剂 有机氮类
16 氰戊菊酯 2 0.5 0.0218~0.0248 0.0000 中毒 杀虫剂 拟除虫菊酯类
17 毒死蜱 2 0.5 0.0054~0.0065 0.0000 中毒 杀虫剂 有机磷
18 增效醚 2 0.5 0.0005~0.0012 0.0000 低毒 增效剂 其他
19 莠去津 1 0.2 0.0044 0.0000 低毒 除草剂 有机氮类
20 甲基异柳磷 1 0.2 0.0005 0.0000 高毒 杀虫剂 其他
21 腐霉利 1 0.2 0.0036 0.0000 低毒 杀菌剂 有机氮类
22 虫螨腈 1 0.2 0.0029 0.0000 中毒 杀虫剂 有机氮类
23 联苯菊酯 1 0.2 0.0003 0.0003 中毒 杀虫剂 拟除虫菊酯类
24 六氯苯 1 0.2 0.0006 0.0006 低毒 杀虫剂 有机氯
), ArticleFig(id=1217127903142265070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517520085930150, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Safety index of pesticides detected in animal-derived food

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检出农药 ADI值
/(mg/kg bw)
EDIc
/μg
IFS
(×10-3)
$\overline{\text{IFS}}$
(×10-3)
风险程度
氟铃脲 0.0200 0.0014~88.2565 0.0012~73.5471 3.636 可接受
滴滴涕 0.0100 0.0014~1.4768 0.0024~2.4613 0.126 可接受
二甲戊灵 0.1000 0.0139~234.9052 0.0023~39.1509 1.097 可接受
乐果 0.0020 0.0010~0.2344 0.0081~1.9536 0.303 可接受
二苯胺 0.0800 0.0080~0.6978 0.0017~0.1454 0.019 可接受
甲萘威 0.0080 0.0025~4.3714 0.0053~9.1071 2.254 可接受
氟乐灵 0.0250 0.1206~6.2124 0.0804~4.1416 0.380 可接受
噻呋酰胺 0.0140 0.0361~0.0897 0.0429~0.1067 0.071 可接受
氟虫腈 0.0002 0.0146~0.2891 1.2134~24.0946 10.021 可接受
啶酰菌胺 0.0400 0.0289~0.1947 0.0120~0.0811 0.044 可接受
灭线磷 0.0004 0.0044~0.0305 0.1835~1.2725 0.853 可接受
嘧菌酯 0.2000 0.0278~0.0566 0.0023~0.0047 0.003 可接受
磷酸三苯酯 0.0028~1.2165
戊唑醇 0.0300 0.0414~0.0416 0.0230~0.0231 0.023 可接受
氰戊菊酯 0.0200 0.2986~0.3394 0.2488~0.2829 0.266 可接受
毒死蜱 0.0100 0.0747~0.0892 0.1244~0.1487 0.137 可接受
六六六 0.0050 0.0009~0.0916 0.0029~0.3053 0.154 可接受
增效醚 0.2000 0.0167 0.0014 0.001 可接受
莠去津 0.0200 0.0597 0.0497 0.050 可接受
甲基异柳磷 0.0030 0.0062 0.0343 0.034 可接受
腐霉利 0.1000 0.0317 0.0053 0.005 可接受
虫螨腈 0.0300 00395 0.0219 0.022 可接受
联苯菊酯 0.0100 0.0039 0.0065 0.006 可接受
六氯苯 0.0088
), ArticleFig(id=1217127903368757499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517520085930150, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

动物性食品中检出农药的安全指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检出农药 ADI值
/(mg/kg bw)
EDIc
/μg
IFS
(×10-3)
$\overline{\text{IFS}}$
(×10-3)
风险程度
氟铃脲 0.0200 0.0014~88.2565 0.0012~73.5471 3.636 可接受
滴滴涕 0.0100 0.0014~1.4768 0.0024~2.4613 0.126 可接受
二甲戊灵 0.1000 0.0139~234.9052 0.0023~39.1509 1.097 可接受
乐果 0.0020 0.0010~0.2344 0.0081~1.9536 0.303 可接受
二苯胺 0.0800 0.0080~0.6978 0.0017~0.1454 0.019 可接受
甲萘威 0.0080 0.0025~4.3714 0.0053~9.1071 2.254 可接受
氟乐灵 0.0250 0.1206~6.2124 0.0804~4.1416 0.380 可接受
噻呋酰胺 0.0140 0.0361~0.0897 0.0429~0.1067 0.071 可接受
氟虫腈 0.0002 0.0146~0.2891 1.2134~24.0946 10.021 可接受
啶酰菌胺 0.0400 0.0289~0.1947 0.0120~0.0811 0.044 可接受
灭线磷 0.0004 0.0044~0.0305 0.1835~1.2725 0.853 可接受
嘧菌酯 0.2000 0.0278~0.0566 0.0023~0.0047 0.003 可接受
磷酸三苯酯 0.0028~1.2165
戊唑醇 0.0300 0.0414~0.0416 0.0230~0.0231 0.023 可接受
氰戊菊酯 0.0200 0.2986~0.3394 0.2488~0.2829 0.266 可接受
毒死蜱 0.0100 0.0747~0.0892 0.1244~0.1487 0.137 可接受
六六六 0.0050 0.0009~0.0916 0.0029~0.3053 0.154 可接受
增效醚 0.2000 0.0167 0.0014 0.001 可接受
莠去津 0.0200 0.0597 0.0497 0.050 可接受
甲基异柳磷 0.0030 0.0062 0.0343 0.034 可接受
腐霉利 0.1000 0.0317 0.0053 0.005 可接受
虫螨腈 0.0300 00395 0.0219 0.022 可接受
联苯菊酯 0.0100 0.0039 0.0065 0.006 可接受
六氯苯 0.0088
), ArticleFig(id=1217127903523946765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517520085930150, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Assessment of dietary risk of pesticides detected in animal-derived food

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品
种类
农药名称 检出频次 $\overline{X}$/(mg/kg) EXP
/(mg/kg d)
%ADI HQ HI
畜肉 二苯胺 20 0.000964 1.752E-06 2.190E-03 2.190E-05 4.210E-02
灭线磷 11 0.000468 8.499E-07 2.125E-01 2.125E-03
啶酰菌胺 6 0.003730 6.776E-06 1.694E-02 1.694E-04
氟铃脲 4 0.020761 3.772E-05 1.886E-01 1.886E-03
滴滴涕 3 0.029595 5.376E-05 5.376E-01 5.376E-03
戊唑醇 2 0.004720 8.574E-06 2.858E-02 2.858E-04
腐霉利 1 0.003607 6.552E-06 6.552E-03 6.552E-05
联苯菊酯 1 0.000283 5.134E-07 5.134E-03 5.134E-05
增效醚 1 0.000455 8.262E-07 4.131E-04 4.131E-06
氟虫腈 1 0.003532 6.416E-06 3.208E+00 3.208E-02
六六六 1 0.000098 1.784E-07 3.568E-03 3.568E-05
禽肉 啶酰菌胺 3 0.002511 1.423E-06 3.558E-03 3.558E-05 9.796E-03
氟铃脲 1 0.002561 1.451E-06 7.257E-03 7.257E-05
氟虫腈 1 0.003419 1.938E-06 9.688E-01 9.688E-03
鸡蛋 氟虫腈 13 0.004239 2.904E-06 1.452E+00 1.452E-02 2.605E-02
氟铃脲 1 0.336737 2.307E-04 1.153E+00 1.153E-02
水产品 氟铃脲 88 0.000733 5.084E-07 2.542E-03 2.542E-05 3.918E-02
滴滴涕 47 0.003419 2.371E-06 2.371E-02 2.371E-04
二甲戊灵 43 0.480535 3.332E-04 3.332E-01 3.332E-03
乐果 37 0.002656 1.841E-06 9.207E-02 9.207E-04
甲萘威 21 0.078963 5.475E-05 6.843E-01 6.843E-03
氟乐灵 20 0.041591 2.884E-05 1.153E-01 1.153E-03
噻呋酰胺 19 0.004365 3.027E-06 2.162E-02 2.162E-04
嘧菌酯 6 0.002851 1.977E-06 9.885E-04 9.885E-06
啶酰菌胺 5 0.003683 2.554E-06 6.384E-03 6.384E-05
磷酸三苯酯 5 0.024489 1.698E-05
氟虫腈 4 0.006627 4.595E-06 2.297E+00 2.297E-02
二苯胺 2 0.037039 2.568E-05 3.210E-02 3.210E-04
灭线磷 2 0.000342 2.371E-07 5.926E-02 5.926E-04
氰戊菊酯 2 0.023284 1.614E-05 8.072E-02 8.072E-04
毒死蜱 2 0.005981 4.146E-06 4.146E-02 4.146E-04
六六六 2 0.006684 4.635E-06 9.269E-02 9.269E-04
增效醚 1 0.000839 5.814E-07 2.907E-04 2.907E-06
莠去津 1 0.004355 3.019E-06 1.510E-02 1.510E-04
甲基异柳磷 1 0.000450 3.121E-07 1.040E-02 1.040E-04
虫螨腈 1 0.002882 1.998E-06 6.661E-03 6.661E-05
联苯菊酯 1 0.000283 1.959E-07 1.959E-03 1.959E-05
六氯苯 1 0.000645 4.469E-07
), ArticleFig(id=1217127903725273371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517520085930150, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

动物性食品中检出农药的膳食风险评估

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品
种类
农药名称 检出频次 $\overline{X}$/(mg/kg) EXP
/(mg/kg d)
%ADI HQ HI
畜肉 二苯胺 20 0.000964 1.752E-06 2.190E-03 2.190E-05 4.210E-02
灭线磷 11 0.000468 8.499E-07 2.125E-01 2.125E-03
啶酰菌胺 6 0.003730 6.776E-06 1.694E-02 1.694E-04
氟铃脲 4 0.020761 3.772E-05 1.886E-01 1.886E-03
滴滴涕 3 0.029595 5.376E-05 5.376E-01 5.376E-03
戊唑醇 2 0.004720 8.574E-06 2.858E-02 2.858E-04
腐霉利 1 0.003607 6.552E-06 6.552E-03 6.552E-05
联苯菊酯 1 0.000283 5.134E-07 5.134E-03 5.134E-05
增效醚 1 0.000455 8.262E-07 4.131E-04 4.131E-06
氟虫腈 1 0.003532 6.416E-06 3.208E+00 3.208E-02
六六六 1 0.000098 1.784E-07 3.568E-03 3.568E-05
禽肉 啶酰菌胺 3 0.002511 1.423E-06 3.558E-03 3.558E-05 9.796E-03
氟铃脲 1 0.002561 1.451E-06 7.257E-03 7.257E-05
氟虫腈 1 0.003419 1.938E-06 9.688E-01 9.688E-03
鸡蛋 氟虫腈 13 0.004239 2.904E-06 1.452E+00 1.452E-02 2.605E-02
氟铃脲 1 0.336737 2.307E-04 1.153E+00 1.153E-02
水产品 氟铃脲 88 0.000733 5.084E-07 2.542E-03 2.542E-05 3.918E-02
滴滴涕 47 0.003419 2.371E-06 2.371E-02 2.371E-04
二甲戊灵 43 0.480535 3.332E-04 3.332E-01 3.332E-03
乐果 37 0.002656 1.841E-06 9.207E-02 9.207E-04
甲萘威 21 0.078963 5.475E-05 6.843E-01 6.843E-03
氟乐灵 20 0.041591 2.884E-05 1.153E-01 1.153E-03
噻呋酰胺 19 0.004365 3.027E-06 2.162E-02 2.162E-04
嘧菌酯 6 0.002851 1.977E-06 9.885E-04 9.885E-06
啶酰菌胺 5 0.003683 2.554E-06 6.384E-03 6.384E-05
磷酸三苯酯 5 0.024489 1.698E-05
氟虫腈 4 0.006627 4.595E-06 2.297E+00 2.297E-02
二苯胺 2 0.037039 2.568E-05 3.210E-02 3.210E-04
灭线磷 2 0.000342 2.371E-07 5.926E-02 5.926E-04
氰戊菊酯 2 0.023284 1.614E-05 8.072E-02 8.072E-04
毒死蜱 2 0.005981 4.146E-06 4.146E-02 4.146E-04
六六六 2 0.006684 4.635E-06 9.269E-02 9.269E-04
增效醚 1 0.000839 5.814E-07 2.907E-04 2.907E-06
莠去津 1 0.004355 3.019E-06 1.510E-02 1.510E-04
甲基异柳磷 1 0.000450 3.121E-07 1.040E-02 1.040E-04
虫螨腈 1 0.002882 1.998E-06 6.661E-03 6.661E-05
联苯菊酯 1 0.000283 1.959E-07 1.959E-03 1.959E-05
六氯苯 1 0.000645 4.469E-07
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市售动物性食品中农药残留分析及其风险评估
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杨志敏 1 , 李运 1 , 薛华丽 2, * , 李少斌 3 , 潘秀丽 1 , 李坚 1 , 吴福祥 1 , 邵长春 1
食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:动物性食品加工与质量安全 2025,16(15): 28-36
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:动物性食品加工与质量安全 2025, 16(15): 28-36
市售动物性食品中农药残留分析及其风险评估
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杨志敏1 , 李运1, 薛华丽2, * , 李少斌3, 潘秀丽1, 李坚1, 吴福祥1, 邵长春1
作者信息
  • 1 兰州市食品药品检验检测研究院, 国家市场监督管理总局重点实验室(食品中农药兽药残留监控), 兰州 730050
  • 2 甘肃农业大学理学院, 兰州 730070
  • 3 甘肃农业大学动物科学技术学院, 兰州 730070
  • 杨志敏(1985—), 女, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为外源性污染物质的检测分析。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*薛华丽(1977—), 女, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为采后生物学与技术和食品质量与安全。E-mail:
Analysis and risk assessment of pesticide residues in commercially animal-derived foods
Zhi-Min YANG1 , Yun LI1, Hua-Li XUE2, * , Shao-Bin LI3, Xiu-Li PAN1, Jian LI1, Fu-Xiang WU1, Chang-Chun SHAO1
Affiliations
  • 1 Lanzhou Institute for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Veterinary Drug Monitoring, State Administration for Market Regulation, Lanzhou 730050, China
  • 2 College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
  • 3 College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
出版时间: 2025-08-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250508002
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目的 对市售动物性食品中的农药残留进行风险评估。方法 通过气相色谱-串联质谱法测定了460批动物性食品中146种农药, 采用食品安全指数(food safety index, IFS)法和膳食风险评估模型对动物性食品中检出的农药残留进行风险评估。结果 样品的整体检出率为48.9%, 共检出农药24种, 主要是杀虫剂, 以低中等毒性为主。检出样品中, 水产品类中的检出率最高, 其他依次为蛋类>畜肉类>禽肉类; 检出农药数量依次为水产品类>畜肉类>禽肉类>蛋类, 其中水产品中以氟铃脲、二甲戊灵、滴滴涕、乐果、氟乐灵、噻呋酰胺和甲萘威居多, 畜肉以二苯胺、灭线磷和啶酰菌胺, 禽类主要是啶酰菌胺, 蛋类以氟虫腈为主。IFS结果显示, 所有农药的平均安全指数($\overline{\text{IFS}}$)为0.000001~0.010021, 远小于1, 其在动物性食品中的整体安全状况是可接受的; 膳食风险评估结果显示, 4类动物性食品中各个检出农药的慢性膳食摄入风险(acceptable daily intake, %ADI)值均远小于100%, 危害商(hazard quotient, HQ)和危害指数(hazard index, HI)均远小于1, 其风险水平均在可接受范围内。结论 市售动物性食品存在农药残留现象, 虽然检出的农药残留总体风险较低, 均在可接受范围内, 但今后应将检出率高的样品和农药作为重点监管对象, 为动物性食品的安全提供保障。

动物性食品  /  农药残留  /  食品安全指数  /  膳食风险评估

Objective To assess the risks of pesticide residues of animal-derived foods in commercial market. Methods The 146 kinds of pesticides were determined in 460 batches of animal foods by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The risk of pesticide residues detected in animal foods was evaluated by food safety index (IFS) method and dietary risk assessment model. Results The overall detection rate of the sample was 48.9%, and a total of 24 kinds of pesticides were detected, primarily insecticides, with low and moderate toxicity being the main characteristic. Among the detected samples, the number of detected pesticides was the highest in aquatic products, followed by eggs, livestock meat and poultry meat. Among the detected pesticides, the largest number of pesticides were detected in aquatic products, followed by livestock meat, poultry meat and eggs. The pesticides in aquatic products were mostly hexaflumuron, pendimethalin, DDT, dimethoate, trifluralin, thifluzamide and carbaryl. While the livestock meat was mainly diphenylamine, ethoprophos and boscalid, the poultry was mainly boscalid, and the eggs were mainly fipronil. The results of IFS showed that the average safety index ($\overline{\text{IFS}}$) of all pesticides was 0.000001-0.010021, which was far less than 1. The overall safety status of all pesticides in animal foods was acceptable. The results of dietary risk assessment indicated that acceptable daily intake (%ADI) of each detected pesticide in the 4 types of animal-derived foods were far less than 100%, and the hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) were far less than 1. The risk level of these pesticide residues of animal foods was within the acceptable range. Conclusion There are pesticide residues in animal-derived foods. Although the overall risk of pesticide residues detected in animal-derived foods is relatively low and within an acceptable range, however, samples and pesticides with high detection rates should be the focus of supervision to ensure the safety of animal-derived foods in the future.

animal-derived foods  /  pesticide residues  /  food safety index  /  dietary risk assessment
杨志敏, 李运, 薛华丽, 李少斌, 潘秀丽, 李坚, 吴福祥, 邵长春. 市售动物性食品中农药残留分析及其风险评估. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (15) : 28 -36 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250508002
Zhi-Min YANG, Yun LI, Hua-Li XUE, Shao-Bin LI, Xiu-Li PAN, Jian LI, Fu-Xiang WU, Chang-Chun SHAO. Analysis and risk assessment of pesticide residues in commercially animal-derived foods[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (15) : 28 -36 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250508002
动物性食品是人们日常饮食的重要组成部分。化学农药会通过饲料、饮水、消毒、杀虫害等途径传递、富集引入到动物性食品中, 进而残留在动物性食品中。随着人们生活水平的提升, 对动物性食品的需求增加, 伴随其农药残留的问题成为了关注的焦点。目前报道的农药残留主要集中在蔬菜、水果和中药材等植物性食品中[1-3], 在动物性食品中的报道不多, 主要集中在水产品中, 经查阅文献, 动物性食品中涉及残留的农药有有机磷[4]、有机氯[5-6]、拟除虫菊酯类[7-8]、琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制剂[9]及其他农药[10]等, 这不仅影响产品质量, 还会导致人畜中毒, 甚至引发食用者的患病风险。
风险评估是食品质量安全评价、标准制定和风险管理的理论依据, 全面系统地监测动物性食品中的农药残留, 并评价其对人体健康带来的潜在安全风险是非常必要的。国内外针对植物性食品中农药残留风险评估[11-12]和动物性食品中兽药残留风险评估[13-14]的相关研究已有很多, 但对动物性食品中农药残留风险评估的研究非常有限, 多数是检测方法和检出情况的研究。目前食品中农药残留风险评估的方法主要有食品安全指数(food safety index, IFS)法[15-16]、危害物风险系数法[15-17]、点评估法[18]、膳食暴露风险评估法[19]、综合评估法[20]等。
IFS法结合了食品中污染物的残留水平和居民膳食暴露量, 以量化形式表达食品中污染物对人体健康的危害程度, 目前IFS法在食品中污染物风险评估的应用较为广泛。覃东立等[21]利用IFS法对东北地区稻田养殖的中华绒螯蟹中的9种农药进行了健康风险评价, 发现所有农药的IFS和平均安全指数($\overline{\text{IFS}}$)均远小于1, 均在安全水平范围内。点评估法是我国农药残留膳食暴露风险评估中较为经典的暴露评估模型, 该模型较为简单, 是将食品中的消费量和农药残留含量设为固定值进行暴露计算, 适用于污染物的初步筛选研究。袁娜[22]利用估计暴露量(estimated exposure dose, EED)法和风险商(risk quotient, RQ)对鲫鱼组织中的二甲戊灵进行膳食风险评估, 结果显示所有鱼类中二甲戊灵的EED和RQ值均低于评价指标, 二甲戊灵的慢性膳食暴露风险是可以接受的。危害指数(hazard index, HI)法是最常用的累积暴露风险的评估方式, 已被运用在各类食品中污染物数据的评估中[11-12,23], 通常用于计算长期接触食品中污染物的情况。HUSSEIN等[24]使用目标危害商(target hazard quotient, THQ)法和HI法对水产品可食用组织中有机氯农药残留进行健康风险评估, 结果发现, 所有受检样品中有机氯的危害商(hazard quotient, HQ)和HI均小于1, 其累积暴露风险均是可接受的。
为了避免单一评估方法主观性和方法本身局限性对评估结果的影响, 本研究采用IFS法和膳食风险评估模型对动物性食品中检出农药进行风险评估, 明确动物性食品中需要重点监控的样品品种和农药种类, 为保障动物性食品的质量安全和人体健康提供参考依据。
供试样品均为市售样品: 畜肉类(猪肉、牛肉和羊肉)、禽肉类(鸡肉和鸭肉)、蛋类(鸡蛋)和水产品类(鱼肉、虾类、贝类)共460批。
146种农药标准品(纯度≥95%, 天津阿尔塔科技有限公司); QuEChERS EN-提取包、SPE EMR-Lipid净化管(美国Agilent科技有限公司); 乙酸乙酯、乙腈(色谱纯, 德国Merck公司); 丙酮(色谱纯, 科密欧化学试剂有限公司)。
Agilent 7890B GC-7000D气相色谱-串联质谱仪(美国Agilent科技有限公司); Milli-Q超纯水机(美国Millipore公司); AUTO-EVA-60全自动平行浓缩仪(睿科集团股份有限公司); 5810R高速低温离心机(德国Eppendor公司); VORTEX-5涡旋混匀器(海门其林贝尔公司)。
参照杨志敏等[25]方法测定460批动物性样品中146种农药残留量。样品测定时, 通过与标准品的保留时间和离子丰度比比对进行定性分析, 检测结果根据GB 2763—2021《食品安全国家标准 食品中农药最大残留限量》判定, 对于尚未制定最大残留限量值(maximum residue limit value, MRL)农药的检测结果暂不判定。
采用IFS法对动物性食品中的24种农药残留进行评估。计算公式(1)~(3)如下:
污染物的摄入量按照公式(1)计算:
EDIc=Ri×Fi×Ei×Pi
式中: c为检出农药; i为动物性食品的种类; 每日估计摄入量(estimated daily intake, EDIc)为农药的实际摄入量估算值; Ri为动物性食品中农药的残留量, mg/kg; Fi为动物性食品估计摄入量, g/(人·d)。参照《2024中国统计年鉴》发布的甘肃地区城镇居民家庭人均主要食品消费量中的最新数据(2023年)计算得到人均日消费量: 肉类为78.1 g/(人·d), 其中猪肉为49.9 g/(人·d), 牛肉和羊肉均为8.8 g/(人·d), 禽肉为15.6 g/(人·d), 鸡蛋为30.7 g/(人·d), 水产品为13.7 g/(人·d)。Ei为动物性食品的可食用部分因子, Ei =1; Pi为动物性食品的加工处理因子, Pi=1。
污染物的IFS按照公式(2)计算:
IFS=(EDIc×f)/(SIc×bw)
式中: SIc为农药c的安全摄入量, 具体参照GB 2763—2021中每日允许摄入量(acceptable daily intake, ADI)值, mg/kg bw; bw为成人平均体重, 依据《食品中化学物风险评估原则和方法》中成年人平均体重以60 kg计; f为农药安全摄入量的校正因子, f=1。
污染物的IFS平均值按照公式(3)计算:
$\overline{\text{IFS}}=\frac{{\displaystyle \sum {}_{i}^{n}\text{IFS}}}{n}$
式中: $\overline{\text{IFS}}$为污染物的IFS平均值; n为样品数量。IFS评估模型以IFS值的平均值$\overline{\text{IFS}}$反映食品中农药残留的整体安全状态, 若$\overline{\text{IFS}}$≤1表示检出农药对食品安全影响低, 在可接受范围内; 若$\overline{\text{IFS}}$>1表示检出农药对食品安全的影响超出了可接受的限度。
膳食摄入风险评估是国际用来评价各农药膳食摄入风险的通用指标, 包括慢性和急性膳食摄入风险评估。动物性食品摄入量一般低于蔬菜、水果等植物性食品的摄入量, 农药残留量一般较低, 因此, 本研究仅对慢性膳食摄入进行风险评估。点评估法是常用的膳食摄入风险评估方法, 膳食暴露量(dietary exposure, EXP)是结合食物中的污染物残留值与膳食消费量数据通过统计学估计所得, 膳食暴露量的计算公式(4)如下:
EXP=($\overline{X}$×P)/bw
式中: EXP为某种农药的膳食暴露量, mg/(kg d); $\overline{X}$为某种农药残留的平均残留值, mg/kg; P为某种食品中的消费量, kg, 参照全国居民人均主要食品消费量最新数据计算得到人均日消费量(单位: ×10-3 kg): 畜肉类为109.0, 禽肉类为33.97, 蛋类为41.10, 水产品为41.64。
慢性膳食摄入风险(acceptable daily intake, %ADI)以ADI值进行风险评估, 当%ADI≤100%时, 则风险可接受; 反之, 则风险不可接受。%ADI计算公式(5)如下:
%ADI=EXP×100/ADI
HQ是各个目标农药的膳食暴露量EXP与ADI的比值。HI法是用于评价农药残留的联合污染对人体健康所带来的风险, 是用于初步筛查污染物常用的累积暴露评估方法。HQ和HI分别用公式(6)~(7)计算:
HQ=EXP/ADI
$\text{HI}={\displaystyle \sum {}_{i=1}^{n}H{Q}_{i}}$
当HQ≤1或HI≤1时, 认为该种农药残留对人体的累积暴露风险是可接受的; 当HQ>1或HI>1时, 则该农药残留引入的风险是不可接受的。
本研究采用Agilent MassHunter软件对目标化合物进行定性和定量分析, 实验数据采用Excel 2011软件进行统计分析并制表绘图, 实验次数为3次。
采用建立的方法对460批动物性食品(畜肉类168批、禽肉类30批、蛋类49批、水产品类213批)中的146种农药残留进行测定(表1)。结果发现, 4类样品中均有农药检出, 样品整体检出率48.9%(共检出样品225批), 其中水产品类中的检出率(75.6%)最高, 其他样品检出率的顺序为蛋类(28.6%)>畜肉类(26.8%)>禽肉类(16.7%); 共检出农药24种(其中六六六、滴滴涕、氟虫腈均以残留物之和计), 其中水产品中检出农药种数(22种)最多, 其他依次为畜肉类(11种)>禽肉类(3种)>蛋类(2种); 在检出的农药中, 水产品中农药含量范围为0.0001~17.1464 mg/kg, 其中以氟铃脲、二甲戊灵、滴滴涕、乐果、氟乐灵、噻呋酰胺和甲萘威居多, 畜肉中的农药含量范围为0.0001~0.0784 mg/kg, 主要是二苯胺、灭线磷和啶酰菌胺, 蛋类的农药含量范围为0.0007~0.0069 mg/kg, 以氟虫腈为主, 禽肉类的农药含量范围为0.0019~0.0036 mg/kg, 以啶酰菌胺为主。在9种不同的样品中, 水产品中检出率最高的是贝类(高达97.3%), 其次为鱼肉类(81.2%); 畜肉中检出率高的是猪肉(40.2%); 禽肉中检出率高的是鸭肉(40.0%); 鸡蛋中主要检出农药为氟虫腈(28.6%); 从检出的农药数量来看, 受污染严重的主要是鱼肉、贝类和猪肉。综上可知, 动物性食品中农药残留污染较多的是水产品中的贝类和鱼肉、其次为猪肉和鸡蛋, 鸭肉的检出率虽然高, 但是可能与实验的样本量有关, 不能很准确地反映出其真实情况, 今后需要重点关注水产品中的农药残留。
表2结果发现, 测定460批动物性样品中146种农药残留的总检测频次为67160次, 其中检出农药残留的频次为409次(检出频次总占比为0.61%), 检出频次最高的农药是氟铃脲, 其次为滴滴涕、二甲戊灵、乐果, 其余农药的检出率均低于5.4%。动物性食品中的检出农药的毒性以低、中毒为主, 占比92.9%; 主要功能是杀虫剂(占比64.3%), 其次为杀菌剂(17.9%); 检出农药的类别主要是有机氮类农药(42.9%), 其次为有机氯(25.0%)和有机磷(14.3%)。所有农药的平均含量范围为0.0000~0.0646 mg/kg, 检出农药的平均残留水平为0.0003~0.4805 mg/kg。参照GB 2763—2021中MRL值, 检出的农药中有13种农药在部分样品中有限量值规定, 其余农药均无限量规定。二甲戌灵主要在水产品中检出, 但在我国标准中尚无MRL规定, 参照日本规定的鱼肉中MRL (0.3 mg/kg), 有2个样品超标, 其含量分别为2.1698 mg/kg和17.1464 mg/kg; 氟铃脲在水产品的检出频次高, 其中个别样品的含量水平较高, 但目前我国标准暂无氟铃脲的限量规定; 鸡蛋中主要检出的农药为氟虫腈, 其中有1个样品含量为0.0211 mg/kg, 超过了我国标准的MRL值(0.02 mg/kg); 其余农药均未超过限量标准, 或者无限量标准规定而无法判定是否超标。综合表2结果, 需加强鱼肉中二甲戊灵, 鸡蛋中氟虫腈等的监控, 加快制定鱼肉中氟铃脲的限量标准, 同时也要重点关注检出频次高的农药。
根据《中国统计年鉴》中查到的2023年甘肃地区城镇居民家庭主要动物性食品人均日消费量分别计算得到EDIc, 参照GB 2763—2021中规定的ADI值, 其中磷酸三苯酯和六氯苯未规定ADI值, 氟虫腈、滴滴涕和六六六的农药残留以残留物之和表示, 通过计算得到每种农药的IFS。表3结果显示, $\overline{\text{IFS}}$的范围为0.000001~0.010021, 远小于1, 表明动物性食品中检测出的农药残留对人体健康所产生的风险在可接受范围内。
目前对动物性食品中农药残留的膳食暴露风险评估的相关研究较为有限, 本研究以4类动物性食品中检出的农药为研究对象, 对其残留量进行膳食摄入风险评估和HQ评价(表4)。结果显示, 畜肉、禽肉、鸡蛋和水产品中各个检出农药的%ADI均远小于100%, HQ均远小于1, 可见, 通过摄入动物性食品所残留的这些农药, 其风险水平均在可接受范围内。
图1可以看出, 4类动物性食品的联合HI均远远小于1, 这些农药的联合污染对人体的风险均处于安全水平范围内, 但是还应加强这些检出农药的监管, 为动物性食品的安全提供保障。
本研究检测的4类动物性样品中, 水产品中农药的检出率最高, 为75.6%, 其中检出农药中有机氯为4,4-滴滴伊、2,4-滴滴涕、4,4-滴滴涕、4,4-滴滴滴、β-六六六、γ-六六六、六氯苯, 这与黄晓丽等[26]报道的东北地区养殖淡水鱼中有机氯农药种类相似; 黄丽等[27]在研究哈尔滨郊区池塘养殖鱼类中六六六和滴滴涕发现, 鱼类中主要以γ-六六六为主, 其次为α-六六六, 这与本研究中发现的β-六六六和γ-六六六不一致, 但是HCH最终以4种同分异构体加和计算, DDT以4,4-滴滴伊为主, 这与本研究一致。本研究中检出最多的农药为氟铃脲, 但是相关报道鲜见, 还有水产品中的二甲戊灵也是常检出农药, 这与袁娜[22]、杨秋红等[28]和彭汝林等[29]报道的水产品中存在二甲戊灵残留的结果一致。彭汝林等[29]在基围虾中检出异丙威, 本研究在鱼肉、虾类和贝类中均检出甲萘威, 这可能与养殖地区、气候、鱼的种类以及养殖方式等有关。李蔚然[30]对7种动物性食品中43种农药残留进行检测, 样品的整体检出率为5.46%, 这与样品品种及样本量等因素有关; 鸡蛋中农药检出率为20%, 与本研究中检出率28.6%略有差异, 但是主要农药是氟虫腈砜和氟甲腈, 这与本研究的结果相一致。总之, 本研究对动物性食品中农药残留分析可为今后关于这方面的研究提供参考, 同时还需要着重关注水产品、鸡蛋等食品中的农药残留状况。
本研究对市售的460批动物性样品中146种农药残留进行检测分析, 结果发现, 4类样品中均有农药检出, 样品检出率为48.9%, 其中水产品中鱼肉和贝壳类样品中农药的检出率最高, 其次是畜肉中的猪肉、鸡蛋和鸭肉。共检出农药24种, 主要是杀虫剂, 毒性以低、中毒为主。检出频次高的农药是水产品中的氟铃脲、二甲戊灵、滴滴涕、乐果、甲萘威、氟乐灵和噻呋酰胺, 畜肉中的二苯胺和灭线磷, 鸡蛋中的氟虫腈, 部分农药没有国家标准的MRL规定而无法判定其是否超标。
采用IFS法和膳食风险评估模型对460批样品中检出农药的风险评估结果表明, 动物性食品中虽存在农药残留现象, 但是残留含量均处于较低水平, 风险评估的结果都在人体健康安全可接受范围内。尽管如此, 今后仍需相关部门重点关注水产品、猪肉和鸡蛋这些动物性食品中残留的农药状况, 加大抽检筛查力度, 进行多维度的风险评价, 为限量标准的制定提供参考。
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2025年第16卷第15期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250508002
  • 接收时间:2025-05-08
  • 首发时间:2026-01-09
  • 出版时间:2025-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-08
基金
甘肃省市场监督管理局科技计划项目(SSCJG-SP-A202308)
兰州市青年科技人才创新项目(2023-QN-186)
兰州市青年科技人才创新项目(2023-QN-180)
兰州市科技发展指导性计划项目(2023-ZD-234)
兰州市科技发展指导性计划项目(2024-9-227)
作者信息
    1 兰州市食品药品检验检测研究院, 国家市场监督管理总局重点实验室(食品中农药兽药残留监控), 兰州 730050
    2 甘肃农业大学理学院, 兰州 730070
    3 甘肃农业大学动物科学技术学院, 兰州 730070

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*薛华丽(1977—), 女, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为采后生物学与技术和食品质量与安全。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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