Article(id=1216517519922352281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1216517514570417012, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250428003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1745769600000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767969978552, onlineDateStr=2026-01-09, pubDate=1755187200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767969978552, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767969978552, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767969978552, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1216517514570417012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='322', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767969977276, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768211590858, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217530915467743720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1216517514570417012, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217530915467743721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1216517514570417012, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=246, endPage=255, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1216517521608462576, articleId=1216517519922352281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research progress on detection methods for residues of carbamate pesticides in agricultural products, columnId=1151895321388347923, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Analysis and Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Carbamate pesticides are synthesized by substituting amino group onto the carbonyl group of carbamic acid derivatives, and are widely used in agriculture because of their short environmental persistence and low residue accumulation. However, due to unreasonable use, the residues of such pesticides and their metabolites in agricultural products far exceed the national standard limits. Long-term consumption of food containing carbamate pesticide residues will induce nervous system diseases, along with carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic effects on the human body, and lead to death in serious cases. Therefore, it is very important to monitor the residues of carbamate pesticides and their metabolites in agricultural products in real time to ensure food safety. This paper summarized and analyzed the commonly used pre-treatment technologies and detection methods of carbamate pesticides in agricultural products, introduced the characteristics of different pre-treatment technologies such as liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction and QuEChERS method for the extraction of these pesticides, and introduced the detection methods of enzyme inhibition assays and instrument analysis method respectively. The application characteristics of different detection methods for pesticide residues were analyzed, and new detection technologies and methods were prospeced, in order to provide references for the detection and safety supervision of carbamate pesticide residues in agricultural products, so as to ensure food safety and public health.

, correspAuthors=Bing QI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yi-Wen HUANG, Si-Wen SHEN, Hong-Kang WANG, Ben YU, Bo MEI, Qian-Nan LU, Min WANG, Xia WANG, Bing QI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1216517523772723553, articleId=1216517519922352281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=农产品中氨基甲酸酯类农药残留检测方法研究进展, columnId=1151895321958773274, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品分析与检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

氨基甲酸酯类农药是通过甲酸酯类化合物中与碳原子相连的氢原子被氨基取代得到的, 因其较短的半衰期和低环境残留量而被广泛应用于农业领域。然而由于不合理的使用导致此类农药及其代谢产物在农产品中残留量远超国标限量, 长期食用含有氨基甲酸酯类农药残留的食品会诱发神经系统疾病, 对人体产生致癌、致畸、致突变作用, 严重时会导致人们死亡。因此, 实时监测农产品中氨基甲酸酯类农药及其代谢产物残留保障食品安全至关重要。本文对农产品中氨基甲酸酯类农药常用的前处理技术和检测方法进行了总结与分析, 介绍了液液萃取、固相萃取、QuEChERS法不同前处理技术对此类农药提取的特点, 分别从酶抑制法和仪器分析法两类的检测方法展开介绍, 重点分析了不同检测方法对此类农药残留检测的应用特点, 并展望了新型检测技术与方法, 以期为农产品中氨基甲酸酯类农药残留检测与安全监管提供参考, 保障食品安全与人民健康。

, correspAuthors=祁兵, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*祁兵(1982—), 男, 兽医师, 主要研究方向为农产品质量安全监测及风险评估研究。E-mail:
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黄祎雯(1998—), 女, 硕士, 农艺师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:

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黄祎雯(1998—), 女, 硕士, 农艺师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:

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Determination of nine carbamate pesticide residues in vegetables by ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry[J]. Henan Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 33(8): 612-615., articleTitle=Determination of nine carbamate pesticide residues in vegetables by ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217127917067354119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517519922352281, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=23, issue=10, pageStart=2496, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=91, authorNames=ZHOU Y, GUAN J, GAO W, journalName=Molecules, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHOU Y, GUAN J, GAO W, et al. Quantification and confirmation of fifteen carbamate pesticide residues by multiple reaction monitoring and enhanced product ion scan modes via LC-MS/MS QTRAP system[J]. Molecules, 2018, 23(10): 2496., articleTitle=Quantification and confirmation of fifteen carbamate pesticide residues by multiple reaction monitoring and enhanced product ion scan modes via LC-MS/MS QTRAP system, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217127917197377553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517519922352281, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=12, issue=4, pageStart=699, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=92, authorNames=YANG B, WANG S, MA W, journalName=Foods, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YANG B, WANG S, MA W, et al. Simultaneous determination of neonicotinoid and carbamate pesticides in freeze-dried cabbage by modified QuEChERS and ultra performance liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry[J]. Foods, 2023, 12(4): 699., articleTitle=Simultaneous determination of neonicotinoid and carbamate pesticides in freeze-dried cabbage by modified QuEChERS and ultra performance liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1217127895026287558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517519922352281, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217127895034676167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517519922352281, companyId=1217127895026287558, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Shanghai Center of Agri-product Quality and Safety, Shanghai 201708, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217127895038870473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517519922352281, companyId=1217127895026287558, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=上海市农产品质量安全中心, 上海 201708)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1217127900399190173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517519922352281, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comprehensive comparison of enzyme inhibition detection techniques

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 分光光度法 试纸法 免疫分析法
灵敏度 中等
特异性 中等
操作复杂度
检测时间
设备需求 分光光度计 可能需要
成本 较高
适用场景 实验室定量分析 现场快速筛查 实验室痕量检测、
批量筛查
), ArticleFig(id=1217127900533407905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517519922352281, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

酶抑制法检测技术综合对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 分光光度法 试纸法 免疫分析法
灵敏度 中等
特异性 中等
操作复杂度
检测时间
设备需求 分光光度计 可能需要
成本 较高
适用场景 实验室定量分析 现场快速筛查 实验室痕量检测、
批量筛查
), ArticleFig(id=1217127900659237034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517519922352281, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Common pretreatment methods and detection technology characteristics of carbamate pesticides in agricultural products

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分析检测
技术
优缺点 检测
基质
前处理
技术
检测项目 检测范围 检测结果 参考
文献
气相色谱法 优点: 分离效率高, 适合挥发性化合物; 运行成本较低; 色谱柱选择成熟
缺点: 热不稳定性会导致目标物分解; 需衍生化提高挥发性, 步骤繁琐烦琐; 对极性代谢产物检测能力差
蔬菜 QuEChERS法 速灭威、异丙威、仲丁威、残杀威、抗蚜威 0.10~1.00 mg/kg 检出限≤0.04 mg/kg;
定量限: /;
回收率: 78%~90%
[34]
蔬菜 液液萃取法 克百威、丁硫克百威、
抗蚜威
/ 检出限: 0.013 μg/kg(克百威)、0.019 μg/kg(丁硫克百威)、0.008 μg/kg(抗蚜威);
定量限: 0.039 μg/kg(克百威)、0.057 μg/kg(丁硫克百威)、0.024 μg/kg(抗蚜威);
回收率: 94.64%~99.16%
[35]
蔬菜 固相萃取法 甲萘威、克百威、灭多威、抗蚜威、甲霜灵 0.004~012 mg/kg 检出限: /;
定量限: /;
回收率: 78.9%~111.2%
[36]
气相色谱-质谱法 优点: 结合气相色谱法分离与质谱法定性能力, 可鉴别未知物; 氮磷检测器和电子捕获检测器对含氮/磷化合物灵敏度较高; 经衍生化后适合复杂基质中痕量分析
缺点: 高温仍可能导致热分解; 衍生化可能引入干扰或误差; 对高极性化合物不适用
鱼类 液-液萃取和超声波萃取法 涕灭威亚砜、涕灭威砜、恶氨酰、灭多威、3-羟基呋喃、涕灭威、残杀威、克百威、西维因、灭虫威 / 检出限: /;
定量限: /;
回收率: /
[41]
蔬菜 固相萃取法 灭多威、速灭威、异丙威、仲丁威、残杀威、克百威、抗蚜威、甲萘威 0.01~1.0 μg/mL 检出限: 0.01 mg/kg;
定量限: /;
回收率: 72.58%~98.48%
[42]
豆乳 QuEChERS法 仲丁威、苯硫威、异丙威、抗蚜威、残杀威 5~200 ng/mL 检出限: /;
定量限: 0.004 mg/kg;
回收率: 71.8%~114.9%
[43]
高效液相色谱法 优点: 常温分离, 适合热不稳定化合物; 无需衍生化, 直接分析极性化合物; 荧光检测器; 对部分氨基甲酸酯灵敏度高
缺点: 峰形拖尾影响定量准确性; 复杂基质需严格净化; 多残留分离困难
谷物 固相萃取法 灭多威、涕灭威、克百威 0.01~2.0 μg/mL 检出限: 0.008 mg/kg;
定量限: /;
回收率: 80.6%~109.0%
[11]
柑橘类
果汁
固相萃取法 涕灭威亚砜、涕灭威砜、灭多威、三羟基克百威、涕灭威、速灭威、残杀威、克百威、甲萘威、异丙威、混杀威、仲丁威 0.5~10 μg/L 检出限: 1.0 μg/kg;
定量限: /;
回收率: 83.3%~105.0%
[16]
蔬菜 固相萃取法 灭多威、涕灭威砜、异丙威、三羟基克百威 / 检出限: /;
定量限: /;
回收率: 80.7%~118.73%
[44]
菜薹 QuEChERS法 涕灭威亚砜、涕灭威砜、灭多威、3-羟基克百威、涕灭威、速灭威、克百威、甲萘威、异丙威、仲丁
0.02~1.00 μg/mL 检出限: 0.006~0.010 mg/kg;
定量限: /;
回收率: 70.9%~101.5%
[45]
蔬菜 固相萃取法 涕灭威亚砜、涕灭威砜、杀线威、灭多威、3-羟基克百威、涕灭威、速灭威、残杀威、克百威、甲萘威、灭杀威、乙硫苯威、硫双威、抗蚜威、异丙威、仲丁威、甲硫威、猛杀威、呋线威 / 检出限: 0.002~0.014 mg/kg;
定量限: /;
回收率: 47.7%~110.0%
[46]
液相色谱-串联质谱法 优点: 高灵敏度与选择性; 无需衍生化, 可直接分析极性和热不稳定化合物; 可同时检测农药及其代谢产物; 结合同位素内标抗基质干扰能力强
缺点: 仪器购置和维护成本极高; 离子抑制效应需优化流动相; 方法开发复杂, 需平衡分离与电离条件; 对操作人员专业性要求高
菠菜 氧化石墨烯注射式净化法 甲萘威、克百威、乙霉威、仲丁威、茚虫威、异丙威、速灭威、残杀威 5~300 μg/L 检出限: 0.02~0.58 μg/kg;
定量限: 0.06~1.95 μg/kg;
回收率: 80.5%~105.2%
[6]
大米 多壁碳纳米管分散固相萃取法 涕灭威、涕灭威砜、涕灭威亚砜、仲丁威、苯硫威、茚虫威、抗蚜威、脱甲基抗蚜威、脱甲基酰胺抗蚜威、猛杀威、苯氧威、缬霉威、异丙威、灭多威、速灭威、杀线威、杀线威肟、残杀威、甲硫威、甲硫威砜、甲硫威亚砜、噁虫威、甲萘威、克百威、3-克百威、乙霉威 0.2~100 ng/mL 检出限: 0.01~0.08 μg/kg;
定量限: 0.03~0.58 μg/kg;
回收率: 87.4%~112.8%
[17]
桂皮 QuEChERS法 克百威、3-羟基克百威、灭多威、涕灭威、涕灭威亚砜、涕灭威砜、甲萘威、异丙威 0.001~0.5 μg/mL 检出限: 0.003~0.007 mg/kg;
定量限: 0.02 mg/kg;
回收率: 71.0%~110.7%
[21]
QuEChERS法 灭多威、速灭威、3,4,5-三甲威、异丙威、甲萘威、涕灭威亚砜、涕灭威、猛杀威、仲丁威、灭害威、残杀威、丁酮威、久效威、兹克威、丁酮威砜、涕灭威砜、二氧威、恶虫威、乙硫苯威、甲硫威、杀线威、三羟克百威、抗蚜威、久效威砜、乙硫苯威砜、乙霉威、苯氧威、硫双威、丁硫克百威、茚虫威、呋线威、克百威 0.5~100 ng/mL 检出限: /;
定量限: 0.05~1.8 μg/kg;
30 μg/kg(久效威);
回收率: 63.06%~109.65%
[23]
液体乳 通过式固相萃取法 涕灭威亚砜、涕灭威、灭多威、3-羟基克百威、涕灭威、速灭威、克百威、甲萘威、异丙威、仲丁威 2~200 μg/L 检出限: 0.045~0.23 μg/kg;
定量限: 0.15~0.77 μg/kg;
回收率: 68.7%~93.3%
[19]
蔬菜 QuEChERS法 克百威、3-羟基克百威、涕灭威、涕灭威亚砜、涕灭威砜、残杀威、恶霜灵、腈菌唑、吡唑醚菌酯 5~100 μg/L 检出限: 0.0005~0.02 mg/kg;
定量限: /;
回收率: 86.1%~95.1%
[48]
蔬菜、水果 QuEChERS法 涕灭威亚砜、涕灭威砜、抗蚜威、3-羟基克百威、灭多虫、草氨酰、涕灭威、速灭威、残杀威、克百威、西维因、异丙威、灭虫威、仲丁威、氯灭杀威 / 检出限: 0.2~2.0 µg/kg;
定量限: 0.5~5.0 µg/kg;
回收率: 88.1%~118.4%
[49]
冻干白菜 QuEChERS法 霜霉威、杀线威、抗蚜威、涕灭威、速灭威、残杀威、克百威、西维因、异丙威、猛杀威 / 检出限: 1.0~10.0 μg/kg;
定量限: /;
回收率: 78.7%~114.0%
[50]
), ArticleFig(id=1217127900789260468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517519922352281, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

农产品中氨基甲酸酯类农药常见前处理方法及检测技术特点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分析检测
技术
优缺点 检测
基质
前处理
技术
检测项目 检测范围 检测结果 参考
文献
气相色谱法 优点: 分离效率高, 适合挥发性化合物; 运行成本较低; 色谱柱选择成熟
缺点: 热不稳定性会导致目标物分解; 需衍生化提高挥发性, 步骤繁琐烦琐; 对极性代谢产物检测能力差
蔬菜 QuEChERS法 速灭威、异丙威、仲丁威、残杀威、抗蚜威 0.10~1.00 mg/kg 检出限≤0.04 mg/kg;
定量限: /;
回收率: 78%~90%
[34]
蔬菜 液液萃取法 克百威、丁硫克百威、
抗蚜威
/ 检出限: 0.013 μg/kg(克百威)、0.019 μg/kg(丁硫克百威)、0.008 μg/kg(抗蚜威);
定量限: 0.039 μg/kg(克百威)、0.057 μg/kg(丁硫克百威)、0.024 μg/kg(抗蚜威);
回收率: 94.64%~99.16%
[35]
蔬菜 固相萃取法 甲萘威、克百威、灭多威、抗蚜威、甲霜灵 0.004~012 mg/kg 检出限: /;
定量限: /;
回收率: 78.9%~111.2%
[36]
气相色谱-质谱法 优点: 结合气相色谱法分离与质谱法定性能力, 可鉴别未知物; 氮磷检测器和电子捕获检测器对含氮/磷化合物灵敏度较高; 经衍生化后适合复杂基质中痕量分析
缺点: 高温仍可能导致热分解; 衍生化可能引入干扰或误差; 对高极性化合物不适用
鱼类 液-液萃取和超声波萃取法 涕灭威亚砜、涕灭威砜、恶氨酰、灭多威、3-羟基呋喃、涕灭威、残杀威、克百威、西维因、灭虫威 / 检出限: /;
定量限: /;
回收率: /
[41]
蔬菜 固相萃取法 灭多威、速灭威、异丙威、仲丁威、残杀威、克百威、抗蚜威、甲萘威 0.01~1.0 μg/mL 检出限: 0.01 mg/kg;
定量限: /;
回收率: 72.58%~98.48%
[42]
豆乳 QuEChERS法 仲丁威、苯硫威、异丙威、抗蚜威、残杀威 5~200 ng/mL 检出限: /;
定量限: 0.004 mg/kg;
回收率: 71.8%~114.9%
[43]
高效液相色谱法 优点: 常温分离, 适合热不稳定化合物; 无需衍生化, 直接分析极性化合物; 荧光检测器; 对部分氨基甲酸酯灵敏度高
缺点: 峰形拖尾影响定量准确性; 复杂基质需严格净化; 多残留分离困难
谷物 固相萃取法 灭多威、涕灭威、克百威 0.01~2.0 μg/mL 检出限: 0.008 mg/kg;
定量限: /;
回收率: 80.6%~109.0%
[11]
柑橘类
果汁
固相萃取法 涕灭威亚砜、涕灭威砜、灭多威、三羟基克百威、涕灭威、速灭威、残杀威、克百威、甲萘威、异丙威、混杀威、仲丁威 0.5~10 μg/L 检出限: 1.0 μg/kg;
定量限: /;
回收率: 83.3%~105.0%
[16]
蔬菜 固相萃取法 灭多威、涕灭威砜、异丙威、三羟基克百威 / 检出限: /;
定量限: /;
回收率: 80.7%~118.73%
[44]
菜薹 QuEChERS法 涕灭威亚砜、涕灭威砜、灭多威、3-羟基克百威、涕灭威、速灭威、克百威、甲萘威、异丙威、仲丁
0.02~1.00 μg/mL 检出限: 0.006~0.010 mg/kg;
定量限: /;
回收率: 70.9%~101.5%
[45]
蔬菜 固相萃取法 涕灭威亚砜、涕灭威砜、杀线威、灭多威、3-羟基克百威、涕灭威、速灭威、残杀威、克百威、甲萘威、灭杀威、乙硫苯威、硫双威、抗蚜威、异丙威、仲丁威、甲硫威、猛杀威、呋线威 / 检出限: 0.002~0.014 mg/kg;
定量限: /;
回收率: 47.7%~110.0%
[46]
液相色谱-串联质谱法 优点: 高灵敏度与选择性; 无需衍生化, 可直接分析极性和热不稳定化合物; 可同时检测农药及其代谢产物; 结合同位素内标抗基质干扰能力强
缺点: 仪器购置和维护成本极高; 离子抑制效应需优化流动相; 方法开发复杂, 需平衡分离与电离条件; 对操作人员专业性要求高
菠菜 氧化石墨烯注射式净化法 甲萘威、克百威、乙霉威、仲丁威、茚虫威、异丙威、速灭威、残杀威 5~300 μg/L 检出限: 0.02~0.58 μg/kg;
定量限: 0.06~1.95 μg/kg;
回收率: 80.5%~105.2%
[6]
大米 多壁碳纳米管分散固相萃取法 涕灭威、涕灭威砜、涕灭威亚砜、仲丁威、苯硫威、茚虫威、抗蚜威、脱甲基抗蚜威、脱甲基酰胺抗蚜威、猛杀威、苯氧威、缬霉威、异丙威、灭多威、速灭威、杀线威、杀线威肟、残杀威、甲硫威、甲硫威砜、甲硫威亚砜、噁虫威、甲萘威、克百威、3-克百威、乙霉威 0.2~100 ng/mL 检出限: 0.01~0.08 μg/kg;
定量限: 0.03~0.58 μg/kg;
回收率: 87.4%~112.8%
[17]
桂皮 QuEChERS法 克百威、3-羟基克百威、灭多威、涕灭威、涕灭威亚砜、涕灭威砜、甲萘威、异丙威 0.001~0.5 μg/mL 检出限: 0.003~0.007 mg/kg;
定量限: 0.02 mg/kg;
回收率: 71.0%~110.7%
[21]
QuEChERS法 灭多威、速灭威、3,4,5-三甲威、异丙威、甲萘威、涕灭威亚砜、涕灭威、猛杀威、仲丁威、灭害威、残杀威、丁酮威、久效威、兹克威、丁酮威砜、涕灭威砜、二氧威、恶虫威、乙硫苯威、甲硫威、杀线威、三羟克百威、抗蚜威、久效威砜、乙硫苯威砜、乙霉威、苯氧威、硫双威、丁硫克百威、茚虫威、呋线威、克百威 0.5~100 ng/mL 检出限: /;
定量限: 0.05~1.8 μg/kg;
30 μg/kg(久效威);
回收率: 63.06%~109.65%
[23]
液体乳 通过式固相萃取法 涕灭威亚砜、涕灭威、灭多威、3-羟基克百威、涕灭威、速灭威、克百威、甲萘威、异丙威、仲丁威 2~200 μg/L 检出限: 0.045~0.23 μg/kg;
定量限: 0.15~0.77 μg/kg;
回收率: 68.7%~93.3%
[19]
蔬菜 QuEChERS法 克百威、3-羟基克百威、涕灭威、涕灭威亚砜、涕灭威砜、残杀威、恶霜灵、腈菌唑、吡唑醚菌酯 5~100 μg/L 检出限: 0.0005~0.02 mg/kg;
定量限: /;
回收率: 86.1%~95.1%
[48]
蔬菜、水果 QuEChERS法 涕灭威亚砜、涕灭威砜、抗蚜威、3-羟基克百威、灭多虫、草氨酰、涕灭威、速灭威、残杀威、克百威、西维因、异丙威、灭虫威、仲丁威、氯灭杀威 / 检出限: 0.2~2.0 µg/kg;
定量限: 0.5~5.0 µg/kg;
回收率: 88.1%~118.4%
[49]
冻干白菜 QuEChERS法 霜霉威、杀线威、抗蚜威、涕灭威、速灭威、残杀威、克百威、西维因、异丙威、猛杀威 / 检出限: 1.0~10.0 μg/kg;
定量限: /;
回收率: 78.7%~114.0%
[50]
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农产品中氨基甲酸酯类农药残留检测方法研究进展
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黄祎雯 , 沈斯文 , 汪弘康 , 俞奔 , 梅博 , 陆倩楠 , 王敏 , 王霞 , 祁兵 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025,16(15): 246-255
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025, 16(15): 246-255
农产品中氨基甲酸酯类农药残留检测方法研究进展
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黄祎雯 , 沈斯文, 汪弘康, 俞奔, 梅博, 陆倩楠, 王敏, 王霞, 祁兵*
作者信息
  • 上海市农产品质量安全中心, 上海 201708
  • 黄祎雯(1998—), 女, 硕士, 农艺师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*祁兵(1982—), 男, 兽医师, 主要研究方向为农产品质量安全监测及风险评估研究。E-mail:
Research progress on detection methods for residues of carbamate pesticides in agricultural products
Yi-Wen HUANG , Si-Wen SHEN, Hong-Kang WANG, Ben YU, Bo MEI, Qian-Nan LU, Min WANG, Xia WANG, Bing QI*
Affiliations
  • Shanghai Center of Agri-product Quality and Safety, Shanghai 201708, China
出版时间: 2025-08-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250428003
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氨基甲酸酯类农药是通过甲酸酯类化合物中与碳原子相连的氢原子被氨基取代得到的, 因其较短的半衰期和低环境残留量而被广泛应用于农业领域。然而由于不合理的使用导致此类农药及其代谢产物在农产品中残留量远超国标限量, 长期食用含有氨基甲酸酯类农药残留的食品会诱发神经系统疾病, 对人体产生致癌、致畸、致突变作用, 严重时会导致人们死亡。因此, 实时监测农产品中氨基甲酸酯类农药及其代谢产物残留保障食品安全至关重要。本文对农产品中氨基甲酸酯类农药常用的前处理技术和检测方法进行了总结与分析, 介绍了液液萃取、固相萃取、QuEChERS法不同前处理技术对此类农药提取的特点, 分别从酶抑制法和仪器分析法两类的检测方法展开介绍, 重点分析了不同检测方法对此类农药残留检测的应用特点, 并展望了新型检测技术与方法, 以期为农产品中氨基甲酸酯类农药残留检测与安全监管提供参考, 保障食品安全与人民健康。

氨基甲酸酯类农药  /  农药残留  /  前处理技术  /  检测方法

Carbamate pesticides are synthesized by substituting amino group onto the carbonyl group of carbamic acid derivatives, and are widely used in agriculture because of their short environmental persistence and low residue accumulation. However, due to unreasonable use, the residues of such pesticides and their metabolites in agricultural products far exceed the national standard limits. Long-term consumption of food containing carbamate pesticide residues will induce nervous system diseases, along with carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic effects on the human body, and lead to death in serious cases. Therefore, it is very important to monitor the residues of carbamate pesticides and their metabolites in agricultural products in real time to ensure food safety. This paper summarized and analyzed the commonly used pre-treatment technologies and detection methods of carbamate pesticides in agricultural products, introduced the characteristics of different pre-treatment technologies such as liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction and QuEChERS method for the extraction of these pesticides, and introduced the detection methods of enzyme inhibition assays and instrument analysis method respectively. The application characteristics of different detection methods for pesticide residues were analyzed, and new detection technologies and methods were prospeced, in order to provide references for the detection and safety supervision of carbamate pesticide residues in agricultural products, so as to ensure food safety and public health.

carbamate pesticides  /  pesticide residues  /  pretreatment technology  /  detection method
黄祎雯, 沈斯文, 汪弘康, 俞奔, 梅博, 陆倩楠, 王敏, 王霞, 祁兵. 农产品中氨基甲酸酯类农药残留检测方法研究进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (15) : 246 -255 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250428003
Yi-Wen HUANG, Si-Wen SHEN, Hong-Kang WANG, Ben YU, Bo MEI, Qian-Nan LU, Min WANG, Xia WANG, Bing QI. Research progress on detection methods for residues of carbamate pesticides in agricultural products[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (15) : 246 -255 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250428003
氨基甲酸酯类农药是氨基甲酸的N-甲基取代酯类化合物, 结构通式为R'O-C(O)-NR1R2。R'通常为芳香烃基、脂肪烃基或杂环基, 影响水溶性和脂溶性。R1和R2在农药中通常一个为甲基, 另一个可为氢、脂肪烃基、芳香烃基或杂环基, 其空间位阻和电子效应直接影响与靶标酶的结合能力。氨基甲酸酯类农药中各取代基的具体基团, 共同决定了该类农药的物理化学性质及生物活性。作为继有机磷农药之后发展的重要合成类农药[1-2], 氨基甲酸酯类农药通过抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性, 阻断神经传导, 从而对害虫产生神经毒性作用, 据统计此类杀虫剂的使用量占全部杀虫剂的30%以上[3-4]。此类农药包括涕灭威、灭多威、克百威等, 因其环境半衰期相对较短且具有较高的杀虫活性, 广泛应用于农业、林业和牧业领域[5-6]。然而, 氨基甲酸酯类农药不仅对目标害虫有效, 对人类及其他非目标生物也具有潜在的毒性风险[7-9], 长期食用含此类农药残留的农产品会诱发毒蕈碱样、烟碱样和以中枢神经系统症状为主的全身性疾病, 严重时甚至威胁生命[3]。国际癌症研究机构(International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC)在2007年已将部分氨基甲酸酯类化合物归类为2A类致癌物[10-12]。农产品中的农药残留问题已成为食品安全领域的关键议题, 许多国家已制定了严格的最大残留限量(maximum residue limits, MRLs)标准。为确保食品安全, 必须通过高效的分析方法对食品中的氨基甲酸酯类农药及其代谢产物进行精准监测, 且农药的精准监测取决于仪器分析和样品预处理两方面。因此, 开发高效、灵敏且准确的检测技术, 并优化样品前处理流程, 是保障食品安全的重要环节[9]。近年来, 随着分析技术的迅速发展, 氨基甲酸酯类农药残留检测技术取得了显著进展, 特别是在样品前处理方法的创新、检测仪器灵敏度的提升, 以及多残留分析技术的优化等方面, 研究者提出了诸多新的解决方案。本文将从氨基甲酸酯类农药及其代谢产物在农产品中的残留机制出发, 结合近年来的研究成果, 对农产品中氨基甲酸酯类农药常用的前处理技术和检测方法进行了全面综述与分析, 探讨了当前样品前处理方法和检测技术的发展趋势, 以期为下一步的开发和应用新技术、新方法提供理论参考, 为农产品中氨基甲酸酯类农药残留的检测与安全监管提供支撑。
农产品中农药残留分析主要包括样品前处理和检测分析两大步骤。样品前处理又分为制备、提取和净化3个环节, 目的是为了将基质中的干扰杂质尽可能去掉, 将待测成分尽可能多的提取和富集出来, 以此减少基质影响并降低检出限, 提高方法的灵敏度和选择性[11]。前处理关系到测定结果的准确性和分析时长, 是决定检测结果准确性的关键步骤之一。农产品种类丰富多样, 基质复杂程度参差不齐, 如何有效消除基质干扰获取准确的分析结果、防止仪器污染, 选择合适的前处理技术至关重要[13-14]。目前常用的农药残留分析前处理的包括液液萃取法、固相萃取法、QuEChERS法等[15]
液液萃取法具有成本低且对实验用具的要求较低的特点, 其原理是待测组分在两种溶剂中的溶解度不同, 将目标物从一种溶剂转移到另一种溶剂中从而进行分离提纯。常用的萃取溶剂有丙酮、乙腈、二氯甲烷、正己烷等, 可通过综合考虑待测组分的pKa值和溶液的pH来选择合适的溶剂。GB/T 5009.145—003《植物性食品中有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类农药多种残留的测定》的前处理步骤采用丙酮水溶液提取, 二氯甲烷二次提取, 硅胶柱净化, 最后浓缩定容。该方法的实验步骤复杂, 且需要消耗大量有机试剂, 对环境及人员危害较大。
固相萃取法与液液萃取法相比, 具有对有机溶剂和样品消耗量低, 选择性高、操作简单等优点, 其基本原理是填料的官能团与待测物和杂质的官能团之间相互作用力不同, 从而使目标物被保留在吸附剂上, 达到被测组分与基质分离的目的。氨基甲酸酯类农药的固相萃取需根据目标物极性、基质复杂性及检测方法灵活选择, 其中氨基柱和石墨化炭黑-氨基复合柱为主流方案, 而混合模式聚合物柱则是高脂/蛋白基质的优化选择。赵越超等[11]建立了固相萃取-高效液相色谱柱后衍生法测定谷物中灭多威、涕灭威、克百威3种氨基甲酸酯类农药残留, 结果显示该方法的3种农药检出限均为0.008 mg/kg, 相对标准偏差均小于7.5%, 加标回收率为80.6%~109.0%。刘俊等[16]建立了针筒式固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定柑橘类果汁中12种氨基甲酸酯类农药的残留量, 结果显示, 12种农药在0.5~10 μg/L范围内线性关系良好, 相关系数不小于0.9978, 方法检出限为1.0 μg/kg, 样品加标回收率为83.3%~105.0%。范宏等[17]建立了多壁碳纳米管分散固相萃取-液相色谱串联质谱法测定大米中26种氨基甲酸酯类农药及其代谢产物残留量的分析方法, 样品水化后经酸化乙腈提取, 多壁碳纳米管净化, 结果显示, 26种农药在0.2~100 ng/mL范围内线性关系良好, 相关系数均大于0.999, 方法检出限为0.01~0.08 μg/kg, 定量限为0.03~0.58 μg/kg, 样品加标回收率为87.4%~112.8%。杨琦等[18]建立了中性氧化铝固相萃取-超高超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法快速检测蜂蜜中10种氨基甲酸酯类农药残留的分析方法, 结果表明, 10种农药在5.0~100 μg/L的范围内线性关系良好, 相关系数均大于0.99, 方法检出限为0.78~1.0 μg/kg, 样品加标回收率为64.71%~103.10%。岳超等[19]建立了通过式固相萃取净化-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定液体乳中10种氨基甲酸酯类农药残留的分析方法, 结果显示, 10种氨基甲酸酯类农药在2~200 μg/L范围内线性关系良好, 相关性系数大于0.999, 方法检出限为0.045~0.23 μg/kg, 定量限为0.15~0.77 μg/kg, 样品加标回收率为68.7%~93.3%。固相萃取法应用于测定氨基甲酸酯类农药残留是目前普遍被接受的方法之一[9], 但是, 该方法需要经过活化、淋洗和洗脱等多个步骤, 操作烦琐, 前处理时间耗时长, 无法实现快速检测, 且固相萃取小柱成本高, 对实验人员操作技术要求高, 这些问题限制了该方法在复杂基质或高通量场景中的应用效率。
QuEChERS法提取具有快速、简便、经济、高效、耐用、安全的特点, 无需特殊仪器装备, 采用乙腈作为溶剂提取, 无水硫酸镁(MgSO4)和氯化钠液-液分层, 乙二胺-N-丙基硅烷化硅胶(primary secondary amine, PSA)作为萃取剂, 并使用分散固相萃取技术净化, 可快速进行样品处理。常晨阳等[20]建立了啤酒中10种氨基甲酸酯类农药残留的QuEChERS-高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法, 结果表明, 10种氨基甲酸酯类农药在5~150 μg/L浓度范围内线性关系良好, 相关性系数均大于0.9990, 样品加标回收率为85.9%~118.0%。吴晓萍[21]建立了QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测桂皮中8种氨基甲酸酯类农药, 结果显示, 在0.001~0.5 μg/mL范围内, 8种氨基甲酸酯类农药在桂皮中的峰面积与其质量浓度呈现良好的线性关系, 相关性系数大于0.99, 在0.02、0.04和0.20 mg/kg添加水平下, 8种氨基甲酸酯类农药回收率为71.0%~110.7%, 相对标准偏差为1.7%~10.3%, 定量限为0.02 mg/kg, 检出限为0.003~0.007 mg/kg。沈小玲等[22]建立了QuEChERS-气相色谱-氮磷检测器检测技术快速检测蔬菜中5种氨基甲酸酯农药残留, 结果显示具有极好的回收率和精密度, 检出限低于0.04 mg/kg, 平均加标回收率为78%~90%, 相对标准偏差在1%~5%。唐翩翩等[23]利用改进的QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定姜中32种氨基甲酸酯类农药, 结果显示32种农药除久效威定量限为30 μg/kg, 其他农药的定量限均在0.05~1.8 μg/kg, 加标回收率范围为63.06%~109.65%。QuEChERS法自2003年由ANASTASSIADES等[24]提出, 被广泛用于农药残留检测领域[20-23], 与液液萃取法和固相萃取法相比, QuEChERS法进一步简化了前处理的烦琐步骤, 在操作上更简易, 对有毒试剂使用量更少, 前处理时间更短, 节约了试剂和人工成本。近几年最新发布的农产品检测国家标准均采用QuEChERS技术作为前处理方法以提高检测工作效率。未来QuEChERS技术会向更加节省前处理时间、进一步加强环境友好、批量化、智能化与自动化的研发的方向发展。
目前, 应用于氨基甲酸酯类农药残留检测技术主要概括为酶抑制法和仪器分析法两大类[25]。酶抑制检测技术具有操作简单快捷、成本投入低等优点, 该检测技术的原理是通过抑制生物体内的胆碱酯酶活性来检测氨基甲酸酯类农药的残留, 因此可以根据抑制效果判断农产品中的农药残留情况, 酶抑制法包括分光光度法、试纸法、免疫分析法等[26-27]。而仪器分析法具有高效灵敏、能实现实时在线监测等优点, 由于仪器检测原理和适用范围的不同又分为色谱法和光谱法, 目前主要有: 气相色谱法、气相色谱-串联质谱法、液相色谱法、液相色谱-串联质谱法等[9]
分光光度法是通过测定被测物质在特定波长处或一定波长范围内光的吸光度或发光强度, 对该物质进行定性和定量分析的方法, 是早期测定氨基甲酸酯农药的方法之一。现在一般采用不同的样品前处理技术提高目标物的浓度以及纯度、选择不同的偶合试剂产生颜色不同的偶合产物, 从而利用分光光度法检测氨基甲酸酯类农药, 其显色反应的特异性是目标分析物定量的关键因素。GB/T 5009.199—2003《蔬菜中有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类农药残留量的快速检测》中分光光度法利用酶催化神经传导乙酰胆碱水解, 其水解产物与显色剂反应产生黄色物质, 用分光光度计在412 nm处测定吸光度随时间的变化值, 计算出抑制率, 通过抑制率判断是否有高剂量的氨基甲酸酯类农药存在。周芳等[28]通过优化酶与底物浓度、显色剂用量、缓冲溶液pH以及反应温度, 测定出果蔬中三羟基克百威、仲丁威、敌灭威砜、西维因、涕灭威、呋喃丹6种氨基甲酸酯类农药残留量。该方法检测设备便携, 操作简单, 在初筛方面具有一定的价值, 但其准确率难以保证, 容易出现假阳性和假阴性, 不能检测出农药的具体残留含量。
试纸法是一种基于胆碱酯酶抑制原理的农药残留快速检测技术。GB/T 5009.199—2003中纸片法利用胆碱酯酶可催化靛酚乙酸酯(红色)水解为乙酸和靛酚(蓝色), 氨基甲酸酯类农药对胆碱酯酶有抑制作用, 使催化、水解、变色的过程发生改变, 判断是否有高剂量的氨基甲酸酯类农药存在。刘畅等[29]研究开发的速测试纸利用鸭血浆胆碱酯酶, 检测果蔬中有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类农药残留, 检测时间仅13 min, 酶催化底物显色, 若农药抑制酶活性, 试纸颜色变浅或消失, 从而判断农药残留水平。该方法无需大型设备, 非实验人员即可使用, 成本低, 可用于现场快速筛查, 但仅能检测较高浓度的农药, 可能漏检低残留, 且反应时间受温度影响大, 不能检测出具体农药, 需与仪器分析法结合, 提高农产品安全检测准确度。
免疫分析法是一种基于抗原-抗体特异性反应的检测技术, 具有快速、灵敏、选择性高的特点。陈晓等[30]开发了一种基于免疫分析法的快速检测技术, 用于检测蔬菜中涕灭威及其代谢产物的残留量, 结果显示, 该方法在0.01~1.0 mg/kg范围内线性关系良好, 相关系数大于0.99, 方法检出限为0.01 mg/kg, 加标回收率为85.0%~110.0%。魏智化等[31]通过生物荧光酶抑制反应快速筛查稻谷内是否存在高剂量有机磷类和氨基甲酸酯类农药残留在实验室的适用性, 结果表明, 毒死蜱在糙米粉中的判定酶抑制率为39.8%, 马拉硫磷在糙米粉中的判定酶抑制率为39.3%, 该方法精密度、检出限均能满足实验室要求, 适合用于有机磷类和氨基甲酸酯类农药残留的快速定性检测。免疫分析法在快速筛查和大规模检测中具有显著优势, 但由于特定抗体只能对特定的抗原起作用, 市场上目前大多数的单根胶体金试纸条不能同时检测多种农药, 且不能检测具体残留量多少。
酶抑制法检测农产品中氨基甲酸酯类农药残留检测技术综合对比见表1
气相色谱法是一种通过高纯氮气、氩气等载体将汽化后样品带入色谱柱进行分组分离的色谱分析方法, 常用的包括电子捕获检测器[32]、火焰离子化检测器[33]、火焰光度检测器[34]等, 适用于多种农药残留分析以及挥发性化合物的分离、鉴定和定量。当气相色谱仪用于分析热不稳定的化合物, 如氨基甲酸酯类农药时, 可通过修改气相色谱仪条件以减少热分解或者通过柱前衍生的方法提高待测物的稳定性, 确保检测结果的准确度和重现性。沈小玲等[22]采用QuEChERS前处理技术, 结合带有双火焰光度检测器的气相色谱法技术测定了蔬菜中速灭威、异丙威、仲丁威、残杀威、抗蚜威中5种氨基甲酸酯类农药残留, 结果显示, 在0.10~1.00 mg/kg的添加浓度下平均加标回收率为78%~90%, 且检出限低于0.04 mg/kg, 该方法速度较快、成本低, 使用于基层实验室。邓小燕[35]用二氯甲烷提取, 用气相色谱仪测定蔬菜中克百威、丁硫克百威、抗蚜威3种氨基甲酸酯类农药残留, 结果显示, 3种农药的检出限分别为0.013、0.019、0.008 μg/kg, 定量限分别为0.039、0.057、0.024 μg/kg, 加标回收率在94.64%~99.16%。李小燕等[36]建立了气相色谱仪同时测定农产品中有机磷、有机氯、氨基甲酸酯类农药残留的分析方法, 实验用乙腈超高速匀浆2 min提取, 再用固相萃取柱净化, 结果显示, 在0.004~012 mg/kg的添加浓度下回收率为78.9%~111.2%, 适用于有机磷、有机氯、氨基甲酸酯3大类农药的检测。
气相色谱法是检测农产品中农药残留的常用方法, 能够完成大多数常见农药残留监测。但是与色谱-质谱串联技术相比, 灵敏度一般。氨基甲酸酯类农药在高温下容易发生热分解, 气相色谱法的进样口和色谱柱通常需要在较高温度下运行, 这可能导致目标化合物分解, 产生假峰或信号损失, 影响定量结果的准确性。且该农药通常极性较强、挥发性较低, 直接进样可能导致气化不完全, 峰形拖尾或灵敏度下降, 为提高挥发性, 常需进行衍生化处理, 但衍生化步骤烦琐, 可能引入杂质或增加分析成本。
气相色谱-串联质谱法是将气相色谱仪与质谱仪相结合的一种分析技术, 包括了三重四极杆[37-38]和离子阱质谱[39], 其既能通过气相色谱仪对基质中的多种物质进行分离, 又能使用质谱仪对目标物进行准确鉴定[40]。HASAN等[41]采用液-液萃取和超声波萃取法提取鱼类样品中10种氨基甲酸酯类农药, 并通过GC-MS/MS进行检测分析, 实验表明, 在鱼类样品中检测到克百威和西维因, 不过两种化合物残留量均低于标准要求。张晶等[42]建立了气相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定蔬菜样品中8种氨基甲酸酯农药残留检测方法, 目标样品经乙腈提取, 石墨化炭固相分散萃取净化, 残留农药经DB-5MS毛细管色谱分离, 结果显示8种目标物在0.01~1.0 μg/mL范围内的加标线性关系好, 相关系数均大于0.99, 方法检出限为0.01 mg/kg, 加标回收率为72.58%~98.48%, 方法操作简单, 可消除复杂基质对农残定量分析的干扰, 适合多种蔬菜样品中氨基甲酸酯类农药检测。谢瑞龙等[43]建立了QuEChERS-气相色谱-串联质谱法测定豆乳中12种有机磷及氨甲酸酯类农药残留技术, 样品使用TQS 9000气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱联用仪测定, 结果表明, 12种农药的定量限均为0.004 mg/kg, 标准曲线在5~200 ng/mL范围内线性关系良好, 相关系数大于0.99, 加标回收率为71.8%~114.9%, 该方法快速、高效, 适用于豆乳中有机磷及氨基甲酸酯类农药残留测定。
气相色谱-串联质谱法在分析氨基甲酸酯类农药时虽然结合了气相色谱的高分离能力和质谱的高灵敏度与定性能力, 但仍存在一些以下显著的局限性: (1)热分解问题依然存在, 气相色谱-质谱串联法仍需高温进样和气化, 氨基甲酸酯类农药可能因热不稳定性在进样口或色谱柱中分解, 导致目标物信号丢失或生成分解产物, 干扰定量分析, 且分解产物的质谱特征可能与其他化合物混淆, 导致误判。(2)需要衍生化处理, 氨基甲酸酯极性较高、挥发性低, 直接进样可能导致峰形拖尾或灵敏度不足。需通过衍生化提高挥发性, 但衍生化步骤烦琐, 可能引入衍生试剂残留干扰质谱信号、衍生不完全导致定量、延长前处理时间, 降低分析效率等误差问题。
液相色谱法是一种以液体为流动相的色谱检测法, 依据待测物质在固定相和流动相中受力不同实现组分分离, 适用于检测极性大、易热分解、不易挥发的农药。高效液相色谱法是在传统的液相色谱的基础上, 可依据待分离物质的性质对流动相的组成以及比例进行调整实现有效分离, 达到对样品进行更快速、高效、准确、灵敏的检测。因此, 相关部门较多使用高效液相色谱法对氨基甲酸酯类农药进行分析测定。GB 23200.112—2018《植物源性食品中9种氨基甲酸酯类农药及其代谢物残留量的测定》中试样用乙腈提取, 提取液经固相萃取或分散固相萃取净化, 使用带荧光检测器和柱后衍生系统的高效液相色谱仪检测, 外标法定量, 该方法定量限为0.01 mg/kg。李然然[44]前处理采用了固相萃取法, 仪器设备使用带荧光检测器以及柱后衍生系统的高效液相色谱仪, 对蔬菜中灭多威、涕灭威砜、异丙威、三羟基克百威4种氨基甲酸酯类农药进行分析, 结果显示平均回收率在80.7%~118.73%之间, 此种方式分离效果好且准确度高, 可满足日常蔬菜中氨基甲酸酯类农药检测的实际要求。卢勇国等[45]建立了QuEChERS提取-高效液相色谱法快速测定菜薹中10种氨基甲酸酯类农药残留, 样品经乙腈提取后, 提取液氮吹浓缩、多功能针式过滤器净化并进样分析, 结果表明在0.02~1.00 μg/mL的范围内, 10种农药的检出限为0.006~0.010 mg/kg, 加标回收率为70.9%~101.5%, 可满足菜薹中氨基甲酸酯类农药残留检测工作。吴定芳等[46]研究了高效液相色谱测定蔬菜中甲萘威、灭杀威、克百威、仲丁威、涕灭威亚砜等19种氨基甲酸酯类农药的检测方法, 结果显示实验加标回收率在47.7%~110.0%范围内, 分析认为主要由于乙硫苯威在前处理过程中转变为另一种未知物而影响总回收率, 该方法操作简单, 检测种类多, 可满足蔬菜中氨基甲酸酯类农药检测需求。
液相色谱法和高效液相色谱法可以满足多数实验室检测需求, 但是溶剂使用量较大, 处理不当或对环境造成一定污染。超高效液相色谱法分离效能更高、分析速度更快, 适用于痕量组分农药残留分析, 但是设备及维护成本更高, 对操作人员技术要求也高。单独使用液相色谱技术进行农药残留分析时, 需要注意基质干扰问题, 在实际检测过程中可以通过优化实验条件和进行基质匹配、基质效应分析的方式, 确保达到预期目标。
液相色谱-串联质谱法是结合了液相色谱的分离能力与质谱组分鉴定能力, 常用于检测挥发性弱、极性强、热不稳定性强的农药组分, 具有检测分析灵敏度高、定性准确率高、抗干扰能力更强等优势, 目前已作为检测氨基甲酸酯类农药的重要补充技术手段, 应用于氨基甲酸酯类农药残留量检验检测领域[47]。倪永付等[6]建立了氧化石墨烯注射式净化结合液相色谱-串联质谱法检测菠菜中氨基甲酸酯类农药残留, 结果表明, 结果表明在5~300 μg/L的范围内, 8种农药的检出限为0.02~0.58 μg/kg, 定量限为0.06~1.95 μg/kg, 加标回收率为80.5%~105.2%, 可用于菠菜中氨基甲酸酯类农药残留的快速检测。范宏等[17]建立了多壁碳纳米管分散固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱法测定大米中26种氨基甲酸酯类农药及其代谢产物残留量的分析方法, 样品水化后经酸化乙腈提取, 多壁碳纳米管净化, C18色谱柱分离, 采用2 mmol/L甲酸铵水和2 mmol/L甲酸铵甲醇流动相进行梯度洗脱, 结果显示26种农药在0.2~100 ng/mL范围内线性关系良好, 相关系数均大于0.999, 方法检出限为0.01~0.08 μg/kg, 样品加标回收率为87.4 %~112.8 %。岳超等[19]对液体乳中10种氨基酸酯类农药残留量的检测方法进行研究, 结果表明在2~200 μg/L的范围内, 10种农药的检出限为0.045~0.23 μg/kg, 定量限为0.15~0.77 μg/kg, 加标回收率为68.7%~93.3%, 可满足日常大批量动物源食品中氨基甲酸酯类农药快速检测。胡亚奇等[48]前处理采用经优化提取溶剂和净化方法的QuEChERS法, 同时选择0.05%甲酸水溶液-乙腈体系作为流动相, 测定了蔬菜中9种氨基甲酸酯类农药残留的高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法, 结果表明在5~100 μg/L的范围内, 9种农药的检出限为0.0005~0.02 mg/kg, 加标回收率为86.1%~95.1%, 该方法基质效应低, 为测定蔬菜中多种氨基甲酸酯类农药残留提供一种快速、灵敏的分析方法。ZHOU等[49]建立了液相色谱-四极杆/线性离子阱复合质谱系统多反应监测及增强型产物离子扫描模式对15种氨基甲酸酯类农药残留的定量鉴定, 结果显示, 15种氨基甲酸酯的检出限和定量限分别为0.2~2.0 µg/kg和0.5~5.0 µg/kg, 加标回收率为88.1%~118.4%。YANG等[50]建立了改良QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定冻干白菜中新烟碱类和氨基甲酸酯类农药, 结果显示新烟碱类和氨基甲酸酯类农药的检出限为1.0~10.0 μg/kg, 加标回收率为78.7%~114.0%, 可为其他脱水蔬菜中两类农药的测定提供实用参考。
液相色谱-串联质谱法是目前最灵敏、准确的技术之一, 可同时检测农药及其代谢产物, 尤其适合痕量分析, 然而, 仪器成本高昂, 操作复杂, 基质效应可能影响定量准确性, 需依赖标准品和严格的质量控制, 在实际应用中应根据检测的目的和侧重点选用适宜的方法。
仪器分析法检测农产品中氨基甲酸酯类农药常见前处理方法及检测技术特点见表2
氨基甲酸酯类农药作为一种高效广谱型杀虫剂, 其生产和使用量在逐年增加, 不合理地使用会对人类健康产生危害。随着人们对食品安全问题关注度的不断提高, 对氨基甲酸酯类农药的检测与监管也提出了检测快速便捷、高效灵敏等更高要求。当前氨基甲酸酯类农药残留检测技术中, 前处理方法以QuEChERS法为主流, 其快速、低成本的特点结合新型纳米材料净化剂的开发可得到进一步优化。检测技术中色谱-质谱法凭借高灵敏度成为新标准, 但易受限于仪器成本与操作复杂性。未来技术发展将聚焦绿色化与智能化, 通过开发低毒溶剂、可重复吸附材料降低前处理环境负荷, 结合高分辨质谱与非靶向筛查提升多残留检测能力, 同时融合微流控芯片、人工智能算法及便携式传感器实现田间实时分析, 并借助标准化数据库与区块链技术构建全链条监管体系。未来氨基甲酸酯农药残留研究重点可指向金属有机框架材料与共价有机框架材料复合吸附剂设计、微流控-质谱联用平台集成及深度学习驱动的代谢物预测模型, 最终推动检测技术向精准化、便携化、可持续化方向突破, 为食品安全提供跨学科协同的创新解决方案。
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2025年第16卷第15期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250428003
  • 接收时间:2025-04-28
  • 首发时间:2026-01-09
  • 出版时间:2025-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-28
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    上海市农产品质量安全中心, 上海 201708

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*祁兵(1982—), 男, 兽医师, 主要研究方向为农产品质量安全监测及风险评估研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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