Article(id=1216517518810861685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1216517514570417012, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250430002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1745942400000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767969978287, onlineDateStr=2026-01-09, pubDate=1755187200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767969978287, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767969978287, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767969978287, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1216517514570417012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='322', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767969977276, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768211590858, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217530915467743720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1216517514570417012, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217530915467743721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1216517514570417012, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=10, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1216517519150600317, articleId=1216517518810861685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research progress on the standard system, industry development and safety risks of meat and meat products, columnId=1216517518873773013, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Processing and Quality Safety of Animal Food, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As the world's largest producer and consumer of meat products, its consumption structure, industry development and food safety issues significantly shape both its domestic consumer market and global trade patterns. The increase in per capita disposable income of Chinese residents has promoted the diversified development of the consumption structure of meat and meat products, the progress of food technology and industry system has promoted the development of the industry towards product diversification, technological perfection and process systematization, and gradually formed a standard system pattern with mandatory standard system as the core and recommended standard system as the main body. Although China's meat and meat products industry has developed for many years with a relatively complete standard system and industrial pattern, there are still problems such as insufficient coordination of standards and lagging revision and review cycles. The diversification of consumption and industrial structure has led to increasingly prominent food safety issues. This review systematically summarized the urban and rural consumption characteristics of meat and meat products in China, as well as their standard system and industry development. It comprehensively analyzed the risks of the entire chain of meat and meat products from breeding to processing, and proposed suggestions for the problems existing in their development process to promote the healthy and stable development of China's meat and meat products industry.

, correspAuthors=Jian-Lin TAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yin-Cheng ZHAO, Yu-Ling WU, Ming-Yao CHEN, Zhou QIAN, Hao SUN, Jian-Lin TAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1216517519775551637, articleId=1216517518810861685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=肉类与肉制品标准体系、产业发展及其安全风险研究进展, columnId=1216517519259652225, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=专题:动物性食品加工与质量安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

作为全球最大的肉类生产和消费国, 其消费结构、行业发展以及食品安全问题对其消费市场和贸易格局都有着较大的影响。我国居民人均可支配收入的提高促进了肉类与肉制品消费结构的多样化发展, 食品技术和行业体系的进步推动了产业向着产品多元化、技术完善化、工艺系统化发展, 并逐步形成了以强制性标准体系为核心, 推荐性标准体系为主体的标准体系格局。尽管我国的肉类与肉制品经过多年的发展其行业标准体系和产业格局都相对完善, 但仍存在标准协调性不足以及修订复审周期滞后等问题, 消费和产业结构的多样化促使其食品安全问题也愈发突出。本综述系统梳理了我国肉类与肉制品的城乡消费特征以及其标准体系和产业的发展, 全面分析了肉类与肉制品从养殖到加工的全链条风险, 并针对其发展过程中存在的问题提出建议, 以促进我国肉类与肉制品行业健康稳定的发展。

, correspAuthors=谭建林, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*谭建林(1985—), 男, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品质量安全与生物毒素研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=70j/5o6C6uab//Z/Ppv/MA==, magXml=O+0SM4hF9z3R2DRAkVXCmw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=LKcqU/fSQNtGn8M5KxLXlg==, pdfFileSize=578467, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=0C4Xu+ru5jvpoccBoJ/o8w==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

赵胤丞(1993—), 男, 硕士, 助理工程师, 主要研究方向为食品质量安全及检测分析。E-mail:

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赵胤丞(1993—), 男, 硕士, 助理工程师, 主要研究方向为食品质量安全及检测分析。E-mail:

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赵胤丞(1993—), 男, 硕士, 助理工程师, 主要研究方向为食品质量安全及检测分析。E-mail:

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Per capita meat consumption of urban and rural residents in China from 2017 to 2023 (kg)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份 城镇 农村
人均肉类消费量 猪肉 牛肉 羊肉 人均肉类消费量 猪肉 牛肉 羊肉
2017 29.2 20.6 2.6 1.6 23.6 19.5 0.9 1.0
2018 31.2 22.7 2.7 1.5 27.5 23.0 1.1 1.0
2019 28.7 20.3 2.9 1.4 24.7 20.2 1.2 1.0
2020 27.4 19.0 3.1 1.4 21.4 17.1 1.3 1.0
2021 34.4 25.1 3.2 1.6 30.9 25.4 1.5 1.2
2022 35.2 26.0 3.2 1.5 33.7 28.1 1.6 1.3
2023 39.6 28.7 3.9 1.8 40.1 32.9 2.2 1.6
), ArticleFig(id=1217127903393928088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517518810861685, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2017—2023我国城乡居民人均肉类消费情况(kg)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份 城镇 农村
人均肉类消费量 猪肉 牛肉 羊肉 人均肉类消费量 猪肉 牛肉 羊肉
2017 29.2 20.6 2.6 1.6 23.6 19.5 0.9 1.0
2018 31.2 22.7 2.7 1.5 27.5 23.0 1.1 1.0
2019 28.7 20.3 2.9 1.4 24.7 20.2 1.2 1.0
2020 27.4 19.0 3.1 1.4 21.4 17.1 1.3 1.0
2021 34.4 25.1 3.2 1.6 30.9 25.4 1.5 1.2
2022 35.2 26.0 3.2 1.5 33.7 28.1 1.6 1.3
2023 39.6 28.7 3.9 1.8 40.1 32.9 2.2 1.6
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肉类与肉制品标准体系、产业发展及其安全风险研究进展
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赵胤丞 , 毋钰灵 , 陈明瑶 , 钱洲 , 孙皓 , 谭建林 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:动物性食品加工与质量安全 2025,16(15): 1-10
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:动物性食品加工与质量安全 2025, 16(15): 1-10
肉类与肉制品标准体系、产业发展及其安全风险研究进展
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赵胤丞 , 毋钰灵, 陈明瑶, 钱洲, 孙皓, 谭建林*
作者信息
  • 云南省产品质量监督检验研究院, 国家热带农副产品质量检验检测中心, 昆明 650223
  • 赵胤丞(1993—), 男, 硕士, 助理工程师, 主要研究方向为食品质量安全及检测分析。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*谭建林(1985—), 男, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品质量安全与生物毒素研究。E-mail:
Research progress on the standard system, industry development and safety risks of meat and meat products
Yin-Cheng ZHAO , Yu-Ling WU, Ming-Yao CHEN, Zhou QIAN, Hao SUN, Jian-Lin TAN*
Affiliations
  • Yunnan Institute of Product Quality Supervision and Inspection, National Tropical Agricultural By-products Quality Inspection and Testing Center, Kunming 650223, China
出版时间: 2025-08-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250430002
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作为全球最大的肉类生产和消费国, 其消费结构、行业发展以及食品安全问题对其消费市场和贸易格局都有着较大的影响。我国居民人均可支配收入的提高促进了肉类与肉制品消费结构的多样化发展, 食品技术和行业体系的进步推动了产业向着产品多元化、技术完善化、工艺系统化发展, 并逐步形成了以强制性标准体系为核心, 推荐性标准体系为主体的标准体系格局。尽管我国的肉类与肉制品经过多年的发展其行业标准体系和产业格局都相对完善, 但仍存在标准协调性不足以及修订复审周期滞后等问题, 消费和产业结构的多样化促使其食品安全问题也愈发突出。本综述系统梳理了我国肉类与肉制品的城乡消费特征以及其标准体系和产业的发展, 全面分析了肉类与肉制品从养殖到加工的全链条风险, 并针对其发展过程中存在的问题提出建议, 以促进我国肉类与肉制品行业健康稳定的发展。

肉类与肉制品  /  产业发展  /  食品安全风险

As the world's largest producer and consumer of meat products, its consumption structure, industry development and food safety issues significantly shape both its domestic consumer market and global trade patterns. The increase in per capita disposable income of Chinese residents has promoted the diversified development of the consumption structure of meat and meat products, the progress of food technology and industry system has promoted the development of the industry towards product diversification, technological perfection and process systematization, and gradually formed a standard system pattern with mandatory standard system as the core and recommended standard system as the main body. Although China's meat and meat products industry has developed for many years with a relatively complete standard system and industrial pattern, there are still problems such as insufficient coordination of standards and lagging revision and review cycles. The diversification of consumption and industrial structure has led to increasingly prominent food safety issues. This review systematically summarized the urban and rural consumption characteristics of meat and meat products in China, as well as their standard system and industry development. It comprehensively analyzed the risks of the entire chain of meat and meat products from breeding to processing, and proposed suggestions for the problems existing in their development process to promote the healthy and stable development of China's meat and meat products industry.

meat and meat products  /  industry development  /  food safety risks
赵胤丞, 毋钰灵, 陈明瑶, 钱洲, 孙皓, 谭建林. 肉类与肉制品标准体系、产业发展及其安全风险研究进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (15) : 1 -10 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250430002
Yin-Cheng ZHAO, Yu-Ling WU, Ming-Yao CHEN, Zhou QIAN, Hao SUN, Jian-Lin TAN. Research progress on the standard system, industry development and safety risks of meat and meat products[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (15) : 1 -10 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250430002
肉类与肉制品因其含有丰富的蛋白质、脂肪和维生素等营养物质深受居民喜爱, 自改革开放以来居民生活水平的提高, 促进了其消费量快速增长的同时, 其传统单一的产品以及落后的生产工艺和技术已经不能满足居民的消费需求和肉类与肉制品高质量发展的需求, 因此在中国加入世界贸易组织及国际市场相对完善的食品标准体系背景以及我国食品工业和行业标准的快速发展下, 我国的肉类与肉制品由传统单一的初加工低档产品主导市场的格局逐渐向着多样化深加工高档产品共同发展的市场格局转变, 到目前为止我国肉类产量已连续20多年稳居世界第一[1], 其消费和生产都影响着全球的肉类供给结构。然而我国肉类与肉制品行业在飞速发展的同时其在养殖、屠宰、加工和运输等各个环节的食品安全问题也愈发突出, 如在冷链过程中人员和环境风险[2]逐渐成为肉类与肉制品最主要且不可忽视的风险因素, 常规情况下主要发生于畜禽养殖过程中的病原性污染, 在加工环节中的低温及冷冻类肉制品中仍有可能存在病原性污染物[3], 食品加工过程中的原料和微生物风险因其养殖方式, 屠宰过程、加工工艺, 人员操作和环境等因素的不同呈现出高度的多样性和复杂性。尽管我国的食品安全治理体制经过食品行业部门主导的行政管控体制、卫生部门主导的混合治理体制、多部门并行的分环节治理体制、食品药品监管部门主导的专业治理体制和市场监管部门主导的综合治理体制[4]的发展和变迁, 促使我国的食品安全问题治理取得了显著成效。但食品安全问题是一个长期、顽固且较为复杂的问题, 此外网络技术的发展和普及给食品安全问题的监管和治理带来了新的挑战, 而近几年“鼠头鸭脖”“学校臭肉”等食品安全舆情的发生导致了消费者对相关企业和监管部门的信任度快速降低, 从而使食品安全问题的监管以及舆情的处理变得更加复杂。
本文通过综合分析我国肉类与肉制品消费结构、行业标准、产业发展以及不同生产过程中的食品安全问题, 能更系统全面地了解我国肉类与肉制品的发展现状及食品安全问题, 协助相关部门针对其问题做出精准有效的应对措施, 促进我国肉类与肉制品行业健康稳定地发展并降低在发展过程中存在的食品安全风险。
随着全球经济、人口数量和人均收入的快速发展和增长, 居民对食物的消费意愿也逐渐由传统的粮食、豆类向可提供更多营养和蛋白质的畜禽肉及相关制品转变[5], 全球肉类的消费总量和人均消费量均在逐步增长[6]。我国自改革开放以来, 经济和社会都得到了极大地发展, 从消费趋势来看, 由于居民肉类消费需求与人均收入呈正相关且具有更高的收入弹性[7], 随着城乡居民人均可支配收入的提高, 动物源性食品的消费需求及家庭食物预算中相应的支出比例也在逐渐增长[8]。自2017年至2023年我国城镇居民和农村居民人均肉类消费量分别增长35.6%和69.9%, 其中农村居民人均肉类消费量的增长速度明显大于城镇居民(表1)。此外由于消费结构和消费类型的改变, 城乡居民对肉类食品有着更多的消费意愿, 而谷物等传统粮食在消费结构中的消费比例明显降低[9]。从肉类消费结构来看, 居民肉类食品的消费逐渐从传统单一的猪肉向多元化优质化的牛羊肉、禽肉、水产品等转变, 其中牛羊肉的消费占比逐年增加, 而猪肉的消费占比呈现出下降趋势[10], 但猪肉仍为我国居民肉类消费的主要产品(表1)。由于全球环境和气候的变化使得畜禽养殖业受到传染性疫病感染的频率增加, 导致国内传统畜禽肉价格上涨, 从而进一步推动了我国居民肉类消费结构由单一化向着多元化转变[11]。随着我国城镇化进程的加快, 城乡居民人均收入的进一步提高, 我国肉类消费规模将持续扩大, 2022—2029年我国肉类食品消费的增速将达到1.87%[12], 牛羊肉、禽肉、水产品等猪肉替代品的需求有望大幅提升, 居民对肉类的多样化, 优质化需求将更加显著。
我国肉类与肉制品标准体系的发展自20世纪80年代起, 共经历1982年《食品卫生法(试行)》颁布实施, 1988年《标准化法》及1995年《食品卫生法》颁布实施和2009年《中华人民共和国食品安全法》颁布实施3个阶段, 并形成了以强制性标准体系为核心, 推荐性标准体系为主体的标准体系格局[13], 其中强制性标准体系主要包括以国家标准为核心的基础标准、原料及产品标准、卫生要求标准和检验方法标准是保障肉类与肉制品安全的关键部分, 推荐性标准体系主要以行业标准、地方标准、团体标准和企业标准为主, 是保障肉类与肉制品安全的重要组成部分。
自2009年《中华人民共和国食品安全法》实施以来, 我国陆续颁布并实施肉类与肉制品相关的强制性国家标准和其他标准共811项, 其中包含基础标准23项、原料标准40项、产品标准29项、卫生要求标准13项、工艺规范标准26项以及600多项检验方法标准(数据来源: http://down.foodmate.net/info/sort/5/27860.html)。自此我国肉类与肉制品从准入及管理原则、原料、生产、加工、检验检疫到成品都有相关的国家标准, 2025年新发布的GB 31661—2025《食品安全国家标准 调制肉制品生产卫生规范》首次对调制肉制品的定义、分类及生产提出了系统要求, 标志着我国肉类与肉制品的标准体系进一步完善。但在811项标准中除检验方法标准外仅有91项为国家标准, 因其制定颁布周期长并不能及时满足我国肉类相关企业的创新发展及肉类产品多样化发展的需求。因此《中华人民共和国标准化法》通过承认团体标准的法律地位, 以促进我国肉类与肉制品标准的发展, 目前在全国团体标准信息平台上与肉制品相关的标准就达73项, 如T/CNFIA 180—2023《挂酱肉制品》、T/CMATB 9016—2025《黑猪肉肉制品质量通则》等。团体标准的合法性在激发我国肉类与肉制品标准全面发展的同时, 还促进了我国相关企业的创新性和积极性, 保障了我国肉类与肉制品标准的全面优质化发展, 填补了市场创新需求。
尽管我国肉类与肉制品标准经过多年的发展, 已有相对完善的标准体系格局且逐步向国际化标准靠拢。但其标准在发展过程中也存在标准间协调性不够、定期复审周期长、标准涵盖范围不全、体系配套不完整、部分标准颁布实施时间过长、标准更新缓慢和企业标准混乱等问题[14]。随着《市场监管总局关于开展肉制品质量安全提升行动的指导意见》《“十四五”推动高质量发展的国家标准体系建设规划》和《国家标准化发展纲要》的颁布实施, 将会进一步促进肉类与肉制品行业标准的健全发展。
改革开放初期在我国工业水平和技术落后的条件与肉类与肉制品多元化发展需求的矛盾下, 我国于1958年在苏联的帮助下建成了规模最大的肉类联合加工厂, 为我国肉类与肉制品的加工工艺和生产技术奠定了丰富的理论和技术基础, 在此之后我国的肉类与肉制品产业得到了飞速的发展, 涌现出诸如双汇、雨润等多家现代化、规模化、产业化肉制品加工企业, 其商业和生产模式被逐步推向全国。经过数十年的技术积累和发展我国肉制品加工工艺和技术基本完成了从引进、消化、吸收到创新的蜕变, 而“十三五”“十四五”规划以及现代化肉制品加工工艺的研发, 发展与应用更是进一步推动了我国肉类与肉制品行业的发展。但目前我国肉类与肉制品产业的发展依旧存在稳产保任务艰巨、发展不平衡问题更加突出、资源环境约束趋紧、产业风险增加以及行业竞争力较弱等问题。
在肉类与肉制品工业及产业快速发展以及全球贸易进程加快的背景下对其运输能力提出了新的要求, 冷链运输作为一种保持肉类与肉制品新鲜度和良好风味的流通技术, 在欧美等发达国家其鲜肉的冷链流通率接近100%, 而我国鲜肉的冷链流通率仅为15%, 2020年我国冷链物流的市场规模超过3800亿, 但其存在冷库容量不足, 结构不合理等问题, 因此国务院在2021年印发了《“十四五”冷链物流发展规划》对我国冷链物流行业的发展做出了进一步的总体布局和发展规划[15], 此规划将有力提升我国的冷链物流能力促进并扩大我国肉类与肉制品的消费和贸易格局。
随着健康饮食的观念受到城镇居民关注, 肉类与肉制品不再单纯作为一种提供营养的食品, 其口感、风味、营养、健康程度和保健作用也逐渐受到居民的重视, 进而发展出如低脂、低胆固醇、低硝酸盐、低饱和脂肪酸等多种功能肉制品[16]。肉类与肉制品产业也将向着更加绿色和健康的方向发展, 如零糖、低脂、低钠、非油炸等食品将更受消费者青睐。经济快速发展的同时, 居民的生活节奏也逐渐加快, 预制肉制品因其便利、高效、快捷等特点使其迎来了蓬勃发展的趋势, 2021年到2025年其复合增速将达18%, 2026年市场规模可突破万亿元[17]。在预制肉制品飞速发展的同时, 其食品安全问题也逐渐显露如2024年3.15晚会曝光的梅干菜扣肉预制菜舆情, 将预制肉制品的食品安全问题推向舆论高点, 致使居民对预制肉制品产生了极大的抵触心理, 目前我国预制肉制品主要存在安全标准体系不明确、安全认证体系不健全、安全追溯体系存在瑕疵以及安全监管体系存在纰漏4个方面的问题[18], 在后续的发展中应明确并完善其相关的标准体系及法律法规, 才能逐步消除居民的疑虑并推动其健康稳定的发展。预计2025年我国肉类产品的供给缺口将达到3800万t, 国内传统的养殖业将难以满足居民快速增长的肉类需求, 人造肉行业将成为我国新型的肉制品发展行业。目前, 国际人造肉产品始终保持着较高的复合增长率, 在欧洲市场和美国市场其市场规模有望从2018年的15亿欧元和101亿美元增长至2025年的24亿欧元和2026年的309亿美元[19], 而我国人造肉行业正处于初步尝试阶段, 市场竞争少、发展相对滞后、相关的技术和资金积累较为缓慢, 且发展模式多为合作研发[12], 因此我国的人造肉行业还有巨大的发展潜力。
我国肉类与肉制品产业在行业标准及工业技术的协同发展下逐步规范化、产业化、多元化和全球化, 随之而来的食品安全问题也与日俱增, 尽管我国政府将食品安全问题作为社会公共安全的核心问题, 但2010—2019年间就有9314起食品安全问题被报道[20], 此外食品工业的发展、网络技术的普及以及销售和商业模式的多元化使得食品安全问题更具复杂性, 敏感性和隐秘性, 从而导致食品安全问题仍是我国发生频率最高的社会公共安全问题, 因此探讨肉类与肉制品全链条的食品安全风险将有助于其产业稳定的发展。
国家统计局数据显示, 2023年我国肉类产量达9748.2万t, 同比增长4.5%, 肉类与肉制品进出口总额分别为1886.77亿元和200.50亿元(数据来源: https://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/ndsj/2024/indexch.htm), 是世界上影响力较大的肉类生产和消费大国。因此, 我国肉类与肉制品的食品安全将直接影响其消费和进出口格局。2018—2020年上半年全国监管系统共抽检了341264批次肉制品产品, 其中有5648批次不合格样品, 其不合格项目主要集中在兽药、微生物、环境污染物、添加剂、非法添加物和质量指标6个方面[21], 尽管从总体来看我国对肉类及肉制品的食品安全风险控制较好, 但兽药残留、微生物污染、添加剂和环境污染物却是长期存在的顽固性风险, 此外肉类与肉制品的安全风险贯穿畜牧养殖、屠宰、加工、运输和销售的任何一个环节, 因此分析不同环节可能存在的风险, 可以有效降低其带来的食品安全风险和健康隐患, 并协助监管部门进行更加系统和精准地监管。
畜禽养殖是肉类与肉制品生产销售的起始环节, 是造成畜禽肉病原污染和兽药超标的主要环节。我国根据对人与动物的危害程度将动物疫病分为病毒性疾病、细菌性疾病和寄生虫病3类, 并由农业部1125号公告列出了《一、二、三类动物疫病病种名录》。
病毒性疾病主要以各种流感病毒为主, 其特点为传播速度和变异速度快, 并且可在人和动物之间跨物种交叉感染变异, 如SARS病毒(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus)和甲型流感病毒的爆发给我国畜禽养殖业和居民的生命健康带来了严重的威胁。常见的细菌性病原体如链球菌和结核分枝杆菌, 在适宜的温度和环境下, 人能够通过和畜禽的频繁接触感染畜禽类链球菌, 如果食用携带畜禽类结核分枝杆菌的肉蛋奶等产品人也有可能感染牛型和禽型结核分枝杆菌, 由布鲁菌引起的人畜共患传染病布鲁菌病, 可通过直接接触被感染的动物及产品, 或摄入被污染的动物源性产品而感染[22]
我国部分少数民族有吃生肉的习惯, 这使得如肝吸虫、肺吸虫等寄生虫病更容易在当地人群中感染, 除此之外生食鱼肉螺肉等水产品也更易感染如异尖线虫、广州管线虫等寄生虫病, 其中广州管线虫病最为出名, 食用生的或加热不彻底的福寿螺后即可感染, 感染后将对人的神经系统造成极大的损伤, 严重时可致人死亡[23]
动物疫病的爆发不但会给肉类及相关产品的食品安全带来极大的不确定性, 影响其国内外贸易格局, 还会给畜禽养殖业带来沉重的打击、影响我国相关产业和经济的发展, 而一些人畜共患疫情的爆发更是会严重威胁人民的生命健康安全。
我国畜禽养殖在规模化高密度养殖的过程中存在疫病防控不规范、疾病应对能力差等问题[24], 导致其更容易发生难以控制且传播速度迅速的动物疫病风险。多数养殖厂为节约时间和经济成本, 选择在没有经过专业培训的情况下用药, 因此存在盲目用药, 滥用抗生素、用药剂量不合理、随意搭配兽药种类等问题[25]。部分养殖厂为追求利益甚至会使用添加过促生长类和抗生素类兽药的饲料, 以促进动物生长发育和生产的同时降低动物疫病发生的概率[26]。养殖厂不规范使用兽药的各种情况促使兽药残留成为畜禽养殖过程中最易发生的食品安全问题。
同时, 兽药合格率低、管理不规范和监管力度不完善[27]等问题进一步增加了畜禽养殖过程中兽药残留的风险。目前畜禽产品中常见的兽药残留主要包括抗生素类、激素类、喹诺酮类、磺胺类、喹乙醇类和硝基咪唑类的普通药物残留、抗寄生虫类药物残留、促生长类药物残留和非甾体类抗炎药残留4类[28]。根据2019年中国农业农村部发布的《中国动物疫病疫苗和兽药使用检测年报》, 我国畜牧养殖生产中兽药的使用量在持续增加, 其中禽用兽药的使用量最大, 其次是猪用和牛用兽药, 抗生素类兽药占总使用量的60%以上, 其次是激素类和消毒剂[29]。根据《2020年中国兽用抗菌药使用情况报告》显示(数据来源: https://news.qq.com/rain/a/20211110A09OET00), 使用量排名前3的抗生素分别为四环素类、磺胺类及增效剂和β-内酰胺类及抑制剂, 从给药途径来看40.23%的抗生素以混饲途径给药, 其次是饮水和注射途径。尽管我国自2020年7月1日起就禁止在饲料生产中添加具有促生长作用的抗生素, 但这导致了在畜禽养殖过程中饮水和治疗端的抗生素使用量大幅增长, 其动物源性产品中的抗生素残留所带来的风险仍不可忽视。
此外, 兽药的过量使用还使得我国部分畜产品无法进入某些国际市场, 如牛肉中的氟苯尼考和三氯生, 目前我国的最大残留限量分别为10 ppm和0.3 ppm, 美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration, FDA)和韩国规定的最大限量均为0.1 ppm, 这使得我国的牛肉无法出口美国和韩国, 直接制约了我国畜产品在国际市场上的发展。
重金属作为生态系统及食物链中不可分解的有毒物质, 可通过食物链被畜禽富集进而传递到人体并影响其身体健康。喂食被重金属污染的饲料和水源是在畜禽养殖过程中造成重金属富集的主要原因, 饲料中的重金属污染主要来源于农业生产活动造成的污染、工业三废造成的污染和饲料加工污染[30], 此外饲料和其配料在运输过程中也有可能被重金属所污染[31], 而养殖厂附近的工业废水和农药污水是造成动物饮用水重金属污染的主要原因[32]。除以上主要原因外在治疗和预防动物疾病时所使用的药物也有可能导致畜禽动物体内的重金属富集[33]。目前肉类与肉制品中常见的重金属主要有铅、镉、汞、砷和铬, 其对人体的多种器官和组织都有一定的生理毒性, 长期食用重金属超标的畜禽产品可对人体健康带来极大的风险隐患。
根据2016—2019年国家肉制品监督抽检结果[34], 和食品安全抽检监测司所公布的2020—2024年肉制品抽检数据显示, 所抽检的肉制品中均未发现重金属超标的样品。但食品伙伴网抽检数据系统显示, 2022—2024年肉制品中共检出36批次重金属污染物不合格样品, 其中铬的检出率最高占总不合格样品的55.6% (20/36), 其次是砷占16.7% (6/36), 镉和铅也都有一定数量的样品被检出(数据来源: http://db.foodmate.net/choujian/)。GB 2762—2022《食品安全国家标准 食品中污染物限量》规定肉类中铅、镉、汞、砷、铬的限量分别为0.2、0.1、0.05、0.5和1.0 mg/kg, 而肉制品中的限量为铅0.3 mg/kg、镉0.1 mg/kg、砷0.5 mg/kg和铬1.0 mg/kg。
虽然GB 2762—2022中对肉类的重金属污染有相应的限量要求, 但我国在监督抽检实施细则中并未对畜产品中生鲜肉的重金属污染有相应的检验要求, 有研究显示猪肉及牛肉中重金属污染情况与所在地区的环境污染程度呈显著相关[35], 且肉类与肉制品在生产加工运输整个过程中都有被重金属污染的风险, 因此在其质量安全监控中, 应考虑增加对重金属污染的抽检范围。
屠宰和检疫作为肉类进入市场的首道环节对后续肉类及制品的食品安全有着重要的作用, 可保证畜禽来源的安全性和可靠性, 防止病原体和有害物质进入流通市场, 降低由食源性疾病带来的医疗费用并保证肉类市场的稳定性[36], 如屠宰或屠宰前检疫未能按规范有效进行, 将会显著增加肉类与肉制品的食品安全风险。
目前我国屠宰标准体系主要由基础通用标准、产品质量标准、加工技术标准、管理控制标准、检验检测标准和生产保证标准构成, 其中有15项标准和屠宰过程直接相关, 在这15项标准里仅有GB/T 19479—2019《畜禽屠宰良好操作规范 生猪》、GB/T 17236—2019《畜禽屠宰操作规程 生猪》、GB/T 19478—2018《畜禽屠宰操作规程 鸡》、GB/T 19477—2018《畜禽屠宰操作规程 牛》、GB/T 43562—2023《畜禽屠宰操作规程 羊》等5项大宗畜禽屠宰相关的国家标准及法规。
一些如马、驴、兔、鸭、鹅等小众畜禽则主要以农业部标准为准。然而屠宰体系标准作为肉类与肉制品生产过程控制的重要一环, 对其食品安全有着重要的作用, 强制性国家标准在小众畜禽产品屠宰过程中的缺失, 使得这些畜禽在屠宰时更易存在监管漏洞和盲区, 将会促使其相关产品的食品安全风险显著提升。而欧盟动物屠宰法规较为全面, 其法规覆盖范围广泛, 注重官方控制措施并强调生产过程控制[37], 值得我国借鉴学习。
屠宰前后检疫作为保证肉类质量及安全的重要环节, 对肉类的食品安全起到了决定性的作用, “十三五”期间由于受到非洲猪瘟和疫情的双重影响, 在2019年我国畜禽屠宰企业与2015年相比减少了442家[1], 尽管我国在“十四五”规划中对畜禽屠宰企业做了进一步的规划, 但目前我国屠宰企业依旧存在城乡差距大以及分布不均衡等问题。作为全球生猪养殖最多的国家, 我国生猪屠宰加工企业普遍存在集中度较低, 规模较小, 技术和管理水平滞后等问题[38], 尽管一些大型生猪屠宰企业其设备和技术现代化程度较高, 但其屠宰市场却较为分散, 这就导致了相对知名的屠宰企业较为稀缺。除以上问题外相对于城市农村地区生猪屠宰还面临代宰率居高不下、行业监管对象复杂、屠宰厂标准化程度低、专业技术人员配备不到位、驻场兽医既是裁判又是运动员等问题[39]。生猪屠宰资源的不均衡分布, 进一步导致了监管过程的复杂性和困难性, 同时也增加了其食品安全风险。当前我国牛羊屠宰的现代化程度还相对较低, 且仍多以手工和半机械化屠宰, 虽然随着牛羊肉消费需求的增加, 其屠宰厂逐渐向着现代化、规模化和集中化发展, 但其地区分布主要为北方, 南方基本没有规模化屠宰企业[40], 因此南方地区屠宰牛羊的风险程度将远远大于北方地区, 且私自屠宰现象也会更加频繁。
总体而言, 目前我国多数检疫场所普遍存在位置偏僻, 规模较小, 配套设施不足, 场所规划和分区不合理, 即使发现患病动物也无法对其进行有效的隔离和观察, 检疫设备不够先进, 只能依靠传统的肉眼观察和手工检验等方法来进行检疫, 无法发现一些微小的病原体和化学物质[41]等问题, 除此之外在检疫技术方面还存在检验检测标准体系发展较为缓慢等问题。而在检疫人员方面, 由于历史及法律原因, 我国屠宰企业的兽医卫生检疫人员和官方检疫人员两支队伍并存, 容易造成职责不明确, 相互推诿等问题[37], 最终造成人力资源的浪费。其次不同地方的检疫人员其专业知识和技术水平也存在较大差距。这将导致我国在不同地区因检疫设备和人员技术的差距而使其肉类的食品安全风险监测更为复杂, 使得监管部门的监管更加困难。
根据我国现有的畜禽动物屠宰检疫体系, 大宗畜禽动物从养殖到屠宰都有严格的管控, 屠宰及检疫完成后需出具《肉品品质检验合格证》和《动物检验合格证》, 并在动物胴体上印有定点屠宰印章和检疫验讫印章。而私自屠宰则避开了所有的检验检疫和风险控制过程, 不仅存在感染人畜共患疾病以及未知病原体的风险, 在利益的驱使下还存在添加瘦肉精、防腐剂、给肉类注水, 甚至购买病死、毒死等非正常死亡的畜禽进行屠宰销售等违法行为[42], 极大地增加了食品安全风险。此外, 我国少数民族众多, 各民族之间的风俗习惯及宗教信仰存在很大差异, 这使得监管机构在监管和宗教信仰之间产生了一定矛盾, 如国家允许伊斯兰民族自行对活牛进行屠宰, 而部分地区无法做到在当地政府的监管下进行屠宰[43], 这无疑增加了当地的食品安全风险。
由于肉类与肉制品含有丰富的蛋白质和脂肪等营养物质, 使其在加工、包装、运输等过程中更容易被微生物污染。生鲜肉微生物污染的优势菌种和肉的种类、季节、地域环境有着显著的相关性, 如猪肉易被空肠弯曲杆菌和小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌污染, 牛羊肉中微生物检出率最高的分别是小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌和空肠弯曲杆菌, 禽肉易被沙门氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌污染。从季节和地域来看, 二、三季度微生物污染检出率明显高于一、二季度, 三季度的检出率最高[44], 华东地区的生鲜肉更易被金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门氏菌污染, 华北地区的生鲜肉更易被单增李斯特菌和空肠弯曲杆菌污染, 华南和东北地区的生鲜肉更易被沙门氏菌污染且华南地区牛肉中沙门氏菌的检出最高, 西北地区的生鲜肉更易被沙门氏菌和单增李斯特菌污染[45]
肉制品因高温等工艺可以有效控制微生物的生长和繁殖, 但后续的加工过程中, 存在微生物二次污染的情况。烧鸡在风冷前期的优势菌种为不动杆菌属、考克氏菌属和肠杆菌属, 但在后期不动杆菌属、无色杆菌属和气单胞菌属逐渐变为优势菌种[46]。即食肉制品则更易受单增李斯特菌和金黄色葡萄球菌污染, 其次是蜡样芽孢杆菌和沙门氏菌[47]。低温肉制品的加工方式使其含水量和pH都相对较高, 因此低温肉制品在加工运输过程中更易受微生物污染, 且包装方式和产品类型与其污染的优势菌种有着显著的关联性。烟熏火鸡胸脯肉的主要优势菌种为清酒乳杆菌肉食亚种, 而非烟熏火鸡胸脯肉的主要优势菌种为肠膜明串株菌肠膜亚种[48]
我国肉类与肉制品的微生物检验主要依据GB 4789.17—2024《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 肉与肉制品采样和检验处理》执行, 此标准包含了20多种主要致病菌的检验。尽管我国对肉类与肉制品微生物污染的检测范围较为全面, 但肉类与肉制品微生物污染情况和优势菌种受地域、环境、温度、加工原料、加工方式、运输储存方式和包装材料等多种因素的影响, 且被污染时多为交叉污染并同时存在多种优势菌种, 其复杂多变的污染情况使其在监测及检验中变得更加复杂困难且具有挑战性, 因此肉类与肉制品微生物污染依旧是食品安全风险中最突出且最易发生的风险。
食品添加剂的发明和使用在优化提高食品色泽, 风味和口感的同时也减少了其被微生物污染的风险, 但随着对食品添加剂的深入研究发现, 滥用或过量使用食品添加剂会对人的健康造成一定的影响。我国自2007年颁布实施GB 2760—2007《食品添加剂使用卫生标准》至今, 已对该标准进行过3次修订, 并于2025年2月8日起实施GB 2760—2024《食品安全国家标准 食品添加剂使用标准》, 可见我国对食品添加剂的监管和使用规范越来越严格和重视, 尽管如此部分生产企业在利益的驱使下为了最大限度地增加肉类与肉制品的风味和口感会过量使用食品添加剂, 甚至还会超范围使用已经被禁止的食品添加剂。
目前肉类和肉制品中食品添加剂的风险主要集中在磷酸盐、防腐剂和着色剂3个方面。GB 2760—2024中规定预制肉制品和熟肉制品中可单独或混合添加磷酸盐, 且最大使用量为5.0 g/kg, 生鲜肉中禁止添加磷酸盐, 但在近几年的监督抽检细则中都未对生鲜肉中的磷酸盐进行监督检验, 这就导致生鲜肉中磷酸盐的监管存在一定盲区, 如2025年3月15日曝光的虾仁中磷酸盐含量严重超过GB 2760—2024的使用标准, 由于磷酸盐对肉类嫩度有显著的改善作用, 一些餐饮店所宣称的各种嫩滑肉类可能存在添加磷酸盐的风险。
目前肉类与肉制品中使用最多的是化学防腐剂中的山梨酸盐和硝盐(硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐), GB 2760—2024中规定山梨酸盐只能在熟肉制品和肉灌肠类中使用, 最大使用量分别为0.075 g/kg和1.5 g/kg。硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐能在如腌腊肉制品类、酱卤肉制品类、油炸肉类等多种肉制品中使用, 但在肉制品中的最终残留量不得超过50 mg/kg, 罐头中不得超过30 mg/kg。由于亚硝酸盐对肉类中肉毒梭状杆菌有极强抑制作用的同时还能显著提高肉制品的色泽和口感且暂无其他替代品, 因此一些摊贩为了延长腌腊肉及酱卤肉的货架期会超限量添加亚硝酸盐进行防腐。我国对肉制品中防腐剂的监管极为严格, 因此部分不法商贩为了增加肉制品的保存期限并避开监管部门的监管, 甚至选择使用如敌敌畏等对人有极大毒害作用的农药来进行防腐, 从而使肉制品的风险范围增加, 不再局限于传统添加剂风险。
GB 2760—2024中规定肉制品中唯一可使用的着色剂为诱惑红, 其中西式火腿、肉灌肠类和肉制品可食用动物肠衣的最大使用量分别不超过0.025、0.015和0.05 g/kg, 除此之外不得在肉制品中添加任何人工着色剂并强调任何人工着色剂都不能用于肉干、肉脯制品。部分生产企业为了让肉制品色泽看来更具有购买优势, 在肉制品中违法添加人工合成色素, 同时随着食品工业的发展一些不容易被检测的人工着色剂逐渐成为新的风险。
随着肉类与肉制品生产成本的增加促使部分商家为追求经济利益从而对肉制品进行掺假等欺诈行为[49]。肉类与肉制品的掺假主要涉及肉类来源、肉成分替代、肉类加工过程中的改变和非肉类成分的添加4个方面[50]。我国肉类与肉制品掺假行为主要为肉成分替代, 其主要体现在利用猪鸡鸭等廉价肉类冒充牛羊等高价值肉类, 如将黄牛肉或猪肉制成的肉干宣称为牦牛肉干进行售卖, 在猪肉或鸭肉中加入羊尾油, 使其具有羊肉的膻味以达到冒充羊肉的目的, 此外一些厂商还会将真羊肉和其他肉类按一定比例混合并加入高效谷氨酰转氨酶进行“黏合”最终得到的混合羊肉将很难分辨其真假[51]; 利用诸如狐狸、水貂等来源可追溯和老鼠、马肉等来源不明的非可食用肉类冒充可食用肉类, 2025年3月15日我国曝光了一起将我国明令禁止食用的狐貉胴体冒充牛羊肉、狗肉贩卖的恶性事件, 由于狐貉等动物的主要经济价值是皮毛, 我国并未对其在养殖过程中兽药的使用有明确的要求和规定, 这就导致其肉类及相关副产品中有极高的兽药残留风险, 此外由于狐貉等动物并不属于可食用畜产品, 在屠宰时并不会对其进行检验和检疫从而提高了病原性微生物交叉感染的风险。
肉类掺假不仅会破坏健康的商业环境和市场秩序, 在侵犯消费者知情权的情况下还可能因为一些携带过敏原或病原微生物的肉类影响消费者的生命健康, 甚至还会引发一些宗教信仰上冲突从而影响社会安定性[52]。由于肉类源性检测的复杂性, 不同肉类和不同方法在检测过程中的假阳性率也不相同, 这使得监管部门对肉类掺假的监管也相对困难。
我国肉类与肉制品经过多年的发展其相关标准、生产工艺和法律法规都相对完善, 但总体水平与一些发达国家相比还存在一定的差距, 在后续的发展中应强化各标准间的协调性与更新机制、规范企业标准制定流程、并逐步缩短复审周期加快行业标准体系的全面建设, 同时建议加快如兔、驴、鹅等小众畜禽产品屠宰标准的制定, 填补相关标准体系的空白, 避免因标准体系缺失从而制约其行业发展的问题。针对屠宰检验检疫方面等问题建议推进检疫设备及技术的更新并优化城乡资源配置, 建立区域检验检疫技术中心, 定期对各地区的检验检疫人员进行培训以缩小其专业技术差距。
针对畜牧养殖过程中兽药残留突出等问题, 建议制定养殖环节兽药使用规范及使用流程等相关标准用于约束养殖过程中随意过度使用兽药的行为, 构建养殖、屠宰、加工全链条兽药残留监测网络, 重点关注高风险兽药残留的同时对一些新型或禁用兽药进行相应的风险监测, 此外加大绿色、低毒性、低残留兽药(如植物源抗菌剂)的研发, 以缓解耐药基因产生的压力, 并降低肉类与肉制品中兽药残留的风险。
在私自屠宰、食品添加剂、微生物污染和掺假行为的监管体系中, 建议加强对私自屠宰行为的执法打击力度, 同时在监管过程中平衡民族风俗与相关政策法规的界限。针对超范围超限量使用食品添加剂等问题建议增加肉类与肉制品中添加剂的监测种类, 同时对一些新型食品添加剂和有类似功能的化学试剂进行风险监测, 并将磷酸盐等能明显改善肉类风味和口感的食品添加剂纳入生鲜肉的抽检范围中; 由于微生物污染的复杂性建议构建多维度风险防控机制, 利用大数据开发基于地域、种类和季节特征的微生物污染风险模型, 对微生物污染进行精准监测; 针对低价肉冒充高价肉的掺假行为建议肉制品发证和出厂检验时增加源性成分检验以降低掺假的概率, 对来源可追溯的非食用肉类制定严格的胴体处理方式和流程并进行统一的监管和处理, 而对于来源不可追溯的非食用肉类建议利用大数据分析其高风险地区及场所增加现场监管查验频率, 并建立完善的举报机制对发现的违法行为进行严格的处罚。
未来, 在肉类与肉制品行业发展的同时, 监管部门应多借鉴国外且适合我国的监管体系如多部门协作监管体系、完善的肉类食品安全技术保障体系和统一协调与多层监管的体系等[53], 用于我国肉类与肉制品的高效高质量监管, 同时还应结合当下科技的发展利用新技术对肉类与肉制品进行精准的监管, 如利用大数据建立数字化联合监管体系并优化相关程序, 应对肉类购买渠道多样化的挑战, 并对其实施有效的监管和查处。在肉类与肉制品产业飞速发展的同时, 食品安全相关的部门需加强对消费者消费权益及食品安全相关知识的教育和普及, 并鼓励生产者和消费者参与到肉类与肉制品安全的监管体系中, 建立高效的沟通机制以增加社会共同治理的能力, 共同促进我国肉类及肉制品行业健康有序的发展。
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2025年第16卷第15期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250430002
  • 接收时间:2025-04-30
  • 首发时间:2026-01-09
  • 出版时间:2025-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-30
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    云南省产品质量监督检验研究院, 国家热带农副产品质量检验检测中心, 昆明 650223

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*谭建林(1985—), 男, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品质量安全与生物毒素研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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