Article(id=1216517516034232415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1216517514570417012, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250417003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1744819200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767969977624, onlineDateStr=2026-01-09, pubDate=1755187200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767969977624, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767969977624, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767969977624, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1216517514570417012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='322', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767969977276, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768211590858, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217530915467743720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1216517514570417012, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217530915467743721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1216517514570417012, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=134, endPage=141, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1216517516822761573, articleId=1216517516034232415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Comparative analysis of quality indicators between international and domestic standards for dried fruit products, columnId=1151923892655846010, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Food Safety Risk Assessment and Risk Monitoring, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Against the backdrop of the continuous expansion of the global dried fruit market, China, as a major producing country, faces food quality control and international trade barriers caused by imperfect standard systems. This study was based on a systematic review of 11 international and domestic standards for dried fruit products, compared and analyzed the differences in key quality indicators such as sensory evaluation, moisture content, total acidity, total sugar, ash content and impurities. The study found that although China's current standards were stricter than international standards in terms of total acidity, total sugar, and impurity limits, there were prominent issues such as a chaotic grading system for sensory indicators, lack of consistency in moisture threshold values (e.g., the domestic standard moisture limit for raisins was 15 g/100 g to 20 g/100 g), and significant differences in total sugar limits (e.g., different standards for dried dates require total sugar levels ranging from 60% to 75%). Additionally, some indicators (such as the moisture limit for dried peaches at 30 g/100 g) were lower than international standards (ISO 7703:1995 limit less than or equal to 20%). This study recommends: Adopted a dual-track optimization approach of “integrating domestic standard systems+breaking through international standard strategies”, accelerated the formulation and implementation of national standards for dried fruit food safety to strengthen supervision, systematically revise industry standards to eliminate indicator conflicts, and take the lead in developing international standards for specialty products, thereby comprehensively enhancing the quality competitiveness of China's dried fruit industry and its voice in international standard setting.

, correspAuthors=Xuan-Qi LU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Nan-Yang LI, Xuan-Qi LU, Jia-Ying WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1216517519570030733, articleId=1216517516034232415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=水果干产品国际标准和国内标准质量指标比对分析, columnId=1151923892995109553, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=专题:食品安全风险评估与风险监测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在全球水果干市场规模持续扩张的产业背景下, 我国作为主要生产国面临标准体系不完善造成的食品质量管控与国际贸易壁垒。本文基于系统性梳理11项国际国内水果干产品标准, 通过对比分析感官、水分、总酸、总糖、灰分及杂质等关键质量指标的差异特征。发现我国现行标准虽在总酸、总糖及杂质限量等指标严于国际标准, 但存在感官指标分级体系混乱、水分阈值缺乏一致性(如葡萄干国内标准水分限值15 g/100 g~20 g/100 g)、总糖限值存在显著差异(如枣干不同标准总糖要求60%~75%)等突出问题, 且部分指标(如桃干水分限值30 g/100 g)低于国际标准(ISO 7703:1995限值小于等于20%)。建议采取“国内标准系统整合+国际标准战略突围”双轨制优化路径, 加速推进水果干食品安全国家标准的制定实施以强化监管, 系统性修订行业标准消除指标冲突, 并主导特色产品国际标准研制, 从而全面提升我国水果干产业质量竞争力和国际标准制定话语权。

, correspAuthors=陆萱期, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*陆萱期(1992—), 女, 工程师, 主要研究方向为标准化。E-mail:
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李南阳(1983—), 男, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品质量与标准化研究。E-mail:

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李南阳(1983—), 男, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品质量与标准化研究。E-mail:

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(2023-11-28) [2025-04-17]. https://www.gov.cn/gongbao/2024/issue_11166/202402/content_6931869.html, articleTitle=“Industry Standard Management Measures”, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217127921894998192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517516034232415, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=20, pageStart=108, pageEnd=112, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=74, authorNames=曹逸风, 安洁, 杨沣江, journalName=中国标准化, refType=null, unstructuredReference=曹逸风, 安洁, 杨沣江, 等. 瓜菜作物种子系列强制性国家标准实施效果评估研究[J]. 中国标准化, 2022(20): 108-112., articleTitle=瓜菜作物种子系列强制性国家标准实施效果评估研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217127921991467187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517516034232415, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=20, pageStart=108, pageEnd=112, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=75, authorNames=CAO YF, AN J, YANG FJ, journalName=China Standardization, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CAO YF, AN J, YANG FJ, et al. 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China Standardization, 2022(20): 108-112., articleTitle=Research on the implementation effect evaluation of the series of mandatory national standards for melon and vegetable crop seeds, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217127922096324790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517516034232415, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=null, issue=8, pageStart=73, pageEnd=75, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=76, authorNames=张冰, journalName=中国质量技术监督, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张冰. “走出去”的一条快速路—新形势下企业参与国际标准化工作的现状及建议[J]. 中国质量技术监督, 2015(8): 73-75., articleTitle=“走出去”的一条快速路—新形势下企业参与国际标准化工作的现状及建议, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217127922176016569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517516034232415, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=null, issue=8, pageStart=73, pageEnd=75, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=77, authorNames=ZHANG B, journalName=China Quality Technology Supervision, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG B. 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China Quality Technology Supervision, 2015(8): 73-75., articleTitle=A fast track to going global: Current status and suggestions for enterprises participating in international standardization under new conditions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217127922276679867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517516034232415, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=40, issue=12, pageStart=1, pageEnd=19, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=78, authorNames=韩剑, 朱海, 许亚云, journalName=管理世界, refType=null, unstructuredReference=韩剑, 朱海, 许亚云. 标准国际化与出口产品质量—来自中国企业的证据[J]. 管理世界, 2024, 40(12): 1-19., articleTitle=标准国际化与出口产品质量—来自中国企业的证据, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217127922364760251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517516034232415, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=40, issue=12, pageStart=1, pageEnd=19, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=79, authorNames=HAN J, ZHU H, XU YY, journalName=Management World, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HAN J, ZHU H, XU YY. Standard internationalization and export product quality: Evidence from chinese enterprises[J]. Management World, 2024, 40(12): 1-19., articleTitle=Standard internationalization and export product quality: Evidence from chinese enterprises, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1217127911430210281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517516034232415, awardId=QN2025003, language=CN, fundingSource=浙江省市场监督管理局科技计划项目(QN2025003), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1217127903960154424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517516034232415, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217127903964348728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517516034232415, companyId=1217127903960154424, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Zhejiang Fangyuan Test Group Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310018, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217127903976931641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517516034232415, companyId=1217127903960154424, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 浙江方圆检测集团股份有限公司, 杭州 310018)]), AuthorCompany(id=1217127904102760775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517516034232415, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217127904115343688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517516034232415, companyId=1217127904102760775, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Zhejiang Institute of Quality Sciences (Zhijiang Quality and Standardization Think Tank), Hangzhou 310018, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217127904119537993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517516034232415, companyId=1217127904102760775, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 浙江省质量科学研究院(之江质量与标准化智库), 杭州 310018)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1217127907638559282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517516034232415, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

List of international standard

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准号 英文标准名称 中文标准名称
ISO 4125:1991 Dry fruits and dried fruits-Definitions and nomenclature 《干果和干制水果 定义和命名》
ISO 6755:2001 Dried sour cherries-Specification 《酸樱桃干 规范》
ISO 7701:1994 Dried apples-Specification and test methods 《苹果干 试验方法和规范》
ISO 7702:1995 Dried pears-Specification and test methods 《梨干 试验方法和规范》
ISO 7703:1995 Dried peaches-Specification and test methods 《桃干 试验方法和规范》
ISO 7908:1991 Dried sweet cherries-Specification 《甜樱桃干 规范》
ISO 7910:1991 Dried mulberries-Specification 《桑葚干 规范》
ISO 23391: 2006 Dried rosehips-Specification and test methods 《玫瑰果干 试验方法和规范》
ISO 23394: 2006 Dried oleaster-Specification and test methods 《沙枣干 试验方法和规范》
), ArticleFig(id=1217127907869246012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517516034232415, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

国际标准清单

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准号 英文标准名称 中文标准名称
ISO 4125:1991 Dry fruits and dried fruits-Definitions and nomenclature 《干果和干制水果 定义和命名》
ISO 6755:2001 Dried sour cherries-Specification 《酸樱桃干 规范》
ISO 7701:1994 Dried apples-Specification and test methods 《苹果干 试验方法和规范》
ISO 7702:1995 Dried pears-Specification and test methods 《梨干 试验方法和规范》
ISO 7703:1995 Dried peaches-Specification and test methods 《桃干 试验方法和规范》
ISO 7908:1991 Dried sweet cherries-Specification 《甜樱桃干 规范》
ISO 7910:1991 Dried mulberries-Specification 《桑葚干 规范》
ISO 23391: 2006 Dried rosehips-Specification and test methods 《玫瑰果干 试验方法和规范》
ISO 23394: 2006 Dried oleaster-Specification and test methods 《沙枣干 试验方法和规范》
), ArticleFig(id=1217127907986686535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517516034232415, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

List of domestic standard

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准号 标准名称 标准类型
GB 16325—2005 《干果食品卫生标准》 国家标准
GB/T 5835—2009 《干制红枣》 国家标准
GB/T 18672—2014 《枸杞》 国家标准
GB/T 19586—2008 《地理标志产品 吐鲁番葡萄干》 国家标准
GB/T 22741—2008 《地理标志产品 灵宝大枣》 国家标准
GB/T 23352—2009 《苹果干 技术规格和试验方法》 国家标准
GB/T 23353—2009 《梨干 技术规格和试验方法》 国家标准
GB/T 23401—2009 《地理标志产品 延川红枣》 国家标准
GB/T 26150—2019 《免洗红枣》 国家标准
LY/T 1780—2018 《干制红枣质量等级》 行业标准
NY/T 705—2023 《葡萄干》 行业标准
NY/T 709—2003 《荔枝干》 行业标准
NY/T 786—2004 《食用椰干》 行业标准
NY/T 949—2006 《木菠萝干》 行业标准
NY/T 1041—2018 《绿色食品 干果》 行业标准
DB4401/T 202—2023 《糯米糍荔枝干》 地方标准
DB5227/T 62—2020 《地理标志产品 龙里刺梨干》 地方标准
DB64/T 1640—2019 《中宁枸杞》 地方标准
DB62/T 2379—2019 《地理标志产品 靖远枸杞》 地方标准
DB63/T1759—2019 《地理标志产品 柴达木枸杞》 地方标准
DB62/T 2752—2017 《地理标志产品 民勤枸杞》 地方标准
T/GDNB 23—2021 《从化糯米糍荔枝干》 团体标准
T/LYFIA 073—2025 《黄桃干》 团体标准
T/GZCX 007—2023 《刺梨干果》 团体标准
T/YLNX 0010—2021 《红枣干制品》 团体标准
T/TPCX 01—2022 《吐鲁番葡萄干产品》 团体标准
T/GZCX 007—2023 《刺梨干果》 团体标准
T/NXFSA 007S—2024 《道地宁夏枸杞子 白尖枸杞》 团体标准
T/NXFSA 005S—2024 《道地宁夏枸杞子 小纺锤枸杞》 团体标准
T/ZNGQXH 004—2023 《冻干枸杞》 团体标准
T/XMSSAL 0059—2023 《供厦食品 枸杞》 团体标准
T/QHYJGQX 001—2021 《柴达木枸杞 干果》 团体标准
T/NAIA 062—2021 《雪花枸杞》 团体标准
T/ZSGTS 376—2023 《香山之品 桂圆干》 团体标准
T/AFFI 033—2022 《无花果干》 团体标准
T/ZFS 0006—2020 《芒果干》 团体标准
T/AFFI 019—2022 《桑葚干》 团体标准
), ArticleFig(id=1217127908120904274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517516034232415, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

国内标准清单

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准号 标准名称 标准类型
GB 16325—2005 《干果食品卫生标准》 国家标准
GB/T 5835—2009 《干制红枣》 国家标准
GB/T 18672—2014 《枸杞》 国家标准
GB/T 19586—2008 《地理标志产品 吐鲁番葡萄干》 国家标准
GB/T 22741—2008 《地理标志产品 灵宝大枣》 国家标准
GB/T 23352—2009 《苹果干 技术规格和试验方法》 国家标准
GB/T 23353—2009 《梨干 技术规格和试验方法》 国家标准
GB/T 23401—2009 《地理标志产品 延川红枣》 国家标准
GB/T 26150—2019 《免洗红枣》 国家标准
LY/T 1780—2018 《干制红枣质量等级》 行业标准
NY/T 705—2023 《葡萄干》 行业标准
NY/T 709—2003 《荔枝干》 行业标准
NY/T 786—2004 《食用椰干》 行业标准
NY/T 949—2006 《木菠萝干》 行业标准
NY/T 1041—2018 《绿色食品 干果》 行业标准
DB4401/T 202—2023 《糯米糍荔枝干》 地方标准
DB5227/T 62—2020 《地理标志产品 龙里刺梨干》 地方标准
DB64/T 1640—2019 《中宁枸杞》 地方标准
DB62/T 2379—2019 《地理标志产品 靖远枸杞》 地方标准
DB63/T1759—2019 《地理标志产品 柴达木枸杞》 地方标准
DB62/T 2752—2017 《地理标志产品 民勤枸杞》 地方标准
T/GDNB 23—2021 《从化糯米糍荔枝干》 团体标准
T/LYFIA 073—2025 《黄桃干》 团体标准
T/GZCX 007—2023 《刺梨干果》 团体标准
T/YLNX 0010—2021 《红枣干制品》 团体标准
T/TPCX 01—2022 《吐鲁番葡萄干产品》 团体标准
T/GZCX 007—2023 《刺梨干果》 团体标准
T/NXFSA 007S—2024 《道地宁夏枸杞子 白尖枸杞》 团体标准
T/NXFSA 005S—2024 《道地宁夏枸杞子 小纺锤枸杞》 团体标准
T/ZNGQXH 004—2023 《冻干枸杞》 团体标准
T/XMSSAL 0059—2023 《供厦食品 枸杞》 团体标准
T/QHYJGQX 001—2021 《柴达木枸杞 干果》 团体标准
T/NAIA 062—2021 《雪花枸杞》 团体标准
T/ZSGTS 376—2023 《香山之品 桂圆干》 团体标准
T/AFFI 033—2022 《无花果干》 团体标准
T/ZFS 0006—2020 《芒果干》 团体标准
T/AFFI 019—2022 《桑葚干》 团体标准
), ArticleFig(id=1217127908246733403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517516034232415, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

List of product standard indicators

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标准 指标
感官 水分 总酸 总糖 灰分 杂质
GB 16325—2005 - - -
GB/T 5835—2009 - - - -
GB/T 23352—2009 - -
GB/T 23353—2009 - -
GB/T 26150—2019 - - - -
LY/T 1780—2018 - - -
NY/T 1041—2018 - -
ISO 7701:1994 - -
ISO 7702:1995 - -
ISO 7703:1995 - -
ISO 23394:2006 - -
), ArticleFig(id=1217127908368368230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517516034232415, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

产品标准指标清单

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准 指标
感官 水分 总酸 总糖 灰分 杂质
GB 16325—2005 - - -
GB/T 5835—2009 - - - -
GB/T 23352—2009 - -
GB/T 23353—2009 - -
GB/T 26150—2019 - - - -
LY/T 1780—2018 - - -
NY/T 1041—2018 - -
ISO 7701:1994 - -
ISO 7702:1995 - -
ISO 7703:1995 - -
ISO 23394:2006 - -
), ArticleFig(id=1217127908494197356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517516034232415, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Sensory indicators

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准 指标要求
桃干 枣干 苹果干 梨干
GB/T 5835—2009 - 分为4级, 包括果形和果实大小、品质、损伤和缺陷等要求 - -
GB/T 23352—2009 - - 分为3级, 包括色泽、品质缺陷、破碎程度、气味和滋味等要求 -
GB/T 23353—2009 - - - 分为3级, 包括色泽、品质缺陷、破碎程度、气味和滋味等要求
LY/T 1780—2018 - 分为4级, 包括果形、色泽、缺陷果、异味等要求 - -
NY/T 1041—2018 包括外观、色泽、气味及滋味组织状态 包括外观、色泽、气味及滋味组织状态 包括外观、色泽、气味及滋味组织状态 -
ISO 7701:1994 - - 分为3级, 包括色泽、品质缺陷、破碎程度、气味和滋味等 -
ISO 7702:1995 - - - 分为3级, 包括色泽、品质缺陷、破碎程度、气味和滋味等
ISO 7703:1995 分为3级, 包括色泽、品质缺陷、破碎程度、气味和滋味等 - - -
ISO 23394:2006 - 分为3级, 包括色泽、品质缺陷、破碎程度、气味和滋味等 - -
), ArticleFig(id=1217127908632609401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517516034232415, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

感官指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准 指标要求
桃干 枣干 苹果干 梨干
GB/T 5835—2009 - 分为4级, 包括果形和果实大小、品质、损伤和缺陷等要求 - -
GB/T 23352—2009 - - 分为3级, 包括色泽、品质缺陷、破碎程度、气味和滋味等要求 -
GB/T 23353—2009 - - - 分为3级, 包括色泽、品质缺陷、破碎程度、气味和滋味等要求
LY/T 1780—2018 - 分为4级, 包括果形、色泽、缺陷果、异味等要求 - -
NY/T 1041—2018 包括外观、色泽、气味及滋味组织状态 包括外观、色泽、气味及滋味组织状态 包括外观、色泽、气味及滋味组织状态 -
ISO 7701:1994 - - 分为3级, 包括色泽、品质缺陷、破碎程度、气味和滋味等 -
ISO 7702:1995 - - - 分为3级, 包括色泽、品质缺陷、破碎程度、气味和滋味等
ISO 7703:1995 分为3级, 包括色泽、品质缺陷、破碎程度、气味和滋味等 - - -
ISO 23394:2006 - 分为3级, 包括色泽、品质缺陷、破碎程度、气味和滋味等 - -
), ArticleFig(id=1217127908729078399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517516034232415, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Moisture content (g/100 g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准 指标要求
桃干 枣干 苹果干 梨干
GB/T 5835—2009 - 干制小红枣≤28, 干制大红枣≤25 - -
GB/T 23352—2009 - - ≤25 -
GB/T 23353—2009 - - - ≤20
GB/T 26150—2019 - 低含水量制品≤25, 25<高含水量制品≤35 - -
NY/T 1041—2018 ≤30 干制小枣≤28, 干制大枣≤25 ≤20 -
ISO 7701:1994 - - ≤25 -
ISO 7702:1995 - - - ≤25
ISO 7703:1995 ≤20 - - -
ISO 23394:2006 - ≤7 - -
), ArticleFig(id=1217127908875879047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517516034232415, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

水分含量(g/100 g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准 指标要求
桃干 枣干 苹果干 梨干
GB/T 5835—2009 - 干制小红枣≤28, 干制大红枣≤25 - -
GB/T 23352—2009 - - ≤25 -
GB/T 23353—2009 - - - ≤20
GB/T 26150—2019 - 低含水量制品≤25, 25<高含水量制品≤35 - -
NY/T 1041—2018 ≤30 干制小枣≤28, 干制大枣≤25 ≤20 -
ISO 7701:1994 - - ≤25 -
ISO 7702:1995 - - - ≤25
ISO 7703:1995 ≤20 - - -
ISO 23394:2006 - ≤7 - -
), ArticleFig(id=1217127908972348051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517516034232415, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Total acid content (g/100 g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准 指标要求
桃干 枣干 苹果干 梨干
GB 16325—2005 - - -
NY/T 705—2023 - - - -
NY/T 709—2003 - - - -
NY/T 1041—2018 ≤2.5 ≤2.5 ≤2.5 -
), ArticleFig(id=1217127909110760093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517516034232415, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

总酸含量(g/100 g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准 指标要求
桃干 枣干 苹果干 梨干
GB 16325—2005 - - -
NY/T 705—2023 - - - -
NY/T 709—2003 - - - -
NY/T 1041—2018 ≤2.5 ≤2.5 ≤2.5 -
), ArticleFig(id=1217127909303698089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517516034232415, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Total sugar content (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准 指标要求
桃干 枣干 苹果干 梨干
GB/T 18672—2014 - - -
GB/T 26150—2019 - ≥70 - -
NY/T 705—2023 - - - -
NY/T 709—2003 - - - -
LY/T 1780—2018 - 三级≥60, 二级≥65, 一级≥70, 特级≥75 - -
), ArticleFig(id=1217127909425332916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517516034232415, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

总糖含量(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准 指标要求
桃干 枣干 苹果干 梨干
GB/T 18672—2014 - - -
GB/T 26150—2019 - ≥70 - -
NY/T 705—2023 - - - -
NY/T 709—2003 - - - -
LY/T 1780—2018 - 三级≥60, 二级≥65, 一级≥70, 特级≥75 - -
), ArticleFig(id=1217127909555356347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517516034232415, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Ash content (g/100 g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准 指标要求
桃干 枣干 苹果干 梨干
GB/T 23352—2009 - - ≤0.1 -
GB/T 23353—2009 - - - ≤0.1
ISO 7701:1994 - - ≤0.1 -
ISO 7702:1995 - - - ≤0.1
ISO 7703:1995 ≤0.1 - - -
ISO 23394:2006 - ≤0.1 - -
), ArticleFig(id=1217127909676991177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517516034232415, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

灰分含量(g/100 g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准 指标要求
桃干 枣干 苹果干 梨干
GB/T 23352—2009 - - ≤0.1 -
GB/T 23353—2009 - - - ≤0.1
ISO 7701:1994 - - ≤0.1 -
ISO 7702:1995 - - - ≤0.1
ISO 7703:1995 ≤0.1 - - -
ISO 23394:2006 - ≤0.1 - -
), ArticleFig(id=1217127909832180435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517516034232415, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Impurity content (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准 指标要求
桃干 枣干 苹果干 梨干
GB/T 23352—2009 - - 二级≤1.5,
一级≤1.0,
特级≤0.5
-
GB/T 23353—2009 - - - 二级≤1.5,
一级≤1.0,
特级≤0.5
LY/T 1780—2018 - 三级≤0.5, 二级≤0.5,
一级≤0.3,
特级≤0.1
- -
NY/T 1041—2018 无肉眼可见杂质 无肉眼可见杂质 无肉眼可见杂质 -
ISO 7701:1994 - - 二级≤1.5,
一级≤1.0,
特级≤0.5
-
ISO 7702:1995 - - - 二级≤1.5,
一级≤1.0,
特级≤0.5
ISO 7703:1995 二级≤1.5,
一级≤1.0,
特级≤0.5
- - -
ISO 23394:2006 - 二级≤2.0,
一级≤1.5,
特级≤1.0
- -
), ArticleFig(id=1217127909978981081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517516034232415, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

杂质含量(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准 指标要求
桃干 枣干 苹果干 梨干
GB/T 23352—2009 - - 二级≤1.5,
一级≤1.0,
特级≤0.5
-
GB/T 23353—2009 - - - 二级≤1.5,
一级≤1.0,
特级≤0.5
LY/T 1780—2018 - 三级≤0.5, 二级≤0.5,
一级≤0.3,
特级≤0.1
- -
NY/T 1041—2018 无肉眼可见杂质 无肉眼可见杂质 无肉眼可见杂质 -
ISO 7701:1994 - - 二级≤1.5,
一级≤1.0,
特级≤0.5
-
ISO 7702:1995 - - - 二级≤1.5,
一级≤1.0,
特级≤0.5
ISO 7703:1995 二级≤1.5,
一级≤1.0,
特级≤0.5
- - -
ISO 23394:2006 - 二级≤2.0,
一级≤1.5,
特级≤1.0
- -
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水果干产品国际标准和国内标准质量指标比对分析
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李南阳 1 , 陆萱期 2, * , 王佳颖 2
食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:食品安全风险评估与风险监测 2025,16(15): 134-141
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:食品安全风险评估与风险监测 2025, 16(15): 134-141
水果干产品国际标准和国内标准质量指标比对分析
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李南阳1 , 陆萱期2, * , 王佳颖2
作者信息
  • 1 浙江方圆检测集团股份有限公司, 杭州 310018
  • 2 浙江省质量科学研究院(之江质量与标准化智库), 杭州 310018
  • 李南阳(1983—), 男, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品质量与标准化研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*陆萱期(1992—), 女, 工程师, 主要研究方向为标准化。E-mail:
Comparative analysis of quality indicators between international and domestic standards for dried fruit products
Nan-Yang LI1 , Xuan-Qi LU2, * , Jia-Ying WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1 Zhejiang Fangyuan Test Group Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310018, China
  • 2 Zhejiang Institute of Quality Sciences (Zhijiang Quality and Standardization Think Tank), Hangzhou 310018, China
出版时间: 2025-08-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250417003
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在全球水果干市场规模持续扩张的产业背景下, 我国作为主要生产国面临标准体系不完善造成的食品质量管控与国际贸易壁垒。本文基于系统性梳理11项国际国内水果干产品标准, 通过对比分析感官、水分、总酸、总糖、灰分及杂质等关键质量指标的差异特征。发现我国现行标准虽在总酸、总糖及杂质限量等指标严于国际标准, 但存在感官指标分级体系混乱、水分阈值缺乏一致性(如葡萄干国内标准水分限值15 g/100 g~20 g/100 g)、总糖限值存在显著差异(如枣干不同标准总糖要求60%~75%)等突出问题, 且部分指标(如桃干水分限值30 g/100 g)低于国际标准(ISO 7703:1995限值小于等于20%)。建议采取“国内标准系统整合+国际标准战略突围”双轨制优化路径, 加速推进水果干食品安全国家标准的制定实施以强化监管, 系统性修订行业标准消除指标冲突, 并主导特色产品国际标准研制, 从而全面提升我国水果干产业质量竞争力和国际标准制定话语权。

水果干  /  质量指标  /  标准

Against the backdrop of the continuous expansion of the global dried fruit market, China, as a major producing country, faces food quality control and international trade barriers caused by imperfect standard systems. This study was based on a systematic review of 11 international and domestic standards for dried fruit products, compared and analyzed the differences in key quality indicators such as sensory evaluation, moisture content, total acidity, total sugar, ash content and impurities. The study found that although China's current standards were stricter than international standards in terms of total acidity, total sugar, and impurity limits, there were prominent issues such as a chaotic grading system for sensory indicators, lack of consistency in moisture threshold values (e.g., the domestic standard moisture limit for raisins was 15 g/100 g to 20 g/100 g), and significant differences in total sugar limits (e.g., different standards for dried dates require total sugar levels ranging from 60% to 75%). Additionally, some indicators (such as the moisture limit for dried peaches at 30 g/100 g) were lower than international standards (ISO 7703:1995 limit less than or equal to 20%). This study recommends: Adopted a dual-track optimization approach of “integrating domestic standard systems+breaking through international standard strategies”, accelerated the formulation and implementation of national standards for dried fruit food safety to strengthen supervision, systematically revise industry standards to eliminate indicator conflicts, and take the lead in developing international standards for specialty products, thereby comprehensively enhancing the quality competitiveness of China's dried fruit industry and its voice in international standard setting.

dried fruit  /  quality indicators  /  standards
李南阳, 陆萱期, 王佳颖. 水果干产品国际标准和国内标准质量指标比对分析. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (15) : 134 -141 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250417003
Nan-Yang LI, Xuan-Qi LU, Jia-Ying WANG. Comparative analysis of quality indicators between international and domestic standards for dried fruit products[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (15) : 134 -141 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250417003
随着全球健康消费浪潮的兴起, 以新鲜水果为主要原料, 经过清洗、切分(或不切分)后, 添加或不添加食品添加剂, 通过自然干燥或热风干燥等工艺制成的水果干[1-5], 因其方便携带、便于长期贮存且富含多种营养成分, 深受消费者青睐。水果干与蜜饯、果脯存在本质区别, 相对于两者更加天然[6]。Grand View Research市场分析显示, 至2027年全球水果干市场规模预计达160亿美元, 年均复合增长率将维持在5.5%[7], 中国作为全球主要生产国, 随着水果干需求量不断增加, 产业规模不断扩大[8], 其标准体系建设的多重问题也逐渐暴露: 一是国内尚未发布水果干制品食品安全强制性国家标准[9], 普遍存在错误套用GB 14884—2016《食品安全国家标准 蜜饯》的现象; 二是现行推荐性国家标准与行业标准重复现象普遍[10], 导致企业执行标准混乱, 产品质量参差不齐; 三是国际标准长期由欧美主导, 我国部分指标未能接轨, 致使出口产品遭遇技术性贸易壁垒[11]
国家标准化管理委员会、中央网信办、科技部等十部委印发的《“十四五”推动高质量发展的国家标准体系建设规划》中明确构建食品质量标准体系, 加大研制引领产业发展的食品质量标准力度[12]。与安全指标不同, 质量指标是影响食品品质特性和营养价值的关键因素[13], 其水平高低直接关联消费者的购买决策及食品的市场竞争力。基于此, 本研究通过检索国际标准化组织(International Organization for Standardization, ISO)、国家卫生健康委员会、国家标准化管理委员会等机构公开文件, 筛选比对国际国内水果干产品标准, 分析关键质量指标差异化, 提出“国内标准系统整合+国际标准战略突围”双轨制优化路径, 以期为我国水果干产业的高质量发展与国际贸易竞争提供标准支撑。
ISO/TC 34/SC 3(国际标准化组织/食品技术委员会/水果、蔬菜及其衍生产品分技术委员会)主要承担着制定水果、蔬菜及其衍生产品国际标准的任务, 自1980年成立以来, 已成功发布116项国际标准, 内容涵盖术语、采样、产品规格、包装要求、储存、运输、测试和分析方法等多个方面。其中, 针对水果干的国际标准共计9项(见表1[14]), 主要集中在1991年至2006年, 为全球水果干的生产和贸易提供了统一的规范和指导。
在我国, 虽然水果干标准起步较晚, 但持续更新迭代。第一项水果干强制性国家标准GB 16325《干果食品卫生标准》由原中华人民共和国卫生部和中国国家标准化管理委员会于1996年6月19日联合发布, 并于2005年1月25日进行了修订, 明确了干果食品的卫生指标、检验方法以及食品添加剂使用、生产加工过程、包装、标识、贮存、运输等方面的卫生要求, 适用于以新鲜水果(例如桂圆、荔枝、葡萄、柿子等)为原料, 通过晾晒、干燥等脱水工艺加工而成的干果食品[15-16]。2006年1月26日, 农业农村部发布了行业标准NY/T 1041《绿色食品 干果》[17], 该标准分别于2010年和2018年进行了两次修订, 明确了绿色食品干果的技术要求、检验规则、标签、标志、包装、运输和储存等, 适用于以绿色食品水果为原料, 经脱水处理, 未糖渍, 可添加或不添加食品添加剂制成的各类干果产品。截至目前, 我国已初步形成覆盖多种水果干产品的标准体系, 其中国家标准9项, 行业标准6项, 地方标准6项, 团体标准16项(见表2)。
标准指标比对是针对相同的标准化对象, 在一定范围内, 对不同标准的技术指标进行差异性分析的一个过程。标准指标比对是判断和监控国际标准、国家标准和行业标准等各类型标准是否具有先进性的有效手段[18-19]
为系统揭示国际国内水果干产品标准的差异特征, 本研究选取桃干、枣干、苹果干、梨干4种代表性水果干, 梳理出11项产品标准(见表3, 不包括地方标准、团体标准和企业标准, 因其仅适用于部分区域或组织, 在此不宜做为比对对象), 从中剔除安全指标后, 提取6项质量指标进行比对[20]。可以看出, 国际标准所规定的质量指标项目普遍少于我国的国家标准和行业标准。具体而言, 国际标准更侧重于感官、水分、灰分和杂质; 而在我国标准体系中, 感官和水分受到重视程度最高, 灰分和杂质次之, 总酸和总糖的重视程度最低; 进一步观察发现, 除了GB/T 23352—2009和GB/T 23353—2009外, 所有国家标准和行业标准中的指标项均不一致, 没有一项标准是覆盖全部指标的。
在众多产品标准中, “指标”的描述和量值高低直接可以体现出产品的质量水平[21]。本文针对感官、水分、总酸、总糖、灰分、杂质等6大关键质量指标, 深入分析国际标准、国家标准及行业标准中质量指标要求的差异[22]
感官要求是衡量水果干质量的重要参数, 它直接反映了水果干的品质、口感和感官吸引力[23]等特性。国际标准普遍采用三级分类(特级、一级、二级), 聚焦外观、色泽、气味和滋味[24]、组织状态[25]等基础要求; 而我国部分标准分级更细(如枣干分为四级), 但不同标准间阈值冲突显著(见表4)。例如枣干, 国际标准ISO 23394:2006分为3级, 国内标准GB/T 5835—2009和LY/T 1780—2018将枣干分为4级, NY/T 1041—2018不分级; 在具体指标上, GB/T 5835—2009规定特等红枣允许破头和油头果两项之和不超过3%, LY/T 1780—2018则规定特等红枣中油头和破头之和不得超过2%。这种标准体系碎片化现象不仅存在于枣干, 在苹果干中亦存在。这些矛盾导致企业多头检测, 增加合规成本, 甚至出现同一批次产品在不同标准体系中被判定为不同等级的市场乱象。
水分含量是区分水果干和蜜饯、水果脆等其他水果制品的重要标志之一, 它不仅影响着产品的口感和贮藏条件, 还直接影响微生物活性与货架期[26], 是国际贸易的核心争议点(见表5)。例如枣干, 国际标准ISO 23394:2006规定水分含量小于等于7%, 匹配欧美市场对低水分长保质期的需求; 国内标准GB/T 5835—2009规定干制小红枣小于等于28 g/100 g、干制大红枣小于等于25 g/100 g, GB/T 26150—2019规定低含水量制品小于等于25 g/100 g、高含水量制品大于25 g/100 g且小于等于35 g/100 g, NY/T 1041—2018规定干制小枣小于等于28 g/100 g、干制大枣小于等于25 g/100 g, 这些标准交叉冲突, 不仅导致国内企业面临同一产品需满足多套检测体系的合规困境, 更使得出口产品在国际清关时频繁遭遇技术性贸易壁垒。
总酸作为食品独特口感和风味的源泉, 影响着食品中微生物的生长与繁殖, 是确保食品安全和延长保质期的重要因素[27-28]。总糖作为碳水化合物的主要构成成分, 不仅主导着产品的甜度特征, 更通过糖类代谢途径直接影响食品的能量供给效率及人体生理代谢过程[29]。相较于国际标准中未对总酸和总糖设定具体阈值, 我国标准则设定了严格限值(见表6表7)。但是, 部分标准中未作具体要求, 例如梨干, 富含各种有机酸和可溶性糖[30], 但是标准中未作要求; 部分标准中存在指标要求不一致的现象, 例如枣干, GB/T 26150—2019规定免洗红枣的总糖含量大于等于70%, 而LY/T 1780—2018设置了特级大于等于75%、一级大于等于70%、二级大于等于65%、三级大于等于60%的梯度参数。此类指标离散模式可能导致生产者质量控制基准紊乱, 以及消费者选购依据失准。
灰分是水果干中的无机成分, 其本质是食品经高温灼烧后的残留矿物质, 主要包含钾、钠、钙等金属氧化物[31]; 杂质则关联到产品的纯净度, 通常指砂石、毛发等外来夹杂物[32], 它们共同揭示了水果干品质的优劣和加工的精度。我国标准中GB/T 23352—2009和GB/T 23353—2009采纳了国际标准要求, 明确规定了酸不溶性灰分含量不得超过0.1 g/100 g(见表8), 桃干和枣干未作规定。关于杂质限量要求, 国际国内也不一致, 例如枣干, LY/T 1780—2018显著严于国际标准ISO 23394:2006(见表9), 凸显对水果干“高纯度”的追求。
产业要发展, 标准需先行[33]。近年来我国水果干产品标准体系后起勃发、逐渐完善, 但依然存在部分产品标准碎片化、国际接轨不足及指标不统一等问题, 结合我国“健康中国行动”[34]与全球贸易竞争需求, 展望未来, 提出“国内标准系统整合+国际标准战略突围”双轨制优化路径。
食品安全强制性国家标准确保食品不会对人体健康造成危害[35], 自2014年起, 我国着手将食品卫生标准整合为食品安全强制性国家标准, 截至2024年3月, 我国已发布食品安全强制性国家标准1610项[36]。然而, 水果干产品的强制性标准仍然沿用的是GB 16325—2005《干果食品卫生标准》, 其整合标准《食品安全国家标准 果蔬干制品》目前仍在讨论稿阶段。GB 16325—2005仅涵盖了桂圆、荔枝、葡萄干、柿饼等4类水果干的水分和总酸要求, 随着市场的发展和消费者需求的多样化, 这一标准已经无法全面满足当前监管的需要。加快起草并实施新的食品安全强制性国家标准, 避免监管空白, 有效保障消费者的食品安全。
“行业标准与国家标准、其他行业标准之间重复交叉或者不协调配套的, 国务院标准化行政主管部门应当会同国务院有关行政主管部门, 提出整合、修订或者废止行业标准的意见[37]”。但是, 现行标准NY/T 709—2003、NY/T 786—2004和NY/T 949—2006自发布至今已逾20年, 部分标准存在交叉重复、规范性引用文件废止、与强制性标准不一致现象, 已难以满足科技发展和市场需求的持续变化。定期评估标准实施效果[38], 结合产业反馈调整和统一核心指标阈值, 针对地理标志产品制定高于国标的特色标准, 确保推荐性标准实施有效。
标准化是国际贸易的推动器[39]。在全球贸易竞争日益激烈的当下, 实施过低的标准指标要求必然会在国际贸易中构成无形壁垒, 阻碍贸易流通。鉴于当前水果干国际标准的发展停滞, 我国应派驻专家进入ISO/TC 34/SC 3, 成立水果干国内对应技术委员会, 尽快研制荔枝干、葡萄干、枸杞等特色水果干产品的国际标准, 争取“中国标准”走出去[40]。这不仅能填补国际标准的空白, 还能提高我国特色产品的国际市场竞争力, 确保我国在全球水果干市场的标准话语权。
  • 浙江省市场监督管理局科技计划项目(QN2025003)
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2025年第16卷第15期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250417003
  • 接收时间:2025-04-17
  • 首发时间:2026-01-09
  • 出版时间:2025-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-17
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浙江省市场监督管理局科技计划项目(QN2025003)
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    1 浙江方圆检测集团股份有限公司, 杭州 310018
    2 浙江省质量科学研究院(之江质量与标准化智库), 杭州 310018

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*陆萱期(1992—), 女, 工程师, 主要研究方向为标准化。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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