Article(id=1216517515132453748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1216517514570417012, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250220003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1739980800000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767969977410, onlineDateStr=2026-01-09, pubDate=1755187200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767969977410, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767969977410, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767969977410, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1216517514570417012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='322', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767969977276, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768211590858, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217530915467743720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1216517514570417012, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217530915467743721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1216517514570417012, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=256, endPage=263, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1216517515472192375, articleId=1216517515132453748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Analysis of quality of Ripe Pu-erh tea in Pu'er City, columnId=1151895321388347923, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Analysis and Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To analyze the quality characteristics of Ripe Pu-erh tea from Pu'er City. Methods A total of 43 local fermented Ripe tea samples were collected from Pu'er City, and the quality characteristics of this batch of products were systematically analyzed by sensory evaluation combined with biochemical component detection. Results The color dry tea leaves were brown or reddish brown; the infusion were brown red or reddish brown; the aroma were mellow aged fragrance; the taste had typical pure characteristics of stale aroma; the infused leaves were reddish-brown and soft. Biochemical detection data showed that the content of tea sample water extract, tea polyphenols, free amino acids, soluble sugar and theabrownin in these tea samples were 38.7%-51.5%, 4.55%-11.16%, 1.56%-2.89%, 3.49%-8.27% and 6.84%-12.82%, respectively. The total content of catechins and flavonols were 6.76-18.23 mg/g and 0.18-1.90 mg/g, respectively. The content of theophylline and caffeine were 0.01-0.12 mg/g and 15.21-27.31 mg/g, respectively. The content of gallic acid was 1.22-6.56 mg/g. Conclusion Compared with the Ripe Pu-erh tea from other regions, Pu'er City-fermented tea samples demonstrates significantly higher levels of water extract, soluble sugars and free amino acids, coupled with relatively lower caffeine content. This distinctive biochemical composition corresponds to their sensory profile characterized by a thick mellow taste, pronounced sweetness, and reduces bitterness in the tea infusion. The study systematically delineates the sensory quality attributes and biochemical reference ranges of Ripe Pu-erh tea fermented in Pu'er City, providing scientific data support for future cross-regional comparative studies on the quality characteristics of Pu-erh tea.

, correspAuthors=Ming ZHAO, Yan MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yi-Qing GUAN, Nian-Guo BO, Teng WANG, Di-Han YANG, Xun-Yuan SHAN, Guo-Qin YANG, Hong-Xing DUAN, Song-Zhi LIU, Ming ZHAO, Yan MA), CN=ArticleExt(id=1216517516390744969, articleId=1216517515132453748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=普洱市普洱熟茶品质分析, columnId=1151895321958773274, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品分析与检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 分析普洱市普洱熟茶的品质特征。方法 收集43份普洱市本地发酵的熟茶样品, 通过感官审评结合生化成分检测, 系统解析该批次产品的品质特性。结果 样品干茶呈棕褐至红褐色泽, 茶汤呈现褐红至红浓色调, 具有典型陈香纯正特征, 滋味以醇厚、醇和为主, 叶底多呈红褐色且质地柔软。生化检测数据显示: 该批次茶样水浸出物、茶多酚、游离氨基酸、可溶性糖、茶褐素的含量分别为38.7%~51.5%、4.55%~11.16%、1.56%~2.89%、3.49%~8.27%、6.84%~12.82%, 儿茶素、黄酮类物质总含量分别为6.76~18.23 mg/g、0.18~1.90 mg/g, 茶碱和咖啡碱含量分别为0.01~0.12 mg/g、15.21~27.31 mg/g, 没食子酸含量为1.22~6.56 mg/g。结论 相较于其他产区熟茶, 普洱市发酵茶样具有显著更高的水浸出物、可溶性糖及游离氨基酸含量, 而咖啡碱含量相对偏低, 这种独特的生化组分构成与其感官特征构成了茶汤滋味醇厚、甜度高、苦度低的特点。本研究系统揭示了普洱市发酵熟茶的感官品质特征与生化成分基准范围, 为后续开展跨产区普洱茶品质特征的对比研究提供了科学数据支撑。

, correspAuthors=赵明, 马燕, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*赵明(1979—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为茶叶生物化学。E-mail: ;
马燕(1975—), 女, 副教授, 主要研究方向为茶叶生物化学。E-mail:
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官已青(2001—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为茶叶生物化学。E-mail:

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官已青(2001—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为茶叶生物化学。E-mail:

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figureFileSmall=IwisjbRWVKOSr3BJiMxrcg==, figureFileBig=KMGoxHRXmfIxDXdy0N8d+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217127907315601500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517515132453748, language=CN, label=图1, caption=普洱熟茶样品的感官特征, figureFileSmall=IwisjbRWVKOSr3BJiMxrcg==, figureFileBig=KMGoxHRXmfIxDXdy0N8d+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217127907504345193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517515132453748, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Color index of tea infusion, figureFileSmall=U2p12IrpMBTJfo9EUiQkOw==, figureFileBig=CmhyhkvtL5MHSfQ3ho92Hg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217127907634368623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517515132453748, language=CN, label=图2, caption=茶汤色差值, figureFileSmall=U2p12IrpMBTJfo9EUiQkOw==, figureFileBig=CmhyhkvtL5MHSfQ3ho92Hg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217127907747614836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517515132453748, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Content of chemical compositions in Ripe Pu-erh tea samples, figureFileSmall=SzS+backVmufVV0Bk0/MSA==, figureFileBig=qtLOH+GD1DlA3iOX+f1pjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217127907902804092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517515132453748, language=CN, label=图3, caption=普洱熟茶样品的化学成分含量

注: A. 常规化学成分含量; B. 茶色素类物质成分含量; C. 儿茶素类物质含量; D. 黄酮类物质含量; E. 生物碱及有机酸类生物质含量。

, figureFileSmall=SzS+backVmufVV0Bk0/MSA==, figureFileBig=qtLOH+GD1DlA3iOX+f1pjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217127908016050313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517515132453748, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sample information of Ripe Pu-erh tea

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发酵厂家 经度 纬度 样品编号 生产年份/年 原料采摘标准
普山熟研 100°57′59.1"E 22°47'56.8"N P1-P6 2022 一芽二、三叶
普洱亿丰茶业有限公司 100°54'31.0"E 22°46'23.4"N P7-P10 2022 一芽二、三叶
普洱德厚茶业有限公司 100°55'2.5"E 22°46'58.8"N P11-P15 2022 一芽二、三叶
普洱市供销集团 100°58'24.4"E 22°46'40.3"N P16-P18 2022 一芽二、三叶
云南普洱茶集团 100°59'18.3"E 22°51'56.2"N P19-P35 2022
普洱茶投资(集团)有限公司 100°58'8.1"E 22°48'17.3"N P36-P43 2022
), ArticleFig(id=1217127908150268056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517515132453748, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

普洱熟茶样品信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发酵厂家 经度 纬度 样品编号 生产年份/年 原料采摘标准
普山熟研 100°57′59.1"E 22°47'56.8"N P1-P6 2022 一芽二、三叶
普洱亿丰茶业有限公司 100°54'31.0"E 22°46'23.4"N P7-P10 2022 一芽二、三叶
普洱德厚茶业有限公司 100°55'2.5"E 22°46'58.8"N P11-P15 2022 一芽二、三叶
普洱市供销集团 100°58'24.4"E 22°46'40.3"N P16-P18 2022 一芽二、三叶
云南普洱茶集团 100°59'18.3"E 22°51'56.2"N P19-P35 2022
普洱茶投资(集团)有限公司 100°58'8.1"E 22°48'17.3"N P36-P43 2022
), ArticleFig(id=1217127908238348443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517515132453748, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Content of chemical components in Ripe Pu-erh tea from different producing areas

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化学成分 本研究 产区
普洱 临沧 西双版纳
水浸出物/% 44.82±2.84 36.73±15.50[30] 36.91±1.36[13] 32.38±1.13[31]
茶多酚/% 7.90±1.73 11.10±15.57[30] 6.04±0.28[13] 9.78±9.01[30]
游离氨基酸/% 1.87±0.28 0.96±0.31[32] 0.87±0.38[32] 1.32±0.06[31]
可溶性糖/% 6.00±0.80 4.82±5.04[33] 3.62±0.27[13] 4.07±2.00[33]
茶褐素/% 10.81±1.42 10.52±4.11[30] 12.74±0.02[13] 11.94±9.95[30]
茶红素/% 1.29±1.16 1.60[34] 1.17±0.02[13] 1.22±0.19[31]
茶黄素/% 0.28±0.07 0.35±0.39[30] 0.29±0.00[13] 0.19±0.03[31]
GC/(mg/g) 9.37±2.36 4.69±0.83[30] 12.13±6.43[13] 2.71±0.73[31]
EGC/(mg/g) 0.46±0.24 0.96[34] 0.82[34] 0.79[34]
儿茶素/(mg/g) 0.38±0.20 0.72±0.08[30] 0.22[8] 0.49±0.10[35]
EGCG/(mg/g) 0.32±0.28 0.43±0.08[30] 0.32[34] 0.23±0.04[31]
EC/(mg/g) 0.51±0.28 - - 0.71±0.14[31]
GCG/(mg/g) 0.33±0.15 0.59±0.30[30] 0.14[34] 0.17±0.04[31]
ECG/(mg/g) 0.40±0.18 0.34±0.16[30] 0.40[34] 0.40±0.13[31]
CG/(mg/g) 0.14±0.05 0.34±0.10[30] - -
花旗松素/(mg/g) 0.10±0.06 - - -
芦丁/(mg/g) 0.46±0.31 - - -
杨梅素/(mg/g) 0.16±0.10 0.10±0.07[30] 0.91±0.81[13] 0.07±0.06[30]
槲皮素/(mg/g) 0.07±0.04 0.16±0.09[30] 0.71±0.60[13] 0.25±0.08[30]
木犀草素/(mg/g) 0.03±0.01 - - -
山奈酚/(mg/g) 0.03±0.02 0.33±0.07[30] 0.25±0.22[13] 0.18±0.13[30]
Theo/(mg/g) 0.06±0.00 - - -
CA/(mg/g) 20.44±2.81 28.30±0.14[17] 29.80±0.18[17] 28.60±0.10[17]
GA/(mg/g) 3.35±1.60 3.08[8] 5.38[8] 5.39[8]
鞣花酸/(mg/g) 0.68±0.49 - - -
), ArticleFig(id=1217127908393537705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1216517515132453748, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同产区普洱熟茶化学成分含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化学成分 本研究 产区
普洱 临沧 西双版纳
水浸出物/% 44.82±2.84 36.73±15.50[30] 36.91±1.36[13] 32.38±1.13[31]
茶多酚/% 7.90±1.73 11.10±15.57[30] 6.04±0.28[13] 9.78±9.01[30]
游离氨基酸/% 1.87±0.28 0.96±0.31[32] 0.87±0.38[32] 1.32±0.06[31]
可溶性糖/% 6.00±0.80 4.82±5.04[33] 3.62±0.27[13] 4.07±2.00[33]
茶褐素/% 10.81±1.42 10.52±4.11[30] 12.74±0.02[13] 11.94±9.95[30]
茶红素/% 1.29±1.16 1.60[34] 1.17±0.02[13] 1.22±0.19[31]
茶黄素/% 0.28±0.07 0.35±0.39[30] 0.29±0.00[13] 0.19±0.03[31]
GC/(mg/g) 9.37±2.36 4.69±0.83[30] 12.13±6.43[13] 2.71±0.73[31]
EGC/(mg/g) 0.46±0.24 0.96[34] 0.82[34] 0.79[34]
儿茶素/(mg/g) 0.38±0.20 0.72±0.08[30] 0.22[8] 0.49±0.10[35]
EGCG/(mg/g) 0.32±0.28 0.43±0.08[30] 0.32[34] 0.23±0.04[31]
EC/(mg/g) 0.51±0.28 - - 0.71±0.14[31]
GCG/(mg/g) 0.33±0.15 0.59±0.30[30] 0.14[34] 0.17±0.04[31]
ECG/(mg/g) 0.40±0.18 0.34±0.16[30] 0.40[34] 0.40±0.13[31]
CG/(mg/g) 0.14±0.05 0.34±0.10[30] - -
花旗松素/(mg/g) 0.10±0.06 - - -
芦丁/(mg/g) 0.46±0.31 - - -
杨梅素/(mg/g) 0.16±0.10 0.10±0.07[30] 0.91±0.81[13] 0.07±0.06[30]
槲皮素/(mg/g) 0.07±0.04 0.16±0.09[30] 0.71±0.60[13] 0.25±0.08[30]
木犀草素/(mg/g) 0.03±0.01 - - -
山奈酚/(mg/g) 0.03±0.02 0.33±0.07[30] 0.25±0.22[13] 0.18±0.13[30]
Theo/(mg/g) 0.06±0.00 - - -
CA/(mg/g) 20.44±2.81 28.30±0.14[17] 29.80±0.18[17] 28.60±0.10[17]
GA/(mg/g) 3.35±1.60 3.08[8] 5.38[8] 5.39[8]
鞣花酸/(mg/g) 0.68±0.49 - - -
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官已青 1, 2 , 伯年国 1, 2 , 王藤 1, 2 , 杨迪涵 1, 2 , 单薰元 1, 2 , 杨国琴 1, 2 , 段红星 1 , 刘松志 3 , 赵明 1, 2, * , 马燕 1, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025,16(15): 256-263
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025, 16(15): 256-263
普洱市普洱熟茶品质分析
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官已青1, 2 , 伯年国1, 2, 王藤1, 2, 杨迪涵1, 2, 单薰元1, 2, 杨国琴1, 2, 段红星1, 刘松志3, 赵明1, 2, * , 马燕1, *
作者信息
  • 1 云南农业大学茶学院, 昆明 650201
  • 2 云南农业大学西南中药材种质创新与利用国家地方联合工程研究中心, 云南省药用植物生物学重点实验室, 昆明 650201
  • 3 普洱普山茶叶有限公司, 普洱 665000
  • 官已青(2001—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为茶叶生物化学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*赵明(1979—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为茶叶生物化学。E-mail: ;
马燕(1975—), 女, 副教授, 主要研究方向为茶叶生物化学。E-mail:
Analysis of quality of Ripe Pu-erh tea in Pu'er City
Yi-Qing GUAN1, 2 , Nian-Guo BO1, 2, Teng WANG1, 2, Di-Han YANG1, 2, Xun-Yuan SHAN1, 2, Guo-Qin YANG1, 2, Hong-Xing DUAN1, Song-Zhi LIU3, Ming ZHAO1, 2, * , Yan MA1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Tea Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
  • 2 National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Lnnovation, Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
  • 3 Pu'er Pushan Tea Co., Ltd., Pu'er 665000, China
出版时间: 2025-08-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250220003
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目的 分析普洱市普洱熟茶的品质特征。方法 收集43份普洱市本地发酵的熟茶样品, 通过感官审评结合生化成分检测, 系统解析该批次产品的品质特性。结果 样品干茶呈棕褐至红褐色泽, 茶汤呈现褐红至红浓色调, 具有典型陈香纯正特征, 滋味以醇厚、醇和为主, 叶底多呈红褐色且质地柔软。生化检测数据显示: 该批次茶样水浸出物、茶多酚、游离氨基酸、可溶性糖、茶褐素的含量分别为38.7%~51.5%、4.55%~11.16%、1.56%~2.89%、3.49%~8.27%、6.84%~12.82%, 儿茶素、黄酮类物质总含量分别为6.76~18.23 mg/g、0.18~1.90 mg/g, 茶碱和咖啡碱含量分别为0.01~0.12 mg/g、15.21~27.31 mg/g, 没食子酸含量为1.22~6.56 mg/g。结论 相较于其他产区熟茶, 普洱市发酵茶样具有显著更高的水浸出物、可溶性糖及游离氨基酸含量, 而咖啡碱含量相对偏低, 这种独特的生化组分构成与其感官特征构成了茶汤滋味醇厚、甜度高、苦度低的特点。本研究系统揭示了普洱市发酵熟茶的感官品质特征与生化成分基准范围, 为后续开展跨产区普洱茶品质特征的对比研究提供了科学数据支撑。

普洱市  /  普洱熟茶  /  感官品质  /  生化成分

Objective To analyze the quality characteristics of Ripe Pu-erh tea from Pu'er City. Methods A total of 43 local fermented Ripe tea samples were collected from Pu'er City, and the quality characteristics of this batch of products were systematically analyzed by sensory evaluation combined with biochemical component detection. Results The color dry tea leaves were brown or reddish brown; the infusion were brown red or reddish brown; the aroma were mellow aged fragrance; the taste had typical pure characteristics of stale aroma; the infused leaves were reddish-brown and soft. Biochemical detection data showed that the content of tea sample water extract, tea polyphenols, free amino acids, soluble sugar and theabrownin in these tea samples were 38.7%-51.5%, 4.55%-11.16%, 1.56%-2.89%, 3.49%-8.27% and 6.84%-12.82%, respectively. The total content of catechins and flavonols were 6.76-18.23 mg/g and 0.18-1.90 mg/g, respectively. The content of theophylline and caffeine were 0.01-0.12 mg/g and 15.21-27.31 mg/g, respectively. The content of gallic acid was 1.22-6.56 mg/g. Conclusion Compared with the Ripe Pu-erh tea from other regions, Pu'er City-fermented tea samples demonstrates significantly higher levels of water extract, soluble sugars and free amino acids, coupled with relatively lower caffeine content. This distinctive biochemical composition corresponds to their sensory profile characterized by a thick mellow taste, pronounced sweetness, and reduces bitterness in the tea infusion. The study systematically delineates the sensory quality attributes and biochemical reference ranges of Ripe Pu-erh tea fermented in Pu'er City, providing scientific data support for future cross-regional comparative studies on the quality characteristics of Pu-erh tea.

Pu'er City  /  Ripe Pu-erh tea  /  sensory quality  /  biochemical components
官已青, 伯年国, 王藤, 杨迪涵, 单薰元, 杨国琴, 段红星, 刘松志, 赵明, 马燕. 普洱市普洱熟茶品质分析. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (15) : 256 -263 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250220003
Yi-Qing GUAN, Nian-Guo BO, Teng WANG, Di-Han YANG, Xun-Yuan SHAN, Guo-Qin YANG, Hong-Xing DUAN, Song-Zhi LIU, Ming ZHAO, Yan MA. Analysis of quality of Ripe Pu-erh tea in Pu'er City[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (15) : 256 -263 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250220003
普洱茶是由云南大叶种[Camellia sinensis (Linn.) var. assamica (Masters) Kitamura]的晒青茶为原料制成的特种茶类, 基于工艺特征与品质差异可分为生茶和熟茶两大类[1]。其中普洱熟茶是一种特殊的微生物发酵茶, 其关键工序渥堆(后发酵), 实质上是利用晒青毛茶的内在成分, 在微生物分泌的胞外酶的催化作用下, 结合微生物呼吸代谢产生的热量与茶叶水分的湿热作用, 生以茶多酚转化为主体的一系列复杂而剧烈的化学变化[2], 从而形成普洱熟茶独有的色泽、香气和滋味。独特的“后发酵”技术不仅赋予了普洱熟茶醇和的滋味、红褐的汤色以及显著的陈香[3], 还使其具备了降脂减肥[4]、抗肿瘤[5]等保健功能。因此, 普洱熟茶愈来愈受到消费者的青睐, 已成为云南最具特色和竞争力的茶叶产品, 具有重要的经济价值和丰富的科学内涵。
普洱茶主产区包括普洱市、西双版纳及临沧市等[6]。吕海鹏等[7]分析发现临沧市、西双版纳以及普洱市生产的普洱茶的茶多酚和没食子酸(gallic acid, GA)的含量无显著差异, 而水浸出物总量、黄酮总量、游离氨基酸总量以及茶褐素、茶红素和茶黄素含量具有显著地域特征。金裕范等[8]测定发现红河、西双版纳、大理下关、思茅、临沧等5个产地普洱茶在化学成分组成方面存在一定差异, 其中GA含量差异较大, 咖啡碱(caffeine, CA)含量在2.366%~3.750%之间, 儿茶素含量均低于0.5%, 总黄酮和总多糖含量也有一定差异。已有研究发现产地差异对普洱茶成分与品质具有显著影响, 系统开展跨产区普洱熟茶品质解析具有重要研究价值。
位于云南省西南部的普洱市, 以茶产业作为其第一支柱产业, 凭借深厚的文化底蕴、丰富的原料资源、完善的产业服务保障以及突出的品牌效应, 走出了一条高质量发展的独特道路[9]。普洱市不仅拥有世界上唯一的茶主题世界文化遗产——“景迈山古茶林文化景观”, 其茶叶种植面积和产值在云南省亦名列前茅, 同时也是普洱熟茶的重要产区之一。然而, 针对普洱市本地发酵熟茶的品质特征仍缺乏系统性研究, 制约了产区特色品质体系的构建。为此, 本研究采集普洱市发酵的43份熟茶样品, 通过测定水浸出物、可溶性糖、游离氨基酸、茶色素、茶多酚及儿茶素等关键指标, 结合感官品质分析, 系统解析普洱市发酵普洱熟茶品质特征, 以期为后续开展跨产区普洱茶品质特征的对比研究提供一定的科学数据支撑。
收集了普洱市6个厂家2022年发酵的43个普洱熟茶样本, 具体样品信息如表1所示。
儿茶素(catechin, C)、表儿茶素(epicatechin, EC)、没食子儿茶素(gallocatechin, GC)、表没食子儿茶素(epigallocatechin, EGC)、儿茶素没食子酸酯(catechin-3-gallate, CG)、没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(gallocahechin-3-gallate, GCG)、表儿茶素没食子酸酯(epicatechin-3-gallate, ECG)、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(epigallocahechin-3-gallate, EGCG)、花旗松素、杨梅素、槲皮素、芦丁、山奈酚、木犀草素、鞣花酸、GA、茶碱(theophylline, Theo)、CA(色谱纯, 纯度≥98%, 成都曼思特生物科技有限公司); 甲醇、乙腈(色谱纯, 北京迈瑞达科技有限公司); 磷酸(分析纯, 天津市致远化学试剂有限公司); 盐酸(分析纯, 重庆川东化工有限公司)。
756 CRT型紫外可见分光光度计(上海菁华科技仪器有限公司); CP 214型电子分析天平(万分之一, 上海奥豪斯仪器有限公司); CT15RE型离心机(日本日立公司); 1200型高速液相色谱仪、TSKgel ODS-80TM色谱柱(4.6 mm× 250 mm, 5 μm)(美国安捷伦公司); YS6060型色差仪(深圳市三恩时科技有限公司)。
5位具有评茶资格的人员(3女2男), 根据GB/T 23776—2018《茶叶感官审评方法》对茶叶样品的外形、汤色、香气、滋味、叶底5项感官审评因子进行审评。同时用YS6060型色差仪测定茶汤的色差值, a*为红绿色, b*为黄蓝色, L*为明暗度[10], 测定重复3次。
根据GB/T 8305—2013《茶 水浸出物》的方法测定水浸出物含量; 根据GB/T 8313—2018《茶叶中茶多酚和儿茶素类含量的检测方法》中福林酚试剂比色法测定茶多酚含量; 根据GB/T 8314—2013《茶 游离氨基酸总量的测定》的方法测定游离氨基酸含量; 采用蒽酮-硫酸法测定可溶性糖含量; 应用萃取比色法[11]检测茶红素、茶黄素及茶褐素含量; 用本课题组建立的高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)[12]定量茶样中儿茶素组分含量。
应用IBM SPSS Statistics 22.0软件进行数据处理和统计分析, 数值以平均值±标准偏差表示, 采用GraphPad Prism 8软件作图。
对43个普洱市发酵的普洱熟茶样品进行感官审评, 结果如图1所示, 外形特征方面, 样品主要表现为“条索紧结、色泽棕褐”(35%)与“条索紧结、色泽红褐”(26%)两种类型; 汤色特征以褐红(47%)和红浓(26%)为主导; 香气特征中, “陈香纯正”占比高达78%; 滋味特征以醇厚(35%)和醇和(23%)为主; 叶底特征则集中表现为“红褐、柔软、匀亮”(53%)及“红褐、尚匀、稍硬”(28%)。综上, 本研究收集的普洱市发酵的普洱熟茶主要感官品质特征为: 干茶条索紧结, 色泽棕褐或红褐; 汤色褐红或红浓; 香气陈香纯正; 滋味醇厚或醇和, 叶底红褐、柔软、匀亮。色差仪测定发现, 茶样的L*在6.32~27.98之间、a*在8.10~28.11之间、b*在10.90~47.62之间, a*表示茶汤红色度(图2), 与感官审评中汤色褐红、红浓为主相一致。
测定43个普洱熟茶样品的水浸出物、茶多酚、游离氨基酸、可溶性糖、茶褐素、茶红素、茶黄素含量, 结果见图3A、B。茶叶水浸出物是指茶叶中能溶于水的物质, 是茶汤的主要呈味物质, 与茶叶的汤色、滋味密切相关, 在一定程度上反映茶叶品质的优劣[13]。由图3A可知, 43个普洱熟茶样品的水浸出物含量为38.7%~51.5%(均值44.82%±2.84%), 符合GB/T 22111—2008《地理标志产品 普洱茶》中规定普洱(熟)茶水浸出物含量≥28%的规定。其中有42个茶样的水浸出物含量都大于40%(含量范围为40.26%~49.78%), 表明普洱市发酵的熟茶水浸出物含量普遍较高。
茶多酚是多酚类物质总称, 普洱熟茶在渥堆过程中酚类物质的降低有利于其醇和滋味的形成[14]。由图3A可知, 43个普洱熟茶样品的茶多酚含量为4.55%~11.16%(均值7.90%±1.73%), 均符合GB/T 22111—2008中规定普洱(熟)茶茶多酚含量≤15%的规定。其中7个茶样的茶多酚含量低于6%, 其余36个茶样茶多酚含量为6.32%~9.99%, 这可能影响茶汤滋味的厚薄, 推测可能与发酵工艺参数调控(如温湿度、翻堆频率)导致的过度转化有关。
游离氨基酸作为茶汤鲜爽味的主要贡献者[15], 其含量水平对滋味协调性具有重要调控作用。由图3A可知, 43个普洱熟茶样品的游离氨基酸含量为1.56%~2.89%(均值1.87%±0.28%), 其中39个茶样的游离氨基酸含量集中在1.56%~2.09%之间, 与吕海鹏等[7]研究结果(1.40%)相近。可溶性糖与茶汤的甜味密切相关, 它能有效缓解茶汤中如茶多酚、CA等苦涩味物质的刺激性作用, 随着可溶性糖含量的增加, 茶汤的滋味就会愈发甘醇[16]。由图3A可知, 43个普洱熟茶样品的可溶性糖含量为3.49%~8.27%(均值为6.00%±0.80%), 36个茶样的可溶性糖含量分布在5.28%~6.76%区间, 与张慧[17]研究结果(5.75%)相吻合。可溶性糖对茶汤的甜醇具有贡献作用[18], 这与感官审评结果中普洱市发酵的普洱熟茶滋味“醇厚”(35%)、“醇和”(23%)占比高相对应。
茶色素组分分析显示(图3B), 茶褐素作为熟茶特征色素[19], 茶褐素占茶三色素总量的85%以上, 其含量(6.84%~12.82%, 均值10.81%±1.42%)与LV等[20]报道值(13.37%)接近, 38个茶样的茶褐素含量集中于9.02%~12.82%区间。该组分主要由茶多酚、茶黄素和茶红素经过复杂的氧化聚合反应而形成, 不仅是熟茶棕褐或褐红汤色的物质基础[13], 更是其区别于其他茶类的关键活性成分[21]。茶红素含量为0.18%~5.34%, 均值为1.29%±1.16%; 茶黄素含量为0.16%~0.44%, 均值为0.28%±0.07%。
采用HPLC对普洱熟茶中8种儿茶素及6种黄酮类化合物进行定量分析(图3C、3D)。儿茶素是茶叶中茶多酚的主体物质, 主要由酯型儿茶素和非酯型儿茶素组成。其中酯型儿茶素包括EGCG、CG、ECG、GCG; 非酯型儿茶素包括儿茶素、GC、EC、EGC。由图3C可知, 儿茶素类物质总含量为6.76~18.23 mg/g[均值(11.82±2.57) mg/g]。其中, 主要儿茶素为GC, 含量为4.73~15.54 mg/g[均值(9.37±2.36) mg/g]。还含有一定的EGC (0.16~0.99 mg/g)、儿茶素(0.10~0.83 mg/g)、EGCG (0.07~1.28 mg/g)、EC (0.14~1.39 mg/g)、GCG (0.08~0.66 mg/g)、ECG (0.12~0.87 mg/g)、CG (0.08~0.44 mg/g), 该结果与已有熟茶发酵中儿茶素含量显著降低的报道相符, 与李若愚等[22]测定儿茶素类物质总含量结果(12.04 mg/g)相似。
黄酮类化合物作为重要的味物质与活性成分, 其苦涩特性可协同增强CA的苦感阈值, 同时具有显著的清除氧自由基等抗氧化作用[23]。如图3D所示, 样品黄酮类物质总含量为0.18~1.90 mg/g[均值(0.85±0.48) mg/g], 包括花旗松素(0.01~0.25 mg/g)、芦丁(0.06~1.20 mg/g)、杨梅素(0.04~0.56 mg/g)、槲皮素(0.01~0.18 mg/g)、木犀草素(0.01~0.06 mg/g)、山奈酚(0.01~0.08 mg/g)。该结果与陈秋月[24]研究中的黄酮类物质总含量(0.66 mg/g)具有可比性, 进一步印证了普洱熟茶黄酮类物质的稳定代谢特征。
茶叶中的生物碱主要包括CA、可可碱和Theo, 这些物质兼具呈味功能与生物活性, 在抗氧化、代谢调节(抗肥胖、抗糖尿病)等方面具有重要生理价值[25]。其中, CA在茶叶中的含量尤为丰富, 是茶叶中最为主要的生物碱成分[26]。由图3E可知, 43个普洱熟茶样品主要生物碱为CA, 含量为15.21~27.31 mg/g[均值(20.44±2.81) mg/g], 含有微量的Theo [0.01~0.12 mg/g, 均值为(0.06±0.00) mg/g], 结果与王藤等[27]检测CA (21.63 mg/g)、Theo (0.06 mg/g)结果相符。
GA具有抗氧化、抗凋亡和抗癌等多种生物活性[28], 是一种多功能的天然化合物。它不仅是普洱茶中发挥保健功效的关键活性物质之一, 也是普洱茶区别于其他茶类的特征性成分[29]。GA含量为1.22~6.56 mg/g[均值(3.35±1.60) mg/g], 与ZHOU等[30]研究结果(3.22 mg/g)相近。鞣花酸的含量为0.15~1.91 mg/g[均值(0.68±0.49) mg/g]。
根据表2可知, 普洱市发酵的普洱熟茶在茶褐素、茶红素、茶黄素和儿茶素类物质、黄酮类物质以及Theo、GA等指标上, 与临沧、西双版纳两个茶区发酵的普洱熟茶相比无明显差异; 值得注意的是, 本研究发酵的普洱熟茶水浸出物含量明显高于临沧(36.91%±1.36%)和西双版纳(32.38%±1.13%)两个产区, 均值达到44.82%。茶叶中水浸出物的含量不仅直接决定了茶汤的厚重感和滋味的浓郁度, 还与茶叶的整体品质紧密相关。一般来说, 茶叶中水浸出物含量越高, 茶叶的品质越佳, 因此表明普洱市发酵熟茶品质具有独特优势。此外, 游离氨基酸和可溶性糖的含量也在合理范围内且相对较高, 分别为1.87%±0.28%和6.00%±0.80%, 对茶叶的鲜爽感与甜醇度发挥了重要作用。其中可溶性糖作为甜味核心载体, 通过中和酚类物质苦涩感显著提升滋味协调性, 与感官审评中“醇厚”和“醇和”特征高度吻合。CA是茶汤的主要生理活性成分之一, 与茶汤的苦味密切相关。本研究普洱熟茶CA含量与其他两个产区(临沧: 29.80%±0.18%、西双版纳: 28.60%±0.10%)相比相对较低, 表明普洱市发酵的普洱熟茶苦味较低。普洱市熟茶水浸出物、可溶性糖、游离氨基酸含量相对较高, CA含量相对较低的特点, 构成了茶汤滋味醇厚、甜度高、苦度低的差异化风味特征。
本研究系统解析了普洱市6家生产单位共43个普洱熟茶样品的关键品质成分, 测定比较发现本批次样品的水浸出物(44.82%±2.84%)、可溶性糖(6.00%±0.80%)和游离氨基酸(1.87%±0.28%)含量较高, CA含量相对较低[(20.44±2.81) mg/g], 而茶多酚(7.90%±1.73%)、茶褐素(10.81%±1.42%)、GC [(9.37±2.36) mg/g]、GA [(3.35±1.60) mg/g]等指标与文献报道的其他产区数据无明显差异。上述成分的动态平衡协同塑造了普洱市发酵熟茶汤色褐红或红浓、滋味醇厚或醇和等典型风味特征。审评发现本批样品主要香气为陈香纯正, 未来需结合挥发性成分分析, 系统解析普洱熟茶的香气特征, 同时本次研究仅选择了普洱市6个厂家普洱熟茶样品, 存在一定的局限性, 今后应拓展样本采集范围, 纳入更多生产商及不同发酵工艺样本, 通过多组学联用策略系统构建“普洱茶普洱味”的化学指纹图谱, 为科学诠释其品质特征体系奠定理论基础, 助力普洱茶产业标准化建设。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(32160728)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(32460780)
  • 云南省基础研究计划项目(202501AS070039)
  • 云南省农业基础研究联合专项(202401BD070001-007)
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2025年第16卷第15期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250220003
  • 接收时间:2025-02-20
  • 首发时间:2026-01-09
  • 出版时间:2025-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-20
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(32160728)
国家自然科学基金项目(32460780)
云南省基础研究计划项目(202501AS070039)
云南省农业基础研究联合专项(202401BD070001-007)
作者信息
    1 云南农业大学茶学院, 昆明 650201
    2 云南农业大学西南中药材种质创新与利用国家地方联合工程研究中心, 云南省药用植物生物学重点实验室, 昆明 650201
    3 普洱普山茶叶有限公司, 普洱 665000

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*赵明(1979—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为茶叶生物化学。E-mail: ;
马燕(1975—), 女, 副教授, 主要研究方向为茶叶生物化学。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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