Article(id=1215670323744264437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250122001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1737475200000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767767991242, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767767991242, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767767991242, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767767991242, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215670311140381365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767767988237, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767970098618, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1216518023599538606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1216518023599538607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=169, endPage=180, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215670324281135393, articleId=1215670323744264437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Characteristic quality analysis of Yunnan specialty fresh Capsicum annuum L. based on principal component and cluster analysis, columnId=1151895321388347923, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Analysis and Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To explore the change of quality characteristics of Yunnan plateau specialty fresh Capsicum annuum L. and establish its evaluation system. Methods The 35 quality indexes of 59 samples of Yunnan plateau fresh Capsicum annuum L. were selected to determine and analyze, and the differences among the quality indexes of different samples of Capsicum annuum L. were investigated. The quality of Yunnan plateau specialty fresh Capsicum annuum L. was comprehensively evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA), and the evaluation model of Yunnan plateau specialty fresh Capsicum annuum L. quality was established. Results There were significant differences in quality indexes among samples of Capsicum annuum L. (P<0.05), and the coefficient of variation of the quality indexes were different, indicating that the plateau fresh Capsicum annuum L. presented varieties between different quality attributes. PCA showed that 5 principal components represented the 35 quality indicators Capsicum annuum L., making 89.005% cumulative contribution to the total variance. Based on the CA results, indicators such as spiciness, capsaicinoids, dietary fiber, protein, soluble solids, carotenoids, amino acids and organic acids could be used to comprehensively evaluate the quality of Yunnan plateau specialty fresh Capsicum annuum L.. Conclusion Among 59 different samples of Capsicum annuum L., ‘Ca38’ has the best quality. ‘Ca55’ has the worst quality. The comprehensive evaluation method of PCA and CA can provide reference for the quality evaluation of different Capsicum annuum L. varieties, and provide the oretical basis for the breeding of special plateau Capsicum annuum L., and the development and utilization of the germplasm resources of Yunnan plateau specialty Capsicum annuum L..

, correspAuthors=Yan-Hua MI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Lu CHEN, Ping-Ying ZHANG, Yan-Hua MI, Mao-Xuan LI, Zhen-Huan LIU, Xu-Kun YANG, Wen-Zhi WANG, Peng ZHANG, Yan DING, Wen SU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1215670327011627478, articleId=1215670323744264437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=基于主成分与聚类分析的云南特色鲜食辣椒特征品质分析, columnId=1151895321958773274, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品分析与检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 深入了解云南高原特色鲜食辣椒品质特征的变化并建立其评价体系。方法 通过选取59份云南鲜食辣椒样品的35个品质指标进行测定分析, 考察云南高原特色鲜食辣椒各项品质指标间的差异性; 同时, 采用主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)和聚类分析法(cluster analysis, CA)对辣椒品质进行综合性评价并建立其评价模型。结果 不同辣椒的各项品质指标之间均存在差异性(P<0.05), 且品质指标间变异系数各不相同, 说明云南高原特色鲜食辣椒在不同品质性状之间呈现不同程度的变化。由PCA发现, 35个品质指标可以用5个主成分表示, 其累积方差贡献率为89.005%; 结合CA结果可知, 辣度、辣椒素类物质、膳食纤维、蛋白质、可溶性固形物、类胡萝卜素、氨基酸以及有机酸等品质指标可以用来综合评价云南高原特色鲜食辣椒品质的优劣。结论 59份辣椒中, ‘Ca38’的品质最佳; ‘Ca55’的品质最差。PCA结合CA综合评价方法可为不同辣椒的品质评价提供参考, 并为云南高原特色鲜食辣椒的选育及其资源的开发利用奠定理论依据。

, correspAuthors=米艳华, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*米艳华(1973—), 女, 硕士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为农产品质量安全。E-mail:
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陈璐(1984—), 女, 硕士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为农产品质量与营养品质。E-mail:

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Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2023, 44(13): 316-324., articleTitle=Analysis of quality change of Capsicum annuum in growing processfrom different producing areas, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1215686866528027183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670323744264437, awardId=202102AE090011, language=CN, fundingSource=云南省重大科技专项计划项目(202102AE090011), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1215686866616107575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670323744264437, awardId=202402AE090014, language=CN, fundingSource=云南省重大科技专项计划项目(202402AE090014), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1215686866712576573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670323744264437, awardId=202202AE090029, language=CN, fundingSource=云南省重大科技专项计划项目(202202AE090029), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1215686866834211397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670323744264437, awardId=202407AD110001, language=CN, fundingSource=中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(202407AD110001), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215686857308946643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670323744264437, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215686857317335254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670323744264437, companyId=1215686857308946643, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Quality Standard and Testing Technology Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215686857325723861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670323744264437, companyId=1215686857308946643, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=云南省农业科学院质量标准与检测技术研究所, 昆明 650205)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1215686863331967439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670323744264437, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Correlation analysis of 35 nutritional quality indexes in Capsicum annuum L., figureFileSmall=QF14Cs0K0Dt2viNvZLC0VA==, figureFileBig=nhGBV/WFraLKNk3eqaUZ7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686863436825045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670323744264437, language=CN, label=图1, caption=辣椒中35个营养品质指标相关性分析

注: *表示差异显著(P<0.05); **表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。

, figureFileSmall=QF14Cs0K0Dt2viNvZLC0VA==, figureFileBig=nhGBV/WFraLKNk3eqaUZ7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686863604597211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670323744264437, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Diagram of principal component analysis, figureFileSmall=TBZwLyM74bBIi8T3AbJ+JQ==, figureFileBig=0yLedkKEH8EweM90zwn+WQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686863713649119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670323744264437, language=CN, label=图2, caption=主成分分析图, figureFileSmall=TBZwLyM74bBIi8T3AbJ+JQ==, figureFileBig=0yLedkKEH8EweM90zwn+WQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686863801729508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670323744264437, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=R-type cluster analysis of quality indexes of Capsicum annuum L., figureFileSmall=zPgVuBUtVIoWUFCusH+18w==, figureFileBig=oMCv5vCfIFcxdaVj+qUdNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686863914975718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670323744264437, language=CN, label=图3, caption=辣椒品质指标的R型聚类分析, figureFileSmall=zPgVuBUtVIoWUFCusH+18w==, figureFileBig=oMCv5vCfIFcxdaVj+qUdNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686864024027628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670323744264437, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Q-type cluster analysis of quality indexes of Capsicum annuum L., figureFileSmall=boABumegGz0Y5rWrHoAtBg==, figureFileBig=5KqMa+QZ+EYbu42/9LkiLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686865320067566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670323744264437, language=CN, label=图4, caption=辣椒品质指标的Q型聚类分析

注: 1~59分别表示‘Ca1’~‘Ca59’。

, figureFileSmall=boABumegGz0Y5rWrHoAtBg==, figureFileBig=5KqMa+QZ+EYbu42/9LkiLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686865441702386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670323744264437, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Descriptive analysis of Capsicum annuum L. quality index

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 范围 均值 中位数 标准差 变异系数/% 显著性
辣度/度 1.00~223.00 29.00 18.00 34.03 117.23 **
斯科维尔指数/SHU 14.00~33477.00 4351.00 2760.00 5106.17 117.36 **
辣椒素/(g/kg) 0.01~2.17 0.27 0.17 0.33 120.54 **
二氢辣椒素/(g/kg) 0.01~1.84 0.14 0.08 0.24 178.60 **
脂肪/(g/100 g) 0.40~12.90 2.05 1.50 1.79 87.55 **
膳食纤维/(g/100 g) 2.40~35.50 9.83 9.60 6.14 62.44 **
维生素C/(mg/100 g) 36.00~420.00 196.05 205.00 76.06 38.62 **
蛋白质/(g/100 g) 1.53~11.90 3.49 3.43 1.74 49.79 **
可溶性固形物/% 0.00~52.40 11.47 11.70 7.00 61.00 **
β-胡萝卜素/(μg/kg) 0.00~10.10 2.25 1.29 2.59 115.04 **
类胡萝卜素/(mg/kg) 0.00~66.00 11.67 4.50 14.76 126.49 **
有机酸/(g/kg) 0.00~75.00 8.31 6.00 10.94 131.75 **
柠檬酸/(g/kg) 0.00~9.50 3.99 3.80 2.69 67.35 **
酒石酸/(g/kg) 0.00~0.95 0.04 0.00 0.14 367.98 **
苹果酸/(g/kg) 0.00~4.00 0.29 0.00 0.66 229.23 **
琥珀酸/(g/kg) 0.00~74.00 1.49 0.00 9.61 643.99 **
乙酸/(g/kg) 0.00~35.00 1.99 0.00 5.91 296.79 **
乳酸/(g/kg) 0.00~7.00 0.49 0.00 1.34 271.81 **
16种氨基酸总量/(g/100 g) 0.00~6.96 2.70 2.85 1.55 57.53 **
天冬氨酸/(g/100 g) 0.00~1.23 0.58 0.57 0.32 55.63 **
谷氨酸/(g/100 g) 0.00~1.11 0.47 0.50 0.25 53.08 **
丝氨酸/(g/100 g) 0.00~0.41 0.15 0.16 0.09 56.51 **
组氨酸/(g/100 g) 0.00~0.12 0.04 0.04 0.03 68.77 **
甘氨酸/(g/100 g) 0.00~0.42 0.14 0.13 0.09 67.28 **
苏氨酸/(g/100 g) 0.00~0.30 0.10 0.10 0.06 60.87 **
精氨酸/(g/100 g) 0.00~0.54 0.20 0.19 0.13 65.17 **
丙氨酸/(g/100 g) 0.00~0.42 0.14 0.15 0.09 60.42 **
甲硫氨酸/(g/100 g) 0.00~0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 77.43 **
苯丙氨酸/(g/100 g) 0.00~0.36 0.11 0.12 0.07 63.79 **
酪氨酸/(g/100 g) 0.00~0.20 0.09 0.09 0.05 56.77 **
缬氨酸/(g/100 g) 0.00~0.38 0.12 0.12 0.07 61.93 **
异亮氨酸/(g/100 g) 0.00~0.33 0.10 0.11 0.06 63.56 **
赖氨酸/(g/100 g) 0.00~0.36 0.14 0.14 0.08 58.60 **
亮氨酸/(g/100 g) 0.00~0.55 0.19 0.18 0.11 60.74 **
脯氨酸/(g/100 g) 0.00~0.65 0.15 0.13 0.15 101.21 **
), ArticleFig(id=1215686865609474557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670323744264437, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

辣椒品质指标描述性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 范围 均值 中位数 标准差 变异系数/% 显著性
辣度/度 1.00~223.00 29.00 18.00 34.03 117.23 **
斯科维尔指数/SHU 14.00~33477.00 4351.00 2760.00 5106.17 117.36 **
辣椒素/(g/kg) 0.01~2.17 0.27 0.17 0.33 120.54 **
二氢辣椒素/(g/kg) 0.01~1.84 0.14 0.08 0.24 178.60 **
脂肪/(g/100 g) 0.40~12.90 2.05 1.50 1.79 87.55 **
膳食纤维/(g/100 g) 2.40~35.50 9.83 9.60 6.14 62.44 **
维生素C/(mg/100 g) 36.00~420.00 196.05 205.00 76.06 38.62 **
蛋白质/(g/100 g) 1.53~11.90 3.49 3.43 1.74 49.79 **
可溶性固形物/% 0.00~52.40 11.47 11.70 7.00 61.00 **
β-胡萝卜素/(μg/kg) 0.00~10.10 2.25 1.29 2.59 115.04 **
类胡萝卜素/(mg/kg) 0.00~66.00 11.67 4.50 14.76 126.49 **
有机酸/(g/kg) 0.00~75.00 8.31 6.00 10.94 131.75 **
柠檬酸/(g/kg) 0.00~9.50 3.99 3.80 2.69 67.35 **
酒石酸/(g/kg) 0.00~0.95 0.04 0.00 0.14 367.98 **
苹果酸/(g/kg) 0.00~4.00 0.29 0.00 0.66 229.23 **
琥珀酸/(g/kg) 0.00~74.00 1.49 0.00 9.61 643.99 **
乙酸/(g/kg) 0.00~35.00 1.99 0.00 5.91 296.79 **
乳酸/(g/kg) 0.00~7.00 0.49 0.00 1.34 271.81 **
16种氨基酸总量/(g/100 g) 0.00~6.96 2.70 2.85 1.55 57.53 **
天冬氨酸/(g/100 g) 0.00~1.23 0.58 0.57 0.32 55.63 **
谷氨酸/(g/100 g) 0.00~1.11 0.47 0.50 0.25 53.08 **
丝氨酸/(g/100 g) 0.00~0.41 0.15 0.16 0.09 56.51 **
组氨酸/(g/100 g) 0.00~0.12 0.04 0.04 0.03 68.77 **
甘氨酸/(g/100 g) 0.00~0.42 0.14 0.13 0.09 67.28 **
苏氨酸/(g/100 g) 0.00~0.30 0.10 0.10 0.06 60.87 **
精氨酸/(g/100 g) 0.00~0.54 0.20 0.19 0.13 65.17 **
丙氨酸/(g/100 g) 0.00~0.42 0.14 0.15 0.09 60.42 **
甲硫氨酸/(g/100 g) 0.00~0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 77.43 **
苯丙氨酸/(g/100 g) 0.00~0.36 0.11 0.12 0.07 63.79 **
酪氨酸/(g/100 g) 0.00~0.20 0.09 0.09 0.05 56.77 **
缬氨酸/(g/100 g) 0.00~0.38 0.12 0.12 0.07 61.93 **
异亮氨酸/(g/100 g) 0.00~0.33 0.10 0.11 0.06 63.56 **
赖氨酸/(g/100 g) 0.00~0.36 0.14 0.14 0.08 58.60 **
亮氨酸/(g/100 g) 0.00~0.55 0.19 0.18 0.11 60.74 **
脯氨酸/(g/100 g) 0.00~0.65 0.15 0.13 0.15 101.21 **
), ArticleFig(id=1215686865710137857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670323744264437, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Eigenvalues, variance contribution rates and cumulative contribution rates of principal components

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分 初始特征值 提取平方和载入 旋转平方和载入
总计 方差百分比 累积/% 总计 方差百分比 累积/% 总计 方差百分比 累积/%
1 19.672 56.204 56.204 19.672 56.204 56.204 16.525 47.214 47.214
2 4.501 12.861 69.066 4.501 12.861 69.066 6.554 18.725 65.939
3 2.855 8.156 77.222 2.855 8.156 77.222 3.143 8.981 74.920
4 2.291 6.545 83.767 2.291 6.545 83.767 2.602 7.433 82.353
5 1.833 5.239 89.005 1.833 5.239 89.005 2.328 6.652 89.005
), ArticleFig(id=1215686865823384070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670323744264437, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

主成分特征值、方差贡献率和累积贡献率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分 初始特征值 提取平方和载入 旋转平方和载入
总计 方差百分比 累积/% 总计 方差百分比 累积/% 总计 方差百分比 累积/%
1 19.672 56.204 56.204 19.672 56.204 56.204 16.525 47.214 47.214
2 4.501 12.861 69.066 4.501 12.861 69.066 6.554 18.725 65.939
3 2.855 8.156 77.222 2.855 8.156 77.222 3.143 8.981 74.920
4 2.291 6.545 83.767 2.291 6.545 83.767 2.602 7.433 82.353
5 1.833 5.239 89.005 1.833 5.239 89.005 2.328 6.652 89.005
), ArticleFig(id=1215686865928241676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670323744264437, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Matrix table of factor score coefficient

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 公因子 指标 公因子
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
辣度 -0.032 0.185 -0.076 0.000 0.006 16种氨基酸总量 0.075 -0.023 -0.040 0.001 -0.002
斯科维尔指数 -0.031 0.185 -0.076 -0.000 0.007 天冬氨酸 0.100 -0.053 -0.121 0.016 -0.013
辣椒素 -0.029 0.182 -0.079 0.000 0.011 谷氨酸 0.087 -0.031 -0.080 0.001 -0.004
二氢辣椒素 -0.033 0.175 -0.024 0.010 0.010 丝氨酸 0.093 -0.020 -0.122 0.003 0.020
脂肪 -0.034 0.131 0.092 0.002 0.028 组氨酸 0.048 -0.030 0.058 0.005 0.001
膳食纤维 0.014 0.057 0.054 -0.010 0.010 甘氨酸 0.039 -0.001 0.060 0.001 0.009
维生素C 0.014 -0.060 0.167 0.037 0.048 苏氨酸 0.037 -0.031 0.105 0.005 0.010
蛋白质 0.015 0.070 0.023 -0.001 0.009 精氨酸 0.091 -0.030 -0.096 -0.029 0.007
可溶性固形物 0.005 0.080 0.045 -0.003 0.032 丙氨酸 0.090 -0.014 -0.118 -0.015 0.015
β-胡萝卜素 0.013 -0.055 0.151 -0.059 0.057 甲硫氨酸 -0.034 -0.018 0.261 0.045 -0.030
类胡萝卜素 -0.085 0.001 0.348 0.009 -0.023 苯丙氨酸 0.034 0.012 0.063 -0.003 0.004
有机酸 -0.016 0.022 0.061 0.307 0.169 酪氨酸 0.104 -0.055 -0.117 -0.007 0.010
柠檬酸 0.045 -0.020 0.021 -0.058 -0.144 缬氨酸 0.056 0.005 -0.005 -0.006 0.005
酒石酸 0.007 -0.007 -0.037 0.361 -0.099 异亮氨酸 0.047 0.010 0.018 -0.006 -0.001
苹果酸 -0.077 0.137 0.192 0.037 -0.049 赖氨酸 0.067 -0.017 -0.020 0.006 -0.003
琥珀酸 -0.034 0.014 0.065 0.397 -0.084 亮氨酸 0.082 -0.016 -0.081 -0.008 0.008
乙酸 0.011 0.011 -0.021 -0.050 0.427 脯氨酸 -0.004 0.013 0.175 0.012 -0.028
乳酸 0.008 0.008 -0.015 -0.055 0.424
), ArticleFig(id=1215686866024710675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670323744264437, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

因子得分系数矩阵表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 公因子 指标 公因子
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
辣度 -0.032 0.185 -0.076 0.000 0.006 16种氨基酸总量 0.075 -0.023 -0.040 0.001 -0.002
斯科维尔指数 -0.031 0.185 -0.076 -0.000 0.007 天冬氨酸 0.100 -0.053 -0.121 0.016 -0.013
辣椒素 -0.029 0.182 -0.079 0.000 0.011 谷氨酸 0.087 -0.031 -0.080 0.001 -0.004
二氢辣椒素 -0.033 0.175 -0.024 0.010 0.010 丝氨酸 0.093 -0.020 -0.122 0.003 0.020
脂肪 -0.034 0.131 0.092 0.002 0.028 组氨酸 0.048 -0.030 0.058 0.005 0.001
膳食纤维 0.014 0.057 0.054 -0.010 0.010 甘氨酸 0.039 -0.001 0.060 0.001 0.009
维生素C 0.014 -0.060 0.167 0.037 0.048 苏氨酸 0.037 -0.031 0.105 0.005 0.010
蛋白质 0.015 0.070 0.023 -0.001 0.009 精氨酸 0.091 -0.030 -0.096 -0.029 0.007
可溶性固形物 0.005 0.080 0.045 -0.003 0.032 丙氨酸 0.090 -0.014 -0.118 -0.015 0.015
β-胡萝卜素 0.013 -0.055 0.151 -0.059 0.057 甲硫氨酸 -0.034 -0.018 0.261 0.045 -0.030
类胡萝卜素 -0.085 0.001 0.348 0.009 -0.023 苯丙氨酸 0.034 0.012 0.063 -0.003 0.004
有机酸 -0.016 0.022 0.061 0.307 0.169 酪氨酸 0.104 -0.055 -0.117 -0.007 0.010
柠檬酸 0.045 -0.020 0.021 -0.058 -0.144 缬氨酸 0.056 0.005 -0.005 -0.006 0.005
酒石酸 0.007 -0.007 -0.037 0.361 -0.099 异亮氨酸 0.047 0.010 0.018 -0.006 -0.001
苹果酸 -0.077 0.137 0.192 0.037 -0.049 赖氨酸 0.067 -0.017 -0.020 0.006 -0.003
琥珀酸 -0.034 0.014 0.065 0.397 -0.084 亮氨酸 0.082 -0.016 -0.081 -0.008 0.008
乙酸 0.011 0.011 -0.021 -0.050 0.427 脯氨酸 -0.004 0.013 0.175 0.012 -0.028
乳酸 0.008 0.008 -0.015 -0.055 0.424
), ArticleFig(id=1215686866217648667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670323744264437, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Factor scores and comprehensive scores

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F 排名
Ca1 -0.286 0.173 -0.540 -0.211 -0.195 -0.2064 36
Ca2 0.262 0.449 -0.562 0.314 4.627 0.4221 13
Ca3 -0.428 -0.432 -0.115 -0.212 -0.368 -0.3388 39
Ca4 -1.057 -0.449 -0.013 -0.189 -0.211 -0.6696 53
Ca5 -0.960 -0.163 0.058 0.539 -0.310 -0.5365 48
Ca6 0.068 0.304 -0.448 -0.194 -0.198 0.0175 32
Ca7 -0.020 -0.434 -0.031 -0.028 1.122 -0.0126 34
Ca8 0.686 -0.086 -0.349 -0.103 2.957 0.4939 10
Ca9 0.945 -0.680 -0.393 -0.368 -0.029 0.3861 15
Ca10 0.336 0.588 -0.847 -0.252 -0.260 0.1655 27
Ca11 1.356 -0.700 -0.528 -0.398 -0.187 0.5930 8
Ca12 0.762 -0.315 -0.618 -0.261 -0.208 0.3092 21
Ca13 1.098 -0.549 -0.880 -0.315 -0.250 0.4409 11
Ca14 0.762 -0.335 -0.751 0.359 -0.524 0.3199 20
Ca15 -0.303 -0.149 -0.074 7.339 -0.366 0.2651 24
Ca16 0.676 -0.470 -0.557 -0.272 -0.357 0.2372 26
Ca17 1.502 -0.983 -0.208 -0.360 -0.258 0.6636 6
Ca18 0.079 -0.129 -0.958 -0.154 1.165 0.0009 33
Ca19 1.053 -0.776 -0.766 -0.291 0.320 0.4274 12
Ca20 0.842 0.412 -1.214 -0.267 -0.324 0.3925 14
Ca21 0.669 -0.158 -0.991 0.390 -0.532 0.2724 22
Ca22 0.854 -0.236 -1.004 -0.231 -0.291 0.3372 19
Ca23 0.719 -0.298 -0.847 -0.269 -0.313 0.2624 25
Ca24 0.886 -0.463 -1.073 0.391 -0.496 0.3503 17
Ca25 0.515 -0.508 -0.385 -0.278 -0.302 0.1586 28
Ca26 0.857 -0.555 -1.078 0.406 -0.157 0.3407 18
Ca27 1.254 -0.185 -1.361 0.502 -0.485 0.5774 9
Ca28 -0.180 -0.731 -0.396 -0.241 -0.238 -0.2556 37
Ca29 -0.525 -0.650 -0.083 -0.245 -0.340 -0.4190 41
Ca30 0.907 -0.093 -1.008 -0.332 -0.259 0.3805 16
Ca31 -0.794 -0.352 0.329 -0.262 -0.388 -0.5021 45
Ca32 -1.041 -0.222 1.609 -0.094 -0.519 -0.5156 47
Ca33 -1.060 -0.223 0.374 -0.151 -0.421 -0.6260 51
Ca34 -0.652 0.429 0.476 -0.248 -0.406 -0.3099 38
Ca35 -1.143 -0.215 1.116 -0.149 -0.516 -0.6156 50
Ca36 -0.281 0.612 0.402 -0.222 -0.435 -0.0840 35
Ca37 0.747 1.468 1.730 0.140 -0.505 0.7326 4
Ca38 1.645 6.234 0.172 -0.044 0.127 1.7441 1
Ca39 -0.043 -0.414 1.810 -0.290 -0.225 0.0398 31
Ca40 2.386 -0.508 1.832 -0.204 -0.174 1.4029 2
Ca41 0.538 -0.832 1.108 -0.310 0.108 0.2713 23
Ca42 0.891 0.546 1.692 0.057 -0.418 0.6909 5
Ca43 1.238 -0.590 1.843 -0.257 0.083 0.7576 3
Ca44 0.634 0.127 3.087 0.144 -0.526 0.6066 7
Ca45 0.028 -0.583 1.693 -0.027 -0.231 0.0652 30
Ca46 -0.953 -0.475 0.699 -0.142 -0.354 -0.5676 49
Ca47 -1.109 0.155 -0.557 -0.250 -0.459 -0.6893 54
Ca48 -0.911 -0.422 0.374 -0.046 1.945 -0.4368 43
Ca49 -0.259 1.800 0.541 -0.016 -0.359 0.1104 29
Ca50 -1.130 -0.627 1.383 -0.258 -0.292 -0.6351 52
Ca51 -1.194 -0.173 1.120 0.105 3.897 -0.3909 40
Ca52 -0.601 -0.469 -0.149 -0.237 -0.126 -0.4321 42
Ca53 -0.679 -0.366 -0.104 -0.185 -0.294 -0.4648 44
Ca54 -0.885 0.211 -0.021 -0.177 -0.425 -0.5059 46
Ca55 -1.756 0.751 -0.978 -0.334 -0.373 -1.0113 59
Ca56 -1.775 0.899 -0.995 -0.334 -0.362 -1.0037 57
Ca57 -1.807 1.066 -1.021 -0.314 -0.334 -0.9998 56
Ca58 -1.714 0.515 -0.878 -0.331 -0.380 -1.0101 58
Ca59 -1.652 0.260 -0.667 -0.330 -0.371 -0.9904 55
), ArticleFig(id=1215686866309923360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670323744264437, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

因子得分与综合得分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F 排名
Ca1 -0.286 0.173 -0.540 -0.211 -0.195 -0.2064 36
Ca2 0.262 0.449 -0.562 0.314 4.627 0.4221 13
Ca3 -0.428 -0.432 -0.115 -0.212 -0.368 -0.3388 39
Ca4 -1.057 -0.449 -0.013 -0.189 -0.211 -0.6696 53
Ca5 -0.960 -0.163 0.058 0.539 -0.310 -0.5365 48
Ca6 0.068 0.304 -0.448 -0.194 -0.198 0.0175 32
Ca7 -0.020 -0.434 -0.031 -0.028 1.122 -0.0126 34
Ca8 0.686 -0.086 -0.349 -0.103 2.957 0.4939 10
Ca9 0.945 -0.680 -0.393 -0.368 -0.029 0.3861 15
Ca10 0.336 0.588 -0.847 -0.252 -0.260 0.1655 27
Ca11 1.356 -0.700 -0.528 -0.398 -0.187 0.5930 8
Ca12 0.762 -0.315 -0.618 -0.261 -0.208 0.3092 21
Ca13 1.098 -0.549 -0.880 -0.315 -0.250 0.4409 11
Ca14 0.762 -0.335 -0.751 0.359 -0.524 0.3199 20
Ca15 -0.303 -0.149 -0.074 7.339 -0.366 0.2651 24
Ca16 0.676 -0.470 -0.557 -0.272 -0.357 0.2372 26
Ca17 1.502 -0.983 -0.208 -0.360 -0.258 0.6636 6
Ca18 0.079 -0.129 -0.958 -0.154 1.165 0.0009 33
Ca19 1.053 -0.776 -0.766 -0.291 0.320 0.4274 12
Ca20 0.842 0.412 -1.214 -0.267 -0.324 0.3925 14
Ca21 0.669 -0.158 -0.991 0.390 -0.532 0.2724 22
Ca22 0.854 -0.236 -1.004 -0.231 -0.291 0.3372 19
Ca23 0.719 -0.298 -0.847 -0.269 -0.313 0.2624 25
Ca24 0.886 -0.463 -1.073 0.391 -0.496 0.3503 17
Ca25 0.515 -0.508 -0.385 -0.278 -0.302 0.1586 28
Ca26 0.857 -0.555 -1.078 0.406 -0.157 0.3407 18
Ca27 1.254 -0.185 -1.361 0.502 -0.485 0.5774 9
Ca28 -0.180 -0.731 -0.396 -0.241 -0.238 -0.2556 37
Ca29 -0.525 -0.650 -0.083 -0.245 -0.340 -0.4190 41
Ca30 0.907 -0.093 -1.008 -0.332 -0.259 0.3805 16
Ca31 -0.794 -0.352 0.329 -0.262 -0.388 -0.5021 45
Ca32 -1.041 -0.222 1.609 -0.094 -0.519 -0.5156 47
Ca33 -1.060 -0.223 0.374 -0.151 -0.421 -0.6260 51
Ca34 -0.652 0.429 0.476 -0.248 -0.406 -0.3099 38
Ca35 -1.143 -0.215 1.116 -0.149 -0.516 -0.6156 50
Ca36 -0.281 0.612 0.402 -0.222 -0.435 -0.0840 35
Ca37 0.747 1.468 1.730 0.140 -0.505 0.7326 4
Ca38 1.645 6.234 0.172 -0.044 0.127 1.7441 1
Ca39 -0.043 -0.414 1.810 -0.290 -0.225 0.0398 31
Ca40 2.386 -0.508 1.832 -0.204 -0.174 1.4029 2
Ca41 0.538 -0.832 1.108 -0.310 0.108 0.2713 23
Ca42 0.891 0.546 1.692 0.057 -0.418 0.6909 5
Ca43 1.238 -0.590 1.843 -0.257 0.083 0.7576 3
Ca44 0.634 0.127 3.087 0.144 -0.526 0.6066 7
Ca45 0.028 -0.583 1.693 -0.027 -0.231 0.0652 30
Ca46 -0.953 -0.475 0.699 -0.142 -0.354 -0.5676 49
Ca47 -1.109 0.155 -0.557 -0.250 -0.459 -0.6893 54
Ca48 -0.911 -0.422 0.374 -0.046 1.945 -0.4368 43
Ca49 -0.259 1.800 0.541 -0.016 -0.359 0.1104 29
Ca50 -1.130 -0.627 1.383 -0.258 -0.292 -0.6351 52
Ca51 -1.194 -0.173 1.120 0.105 3.897 -0.3909 40
Ca52 -0.601 -0.469 -0.149 -0.237 -0.126 -0.4321 42
Ca53 -0.679 -0.366 -0.104 -0.185 -0.294 -0.4648 44
Ca54 -0.885 0.211 -0.021 -0.177 -0.425 -0.5059 46
Ca55 -1.756 0.751 -0.978 -0.334 -0.373 -1.0113 59
Ca56 -1.775 0.899 -0.995 -0.334 -0.362 -1.0037 57
Ca57 -1.807 1.066 -1.021 -0.314 -0.334 -0.9998 56
Ca58 -1.714 0.515 -0.878 -0.331 -0.380 -1.0101 58
Ca59 -1.652 0.260 -0.667 -0.330 -0.371 -0.9904 55
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基于主成分与聚类分析的云南特色鲜食辣椒特征品质分析
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陈璐 , 张平英 , 米艳华 * , 李茂萱 , 刘振环 , 杨旭昆 , 王文治 , 张鹏 , 丁燕 , 苏雯
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025,16(14): 169-180
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025, 16(14): 169-180
基于主成分与聚类分析的云南特色鲜食辣椒特征品质分析
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陈璐 , 张平英, 米艳华* , 李茂萱, 刘振环, 杨旭昆, 王文治, 张鹏, 丁燕, 苏雯
作者信息
  • 云南省农业科学院质量标准与检测技术研究所, 昆明 650205
  • 陈璐(1984—), 女, 硕士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为农产品质量与营养品质。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*米艳华(1973—), 女, 硕士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为农产品质量安全。E-mail:
Characteristic quality analysis of Yunnan specialty fresh Capsicum annuum L. based on principal component and cluster analysis
Lu CHEN , Ping-Ying ZHANG, Yan-Hua MI* , Mao-Xuan LI, Zhen-Huan LIU, Xu-Kun YANG, Wen-Zhi WANG, Peng ZHANG, Yan DING, Wen SU
Affiliations
  • Quality Standard and Testing Technology Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250122001
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目的 深入了解云南高原特色鲜食辣椒品质特征的变化并建立其评价体系。方法 通过选取59份云南鲜食辣椒样品的35个品质指标进行测定分析, 考察云南高原特色鲜食辣椒各项品质指标间的差异性; 同时, 采用主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)和聚类分析法(cluster analysis, CA)对辣椒品质进行综合性评价并建立其评价模型。结果 不同辣椒的各项品质指标之间均存在差异性(P<0.05), 且品质指标间变异系数各不相同, 说明云南高原特色鲜食辣椒在不同品质性状之间呈现不同程度的变化。由PCA发现, 35个品质指标可以用5个主成分表示, 其累积方差贡献率为89.005%; 结合CA结果可知, 辣度、辣椒素类物质、膳食纤维、蛋白质、可溶性固形物、类胡萝卜素、氨基酸以及有机酸等品质指标可以用来综合评价云南高原特色鲜食辣椒品质的优劣。结论 59份辣椒中, ‘Ca38’的品质最佳; ‘Ca55’的品质最差。PCA结合CA综合评价方法可为不同辣椒的品质评价提供参考, 并为云南高原特色鲜食辣椒的选育及其资源的开发利用奠定理论依据。

云南特色鲜食辣椒  /  主成分分析  /  聚类分析  /  品质评价

Objective To explore the change of quality characteristics of Yunnan plateau specialty fresh Capsicum annuum L. and establish its evaluation system. Methods The 35 quality indexes of 59 samples of Yunnan plateau fresh Capsicum annuum L. were selected to determine and analyze, and the differences among the quality indexes of different samples of Capsicum annuum L. were investigated. The quality of Yunnan plateau specialty fresh Capsicum annuum L. was comprehensively evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA), and the evaluation model of Yunnan plateau specialty fresh Capsicum annuum L. quality was established. Results There were significant differences in quality indexes among samples of Capsicum annuum L. (P<0.05), and the coefficient of variation of the quality indexes were different, indicating that the plateau fresh Capsicum annuum L. presented varieties between different quality attributes. PCA showed that 5 principal components represented the 35 quality indicators Capsicum annuum L., making 89.005% cumulative contribution to the total variance. Based on the CA results, indicators such as spiciness, capsaicinoids, dietary fiber, protein, soluble solids, carotenoids, amino acids and organic acids could be used to comprehensively evaluate the quality of Yunnan plateau specialty fresh Capsicum annuum L.. Conclusion Among 59 different samples of Capsicum annuum L., ‘Ca38’ has the best quality. ‘Ca55’ has the worst quality. The comprehensive evaluation method of PCA and CA can provide reference for the quality evaluation of different Capsicum annuum L. varieties, and provide the oretical basis for the breeding of special plateau Capsicum annuum L., and the development and utilization of the germplasm resources of Yunnan plateau specialty Capsicum annuum L..

Yunnan specialty fresh Capsicum annuum L.  /  principal component analysis  /  cluster analysis  /  quality evaluation
陈璐, 张平英, 米艳华, 李茂萱, 刘振环, 杨旭昆, 王文治, 张鹏, 丁燕, 苏雯. 基于主成分与聚类分析的云南特色鲜食辣椒特征品质分析. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (14) : 169 -180 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250122001
Lu CHEN, Ping-Ying ZHANG, Yan-Hua MI, Mao-Xuan LI, Zhen-Huan LIU, Xu-Kun YANG, Wen-Zhi WANG, Peng ZHANG, Yan DING, Wen SU. Characteristic quality analysis of Yunnan specialty fresh Capsicum annuum L. based on principal component and cluster analysis[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (14) : 169 -180 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250122001
辣椒(Capsicum annuum L.)是茄科辣椒属蔬菜作物, 原产于中美洲和南美洲, 在世界各地均有栽培, 品种资源极其丰富[1]。因其富含辣椒素、辣椒红素、维生素、氨基酸等营养元素和其独特的味道、颜色以及香气等, 已成为最受欢迎的蔬菜、调味品和香料之一[2]。近年来, 我国辣椒栽培面积不断增加, 辣椒产业取得了巨大的进步, 其种植面积高达223万hm2, 占全国蔬菜总面积的9.3%; 总产量约6400万t, 其产量占全国蔬菜总产量的7.8%, 占世界辣椒总产量的46.16%; 年产值在2700亿元以上, 占世界蔬菜总产值的16.67%[3]。其中以云贵川为代表的西南地区是我国辣椒最大产区, 种植面积占全国总面积的30.23%[4]
作为全国辣椒3大主产区之一, 云南省辣椒种质资源丰富, 每年栽培面积16.7万hm2 (250万亩)左右, 种植品种多达250种, 主栽品种有丘北辣椒、云南小米辣和朝天椒等[5]。辣椒产业作为云南蔬菜产业中的优势产业, 在高原特色蔬菜的发展与布局中占据首要地位, 更是由于其特殊的地理和气候条件, 造就了高原特色辣椒独特的风味品质[5-6]。尽管云南辣椒资源丰富, 但随着人民生活水平的提高, 越来越多的消费者和育种家们的目标已不仅仅满足于提高产量, 而是将目光注重于其营养品质及质量安全。为响应消费者需求, 对辣椒果实的研究也逐渐从产量高低转向品质成分改良, 以期获得符合消费者品质需求的产品。因此, 筛选适宜当地市场需求的高品质辣椒品种是当前辣椒品质育种的重要目标之一。
辣椒果实品质是一种由多因素构成的复合体, 果实发育过程中可溶性固形物、糖酸、维生素C、氨基酸及某些特有物质等的吸收积累和代谢转化是决定风味和营养品质的重要因素, 也决定了其商品价值[7]。目前, 主成分和聚类分析方法已广泛应用于果蔬原料筛选及各类食品加工品质评价分析[8-9]。例如, 朱志妍等[10]、吴睿等[11]分别以云南8个辣椒品种和49份云南辣椒为试验材料, 应用主成分和聚类分析法对其品质和活性成分进行分析评价, 筛选出了适宜作为高辣型加工的‘椒中玉’和‘辣多多’品种、可作为鲜食或发酵的‘红河小米辣’和‘泰红冠军’品种以及综合加工适应性最佳的云南本土调味品企业泡制加工用小米辣‘49号’。王楠艺等[12]运用主成分分析法对贵州3种不同果实类型和不同来源的30个辣椒品种进行分析并测定氨基酸、还原糖、粗脂肪、粗纤维、辣椒素类物质含量等8项果实品质指标, 确定了代表性品质指标并对其辣椒品质特性进行了综合评价。虽然目前已有不少研究者运用主成分和聚类分析方法对不同地区的辣椒进行了分析研究, 但针对云南特色高原鲜食辣椒品质的分析评价还较少。本研究以云南省59份不同高原特色鲜食辣椒样品为材料, 采用主成分分析和聚类分析方法对其辣度、辣椒素、二氢辣椒素、氨基酸、类胡萝卜素和有机酸等35个指标进行系统分析, 探索不同品种鲜食辣椒品质特性的差异性和关联性, 筛选出最适宜评价高原特色鲜食辣椒品质的关键性指标, 旨在为云南高原特色鲜食辣椒的品种选育及其资源的开发利用提供理论基础和科学依据。
辣椒来自云南省不同产区的59个样本, 样品均为鲜食类辣椒, 均已达到商品采收成熟度, 将辣椒清洗、晾干表面水分, 打浆放置于-80 ℃冰箱储藏备用。
超纯水(实验室一级水标准); 甲醇、乙腈、丙酮、正己烷、乙醚、磷酸二氢钾(色谱纯)、抗坏血酸标准品(纯度≥99%)、氨基酸混合标准品(17种, 纯度≥98%)、淀粉葡萄糖苷酶(酶活力≥200 U/mL)、耐热α-淀粉酶(酶活力≥3000 U/mL)、蛋白酶(酶活力≥350 U/g)(美国Sigma公司); 辣椒素标准品、二氢辣椒素标准品、β-胡萝卜素标准品、叶黄素标准品(纯度≥98%, 德国Dr. Ehrenstorfer公司); 2,6-二氯靛酚钠(指示剂级)、柠檬酸、苹果酸、酒石酸标准品(纯度≥99%)(德国Merck公司); 盐酸、硫酸、磷酸、石油醚、氢氧化钠、磷酸氢二钠、磷酸二氢钠、丙酮、乙醇、偏磷酸、硫酸铜、硼酸、抗坏血酸、乙酸钠、冰醋酸、氨水、酚酞指示剂、甲基红-溴甲酚绿混合指示剂(分析纯, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司); 无水硫酸钠、草酸、硫酸钾、水合茚三酮(分析纯, 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司)。
Alliance e2695型高效液相色谱仪(美国Waters公司); WYA-Z自动阿贝折射仪(上海仪电物理光学仪器有限公司); PHSJ-5 pH计(上海创奕科教设备有限公司); TripleQuad 4500 SCIEX液相色谱质谱联用系统(美国赛默飞世尔科技公司); UV-1800型紫外可见分光光度计(日本Shimadzu公司); AUY220型分析天平(精度0.01 g, 上海舜宇恒平科学仪器有限公司)。
辣椒辣度、斯科维尔指数、辣椒素和二氢辣椒素参照GB/T 21266—2007《辣椒及辣椒制品中辣椒素类物质测定及辣度表示方法》测定; 脂肪参照GB 5009.6—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中脂肪的测定》测定; 膳食纤维参照GB 5009.88—2023《食品安全国家标准 食品中膳食纤维的测定》测定; 参照GB 5009.86—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中抗坏血酸的测定》的方法测定维生素C含量; 参照GB 5009.5—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中蛋白质的测定》的方法测定蛋白质含量; 参照NY/T 2637—2014《水果和蔬菜可溶性固形物含量的测定》, 采用折射仪法对辣椒果实中可溶性固形物进行测定; 参照GB 5009.83—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中胡萝卜素的测定》, 采用高效液相色谱法测定β-胡萝卜素和类胡萝卜素含量; 参照GB 5009.157—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中有机酸的测定》测定有机酸含量; 参照GB 5009.124—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中氨基酸的测定》, 采用茚三酮显色法测定氨基酸含量。
所有数据均采用Excel 2007建立数据库, 应用统计分析软件SPSS 23.0对数据进行描述性分析; 使用R语言中Cor函数计算相关性, Princomp函数进行主成分分析, Hclust函数进行聚类分析, 其中聚类分析采用系统聚类。
对59份辣椒样品的品质指标特征进行描述性分析, 结果如表1所示。在所测定的35个指标中, 变异系数范围在38.62%~643.99%, 均大于20%, 为强变异, 得出云南高原特色鲜食辣椒间品质指标的变异程度存在差异, 且差异显著, 说明不同辣椒样品的果实风味存在明显差异, 这59份辣椒资源具有丰富的遗传多样性; 同时也说明这些品质指标具有较强的选择潜力; 其中琥珀酸的变异系数最大(643.99%), 其次为酒石酸、乙酸、乳酸、苹果酸和二氢辣椒素, 维生素C的变异系数最小(38.62%)。通过比较均值和中位数发现, 除辣度、斯科维尔指数、辣椒素、二氢辣椒素、脂肪、维生素C、β-胡萝卜素和类胡萝卜素、各种有机酸等外, 其余各项指标的中位数均接近平均数, 说明这些指标测定值的离群点较少。
辣椒因其独特的辛辣味而成为重要的蔬菜及调味品。有研究表明, 辣椒的香气与辣度具有一定关系, 辣度越大, 其酯类含量越高, 刺激性越明显; 辣度越低, 烯烃类含量越高, 芳香味越明显[13-14]。斯科维尔指数是衡量辣椒辣度的国际标准, 而辣度是质量和口感评估中的一个重要因素, 它会影响消费者的接受度, 甚至影响加工过程[15]。59份辣椒样品的斯科维尔指数在14.00~33477.00 SHU之间; 辣度在1.00 (‘Ca17’)~223.00 (‘Ca38’)度之间。辣椒素及二氢辣椒素含量决定了辣椒果实及其制品的风味[16-17]。59份辣椒样品间辣椒素和二氢辣椒素含量差异显著, 辣椒素和二氢辣椒素含量最大的均是‘Ca38’, 分别为2.17 g/kg和1.84 g/kg; 含量最小的分别是‘Ca17’和‘Ca45’, 均为0.01 g/kg。脂肪、膳食纤维、蛋白质和可溶性固形物含量最高的均是‘Ca38’, 分别为12.90 g/100 g、35.50 g/100 g、11.90 g/100 g和52.40%。
维生素C通过降低人体自由基水平和螯合过氧化反应, 提供高的抗氧化活性, 因此, 它们降低了心血管疾病和某些类型癌症的风险[18]。维生素C含量在被调查样品之间亦表现出显著差异, 含量最高的是‘Ca40’ (420.00 mg/100 g), 最低的是‘Ca56’ (36.00 mg/100 g)。作为一种天然色素, 类胡萝卜素和β-胡萝卜素直接参与光合作用, 可作为食品色素和饲料添加剂的商业用途, 其含量多少与辣椒果实的颜色息息相关[19], 类胡萝卜素组分和含量的变化是辣椒果实呈现不同颜色的原因之一[20]β-胡萝卜素含量为0.00~10.10 μg/kg, 类胡萝卜素含量为0.00~66.00 mg/kg, β-胡萝卜素和类胡萝卜含量最高的样品均为‘Ca44’, 最低的同时为‘Ca55~Ca59’。有机酸含量最高的样品是‘Ca15’, 含量为75.00 g/kg, 其酒石酸和琥珀酸含量也均是最高, 分别为0.95 g/kg和74.00 g/kg; 而柠檬酸、苹果酸、乙酸和乳酸含量最高的样品分别是‘Ca40’‘Ca38’‘Ca2’和‘Ca51’, 含量分别为9.50、4.00、35.00和7.00 g/kg。59份辣椒中含量最高的有机酸是柠檬酸, 其均值为3.99 g/kg, 然后依次是乙酸(均值为1.99 g/kg)>琥珀酸(均值为1.49 g/kg)>乳酸(均值为0.49 g/kg)>苹果酸(均值为0.29 g/kg)>酒石酸(均值为0.04 g/kg)。
辣椒果实营养品质中, 作为人体能直接吸收且必要的有机化合物, 氨基酸是评价食品营养品质的重要指标[21]。59份辣椒中, 氨基酸总量最高的是‘Ca38’, 含量为6.69 g/100 g。除天冬氨酸、组氨酸、苏氨酸、酪氨酸、甲硫氨酸和脯氨酸外, 其余10种氨基酸含量最高的亦是‘Ca38’。在16种氨基酸中, 含量最高的氨基酸是天冬氨酸, 其均值为0.58 g/100 g, 然后依次是谷氨酸(0.47 g/100 g)>精氨酸(0.20 g/100 g)>亮氨酸(0.19 g/100 g)>脯氨酸=丝氨酸(0.15 g/100 g)>赖氨酸=丙氨酸=甘氨酸(0.14 g/100 g)>缬氨酸(0.12 g/100 g)>苯丙氨酸(0.11 g/100 g)>异亮氨酸=苏氨酸(0.10 g/100 g)>酪氨酸(0.09 g/100 g)>组氨酸(0.04 g/100 g)>甲硫氨酸(0.01 g/100 g)。
图1所示, 对云南高原特色辣椒营养品质指标进行相关性分析发现, 59份辣椒样品中各项营养品质指标之间存在不同程度的相关性, 且部分指标间的相关性呈显著或极显著状态。辣度与斯科维尔指数、辣椒素、二氢辣椒素、脂肪、膳食纤维、蛋白质、可溶性固形物、苹果酸、丙氨酸、苯丙氨酸、缬氨酸和异亮氨酸呈极显著正相关(P<0.01), 与柠檬酸、16种氨基酸总量、谷氨酸、丝氨酸、甘氨酸、精氨酸、赖氨酸、亮氨酸和脯氨酸呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。辣椒素与二氢辣椒素、脂肪、膳食纤维、蛋白质、可溶性固形物、苹果酸、丙氨酸、苯丙氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸和亮氨酸呈极显著正相关(P<0.01), 与柠檬酸、16种氨基酸总量、谷氨酸、丝氨酸、甘氨酸、精氨酸、赖氨酸和脯氨酸呈显著正相关(P<0.05); 二氢辣椒素与脂肪、膳食纤维、蛋白质、可溶性固形物、柠檬酸、苹果酸、16种氨基酸总量、谷氨酸、丝氨酸、甘氨酸、精氨酸、丙氨酸、苯丙氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、赖氨酸、亮氨酸和脯氨酸呈极显著正相关(P<0.01), 与天冬氨酸、组氨酸、苏氨酸、酪氨酸呈显著正相关(P<0.05); 脂肪与膳食纤维、蛋白质、可溶性固形物、柠檬酸、苹果酸、16种氨基酸及其总量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01), 与β-胡萝卜素呈显著正相关(P<0.05); 膳食纤维与维生素C、蛋白质、可溶性固形物、β-胡萝卜素、柠檬酸、苹果酸、16种氨基酸及其总量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01); 维生素C与蛋白质、可溶性固形物、β-胡萝卜素、柠檬酸、16种氨基酸及其总量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01), 与类胡萝卜素呈显著正相关(P<0.05); 蛋白质与可溶性固形物、β-胡萝卜素、柠檬酸、苹果酸、16种氨基酸(除甲硫氨酸外)及其总量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01), 与甲硫氨酸呈显著正相关(P<0.05); 可溶性固形物与β-胡萝卜素、柠檬酸、苹果酸、16种氨基酸及其总量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01); β-胡萝卜素与柠檬酸、16种氨基酸(除甲硫氨酸外)及其总量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01), 与类胡萝卜素和甲硫氨酸呈显著正相关(P<0.05); 类胡萝卜素和甲硫氨酸呈极显著正相关(P<0.01), 与脯氨酸呈显著正相关(P<0.05); 有机酸总量与酒石酸、琥珀酸、乙酸和乳酸呈极显著正相关(P<0.01); 柠檬酸与苹果酸、16种氨基酸及其总量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01), 与乙酸和乳酸呈极显著负相关(P<0.01); 酒石酸与琥珀酸呈极显著正相关(P<0.01); 苹果酸与16种氨基酸(除天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、丝氨酸、精氨酸和酪氨酸外)及其总量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01), 与谷氨酸、丝氨酸和精氨酸呈显著正相关(P<0.05); 16种氨基酸及其总量之间两两相互呈显著或极显著正相关。这些结果表明, 辣椒各指标之间存在一定的相关性, 说明辣椒果实营养品质之间存在一定的内在联系, 且各指标测定值所呈现的信息出现重叠现象, 因此可应用主成分分析和聚类分析的方法对辣椒营养品质通过降维来简化数据结构, 进而提高云南高原特色鲜食辣椒品质特性综合评价的精准性。
表2反映了59份云南高原特色鲜食辣椒品质性状的主成分分析结果。一般认为当主成分特征值大于1且累积方差贡献率大于85%时, 就可利用所提取的主成分表示原始变量大部分主要信息[22-23]。由表2可知, 前5个主成分的累积方差贡献率为89.005%, 即这5个主成分包含了原始变量89.005%的信息, 具有较高的代表性, 且其特征值分别为19.672、4.501、2.855、2.291和1.833, 均大于1, 表明这5个主成分已经基本涵盖了这59份高原特色鲜食辣椒品质性状的所有信息, 说明应选取前5个主成分作为受试材料品质评价分析的指标。
成分荷载是主成分与变量的相关系数, 其数值大小表示原有变量在降维后所构成的综合变量中的贡献率高低, 同时相对于一个变量而言, 荷载绝对值越大的主成分与其关系越密切, 也更能代表这个变量[24-25]。由表2可知, 主成分1的特征值和累积方差贡献率分别为19.672和56.204%, 与膳食纤维、蛋白质、可溶性固形物、16种氨基酸总量、天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、丝氨酸、组氨酸、甘氨酸、苏氨酸、精氨酸、丙氨酸、苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸、缬氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、赖氨酸、和脯氨酸等指标荷载绝对值相对较高, 表明PC1主要与辣椒果实营养品质中的氨基酸、膳食纤维、蛋白质和可溶性固形物等品质相关; 主成分2的特征值和累积方差贡献率分别为4.501和69.066%, 贡献较大的是辣度、斯科维尔指数、辣椒素和二氢辣椒素, 主要与决定辣椒果实辣味品质的辣椒素类物质相关[17]; 主成分3的特征值和累积方差贡献率分别为2.855和77.222%, 与有机酸总量的荷载绝对值相对较高, 其次是酒石酸和琥珀酸, 因此有机酸可作为PC3的特征指标; 主成分4的特征值和累积方差贡献率分别为2.291和83.767%, 主要影响指标为乙酸和乳酸; 主成分5的特征值和累积方差贡献率分别为1.833和89.005%, 其中贡献最大的为类胡萝卜素含量, 说明主成分5主要代表的是与辣椒颜色相关的信息。
为了更好地了解不同样品与指标间的关系, 图2显示了PC1与PC2的样本分值图。从图2中可以看出, 位于PC1负区间的辣椒样品氨基酸含量较高, 而位于正区间的氨基酸含量较低。位于PC2负区间的辣椒的辣度、辣椒素和二氢辣椒素含量较高, 而位于正区间的辣椒与辣度相关指标的含量较低。‘Ca6’‘Ca10’‘Ca20’‘Ca36’‘Ca37’‘Ca38’ ‘Ca42’ ‘Ca49’组成了一组, 它们排列在PC空间的左下方象限, 表明这些样品辣度较大且富含氨基酸。‘Ca1’‘Ca34’‘Ca47’‘Ca54’‘Ca55’‘Ca56’‘Ca57’‘Ca58’和‘Ca59’组成了一组, 排列在PC空间的右下方象限, 其中‘Ca55’~‘Ca59’中其可溶性固形物、β-胡萝卜素、类胡萝卜素、有机酸及氨基酸含量均未检测出来。‘Ca38’与所有其他样品相距甚远(图2), 表明其成分至少在某些分析物的测量方面与其他样品有着显著差异, 这可能是其辣度、辣椒素、二氢辣椒素、脂肪、膳食纤维、可溶性固形物、有机酸和氨基酸等含量显著高于其他样品的原因。因此, 利用主成分分析图, 可以在品质评价指标的基础上提出样品选址的原因。
根据表3的因子得分系数矩阵及其所对应的主成分, 可以计算出每个主成分因子得分, 公式(1)~(5)如下所示:
F1=–0.032X1–0.031X2–0.029X3+…+0.067X33+0.082X34–0.004X35
F2=0.185X1+0.185X2+0.182X3+…–0.017X33–0.016X34+0.013X35
F3=–0.076X1–0.076X2–0.079X3+…–0.020X33–0.081X34+0.175X35
F4=0.000X1–0.000X2+0.000X3+…+0.006X33–0.008X34+0.012X35
F5=0.006X1+0.007X2+0.011X3+…–0.003X33+0.008X34–0.028X35
式中: X1~X35分别表示辣度、斯科维尔指数、辣椒素、二氢辣椒素、脂肪、膳食纤维…有机酸和氨基酸等35个品质指标; F1~F5分别表示各主成分得分。
结合主成分因子得分公式并以各主成分方差贡献率为权重, 构建辣椒品质综合评价得分函数, 公式(6)如下所示:
F=0.5620F1+0.1286F2+0.0816F3+0.0654F4+0.0524F5
式中: F为不同辣椒样品品质的综合评价得分。
根据综合评价得分函数可计算出不同辣椒样品品质的综合得分及其排序, 其中F值越大, 表明该辣椒样品的综合品质越好, 结果如表4所示。针对59份辣椒样品综合品质排名的顺序而言, ‘Ca38’的综合品质得分最高, 为1.7441, 即其综合品质最佳, 其次为‘Ca40’, 然后排名进入前10的依次为‘Ca43’ ‘Ca37’ ‘Ca42’ ‘Ca17’ ‘Ca44’ ‘Ca11’ ‘Ca27’和‘Ca8’; 而‘Ca1’ ‘Ca3’ ~ ‘Ca5’ ‘Ca7’ ‘Ca28’ ‘Ca29’ ‘Ca31’ ~ ‘Ca36’ ‘Ca46’ ~ Ca48’ ‘Ca50’ ~ ‘Ca59’这26个样品的综合得分均为负值, 其得分在−1.0113~−0.0126范围内, 且排名靠后, 表明这几个样品的辣椒品质特性较差, 其中‘Ca55’的综合品质得分最低, 故其品质最差。
对59份辣椒进行聚类分析, 根据其相似性对样品进行分组[26]。在聚类分析中, 对样品的聚类称为Q型聚类, 对变量的聚类称为R型聚类[27]。本研究是在主成分分析的基础上, 采用系统聚类分析法对辣椒的35个品质指标进行R型聚类, 同时对云南高原特色的59份辣椒样品进行Q型聚类。其中, 聚类方法采用组间联接法, 聚类区间为平方欧式(Euclidean)距离, 聚类结果如图3图4所示。
图3可知, 在欧氏距离为10时, 可将辣椒品质指标划分为8大类, 第1类为辣度、斯科维尔指数、辣椒素、二氢辣椒素、脂肪、可溶性固形物和苹果酸; 第2类为膳食纤维、蛋白质、柠檬酸、16种氨基酸总量、天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、丝氨酸、组氨酸、甘氨酸、苏氨酸、精氨酸、丙氨酸、苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、赖氨酸、亮氨酸和脯氨酸; 第3类为维生素C; β-胡萝卜素和甲硫氨酸分别聚为第4类和第5类; 第6类为类胡箩卜素; 第7类为乙酸和乳酸; 酒石酸、琥珀酸和有机酸总量聚为第8类。同时, 结合主成分荷载分析结果, 最终确定选用辣度、辣椒素类物质、膳食纤维、蛋白质、可溶性固形物、类胡萝卜素、有机酸及氨基酸等指标作为综合评价高原特色辣椒品质优劣的关键性指标。
图4可知, 在欧氏距离为10时, 云南高原特色鲜食辣椒的59份样品可划分为5类, 第1类为‘Ca38’; 第2类为‘Ca1’ ‘Ca58’ ‘Ca18’ ‘Ca47’ ‘Ca2’ ‘Ca34’ ‘Ca42’ ‘Ca22’ ‘Ca27’ ‘Ca30’ ‘Ca21’和‘Ca23’; 第3类为‘Ca49’ ‘Ca57’ ‘Ca10’ ‘Ca20’ ‘Ca37’ ‘Ca55’ ‘Ca56’ ‘Ca36’ ‘Ca6’和‘Ca54’; 第4类为‘Ca15’ ‘Ca59’ ‘Ca14’ ‘Ca26’ ‘Ca44’ ‘Ca12’ ‘Ca24’ ‘Ca4’ ‘Ca52’ ‘Ca28’ ‘Ca33’ ‘Ca5’ ‘Ca53’ ‘Ca3’ ‘Ca35’ ‘Ca29’ ‘Ca46’ ‘Ca48’ ‘Ca25’ ‘Ca13’ ‘Ca16’ ‘Ca51’ ‘Ca32’ ‘Ca19’和‘Ca31’; 第5类为‘Ca41’ ‘Ca39’ ‘Ca40’ ‘Ca43’ ‘Ca8’ ‘Ca7’ ‘Ca9’ ‘Ca45’ ‘Ca11’ ‘Ca17’和‘Ca50’。同时, 结合主成分分析中因子得分与综合得分结果可知, ‘Ca38’的综合得分最高, 即其品质最佳; ‘Ca40’和‘Ca43’的综合得分次之, 且他们同聚为一类, 说明这2个样品之间存在密切的相关性, 结果表明‘Ca38’ ‘Ca40’和‘Ca43’均属于品质较优的一类, 而‘Ca55’的品质最差, 其次为‘Ca58’。
辣椒果实中富含氨基酸、辣椒素类物质、脂肪、类胡萝卜素及维生素C等多种营养成分[28-30], 已成为人类必不可少的蔬菜和调味品之一。本研究收集了59份云南高原特色鲜食辣椒资源进行了品质性状的综合评价分析, 为云南高原特色鲜食辣椒的品种选育奠定了基础。从研究结果可以看出, 59份辣椒资源的品质性状表现出不同程度的多样性。从整体来看, 与辣味相关的指标如辣椒素和二氢辣椒素以及各种有机酸如琥珀酸、乙酸的变异系数相对较大, 而维生素C和各种氨基酸的变异系数则相对较小, 这与吴睿等[11]、张海洲等[31]、任朝辉等[32]和崔聪聪等[33]的研究结果相似。辣椒的辣味主要由果实中辣椒素类物质的含量决定, 而辣椒素和二氢辣椒素含量约占辣椒素类物质总含量的90%, 是影响辣椒辣度最主要的成分[16-17]。杨娅等[34]研究发现, 辣椒素含量随产地的变化较大, 而氨基酸含量受产地影响较小。辣椒维生素C含量高低与品种有直接关系[35], 甜椒的总体维生素C含量较高[33]。说明在不同地区, 不同栽培和管理条件下, 不同品种的辣椒资源表现出了不同的遗传多样性, 即便是在同一地区栽培的不同辣椒资源也表现出了丰富的遗传信息和较大的选择潜力。
相关性分析可反映两两性状之间的潜在关联程度。本研究的相关性分析结果表明, 不同的品质性状之间形成了相关关系, 有多对性状的相关系数达到极显著水平, 大部分品质性状间均存在着内在的联系。例如, 脂肪与可溶性固形物呈显著正相关, 这与陶兴林等[36]的结果一致。此外, 蛋白质含量分别与脂肪、二氢辣椒素含量呈极显著正相关, 这与程立坤等[37]得到的蛋白质与脂肪呈显著负相关关系、任朝辉等[32]得到的二氢辣椒素含量与蛋白质含量呈显著负相关的结论却截然相反。说明不同品质性状之间存在着相互影响、互相制约的关系, 因此, 在开展辣椒育种的实践工作时, 不能单纯地只考虑某一个特征性状指标, 而是要综合考量和评价种质资源的综合性状。
在多样品多指标的综合评价分析中, 主成分分析与聚类分析得到了广泛的应用[22]。主成分分析是通过降维的方式, 用少量综合指标代替原来多个指标的大部分信息, 以达到反映样品基本特征信息的目的[22]。本研究结果表明, 采用主成分分析从35个品质指标中提取出5个主成分, 有辣椒素、二氢辣椒素、氨基酸、蛋白质、膳食纤维、可溶性固形物、有机酸及类胡萝卜素等指标, 累计方差贡献率达到89.005%。聚类分析法是分类学与多元分析相结合的统计方法, 能够根据调查指标的相似性或差异性, 定量确定不同品种间的亲疏关系并进行分类[38]。本研究采用欧氏距离和系统聚类法对59份云南高原特色鲜食辣椒资源及其35个品质指标进行聚类分析, 将59份辣椒资源划分为5簇, 性状相近的聚为一簇, 各个类群具有一定的形态学特征; 同时将35个品质指标分为8大类, 各类品质指标间既相互联系又各自对应59份不同辣椒资源的某种特异品质。辣椒品质的形成受多种因素的影响, 其中包括基因型和环境的共同影响[39]。不同产区同一辣椒品种和同一产区不同辣椒品种的综合品质均有差异, 不仅是基因型差异造成, 同时还与气象因子、土壤质量等环境条件有着密不可分的关系[40-42]
综上所述, 59份云南高原特色鲜食辣椒各品质性状指标间差异较大, 不同品质间存在不同程度的相关性。通过主成分分析, 提取了5个主成分, 累积方差贡献率达到89.005%, 得出云南高原特色鲜食辣椒品质的综合评价模型为: F=0.5620F1+0.1286F2+0.0816F3+0.0654F4+0.0524F5; 聚类分析将云南高原特色鲜食辣椒的35个品质指标分为8类, 59份鲜食辣椒样品划分为5个簇。结合辣椒品质指标的评价函数和聚类分析结果, 发现‘Ca38’的综合得分最高, 即品质最佳; ‘Ca40’和‘Ca43’的综合得分次之; 而‘Ca55’的品质最差, 其次为‘Ca58’; 同时确定选用辣度、辣椒素类物质、膳食纤维、蛋白质、可溶性固形物、类胡萝卜素、有机酸及氨基酸等8类指标作为评价云南高原特色鲜食辣椒品质优劣的关键性指标, 为云南高原特色鲜食辣椒品种鉴定和品种选择利用提供参考。
  • 云南省重大科技专项计划项目(202102AE090011)
  • 云南省重大科技专项计划项目(202402AE090014)
  • 云南省重大科技专项计划项目(202202AE090029)
  • 中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(202407AD110001)
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2025年第16卷第14期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250122001
  • 接收时间:2025-01-22
  • 首发时间:2026-01-07
  • 出版时间:2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-22
基金
云南省重大科技专项计划项目(202102AE090011)
云南省重大科技专项计划项目(202402AE090014)
云南省重大科技专项计划项目(202202AE090029)
中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(202407AD110001)
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    云南省农业科学院质量标准与检测技术研究所, 昆明 650205

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*米艳华(1973—), 女, 硕士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为农产品质量安全。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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